diff options
| author | Ruey-Cherng Yu <rcyu@FreeBSD.org> | 2019-10-03 10:48:01 +0000 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Ruey-Cherng Yu <rcyu@FreeBSD.org> | 2019-10-03 10:48:01 +0000 |
| commit | 8ae77aacca42fa8be40875574160a0866f9a801e (patch) | |
| tree | bd56716697f8d7796c818a3ee713016e1c343b1c | |
| parent | 4c5fee74a461fe74eaf1ee25338b20781ee341e6 (diff) | |
| download | doc-8ae77aacca42fa8be40875574160a0866f9a801e.tar.gz doc-8ae77aacca42fa8be40875574160a0866f9a801e.zip | |
- Traditional Chinese translation of FAQ Abstract
Notes
Notes:
svn path=/head/; revision=53451
| -rw-r--r-- | zh_TW.UTF-8/books/faq/book.xml | 59 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | zh_TW.UTF-8/books/faq/zh_TW.po | 2422 |
2 files changed, 1223 insertions, 1258 deletions
diff --git a/zh_TW.UTF-8/books/faq/book.xml b/zh_TW.UTF-8/books/faq/book.xml index ae89191ad6..1d86349462 100644 --- a/zh_TW.UTF-8/books/faq/book.xml +++ b/zh_TW.UTF-8/books/faq/book.xml @@ -16,39 +16,11 @@ ]> <book xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:its="http://www.w3.org/2005/11/its" version="5.0" xml:lang="zh_TW"> <info> - <title xml:lang="en">Frequently Asked Questions for FreeBSD - 11.<replaceable>X</replaceable> and 12.<replaceable>X</replaceable></title> + <title>FreeBSD 11.<replaceable>X</replaceable> and 12.<replaceable>X</replaceable> 常見問答集</title> <author><orgname>FreeBSD 文件計畫</orgname></author> - <copyright xml:lang="en"> - <year>1995</year> - <year>1996</year> - <year>1997</year> - <year>1998</year> - <year>1999</year> - <year>2000</year> - <year>2001</year> - <year>2002</year> - <year>2003</year> - <year>2004</year> - <year>2005</year> - <year>2006</year> - <year>2007</year> - <year>2008</year> - <year>2009</year> - <year>2010</year> - <year>2011</year> - <year>2012</year> - <year>2013</year> - <year>2014</year> - <year>2015</year> - <year>2016</year> - <year>2017</year> - <year>2018</year> - - <holder>The FreeBSD Documentation Project</holder> - </copyright> + <copyright><year>1995</year> <year>1996</year> <year>1997</year> <year>1998</year> <year>1999</year> <year>2000</year> <year>2001</year> <year>2002</year> <year>2003</year> <year>2004</year> <year>2005</year> <year>2006</year> <year>2007</year> <year>2008</year> <year>2009</year> <year>2010</year> <year>2011</year> <year>2012</year> <year>2013</year> <year>2014</year> <year>2015</year> <year>2016</year> <year>2017</year> <year>2018</year> <year>2019</year> <holder>The FreeBSD Documentation Project</holder></copyright> <legalnotice xml:id="legalnotice"> @@ -110,14 +82,9 @@ <releaseinfo xml:lang="en">$FreeBSD$</releaseinfo> <abstract> - <para xml:lang="en">This is the Frequently Asked Questions - <acronym>(FAQ)</acronym> for FreeBSD versions - 12.<replaceable>X</replaceable> and 11.<replaceable>X</replaceable>. Every effort has been made to - make this <acronym>FAQ</acronym> as informative as possible; - if you have any suggestions as to how it may be improved, send - them to the <link xlink:href="http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-doc">FreeBSD documentation project mailing list</link>.</para> - - <para>The latest version of this document is always available from the <link xlink:href="https://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/index.html">FreeBSD website</link>. </para> + <para>這份文件是 FreeBSD 12.<replaceable>X</replaceable> 和 11.<replaceable>X</replaceable> 常見問答集 ( <acronym>(FAQ)</acronym> )。我們盡可能地讓這份 <acronym>FAQ</acronym> 提供有用的資訊 ; 如果您有任何改善建議，請寄到 <link xlink:href="http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-doc">FreeBSD 文件計畫郵件論壇</link>。</para> + + <para>本文件的最新版本可由 <link xlink:href="https://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/zh_TW.UTF-8/books/faq/index.html">FreeBSD 網站</link>取得。 也可以由 <link xlink:href="https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/doc/">FreeBSD FTP 伺服器</link> 以 HTTP 下載單一大型 <link xlink:href="book.html">HTML</link> 檔或是其他格式的檔案。</para> </abstract> </info> @@ -274,11 +241,11 @@ <quote>legacy</quote> branch and most current work will only become a part of &rel.stable; and &rel2.stable;.--></para> - <para xml:lang="en">Version <link xlink:href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/i386/12.0-RELEASE/">12.0</link> + <para xml:lang="en">Version <link xlink:href="https://download.FreeBSD.org/ftp/releases/amd64/amd64/12.0-RELEASE/">12.0</link> is the latest release from the <emphasis>12-STABLE</emphasis> branch; it was - released in December 2018. Version <link xlink:href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/10.4-RELEASE/">10.4</link> + released in December 2018. Version <link xlink:href="https://download.FreeBSD.org/ftp/releases/amd64/amd64/11.2-RELEASE/">11.2</link> is the latest release from the <emphasis>11-STABLE</emphasis> branch; it - was released in October 2017.</para> + was released in June 2018.</para> <para>Releases 版 <link linkend="release-freq">每幾個月</link> 才會發行一次。 雖然如此，有很多人和 FreeBSD 原始碼同步更新 (詳見 <link linkend="current">FreeBSD-CURRENT</link> 和 <link linkend="stable">FreeBSD-STABLE</link>的相關問題) ，但因為原始碼是一直不斷地在變動的，所以如果要這麼做的話得要花上更多的精力。</para> @@ -395,13 +362,13 @@ <answer> <para xml:lang="en">Every significant release of FreeBSD is available via - anonymous FTP from the <link xlink:href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/">FreeBSD + anonymous FTP from the <link xlink:href="https://download.FreeBSD.org/ftp/releases/">FreeBSD FTP site</link>:</para> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <para xml:lang="en">The latest <emphasis>12-STABLE</emphasis> release, - 12.0-RELEASE can be found in the <link xlink:href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/i386/12.0-RELEASE/">12.0-RELEASE + 12.0-RELEASE can be found in the <link xlink:href="https://download.FreeBSD.org/ftp/releases/amd64/amd64/12.0-RELEASE/">12.0-RELEASE directory</link>.</para> </listitem> @@ -411,7 +378,7 @@ <listitem> <para xml:lang="en">The latest <emphasis>11-STABLE</emphasis> release, - 10.4-RELEASE can be found in the <link xlink:href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/10.4-RELEASE/">10.4-RELEASE + 11.2-RELEASE can be found in the <link xlink:href="https://download.FreeBSD.org/ftp/releases/amd64/amd64/11.2-RELEASE/">11.2-RELEASE directory</link>.</para> </listitem> </itemizedlist> @@ -1107,7 +1074,7 @@ lists but is to be expected since hardware changes so quickly. Read through the Hardware Notes for FreeBSD <link xlink:href="https://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/12.0R/hardware.html">12.0</link> - or <link xlink:href="https://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/10.4R/hardware.html">10.4</link> + or <link xlink:href="https://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/11.2R/hardware.html">11.2</link> and search the mailing list <link xlink:href="https://www.FreeBSD.org/search/#mailinglists">archives</link> before asking about the latest and greatest hardware. Chances are a discussion about that type of hardware @@ -1296,7 +1263,7 @@ <answer> <para xml:lang="en">See the complete list in the Hardware Notes for FreeBSD <link xlink:href="https://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/12.0R/hardware.html">12.0</link> - or <link xlink:href="https://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/10.4R/hardware.html">10.4</link>.</para> + or <link xlink:href="https://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/11.2R/hardware.html">11.2</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> diff --git a/zh_TW.UTF-8/books/faq/zh_TW.po b/zh_TW.UTF-8/books/faq/zh_TW.po index bb1de3e03f..1ec5b5fd72 100644 --- a/zh_TW.UTF-8/books/faq/zh_TW.po +++ b/zh_TW.UTF-8/books/faq/zh_TW.po @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: \n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-01-17 06:22+0800\n" -"PO-Revision-Date: 2019-01-16 22:40+0800\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-10-03 17:21+0800\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2019-10-03 18:38+0800\n" "Last-Translator: \n" "Language-Team: \n" "Language: zh_TW\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" -"X-Generator: Poedit 1.8.11\n" +"X-Generator: Poedit 2.2.4\n" #. Put one translator per line, in the form NAME <EMAIL>, YEAR1, YEAR2 msgctxt "_" @@ -19,9 +19,8 @@ msgstr "translator-credits" #. (itstool) path: info/title #: book.translate.xml:19 -#, fuzzy msgid "Frequently Asked Questions for FreeBSD 11.<replaceable>X</replaceable> and 12.<replaceable>X</replaceable>" -msgstr "FreeBSD 10.<replaceable>X</replaceable> and 11.<replaceable>X</replaceable> 常見問答集" +msgstr "FreeBSD 11.<replaceable>X</replaceable> and 12.<replaceable>X</replaceable> 常見問答集" #. (itstool) path: info/author #: book.translate.xml:22 @@ -30,46 +29,45 @@ msgstr "<orgname>FreeBSD 文件計畫</orgname>" #. (itstool) path: info/copyright #: book.translate.xml:24 -#, fuzzy msgid "" "<year>1995</year> <year>1996</year> <year>1997</year> <year>1998</year> <year>1999</year> <year>2000</year> <year>2001</year> <year>2002</year> " "<year>2003</year> <year>2004</year> <year>2005</year> <year>2006</year> <year>2007</year> <year>2008</year> <year>2009</year> <year>2010</year> " "<year>2011</year> <year>2012</year> <year>2013</year> <year>2014</year> <year>2015</year> <year>2016</year> <year>2017</year> <year>2018</year> " -"<holder>The FreeBSD Documentation Project</holder>" +"<year>2019</year> <holder>The FreeBSD Documentation Project</holder>" msgstr "" "<year>1995</year> <year>1996</year> <year>1997</year> <year>1998</year> <year>1999</year> <year>2000</year> <year>2001</year> <year>2002</year> " "<year>2003</year> <year>2004</year> <year>2005</year> <year>2006</year> <year>2007</year> <year>2008</year> <year>2009</year> <year>2010</year> " -"<year>2011</year> <year>2012</year> <year>2013</year> <year>2014</year> <year>2015</year> <year>2016</year> <year>2017</year> <holder>The FreeBSD " -"Documentation Project</holder>" +"<year>2011</year> <year>2012</year> <year>2013</year> <year>2014</year> <year>2015</year> <year>2016</year> <year>2017</year> <year>2018</year> " +"<year>2019</year> <holder>The FreeBSD Documentation Project</holder>" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/title -#: book.translate.xml:55 +#: book.translate.xml:56 msgid "Copyright" msgstr "版權所有" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:57 +#: book.translate.xml:58 msgid "" "Redistribution and use in source (XML DocBook) and 'compiled' forms (XML, HTML, PDF, PostScript, RTF and so forth) with or without modification, are " "permitted provided that the following conditions are met:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:64 +#: book.translate.xml:65 msgid "" "Redistributions of source code (XML DocBook) must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer as the first " "lines of this file unmodified." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:70 +#: book.translate.xml:71 msgid "" "Redistributions in compiled form (transformed to other DTDs, converted to PDF, PostScript, RTF and other formats) must reproduce the above copyright " "notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: important/para -#: book.translate.xml:79 +#: book.translate.xml:80 msgid "" "THIS DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED BY THE FREEBSD DOCUMENTATION PROJECT \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE " "IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FREEBSD DOCUMENTATION PROJECT BE " @@ -80,31 +78,31 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:96 +#: book.translate.xml:97 msgid "FreeBSD is a registered trademark of the FreeBSD Foundation." msgstr "FreeBSD 是 FreeBSD基金會的註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:98 +#: book.translate.xml:99 msgid "" "Adobe, Acrobat, Acrobat Reader, Flash and PostScript are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States " "and/or other countries." msgstr "Adobe, Acrobat, Acrobat Reader, 以及 PostScript 是 Adobe Systems Incorporated 在美國和/或其他國家的商標或註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:102 +#: book.translate.xml:103 msgid "" "IBM, AIX, OS/2, PowerPC, PS/2, S/390, and ThinkPad are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, " "or both." msgstr "IBM, AIX, OS/2, PowerPC, PS/2, S/390, 和 ThinkPad 是 國際商用機器公司在美國和其他國家的註冊商標或商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:106 +#: book.translate.xml:107 msgid "IEEE, POSIX, and 802 are registered trademarks of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. in the United States." msgstr "IEEE, POSIX, 和 802 是 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 在美國的註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:109 +#: book.translate.xml:110 msgid "" "Intel, Celeron, Centrino, Core, EtherExpress, i386, i486, Itanium, Pentium, and Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or " "its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries." @@ -112,36 +110,36 @@ msgstr "" "Intel, Celeron, Centrino, Core, EtherExpress, i386, i486, Itanium, Pentium, 和 Xeon 是 Intel Corporation 及其分支機構在美國和其他國家的商標或註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:113 +#: book.translate.xml:114 msgid "Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds." msgstr "Linux 是 Linus Torvalds 的註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:115 +#: book.translate.xml:116 msgid "" "Microsoft, IntelliMouse, MS-DOS, Outlook, Windows, Windows Media and Windows NT are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation " "in the United States and/or other countries." msgstr "Microsoft, IntelliMouse, MS-DOS, Outlook, Windows, Windows Media, 和 Windows NT 是 Microsoft Corporation 在美國和/或其他國家的商標或註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:119 +#: book.translate.xml:120 msgid "NetBSD is a registered trademark of the NetBSD Foundation." msgstr "NetBSD 是 NetBSD基金會的註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:121 +#: book.translate.xml:122 msgid "" "Motif, OSF/1, and UNIX are registered trademarks and IT DialTone and The Open Group are trademarks of The Open Group in the United States and other " "countries." msgstr "Motif, OSF/1, and UNIX are registered trademarks and IT DialTone and The Open Group 是 The Open Group 在美國和其他國家的商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:125 +#: book.translate.xml:126 msgid "Silicon Graphics, SGI, and OpenGL are registered trademarks of Silicon Graphics, Inc., in the United States and/or other countries worldwide." msgstr "Silicon Graphics, SGI, 和 OpenGL 是 Silicon Graphics, Inc. 在美國和/或其他國家的註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:128 +#: book.translate.xml:129 msgid "" "Sun, Sun Microsystems, Java, Java Virtual Machine, JDK, JRE, JSP, JVM, Netra, OpenJDK, Solaris, StarOffice, SunOS and VirtualBox are trademarks or " "registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries." @@ -150,7 +148,7 @@ msgstr "" "Inc. 在美國和其他國家的註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:133 +#: book.translate.xml:134 msgid "" "Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in " "this document, and the FreeBSD Project was aware of the trademark claim, the designations have been followed by the <quote>™</quote> or the <quote>®</" @@ -160,46 +158,46 @@ msgstr "" "quote> 或 <quote>®</quote> 符號來標註。" #. (itstool) path: info/releaseinfo -#: book.translate.xml:141 +#: book.translate.xml:142 #, fuzzy msgid "$FreeBSD$" msgstr "$FreeBSD$" #. (itstool) path: abstract/para -#: book.translate.xml:144 -#, fuzzy +#: book.translate.xml:145 msgid "" "This is the Frequently Asked Questions <acronym>(FAQ)</acronym> for FreeBSD versions 12.<replaceable>X</replaceable> and 11.<replaceable>X</" "replaceable>. Every effort has been made to make this <acronym>FAQ</acronym> as informative as possible; if you have any suggestions as to how it may " "be improved, send them to the <link xlink:href=\"http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-doc\">FreeBSD documentation project mailing list</" "link>." msgstr "" -"這份文件是 FreeBSD 10.<replaceable>X</replaceable> 和 11.<replaceable>X</replaceable> 常見問答集 ( <acronym>(FAQ)</acronym> )。我們盡可能地讓這份 " +"這份文件是 FreeBSD 12.<replaceable>X</replaceable> 和 11.<replaceable>X</replaceable> 常見問答集 ( <acronym>(FAQ)</acronym> )。我們盡可能地讓這份 " "<acronym>FAQ</acronym> 提供有用的資訊 ; 如果您有任何改善建議，請寄到 <link xlink:href=\"http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-doc\">FreeBSD " "文件計畫郵件論壇</link>。" #. (itstool) path: abstract/para -#: book.translate.xml:151 +#: book.translate.xml:152 msgid "" "The latest version of this document is always available from the <link xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/index.html" "\">FreeBSD website</link>. It may also be downloaded as one large <link xlink:href=\"book.html\">HTML</link> file with HTTP or as a variety of other " "formats from the <link xlink:href=\"https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/doc/\">FreeBSD FTP server</link>." msgstr "" -"The latest version of this document is always available from the <link xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/index.html" -"\">FreeBSD website</link>. " +"本文件的最新版本可由 <link xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/zh_TW.UTF-8/books/faq/index.html\">FreeBSD 網站</link>取得。 也可以由 <link xlink:" +"href=\"https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/doc/\">FreeBSD FTP 伺服器</link> 以 HTTP 下載單一大型 <link xlink:href=\"book.html\">HTML</link> 檔或是其他格" +"式的檔案。" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:161 +#: book.translate.xml:162 msgid "Introduction" msgstr "前言" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:166 +#: book.translate.xml:167 msgid "What is FreeBSD?" msgstr "什麼是 FreeBSD？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:170 +#: book.translate.xml:171 msgid "" "FreeBSD is a modern operating system for desktops, laptops, servers, and embedded systems with support for a large number of <link xlink:href=\"https://" "www.FreeBSD.org/platforms/\">platforms</link>." @@ -207,7 +205,7 @@ msgstr "" "FreeBSD 是一個使用於桌機、筆電、伺服器與嵌入式系統平台的現代作業系統，支援多種<link xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/platforms/\">平台</link>。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:174 +#: book.translate.xml:175 msgid "" "It is based on U.C. Berkeley's <quote>4.4BSD-Lite</quote> release, with some <quote>4.4BSD-Lite2</quote> enhancements. It is also based indirectly on " "William Jolitz's port of U.C. Berkeley's <quote>Net/2</quote> to the <trademark>i386</trademark>, known as <quote>386BSD</quote>, though very little of " @@ -218,14 +216,14 @@ msgstr "" "少數還留 存在 FreeBSD 中。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:182 +#: book.translate.xml:183 msgid "" "FreeBSD is used by companies, Internet Service Providers, researchers, computer professionals, students and home users all over the world in their " "work, education and recreation." msgstr "FreeBSD 已被廣泛地被世界各地的公司行號、ISP、研究人員、電腦 專家、學生，以及家庭用戶所使用，用在工作、教育以及娛樂上。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:187 +#: book.translate.xml:188 msgid "" "For more detailed information on FreeBSD, refer to the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/index.html\">FreeBSD " "Handbook</link>." @@ -233,24 +231,24 @@ msgstr "" "如果想看關於 FreeBSD 更深入的資料，請看 <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/zh_TW.UTF-8/books/handbook/index.html\">FreeBSD 使用手冊</link>。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:195 +#: book.translate.xml:196 msgid "What is the goal of the FreeBSD Project?" msgstr "發展 FreeBSD 計畫的目的是什麼？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:199 +#: book.translate.xml:200 msgid "" "The goal of the FreeBSD Project is to provide a stable and fast general purpose operating system that may be used for any purpose without strings " "attached." msgstr "FreeBSD 計畫的目的是提供可以任意使用且沒有限制的穩定快速與一般用途的作業系統。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:207 +#: book.translate.xml:208 msgid "Does the FreeBSD license have any restrictions?" msgstr "FreeBSD 版權有任何限制嗎？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:211 +#: book.translate.xml:212 msgid "" "Yes. Those restrictions do not control how the code is used, but how to treat the FreeBSD Project itself. The license itself is available at <link " "xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/copyright/freebsd-license.html\">license</link> and can be summarized like this:" @@ -259,22 +257,22 @@ msgstr "" "freebsd-license.html\"> 版權本文</link>，簡單來說總結如下:" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:219 +#: book.translate.xml:220 msgid "Do not claim that you wrote this." msgstr "請勿宣稱是您寫了這個程式。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:223 +#: book.translate.xml:224 msgid "Do not sue us if it breaks." msgstr "如果它出問題了，不要控告我們。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:227 +#: book.translate.xml:228 msgid "Do not remove or modify the license." msgstr "不要移除和修改版權" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:231 +#: book.translate.xml:232 msgid "" "Many of us have a significant investment in the project and would certainly not mind a little financial compensation now and then, but we definitely do " "not insist on it. We believe that our first and foremost <quote>mission</quote> is to provide code to any and all comers, and for whatever purpose, so " @@ -286,7 +284,7 @@ msgstr "" "去支持它。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:242 +#: book.translate.xml:243 msgid "" "Code in our source tree which falls under the <link xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/copyright/COPYING\">GNU General Public License (GPL)</link> or " "<link xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/copyright/COPYING.LIB\">GNU Library General Public License (LGPL)</link> comes with slightly more strings " @@ -300,17 +298,17 @@ msgstr "" "xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/copyright/freebsd-license.html\">FreeBSD 版權</link> 的軟體來取代這些 GPL 版權宣告的軟體。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:257 +#: book.translate.xml:258 msgid "Can FreeBSD replace my current operating system?" msgstr "FreeBSD 可以取代我現在在用的作業系統嗎？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:261 +#: book.translate.xml:262 msgid "For most people, yes. But this question is not quite that cut-and-dried." msgstr "對大部份的人來說是這樣沒錯，但事實上這問題並沒有這麼好回答。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:264 +#: book.translate.xml:265 msgid "" "Most people do not actually use an operating system. They use applications. The applications are what really use the operating system. FreeBSD is " "designed to provide a robust and full-featured environment for applications. It supports a wide variety of web browsers, office suites, email readers, " @@ -322,7 +320,7 @@ msgstr "" "式都可以靠 <link xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/\">Ports Collection</link> 來管理。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:275 +#: book.translate.xml:276 msgid "" "If an application is only available on one operating system, that operating system cannot just be replaced. Chances are, there is a very similar " "application on FreeBSD, however. As a solid office or Internet server or a reliable workstation, FreeBSD will almost certainly do everything you need. " @@ -334,7 +332,7 @@ msgstr "" "\">UNIX</trademark> 管理人員都選用 FreeBSD 當他們唯一的桌上作業系統。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:285 +#: book.translate.xml:286 msgid "" "Users migrating to FreeBSD from another <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark>-like environment will find FreeBSD to be similar. <trademark " "class=\"registered\">Windows</trademark> and <trademark class=\"registered\">Mac OS</trademark> users may be interested in instead using <link xlink:" @@ -349,30 +347,30 @@ msgstr "" "handbook/index.html\">FreeBSD 使用手冊</link> 來入門。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:299 +#: book.translate.xml:300 msgid "Why is it called FreeBSD?" msgstr "為什麼要叫做 FreeBSD？" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:305 +#: book.translate.xml:306 msgid "It may be used free of charge, even by commercial users." msgstr "您可以免費使用它，即使是用於商業用途。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:310 +#: book.translate.xml:311 msgid "" "Full source for the operating system is freely available, and the minimum possible restrictions have been placed upon its use, distribution and " "incorporation into other work (commercial or non-commercial)." msgstr "整個 FreeBSD 作業系統完整的原始程式都可以免費取得，而且不管是在使用，散佈或是整合進其他程式等各方面也只受到最小的限制 (不論是否用於商業用途)。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:318 +#: book.translate.xml:319 msgid "" "Anyone who has an improvement or bug fix is free to submit their code and have it added to the source tree (subject to one or two obvious provisions)." msgstr "任何人都可以自由地把他對系統的改良或錯誤修正的程式碼加入 source tree 之中 (當然要符合幾個先決條件)。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:325 +#: book.translate.xml:326 msgid "" "It is worth pointing out that the word <quote>free</quote> is being used in two ways here: one meaning <quote>at no cost</quote> and the other meaning " "<quote>do whatever you like</quote>. Apart from one or two things you <emphasis>cannot</emphasis> do with the FreeBSD code, for example pretending you " @@ -382,12 +380,12 @@ msgstr "" "例外，例如您宣稱 FreeBSD 是您寫的。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:337 +#: book.translate.xml:338 msgid "What are the differences between FreeBSD and NetBSD, OpenBSD, and other open source BSD operating systems?" msgstr "FreeBSD 及 NetBSD, OpenBSD 以及其他 open source BSD 作業系統之間有何不同之處呢？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:343 +#: book.translate.xml:344 #, fuzzy msgid "" "James Howard wrote a good explanation of the history and differences between the various projects, called <link xlink:href=\"https://jameshoward.us/" @@ -398,19 +396,19 @@ msgstr "" "Tree</link> 可以回答這個問題。雖然有些資訊有點過時，但是關於歷史淵源的部份仍是相當正確的。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:350 +#: book.translate.xml:351 msgid "Most of the BSDs share patches and code, even today. All of the BSDs have common ancestry." msgstr "時至今日，大部分的 BSD 家族仍是共用修補和程式碼的。這些 BSD 家族有著共同的祖先。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:353 +#: book.translate.xml:354 msgid "" "The design goals of FreeBSD are described in <xref linkend=\"FreeBSD-goals\"/>, above. The design goals of the other most popular BSDs may be " "summarized as follows:" msgstr " FreeBSD 的設計目的如 <xref linkend=\"FreeBSD-goals\"/> 所述。其他 BSD 家族的設計目的如下所述：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:359 +#: book.translate.xml:360 msgid "" "OpenBSD aims for operating system security above all else. The OpenBSD team wrote <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry>, which have both been ported to " @@ -420,24 +418,24 @@ msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry> 都移植到了 FreeBSD。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:366 +#: book.translate.xml:367 msgid "NetBSD aims to be easily ported to other hardware platforms." msgstr "NetBSD 目標在易於移植到其他的硬體平台。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:371 +#: book.translate.xml:372 msgid "" "DragonFly BSD is a fork of FreeBSD 4.8 that has since developed many interesting features of its own, including the HAMMER file system and support for " "user-mode <quote>vkernels</quote>." msgstr "DragonFly BSD 是 FreeBSD 4.8 的一個分支，發展出許多有趣的特色，包括 HAMMER 檔案系統和支援 <quote>vkernels</quote> 使用者模式。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:382 +#: book.translate.xml:383 msgid "What is the latest version of FreeBSD?" msgstr "最新版的 FreeBSD 是那一版？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:386 +#: book.translate.xml:387 #, fuzzy msgid "" "At any point in the development of FreeBSD, there can be multiple parallel branches. 12.<replaceable>X</replaceable> releases are made from the " @@ -447,7 +445,7 @@ msgstr "" "<replaceable>X</replaceable> releases 是從 <emphasis>10-STABLE</emphasis> 分支而來。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:391 +#: book.translate.xml:392 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Up until the release of 9.0, the 11.<replaceable>X</replaceable> series was the one known as <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis>. However, as of 13." @@ -458,19 +456,19 @@ msgstr "" "<replaceable>X</replaceable> 將只著重在重大問題上(比如：漏洞修補、安全維護)以及所謂的 <quote>extended support</quote> 。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:402 +#: book.translate.xml:403 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Version <link xlink:href=\"ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/i386/12.0-RELEASE/\">12.0</link> is the latest release from the <emphasis>12-" -"STABLE</emphasis> branch; it was released in December 2018. Version <link xlink:href=\"ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/10.4-RELEASE/" -"\">10.4</link> is the latest release from the <emphasis>11-STABLE</emphasis> branch; it was released in October 2017." +"Version <link xlink:href=\"https://download.FreeBSD.org/ftp/releases/amd64/amd64/12.0-RELEASE/\">12.0</link> is the latest release from the " +"<emphasis>12-STABLE</emphasis> branch; it was released in December 2018. Version <link xlink:href=\"https://download.FreeBSD.org/ftp/releases/amd64/" +"amd64/11.2-RELEASE/\">11.2</link> is the latest release from the <emphasis>11-STABLE</emphasis> branch; it was released in June 2018." msgstr "" "於 2017年七月所發行的 <link xlink:href=\"ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/i386/11.1-RELEASE/\">11.1</link> 是目前最新的 <emphasis>11-" "STABLE</emphasis> 分支。 於 2017年十月所發行的 <link xlink:href=\"ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/10.4-RELEASE/\">10.4</link>是目前最新" "的 <emphasis>10-STABLE</emphasis> 分支。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:408 +#: book.translate.xml:409 msgid "" "Releases are made <link linkend=\"release-freq\">every few months</link>. While many people stay more up-to-date with the FreeBSD sources (see the " "questions on <link linkend=\"current\">FreeBSD-CURRENT</link> and <link linkend=\"stable\">FreeBSD-STABLE</link>) than that, doing so is more of a " @@ -481,7 +479,7 @@ msgstr "" "更多的精力。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:415 +#: book.translate.xml:416 msgid "" "More information on FreeBSD releases can be found on the <link xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/releng/index.html#release-build\">Release " "Engineering page</link> and in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>release</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>." @@ -490,12 +488,12 @@ msgstr "" "頁面</link> 和 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>release</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>得知。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:423 +#: book.translate.xml:424 msgid "What is <emphasis>FreeBSD-CURRENT</emphasis>?" msgstr "什麼是 <emphasis>FreeBSD-CURRENT</emphasis>?" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:427 +#: book.translate.xml:428 msgid "" "<link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/current-stable.html#current\">FreeBSD-CURRENT</link> is the development version " "of the operating system, which will in due course become the new FreeBSD-STABLE branch. As such, it is really only of interest to developers working on " @@ -509,7 +507,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/zh_TW.UTF-8/books/handbook/current-stable.html#current\">相關部份</link>。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:436 +#: book.translate.xml:437 msgid "" "Users not familiar with FreeBSD should not use FreeBSD-CURRENT. This branch sometimes evolves quite quickly and due to mistake can be un-buildable at " "times. People that use FreeBSD-CURRENT are expected to be able to analyze, debug, and report problems." @@ -518,7 +516,7 @@ msgstr "" "統。我們假設使用 FreeBSD-CURRENT 的使用者都有能力去分析他們所遇到的問題，除錯，並且回報問題。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:442 +#: book.translate.xml:443 msgid "" "FreeBSD <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/snapshots/\">snapshot</link> releases are made based on the current state of the <emphasis>-CURRENT</" "emphasis> and <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis> branches. The goals behind each snapshot release are:" @@ -527,31 +525,31 @@ msgstr "" "snapshots/\">snapshot</link> 版。發表這些 snapshot 的目的在於：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:450 +#: book.translate.xml:451 msgid "To test the latest version of the installation software." msgstr "測試最新版的安裝程式。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:455 +#: book.translate.xml:456 msgid "" "To give people who would like to run <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> or <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis> but who do not have the time or bandwidth to follow " "it on a day-to-day basis an easy way of bootstrapping it onto their systems." msgstr "提供一個簡單的方法給那些喜歡使用 <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> 或是 <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis> 但是沒有時間和頻寬去每天昇級的使用者。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:464 +#: book.translate.xml:465 msgid "" "To preserve a fixed reference point for the code in question, just in case we break something really badly later. (Although Subversion normally " "prevents anything horrible like this happening.)" msgstr "為了替我們發展中的程式保留一個固定的參考點，以防止我們未來不幸搞砸了。(雖然一般而言 Subversion 可以防止類似這種的可怕事件)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:471 +#: book.translate.xml:472 msgid "To ensure that all new features and fixes in need of testing have the greatest possible number of potential testers." msgstr "為了確保所有需要測試的新功能或修正都可以得到最多的測試。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:477 +#: book.translate.xml:478 msgid "" "No claims are made that any <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> snapshot can be considered <quote>production quality</quote> for any purpose. If a stable and " "fully tested system is needed, stick to full releases." @@ -560,22 +558,22 @@ msgstr "" "整 releases." #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:483 +#: book.translate.xml:484 msgid "Snapshot releases are directly available from <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/snapshots/\">snapshot</link>." msgstr "您可以直接從 <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/snapshots/\">snapshot</link> 取得 -CURRENT 的 snapshot release。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:485 +#: book.translate.xml:486 msgid "Official snapshots are generated on a regular basis for all actively developed branches." msgstr "對每個有在活動的分支而言，都會定期產生一次 snapshots。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:492 +#: book.translate.xml:493 msgid "What is the <emphasis>FreeBSD-STABLE</emphasis> concept?" msgstr "什麼是 <emphasis>FreeBSD-STABLE</emphasis> ?" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:497 +#: book.translate.xml:498 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Back when FreeBSD 2.0.5 was released, FreeBSD development branched in two. One branch was named <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US." @@ -599,7 +597,7 @@ msgstr "" "Engineering 資訊</link> 找到。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:519 +#: book.translate.xml:520 #, fuzzy msgid "" "12.0-STABLE is the actively developed <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis> branch. The latest release on the 12.0-STABLE branch is 12.0-RELEASE, which was " @@ -607,7 +605,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "11.1-STABLE 是目前正在發展中的 <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis> 分支。最新的 11.1-STABLE 是在 2017年七月發行的 11.1-RELEASE。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:525 +#: book.translate.xml:526 msgid "" "The <emphasis>12-CURRENT</emphasis> branch is the actively developed <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> branch toward the next generation of FreeBSD. See " "<link linkend=\"current\">What is FreeBSD-CURRENT?</link> for more information on this branch." @@ -616,12 +614,12 @@ msgstr "" "話，請參考 <link linkend=\"current\">什麼是 FreeBSD-CURRENT?</link> 。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:535 +#: book.translate.xml:536 msgid "When are FreeBSD releases made?" msgstr "每次新的 FreeBSD 將於什麼時候推出？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:539 +#: book.translate.xml:540 msgid "" "The Release Engineering Team <email>re@FreeBSD.org</email> releases a new major version of FreeBSD about every 18 months and a new minor version about " "every 8 months, on average. Release dates are announced well in advance, so that the people working on the system know when their projects need to be " @@ -634,7 +632,7 @@ msgstr "" "然，等這些好東西進入<emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis> 的時間令人等得有些不耐煩， 但是大多數的使用者都認為這種謹慎的態度是 FreeBSD 最好的優點之一。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:551 +#: book.translate.xml:552 msgid "" "More information on the release engineering process (including a schedule of upcoming releases) can be found on the <link xlink:href=\"https://www." "FreeBSD.org/releng/index.html\">release engineering</link> pages on the FreeBSD Web site." @@ -643,17 +641,17 @@ msgstr "" "</link> 上面獲得。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:556 +#: book.translate.xml:557 msgid "For people who need or want a little more excitement, binary snapshots are made weekly as discussed above." msgstr "為了滿足那些需要 (或想要) 新鮮刺激感的使用者， 上面已經提到我們每周都會發行 snapshots 版可供使用。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:564 +#: book.translate.xml:565 msgid "Who is responsible for FreeBSD?" msgstr "誰負責 FreeBSD 的發展？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:568 +#: book.translate.xml:569 msgid "" "The key decisions concerning the FreeBSD project, such as the overall direction of the project and who is allowed to add code to the source tree, are " "made by a <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/administration.html#t-core\">core team</link> of 9 people. There is a much larger team of more than 350 " @@ -665,37 +663,37 @@ msgstr "" "ISO8859-1/articles/contributors/article.html#staff-committers\">committers</link> 有權利可以直接修改 FreeBSD 的 source tree。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:576 +#: book.translate.xml:577 msgid "" "However, most non-trivial changes are discussed in advance in the <link linkend=\"mailing\">mailing lists</link>, and there are no restrictions on who " "may take part in the discussion." msgstr "無論如何，大多數的改變都會事前在 <link linkend=\"mailing\">郵件論壇</link>先討論過，而且不分角色，每個人都可以參與討論。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:585 +#: book.translate.xml:586 msgid "Where can I get FreeBSD?" msgstr "我要如何取得 FreeBSD？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:589 +#: book.translate.xml:590 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Every significant release of FreeBSD is available via anonymous FTP from the <link xlink:href=\"ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/\">FreeBSD FTP site</" -"link>:" +"Every significant release of FreeBSD is available via anonymous FTP from the <link xlink:href=\"https://download.FreeBSD.org/ftp/releases/\">FreeBSD " +"FTP site</link>:" msgstr "每個 FreeBSD 的重要版本都可以經由匿名 FTP 從 <link xlink:href=\"ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/\"> FreeBSD FTP 站</link> 取得：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:595 +#: book.translate.xml:596 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The latest <emphasis>12-STABLE</emphasis> release, 12.0-RELEASE can be found in the <link xlink:href=\"ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/" -"i386/12.0-RELEASE/\">12.0-RELEASE directory</link>." +"The latest <emphasis>12-STABLE</emphasis> release, 12.0-RELEASE can be found in the <link xlink:href=\"https://download.FreeBSD.org/ftp/releases/amd64/" +"amd64/12.0-RELEASE/\">12.0-RELEASE directory</link>." msgstr "" "最新版 <emphasis>11-STABLE</emphasis> , 也就是 11.1-RELEASE 請到 <link xlink:href=\"ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/i386/11.1-RELEASE/" "\">11.1-RELEASE 這個目錄</link>。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:601 +#: book.translate.xml:602 msgid "" "<link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/snapshots/\">Snapshot</link> releases are made monthly for the <link linkend=\"current\">-CURRENT</link> and <link " "linkend=\"stable\">-STABLE</link> branch, these being of service purely to bleeding-edge testers and developers." @@ -704,17 +702,17 @@ msgstr "" "link>版本通常每個月會做一次， 主要是為了提供給那些熱心的測試者和開發人員。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:608 +#: book.translate.xml:609 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The latest <emphasis>11-STABLE</emphasis> release, 10.4-RELEASE can be found in the <link xlink:href=\"ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/" -"i386/10.4-RELEASE/\">10.4-RELEASE directory</link>." +"The latest <emphasis>11-STABLE</emphasis> release, 11.2-RELEASE can be found in the <link xlink:href=\"https://download.FreeBSD.org/ftp/releases/amd64/" +"amd64/11.2-RELEASE/\">11.2-RELEASE directory</link>." msgstr "" "最新版 <emphasis>10-STABLE</emphasis> , 也就是10.4-RELEASE 請到 <link xlink:href=\"ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/10.4-RELEASE/\">10.4-" "RELEASE 這個目錄</link>。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:614 +#: book.translate.xml:615 msgid "" "Information about obtaining FreeBSD on CD, DVD, and other media can be found in <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/" "mirrors.html\">the Handbook</link>." @@ -723,26 +721,26 @@ msgstr "" "解答。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:622 +#: book.translate.xml:623 msgid "How do I access the Problem Report database?" msgstr "我要如何去查詢、提交問題回報(Problem Report，簡稱PR)資料庫呢？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:626 +#: book.translate.xml:627 msgid "" "The Problem Report database of all user change requests may be queried by using our web-based PR <link xlink:href=\"https://bugs.FreeBSD.org/search/" "\">query</link> interface." msgstr "所有使用者的變更要求都可以經由網頁版的 PR <link xlink:href=\"https://bugs.FreeBSD.org/search/\">查詢</link> 界面來察看。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:630 +#: book.translate.xml:631 msgid "" "The <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/support/bugreports.html\">web-based problem report submission interface</link> can be used to submit problem " "reports through a web browser." msgstr "可以使用瀏覽器經由<link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/support/bugreports.html\">網頁版的 PR 界面</link> 來傳送問題回報" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:634 +#: book.translate.xml:635 msgid "" "Before submitting a problem report, read <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/problem-reports/article.html\">Writing " "FreeBSD Problem Reports</link>, an article on how to write good problem reports." @@ -751,17 +749,17 @@ msgstr "" "題回報單</link>，這是一篇告訴你怎樣才能寫出一篇真正有用的問題回報單。" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:643 +#: book.translate.xml:644 msgid "Documentation and Support" msgstr "文件與技術支援" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:648 +#: book.translate.xml:649 msgid "What good books are there about FreeBSD?" msgstr "名稱" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:652 +#: book.translate.xml:653 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The project produces a wide range of documentation, available online from this link: <uri xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/docs.html\">https://www." @@ -773,12 +771,12 @@ msgstr "" "ISO8859-1/books/handbook/bibliography.html\">書目</link>" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:662 +#: book.translate.xml:663 msgid "Is the documentation available in other formats, such as plain text (ASCII), or <trademark class=\"registered\">PostScript</trademark>?" msgstr "這些文件有其他格式的嗎？像是：純文字(ASCII)或 <trademark class=\"registered\">PostScript</trademark> 之類的格式？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:667 +#: book.translate.xml:668 msgid "" "Yes. The documentation is available in a number of different formats and compression schemes on the FreeBSD FTP site, in the <link xlink:href=\"https://" "download.freebsd.org/ftp/doc/\">/pub/FreeBSD/doc/</link> directory." @@ -787,231 +785,231 @@ msgstr "" "pub/FreeBSD/doc/</link> 目錄內找到你要的。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:672 +#: book.translate.xml:673 msgid "The documentation is categorized in a number of different ways. These include:" msgstr "文件以幾種不同的方式分類。包括：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:677 +#: book.translate.xml:678 msgid "The document's name, such as <literal>faq</literal>, or <literal>handbook</literal>." msgstr "文件名稱，例如：<literal>faq</literal> (常見問答集)或是 <literal>handbook</literal> (FreeBSD 使用手冊)等等。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:683 +#: book.translate.xml:684 msgid "" "The document's language and encoding. These are based on the locale names found under <filename>/usr/share/locale</filename> on a FreeBSD system. The " "current languages and encodings are as follows:" msgstr "文件的語言與編碼。他們是基於 FreeBSD 系統中 <filename>/usr/share/locale</filename> 裡所見到的語系名稱。目前包含的語言與編碼如下：" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:693 +#: book.translate.xml:694 msgid "Name" msgstr "語系名稱" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:695 book.translate.xml:845 +#: book.translate.xml:696 book.translate.xml:846 msgid "Meaning" msgstr "說明" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:701 +#: book.translate.xml:702 msgid "<literal>en_US.ISO8859-1</literal>" msgstr "<literal>en_US.ISO8859-1</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:703 +#: book.translate.xml:704 msgid "English (United States)" msgstr "英文 (美國)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:707 +#: book.translate.xml:708 msgid "<literal>bn_BD.ISO10646-1</literal>" msgstr "<literal>bn_BD.ISO10646-1</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:709 +#: book.translate.xml:710 msgid "Bengali or Bangla (Bangladesh)" msgstr "孟加拉文 (孟加拉)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:713 +#: book.translate.xml:714 msgid "<literal>da_DK.ISO8859-1</literal>" msgstr "<literal>da_DK.ISO8859-1</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:715 +#: book.translate.xml:716 msgid "Danish (Denmark)" msgstr "丹麥文 (丹麥)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:719 +#: book.translate.xml:720 msgid "<literal>de_DE.ISO8859-1</literal>" msgstr "<literal>de_DE.ISO8859-1</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:721 +#: book.translate.xml:722 msgid "German (Germany)" msgstr "德文 (德國)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:725 +#: book.translate.xml:726 msgid "<literal>el_GR.ISO8859-7</literal>" msgstr "<literal>el_GR.ISO8859-7</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:727 +#: book.translate.xml:728 msgid "Greek (Greece)" msgstr "希臘文 (希臘)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:731 +#: book.translate.xml:732 msgid "<literal>es_ES.ISO8859-1</literal>" msgstr "<literal>es_ES.ISO8859-1</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:733 +#: book.translate.xml:734 msgid "Spanish (Spain)" msgstr "西班牙文 (西班牙)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:737 +#: book.translate.xml:738 msgid "<literal>fr_FR.ISO8859-1</literal>" msgstr "<literal>fr_FR.ISO8859-1</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:739 +#: book.translate.xml:740 msgid "French (France)" msgstr "法文 (法國)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:743 +#: book.translate.xml:744 msgid "<literal>hu_HU.ISO8859-2</literal>" msgstr "<literal>hu_HU.ISO8859-2</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:745 +#: book.translate.xml:746 msgid "Hungarian (Hungary)" msgstr "匈牙利文 (匈牙利)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:749 +#: book.translate.xml:750 msgid "<literal>it_IT.ISO8859-15</literal>" msgstr "<literal>it_IT.ISO8859-15</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:751 +#: book.translate.xml:752 msgid "Italian (Italy)" msgstr "義大利文 (義大利)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:755 +#: book.translate.xml:756 msgid "<literal>ja_JP.eucJP</literal>" msgstr "<literal>ja_JP.eucJP</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:757 +#: book.translate.xml:758 msgid "Japanese (Japan, EUC encoding)" msgstr "日文 (日本, EUC 編碼)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:761 +#: book.translate.xml:762 #, fuzzy msgid "<literal>ko_KR.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "<literal>mn_MN.UTF-8</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:763 +#: book.translate.xml:764 #, fuzzy msgid "Korean (Korea, UTF-8 encoding)" msgstr "蒙古文 (蒙古, UTF-8 編碼)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:767 +#: book.translate.xml:768 msgid "<literal>mn_MN.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "<literal>mn_MN.UTF-8</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:769 +#: book.translate.xml:770 msgid "Mongolian (Mongolia, UTF-8 encoding)" msgstr "蒙古文 (蒙古, UTF-8 編碼)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:774 +#: book.translate.xml:775 msgid "<literal>nl_NL.ISO8859-1</literal>" msgstr "<literal>nl_NL.ISO8859-1</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:776 +#: book.translate.xml:777 msgid "Dutch (Netherlands)" msgstr "荷蘭文 (荷蘭)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:780 +#: book.translate.xml:781 msgid "<literal>pl_PL.ISO8859-2</literal>" msgstr "<literal>pl_PL.ISO8859-2</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:782 +#: book.translate.xml:783 msgid "Polish (Poland)" msgstr "波蘭文 (波蘭)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:786 +#: book.translate.xml:787 msgid "<literal>pt_BR.ISO8859-1</literal>" msgstr "<literal>pt_BR.ISO8859-1</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:788 +#: book.translate.xml:789 msgid "Portuguese (Brazil)" msgstr "葡萄牙文 (巴西)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:792 +#: book.translate.xml:793 msgid "<literal>ru_RU.KOI8-R</literal>" msgstr "<literal>ru_RU.KOI8-R</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:794 +#: book.translate.xml:795 msgid "Russian (Russia, KOI8-R encoding)" msgstr "俄文 (俄羅斯, KOI8-R 編碼)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:798 +#: book.translate.xml:799 msgid "<literal>tr_TR.ISO8859-9</literal>" msgstr "<literal>tr_TR.ISO8859-9</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:800 +#: book.translate.xml:801 msgid "Turkish (Turkey)" msgstr "土耳其文 (土耳其)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:804 +#: book.translate.xml:805 msgid "<literal>zh_CN.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "<literal>zh_CN.UTF-8</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:806 +#: book.translate.xml:807 msgid "Simplified Chinese (China, UTF-8 encoding)" msgstr "簡體中文 (中國, UTF-8 編碼)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:811 +#: book.translate.xml:812 msgid "<literal>zh_TW.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "<literal>zh_TW.UTF-8</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:813 +#: book.translate.xml:814 msgid "Traditional Chinese (Taiwan, UTF-8 encoding)" msgstr "正體中文 (台灣, UTF-8 編碼)" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:821 +#: book.translate.xml:822 msgid "Some documents may not be available in all languages." msgstr "上列的各國翻譯語系文件中，並非所有文件都有翻譯。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:827 +#: book.translate.xml:828 msgid "" "The document's format. We produce the documentation in a number of different output formats. Each format has its own advantages and disadvantages. Some " "formats are better suited for online reading, while others are meant to be aesthetically pleasing when printed on paper. Having the documentation " @@ -1022,72 +1020,72 @@ msgstr "" "者們，無論是在螢幕上閱讀或是列印成紙本，都能夠閱讀他們感興趣的內容，目前有提供的格式如下：" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:843 +#: book.translate.xml:844 msgid "Format" msgstr "格式" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:851 +#: book.translate.xml:852 msgid "<literal>html-split</literal>" msgstr "<literal>html-split</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:853 +#: book.translate.xml:854 msgid "A collection of small, linked, HTML files." msgstr "依章節區分成多個小的、互相連結的 HTML 檔案" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:858 +#: book.translate.xml:859 msgid "<literal>html</literal>" msgstr "<literal>html</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:860 +#: book.translate.xml:861 msgid "One large HTML file containing the entire document" msgstr "所有內容包含在單一個 HTML 檔案" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:865 +#: book.translate.xml:866 msgid "<literal>pdf</literal>" msgstr "<literal>pdf</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:867 +#: book.translate.xml:868 msgid "Adobe's Portable Document Format" msgstr " \tAdobe's PDF 格式" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:871 +#: book.translate.xml:872 msgid "<literal>ps</literal>" msgstr "<literal>ps</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:873 +#: book.translate.xml:874 msgid "<trademark class=\"registered\">PostScript</trademark>" msgstr "<trademark class=\"registered\">PostScript</trademark>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:877 +#: book.translate.xml:878 msgid "<literal>rtf</literal>" msgstr "<literal>rtf</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:879 +#: book.translate.xml:880 msgid "<trademark class=\"registered\">Microsoft</trademark>'s Rich Text Format" msgstr "<trademark class=\"registered\">Microsoft</trademark> 的 RTF 格式" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:883 +#: book.translate.xml:884 msgid "<literal>txt</literal>" msgstr "<literal>txt</literal>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:885 +#: book.translate.xml:886 msgid "Plain text" msgstr " \t純文字" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:892 +#: book.translate.xml:893 msgid "" "Page numbers are not automatically updated when loading Rich Text Format into Word. Press <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>A</" "keycap></keycombo>, <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>End</keycap></keycombo>, <keycap>F9</keycap> after loading the document, to " @@ -1097,12 +1095,12 @@ msgstr "" "<keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>End</keycap></keycombo>, <keycap>F9</keycap> 來更新頁碼。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:901 +#: book.translate.xml:902 msgid "The compression and packaging scheme." msgstr "壓縮和打包方式" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:905 +#: book.translate.xml:906 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Where the format is <literal>html-split</literal>, the files are bundled up using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" @@ -1112,12 +1110,12 @@ msgstr "" "行打包。接著在將產生出來的 <filename>.tar</filename> 檔接透過第二點所述的壓縮方式壓縮。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:914 +#: book.translate.xml:915 msgid "All the other formats generate one file. For example, <filename>article.pdf</filename>, <filename>book.html</filename>, and so on." msgstr "其他的格式都是單一個檔案。例如 <filename>article.pdf</filename>、<filename>book.html</filename> ，以此類推。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:919 +#: book.translate.xml:920 msgid "" "These files are then compressed using either the <literal>zip</literal> or <literal>bz2</literal> compression schemes. " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> can be used to uncompress these files." @@ -1126,7 +1124,7 @@ msgstr "" "citerefentry> 工具可用來解壓縮這些檔案。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:925 +#: book.translate.xml:926 msgid "" "So the <trademark class=\"registered\">PostScript</trademark> version of the Handbook, compressed using <literal>bzip2</literal> will be stored in a " "file called <filename>book.ps.bz2</filename> in the <filename>handbook/</filename> directory." @@ -1135,13 +1133,13 @@ msgstr "" "filename> 的檔案，並位於 <filename>handbook/</filename> 資料夾。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:935 +#: book.translate.xml:936 msgid "" "After choosing the format and compression mechanism, download the compressed files, uncompress them, and then copy the appropriate documents into place." msgstr "在選取格式與壓縮方式後，下載壓縮後的檔案並解壓縮，再把文件複製到想要的地方。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:940 +#: book.translate.xml:941 msgid "" "For example, the split HTML version of the <acronym>FAQ</acronym>, compressed using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bzip2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, can be found in <filename>doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.html-split.tar.bz2</filename> To download and uncompress that " @@ -1151,7 +1149,7 @@ msgstr "" "<filename>doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.html-split.tar.bz2</filename> 中找到。若要下載並解壓縮這個檔案，請輸入" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:946 +#: book.translate.xml:947 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>fetch https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.html-split.tar.bz2</userinput>\n" @@ -1161,7 +1159,7 @@ msgstr "" "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>tar xvf book.html-split.tar.bz2</userinput>" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:949 +#: book.translate.xml:950 msgid "" "If the file is compressed, <application>tar</application> will automatically detect the appropriate format and decompress it correctly, resulting in a " "collection of <filename>.html</filename> files. The main one is called <filename>index.html</filename>, which will contain the table of contents, " @@ -1171,12 +1169,12 @@ msgstr "" "html</filename>，包含了主目錄跟介紹以及連接到文件其他部份的連結。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:962 +#: book.translate.xml:963 msgid "Where do I find info on the FreeBSD mailing lists? What FreeBSD news groups are available?" msgstr "哪裡有關於 FreeBSD 的郵遞論壇(mailing lists)呢？ 有哪些可以使用的 FreeBSD 新聞群組(news groups)呢?" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:967 +#: book.translate.xml:968 msgid "" "Refer to the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/eresources.html#eresources-mail\">Handbook entry on mailing-lists</" "link> and the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/eresources-news.html\">Handbook entry on newsgroups</link>." @@ -1185,24 +1183,24 @@ msgstr "" "lists)</link> 。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:975 +#: book.translate.xml:976 msgid "Are there FreeBSD IRC (Internet Relay Chat) channels?" msgstr "有 FreeBSD IRC (Internet Relay Chat)頻道嗎？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:980 +#: book.translate.xml:981 msgid "Yes, most major IRC networks host a FreeBSD chat channel:" msgstr "有的，大部分的 IRC 主機都有 FreeBSD 聊天頻道：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:985 +#: book.translate.xml:986 msgid "" "Channel <literal>#FreeBSDhelp</literal> on <link xlink:href=\"http://www.efnet.org/index.php\">EFNet</link> is a channel dedicated to helping FreeBSD " "users." msgstr "<link xlink:href=\"http://www.efnet.org/index.php\">EFNet</link> 上的 <literal>#FreeBSDhelp</literal> 頻道專門用來幫助 FreeBSD 使用著" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:990 +#: book.translate.xml:991 msgid "" "Channel <literal>#FreeBSD</literal> on <link xlink:href=\"http://freenode.net/\">Freenode</link> is a general help channel with many users at any time. " "The conversations have been known to run off-topic for a while, but priority is given to users with FreeBSD questions. Other users can help with the " @@ -1215,7 +1213,7 @@ msgstr "" "個頻道有來自世界各地的使用者，但這是一個英文為主的頻道。非母語人士應該以英文提問，並在必要的時候移駕到 <literal>##freebsd-lang</literal> 頻道。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1006 +#: book.translate.xml:1007 msgid "" "Channel <literal>#FreeBSD</literal> on <link xlink:href=\"http://www.dal.net/\">DALNET</link> is available at <systemitem>irc.dal.net</systemitem> in " "the US and <systemitem>irc.eu.dal.net</systemitem> in Europe." @@ -1224,7 +1222,7 @@ msgstr "" "<systemitem>irc.eu.dal.net</systemitem> （位於歐洲）進入。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1013 +#: book.translate.xml:1014 msgid "" "Channel <literal>#FreeBSD</literal> on <link xlink:href=\"http://www.undernet.org/\">UNDERNET</link> is available at <systemitem>us.undernet.org</" "systemitem> in the US and <systemitem>eu.undernet.org</systemitem> in Europe. Since it is a help channel, be prepared to read the documents you are " @@ -1234,7 +1232,7 @@ msgstr "" "國）及 <systemitem>eu.undernet.org</systemitem> （位於歐洲）進入。由於這是個輔助新手用的頻道， 請記得閱讀別人向你提及的連結或檔案。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1022 +#: book.translate.xml:1023 msgid "" "Channel <literal>#FreeBSD</literal> on <link xlink:href=\"http://www.rusnet.org.ru/\">RUSNET</link> is a Russian language channel dedicated to helping " "FreeBSD users. This is also good place for non-technical discussions." @@ -1243,7 +1241,7 @@ msgstr "" "的討論好去處。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1029 +#: book.translate.xml:1030 msgid "" "Channel <literal>#bsdchat</literal> on <link xlink:href=\"http://freenode.net/\">Freenode</link> is a Traditional Chinese (UTF-8 encoding) language " "channel dedicated to helping FreeBSD users. This is also good place for non-technical discussions." @@ -1252,34 +1250,34 @@ msgstr "" "著。這裡也歡迎一般非技術的交流討論。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1037 +#: book.translate.xml:1038 #, fuzzy msgid "The FreeBSD wiki has a <link xlink:href=\"https://wiki.freebsd.org/IRC/Channels\">good list</link> of IRC channels." msgstr "FreeBSD 的維基百科有一份 IRC 頻道的 <link xlink:href=\"http://wiki.freebsd.org/IrcChannels\">完整清單</link>。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1040 +#: book.translate.xml:1041 msgid "" "Each of these channels are distinct and are not connected to each other. Since their chat styles differ, try each to find one suited to your chat style." msgstr "每個頻道都是不同且互相獨立的。因為他們的聊天風格不同，您可以每個都試試看來找到適合您的頻道。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1049 +#: book.translate.xml:1050 msgid "Are there any web based forums to discuss FreeBSD?" msgstr "有沒有任何網頁形式的 FreeBSD 論壇呢？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1052 +#: book.translate.xml:1053 msgid "The official FreeBSD forums are located at <link xlink:href=\"https://forums.FreeBSD.org/\">https://forums.FreeBSD.org/</link>." msgstr "官方的 FreeBSD 論壇位於 <link xlink:href=\"https://forums.FreeBSD.org/\">https://forums.FreeBSD.org/</link>。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1058 +#: book.translate.xml:1059 msgid "Where can I get commercial FreeBSD training and support?" msgstr "可以從哪邊獲得商業化的 FreeBSD 的教育課程及技術支援呢？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1063 +#: book.translate.xml:1064 msgid "" "<link xlink:href=\"http://www.ixsystems.com\">iXsystems, Inc.</link>, parent company of the <link xlink:href=\"http://www.freebsdmall.com/\">FreeBSD " "Mall</link>, provides commercial FreeBSD and TrueOS software <link xlink:href=\"http://www.ixsystems.com/support\">support</link>, in addition to " @@ -1289,7 +1287,7 @@ msgstr "" "供 FreeBSD 開發與調校解決方案與 FreeBSD 與 TrueOS 的軟體 <link xlink:href=\"http://www.ixsystems.com/support\">支援</link>。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1070 +#: book.translate.xml:1071 msgid "" "BSD Certification Group, Inc. provides system administration certifications for DragonFly BSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. Refer to <link xlink:href=" "\"http://www.BSDCertification.org\">their site</link> for more information." @@ -1298,17 +1296,17 @@ msgstr "" "\">他們的網站</link> 來獲得更多資訊。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1075 +#: book.translate.xml:1076 msgid "Any other organizations providing training and support should contact the Project to be listed here." msgstr "如果有其他組織提供技術訓練或技術支援，請聯絡 FreeBSD 計畫來加入以上清單。" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:1084 +#: book.translate.xml:1085 msgid "Installation" msgstr "安裝" #. (itstool) path: affiliation/address -#: book.translate.xml:1092 +#: book.translate.xml:1093 #, no-wrap msgid "" "\n" @@ -1320,110 +1318,110 @@ msgstr "" "\t " #. (itstool) path: info/author -#: book.translate.xml:1086 +#: book.translate.xml:1087 msgid "<personname> <firstname>Nik</firstname> <surname>Clayton</surname> </personname> <affiliation> <_:address-1/> </affiliation>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1103 +#: book.translate.xml:1104 msgid "" "Which platform should I download? I have a 64 bit capable <trademark class=\"registered\">Intel</trademark> CPU, but I only see <literal>amd64</" "literal>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1109 +#: book.translate.xml:1110 msgid "" "amd64 is the term FreeBSD uses for 64-bit compatible x86 architectures (also known as \"x86-64\" or \"x64\"). Most modern computers should use amd64. " "Older hardware should use i386. When installing on a non-x86-compatible architecture, select the platform which best matches the hardware." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1120 +#: book.translate.xml:1121 msgid "Which file do I download to get FreeBSD?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1124 +#: book.translate.xml:1125 msgid "" "On the <link xlink:href=\"https://www.freebsd.org/where.html\">Getting FreeBSD</link> page, select <literal>[iso]</literal> next to the architecture " "that matches the hardware." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1128 +#: book.translate.xml:1129 msgid "Any of the following can be used:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:1134 +#: book.translate.xml:1135 msgid "file" msgstr "檔案" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:1135 +#: book.translate.xml:1136 msgid "description" msgstr "描述" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:1141 +#: book.translate.xml:1142 msgid "<filename>disc1.iso</filename>" msgstr "<filename>disc1.iso</filename>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:1142 +#: book.translate.xml:1143 msgid "Contains enough to install FreeBSD and a minimal set of packages." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:1147 +#: book.translate.xml:1148 msgid "<filename>dvd1.iso</filename>" msgstr "<filename>dvd1.iso</filename>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:1148 +#: book.translate.xml:1149 msgid "Similar to <filename>disc1.iso</filename> but with additional packages." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:1153 +#: book.translate.xml:1154 msgid "<filename>memstick.img</filename>" msgstr "<filename>memstick.img</filename>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:1154 +#: book.translate.xml:1155 msgid "A bootable image sufficient for writing to a USB stick." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:1159 +#: book.translate.xml:1160 msgid "<filename>bootonly.iso</filename>" msgstr "<filename>bootonly.iso</filename>" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:1160 +#: book.translate.xml:1161 msgid "A minimal image that requires network access during installation to completely install FreeBSD." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1168 +#: book.translate.xml:1169 msgid "" "Full instructions on this procedure and a little bit more about installation issues in general can be found in the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/" "doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/bsdinstall.html\">Handbook entry on installing FreeBSD</link>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1177 +#: book.translate.xml:1178 msgid "What do I do if the install image does not boot?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1182 +#: book.translate.xml:1183 msgid "This can be caused by not downloading the image in <emphasis>binary</emphasis> mode when using <acronym>FTP</acronym>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1186 +#: book.translate.xml:1187 msgid "" "Some FTP clients default their transfer mode to <emphasis>ascii</emphasis> and attempt to change any end-of-line characters received to match the " "conventions used by the client's system. This will almost invariably corrupt the boot image. Check the SHA-256 checksum of the downloaded boot image: " @@ -1431,53 +1429,53 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1195 +#: book.translate.xml:1196 msgid "" "When using a command line FTP client, type <emphasis>binary</emphasis> at the FTP command prompt after getting connected to the server and before " "starting the download of the image." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1204 +#: book.translate.xml:1205 msgid "Where are the instructions for installing FreeBSD?" msgstr "可以在哪邊找到安裝 FreeBSD 的解說步驟呢？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1208 +#: book.translate.xml:1209 msgid "" "Installation instructions can be found at <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/bsdinstall.html\">Handbook entry on " "installing FreeBSD</link>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1216 +#: book.translate.xml:1217 msgid "What are the minimum requirements to run FreeBSD?" msgstr "要跑 FreeBSD 至少需要什麼樣的配備呢？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1220 +#: book.translate.xml:1221 msgid "FreeBSD requires a 486 or better PC, 64 MB or more of RAM, and at least 1.1 GB of hard disk space." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1228 +#: book.translate.xml:1229 msgid "How can I make my own custom release or install disk?" msgstr "要怎樣才能自行打造專用的安裝磁片呢？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1233 +#: book.translate.xml:1234 msgid "" "Customized FreeBSD installation media can be created by building a custom release. Follow the instructions in the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/" "doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/releng/article.html\">Release Engineering</link> article." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1242 +#: book.translate.xml:1243 msgid "Can <trademark class=\"registered\">Windows</trademark> co-exist with FreeBSD?" msgstr "<trademark class=\"registered\">Windows</trademark> 可以與 FreeBSD 共存嗎？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1246 +#: book.translate.xml:1247 msgid "" "If <trademark class=\"registered\">Windows</trademark> is installed first, then yes. FreeBSD's boot manager will then manage to boot <trademark class=" "\"registered\">Windows</trademark> and FreeBSD. If <trademark class=\"registered\">Windows</trademark> is installed afterwards, it will overwrite the " @@ -1485,47 +1483,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1256 +#: book.translate.xml:1257 msgid "Another operating system destroyed my Boot Manager. How do I get it back?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1261 +#: book.translate.xml:1262 msgid "" "This depends upon the boot manager. The FreeBSD boot selection menu can be reinstalled using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>boot0cfg</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. For example, to restore the boot menu onto the disk <replaceable>ada0</replaceable>:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:1266 +#: book.translate.xml:1267 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>boot0cfg -B ada0</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1268 +#: book.translate.xml:1269 msgid "" "The non-interactive MBR bootloader can be installed using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpart</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:1271 +#: book.translate.xml:1272 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>gpart bootcode -b /boot/mbr ada0</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1273 +#: book.translate.xml:1274 msgid "For more complex situations, including GPT disks, see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpart</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1280 +#: book.translate.xml:1281 msgid "Do I need to install the source?" msgstr "我需要安裝完整的原始碼嗎？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1284 +#: book.translate.xml:1285 msgid "" "In general, no. There is nothing in the base system which requires the presence of the source to operate. Some ports, like <package>sysutils/lsof</" "package>, will not build unless the source is installed. In particular, if the port builds a kernel module or directly operates on kernel structures, " @@ -1533,12 +1531,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1295 +#: book.translate.xml:1296 msgid "Do I need to build a kernel?" msgstr "需要重新 build kernel 嗎？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1299 +#: book.translate.xml:1300 msgid "" "Usually not. The supplied <literal>GENERIC</literal> kernel contains the drivers an ordinary computer will need. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>freebsd-" "update</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, the FreeBSD binary upgrade tool, cannot upgrade custom kernels, another reason to stick " @@ -1547,12 +1545,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1312 +#: book.translate.xml:1313 msgid "Should I use DES, Blowfish, or MD5 passwords and how do I specify which form my users receive?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1317 +#: book.translate.xml:1318 msgid "" "FreeBSD uses <emphasis>SHA512</emphasis> by default. DES passwords are still available for backwards compatibility with operating systems that still " "use the less secure password format. FreeBSD also supports the Blowfish and MD5 password formats. Which password format to use for new passwords is " @@ -1562,12 +1560,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1336 +#: book.translate.xml:1337 msgid "What are the limits for FFS file systems?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1340 +#: book.translate.xml:1341 msgid "" "For FFS file systems, the largest file system is practically limited by the amount of memory required to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> the file system. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" @@ -1577,14 +1575,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1349 +#: book.translate.xml:1350 msgid "" "If there was not a <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> memory limit the maximum filesystem size " "would be 2 ^ 64 (blocks) * 32 KB => 16 Exa * 32 KB => 512 ZettaBytes." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1354 +#: book.translate.xml:1355 msgid "" "The maximum size of a single FFS file is approximately 2 PB with the default block size of 32 KB. Each 32 KB block can point to 4096 blocks. With " "triple indirect blocks, the calculation is 32 KB * 12 + 32 KB * 4096 + 32 KB * 4096^2 + 32 KB * 4096^3. Increasing the block size to 64 KB will " @@ -1592,59 +1590,59 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1366 +#: book.translate.xml:1367 msgid "Why do I get an error message, <errorname>readin failed</errorname> after compiling and booting a new kernel?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1372 +#: book.translate.xml:1373 msgid "" "The world and kernel are out of sync. This is not supported. Be sure to use <command>make buildworld</command> and <command>make buildkernel</command> " "to update the kernel." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1377 +#: book.translate.xml:1378 msgid "" "Boot the system by specifying the kernel directly at the second stage, pressing any key when the <literal>|</literal> shows up before loader is started." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1386 +#: book.translate.xml:1387 msgid "Is there a tool to perform post-installation configuration tasks?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1391 +#: book.translate.xml:1392 msgid "Yes. <application>bsdconfig</application> provides a nice interface to configure FreeBSD post-installation." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:1399 +#: book.translate.xml:1400 msgid "Hardware Compatibility" msgstr "硬體相容性" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:1402 +#: book.translate.xml:1403 msgid "General" msgstr "一般問題" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1407 +#: book.translate.xml:1408 msgid "I want to get a piece of hardware for my FreeBSD system. Which model/brand/type is best?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1412 +#: book.translate.xml:1413 msgid "" "This is discussed continually on the FreeBSD mailing lists but is to be expected since hardware changes so quickly. Read through the Hardware Notes for " "FreeBSD <link xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/12.0R/hardware.html\">12.0</link> or <link xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/" -"releases/10.4R/hardware.html\">10.4</link> and search the mailing list <link xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/search/#mailinglists\">archives</" +"releases/11.2R/hardware.html\">11.2</link> and search the mailing list <link xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/search/#mailinglists\">archives</" "link> before asking about the latest and greatest hardware. Chances are a discussion about that type of hardware took place just last week." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1422 +#: book.translate.xml:1423 msgid "" "Before purchasing a laptop, check the archives for <link xlink:href=\"http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-mobile\">FreeBSD laptop " "computer mailing list</link> and <link xlink:href=\"http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-questions\">FreeBSD general questions mailing " @@ -1652,12 +1650,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1430 +#: book.translate.xml:1431 msgid "What are the limits for memory? Does FreeBSD support more than 4 GB of memory (RAM)? More than 16 GB? More than 48 GB?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1437 +#: book.translate.xml:1438 msgid "" "FreeBSD as an operating system generally supports as much physical memory (RAM) as the platform it is running on does. Keep in mind that different " "platforms have different limits for memory; for example <trademark>i386</trademark> without <acronym>PAE</acronym> supports at most 4 GB of memory (and " @@ -1666,12 +1664,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1452 +#: book.translate.xml:1453 msgid "Why does FreeBSD report less than 4 GB memory when installed on an <trademark>i386</trademark> machine?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1457 +#: book.translate.xml:1458 msgid "" "The total address space on <trademark>i386</trademark> machines is 32-bit, meaning that at most 4 GB of memory is addressable (can be accessed). " "Furthermore, some addresses in this range are reserved by hardware for different purposes, for example for using and controlling PCI devices, for " @@ -1680,7 +1678,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1469 +#: book.translate.xml:1470 msgid "" "To access more than 3.2 GB to 3.7 GB of installed memory (meaning up to 4 GB but also more than 4 GB), a special tweak called <acronym>PAE</acronym> " "must be used. PAE stands for Physical Address Extension and is a way for 32-bit x86 CPUs to address more than 4 GB of memory. It remaps the memory that " @@ -1691,7 +1689,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1484 +#: book.translate.xml:1485 msgid "" "The most common way to enable PAE is to build a new kernel with the special ready-provided kernel configuration file called <filename>PAE</filename>, " "which is already configured to build a safe kernel. Note that some entries in this kernel configuration file are too conservative and some drivers " @@ -1700,13 +1698,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:1497 +#: book.translate.xml:1498 #, no-wrap msgid "options PAE" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1499 +#: book.translate.xml:1500 msgid "" "PAE is not much used nowadays because most new x86 hardware also supports running in 64-bit mode, known as AMD64 or <trademark class=\"registered" "\">Intel</trademark> 64. It has a much larger address space and does not need such tweaks. FreeBSD supports AMD64 and it is recommended that this " @@ -1714,17 +1712,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:1512 +#: book.translate.xml:1513 msgid "Architectures and Processors" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1517 +#: book.translate.xml:1518 msgid "Does FreeBSD support architectures other than the x86?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1522 +#: book.translate.xml:1523 msgid "" "Yes. FreeBSD divides support into multiple tiers. Tier 1 architectures, such as i386 or amd64; are fully supported. Tiers 2 and 3 are supported on a " "best-effort basis. A full explanation of the tier system is available in the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/" @@ -1732,17 +1730,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1529 +#: book.translate.xml:1530 msgid "A complete list of supported architectures can be found on the <link xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/platforms/\">platforms page.</link>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1537 +#: book.translate.xml:1538 msgid "Does FreeBSD support Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP)?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1542 +#: book.translate.xml:1543 msgid "" "FreeBSD supports symmetric multi-processor (SMP) on all non-embedded platforms (e.g, i386, amd64, etc.). SMP is also supported in arm and MIPS kernels, " "although some CPUs may not support this. FreeBSD's SMP implementation uses fine-grained locking, and performance scales nearly linearly with number of " @@ -1750,50 +1748,50 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1550 +#: book.translate.xml:1551 msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>smp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry> has more details." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1556 +#: book.translate.xml:1557 msgid "What is microcode? How do I install <trademark class=\"registered\">Intel</trademark> CPU microcode updates?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1561 +#: book.translate.xml:1562 msgid "" "Microcode is a method of programmatically implementing hardware level instructions. This allows for CPU bugs to be fixed without replacing the on board " "chip." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1566 +#: book.translate.xml:1567 msgid "Install <package>sysutils/devcpu-data</package>, then add:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:1569 +#: book.translate.xml:1570 #, no-wrap msgid "microcode_update_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1571 +#: book.translate.xml:1572 msgid "to <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:1578 +#: book.translate.xml:1579 msgid "Hard Drives, Tape Drives, and CD and DVD Drives" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1583 +#: book.translate.xml:1584 msgid "What kind of hard drives does FreeBSD support?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1587 +#: book.translate.xml:1588 msgid "" "FreeBSD supports EIDE, SATA, SCSI, and SAS drives (with a compatible controller; see the next section), and all drives using the original " "<quote>Western Digital</quote> interface (MFM, RLL, ESDI, and of course IDE). A few ESDI controllers that use proprietary interfaces may not work: " @@ -1801,34 +1799,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1599 +#: book.translate.xml:1600 msgid "Which SCSI or SAS controllers are supported?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1603 +#: book.translate.xml:1604 msgid "" "See the complete list in the Hardware Notes for FreeBSD <link xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/12.0R/hardware.html\">12.0</link> or <link " -"xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/10.4R/hardware.html\">10.4</link>." +"xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/11.2R/hardware.html\">11.2</link>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1611 +#: book.translate.xml:1612 msgid "What types of tape drives are supported?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1615 +#: book.translate.xml:1616 msgid "FreeBSD supports all standard SCSI tape interfaces." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1622 +#: book.translate.xml:1623 msgid "Does FreeBSD support tape changers?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1626 +#: book.translate.xml:1627 msgid "" "FreeBSD supports SCSI changers using the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry> device and the " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command. The details of how to control the changer can be " @@ -1836,46 +1834,46 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1631 +#: book.translate.xml:1632 msgid "" "While <application>AMANDA</application> and some other products already understands changers, other applications only know how to move a tape from one " "point to another. In this case, keep track of which slot a tape is in and which slot the tape currently in the drive needs to go back to." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1643 +#: book.translate.xml:1644 msgid "Which CD-ROM and CD-RW drives are supported by FreeBSD?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1648 +#: book.translate.xml:1649 msgid "Any SCSI drive connected to a supported controller is supported. Most ATAPI compatible IDE CD-ROMs are supported." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1652 +#: book.translate.xml:1653 msgid "FreeBSD supports any ATAPI-compatible IDE CD-R or CD-RW drive." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1655 +#: book.translate.xml:1656 msgid "" "FreeBSD also supports any SCSI CD-R or CD-RW drives. Install the <package>sysutils/cdrtools</package> port or package, then use <command>cdrecord</" "command>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:1664 +#: book.translate.xml:1665 msgid "Keyboards and Mice" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1669 +#: book.translate.xml:1670 msgid "Is it possible to use a mouse outside the X Window system?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1674 +#: book.translate.xml:1675 msgid "" "The default console driver, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syscons</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry>, provides the ability to use a " "mouse pointer in text consoles to cut & paste text. Run the mouse daemon, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>moused</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" @@ -1883,7 +1881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:1680 +#: book.translate.xml:1681 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>moused -p /dev/xxxx -t yyyy</userinput>\n" @@ -1891,7 +1889,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1683 +#: book.translate.xml:1684 msgid "" "Where <replaceable>xxxx</replaceable> is the mouse device name and <replaceable>yyyy</replaceable> is a protocol type for the mouse. The mouse daemon " "can automatically determine the protocol type of most mice, except old serial mice. Specify the <literal>auto</literal> protocol to invoke automatic " @@ -1900,7 +1898,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1693 +#: book.translate.xml:1694 msgid "" "For a PS/2 mouse, add <literal>moused_enable=\"YES\"</literal> to <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> to start the mouse daemon at boot time. " "Additionally, to use the mouse daemon on all virtual terminals instead of just the console, add <literal>allscreens_flags=\"-m on\"</literal> to " @@ -1908,19 +1906,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1702 +#: book.translate.xml:1703 msgid "" "When the mouse daemon is running, access to the mouse must be coordinated between the mouse daemon and other programs such as X Windows. Refer to the " "<acronym>FAQ</acronym> <link linkend=\"x-and-moused\">Why does my mouse not work with X?</link> for more details on this issue." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1713 +#: book.translate.xml:1714 msgid "How do I cut and paste text with a mouse in the text console?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1718 +#: book.translate.xml:1719 msgid "" "It is not possible to remove data using the mouse. However, it is possible to copy and paste. Once the mouse daemon is running as described in the " "<link linkend=\"moused\">previous question</link>, hold down button 1 (left button) and move the mouse to select a region of text. Then, press button 2 " @@ -1928,43 +1926,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1727 +#: book.translate.xml:1728 msgid "" "If the mouse does not have a middle button, it is possible to emulate one or remap buttons using mouse daemon options. See the " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>moused</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> manual page for details." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1736 +#: book.translate.xml:1737 msgid "My mouse has a fancy wheel and buttons. Can I use them in FreeBSD?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1741 +#: book.translate.xml:1742 msgid "" "The answer is, unfortunately, <quote>It depends</quote>. These mice with additional features require specialized driver in most cases. Unless the mouse " "device driver or the user program has specific support for the mouse, it will act just like a standard two, or three button mouse." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1748 +#: book.translate.xml:1749 msgid "For the possible usage of wheels in the X Window environment, refer to <link linkend=\"x-and-wheel\">that section</link>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1755 +#: book.translate.xml:1756 msgid "How do I use my delete key in <command>sh</command> and <command>csh</command>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1760 +#: book.translate.xml:1761 msgid "" "For the <application>Bourne Shell</application>, add the following lines to <filename>~/.shrc</filename>. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>editrc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:1764 +#: book.translate.xml:1765 #, no-wrap msgid "" "bind ^? ed-delete-next-char # for console\n" @@ -1972,14 +1970,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1767 +#: book.translate.xml:1768 msgid "" "For the <application>C Shell</application>, add the following lines to <filename>~/.cshrc</filename>. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>csh</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:1771 +#: book.translate.xml:1772 #, no-wrap msgid "" "bindkey ^? delete-char # for console\n" @@ -1987,88 +1985,88 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1774 +#: book.translate.xml:1775 msgid "For more information, see <link xlink:href=\"http://www.ibb.net/~anne/keyboard.html\">this page</link>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:1782 +#: book.translate.xml:1783 msgid "Other Hardware" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1787 +#: book.translate.xml:1788 msgid "Workarounds for no sound from my <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pcm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry> sound card?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1792 +#: book.translate.xml:1793 msgid "Some sound cards set their output volume to 0 at every boot. Run the following command every time the machine boots:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:1796 +#: book.translate.xml:1797 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mixer pcm 100 vol 100 cd 100</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1802 +#: book.translate.xml:1803 msgid "Does FreeBSD support power management on my laptop?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1807 +#: book.translate.xml:1808 msgid "" "FreeBSD supports the <acronym>ACPI</acronym> features found in modern hardware. Further information can be found in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>acpi</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:1817 +#: book.translate.xml:1818 msgid "Troubleshooting" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1822 +#: book.translate.xml:1823 msgid "Why is FreeBSD finding the wrong amount of memory on <trademark>i386</trademark> hardware?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1827 +#: book.translate.xml:1828 msgid "The most likely reason is the difference between physical memory addresses and virtual addresses." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1830 +#: book.translate.xml:1831 msgid "" "The convention for most PC hardware is to use the memory area between 3.5 GB and 4 GB for a special purpose (usually for PCI). This address space is " "used to access PCI hardware. As a result real, physical memory cannot be accessed by that address space." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1836 +#: book.translate.xml:1837 msgid "" "What happens to the memory that should appear in that location is hardware dependent. Unfortunately, some hardware does nothing and the ability to use " "that last 500 MB of RAM is entirely lost." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1841 +#: book.translate.xml:1842 msgid "" "Luckily, most hardware remaps the memory to a higher location so that it can still be used. However, this can cause some confusion when watching the " "boot messages." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1846 +#: book.translate.xml:1847 msgid "" "On a 32-bit version of FreeBSD, the memory appears lost, since it will be remapped above 4 GB, which a 32-bit kernel is unable to access. In this case, " "the solution is to build a PAE enabled kernel. See the entry on memory limits for more information." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1852 +#: book.translate.xml:1853 msgid "" "On a 64-bit version of FreeBSD, or when running a PAE-enabled kernel, FreeBSD will correctly detect and remap the memory so it is usable. During boot, " "however, it may seem as if FreeBSD is detecting more memory than the system really has, due to the described remapping. This is normal and the " @@ -2076,41 +2074,41 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1864 +#: book.translate.xml:1865 msgid "Why do my programs occasionally die with <errorname>Signal 11</errorname> errors?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1869 +#: book.translate.xml:1870 msgid "" "Signal 11 errors are caused when a process has attempted to access memory which the operating system has not granted it access to. If something like " "this is happening at seemingly random intervals, start investigating the cause." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1875 +#: book.translate.xml:1876 msgid "These problems can usually be attributed to either:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1880 +#: book.translate.xml:1881 msgid "If the problem is occurring only in a specific custom application, it is probably a bug in the code." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1886 +#: book.translate.xml:1887 msgid "" "If it is a problem with part of the base FreeBSD system, it may also be buggy code, but more often than not these problems are found and fixed long " "before us general <acronym>FAQ</acronym> readers get to use these bits of code (that is what -CURRENT is for)." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1895 +#: book.translate.xml:1896 msgid "It is probably not a FreeBSD bug if the problem occurs compiling a program, but the activity that the compiler is carrying out changes each time." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1901 +#: book.translate.xml:1902 msgid "" "For example, if <command>make buildworld</command> fails while trying to compile <filename>ls.c</filename> into <filename>ls.o</filename> and, when run " "again, it fails in the same place, this is a broken build. Try updating source and try again. If the compile fails elsewhere, it is almost certainly " @@ -2118,29 +2116,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1909 +#: book.translate.xml:1910 msgid "" "In the first case, use a debugger such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to find the point in " "the program which is attempting to access a bogus address and fix it." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1914 +#: book.translate.xml:1915 msgid "In the second case, verify which piece of hardware is at fault." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1917 +#: book.translate.xml:1918 msgid "Common causes of this include:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1921 +#: book.translate.xml:1922 msgid "The hard disks might be overheating: Check that the fans are still working, as the disk and other hardware might be overheating." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1927 +#: book.translate.xml:1928 msgid "" "The processor running is overheating: This might be because the processor has been overclocked, or the fan on the processor might have died. In either " "case, ensure that the hardware is running at what it is specified to run at, at least while trying to solve this problem. If it is not, clock it back " @@ -2148,21 +2146,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1935 +#: book.translate.xml:1936 msgid "" "Regarding overclocking, it is far cheaper to have a slow system than a fried system that needs replacing! Also the community is not sympathetic to " "problems on overclocked systems." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1942 +#: book.translate.xml:1943 msgid "" "Dodgy memory: if multiple memory SIMMS/DIMMS are installed, pull them all out and try running the machine with each SIMM or DIMM individually to narrow " "the problem down to either the problematic DIMM/SIMM or perhaps even a combination." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1951 +#: book.translate.xml:1952 msgid "" "Over-optimistic motherboard settings: the BIOS settings, and some motherboard jumpers, provide options to set various timings. The defaults are often " "sufficient, but sometimes setting the wait states on RAM too low, or setting the <quote>RAM Speed: Turbo</quote> option will cause strange behavior. A " @@ -2170,7 +2168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1963 +#: book.translate.xml:1964 msgid "" "Unclean or insufficient power to the motherboard. Remove any unused I/O boards, hard disks, or CD-ROMs, or disconnect the power cable from them, to see " "if the power supply can manage a smaller load. Or try another power supply, preferably one with a little more power. For instance, if the current power " @@ -2178,7 +2176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1975 +#: book.translate.xml:1976 msgid "" "Read the section on <link linkend=\"signal11\">Signal 11</link> for a further explanation and a discussion on how memory testing software or hardware " "can still pass faulty memory. There is an extensive <acronym>FAQ</acronym> on this at <link xlink:href=\"http://www.bitwizard.nl/sig11/\">the SIG11 " @@ -2186,21 +2184,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1982 +#: book.translate.xml:1983 msgid "" "Finally, if none of this has helped, it is possibly a bug in FreeBSD. Follow <link linkend=\"access-pr\">these instructions</link> to send a problem " "report." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:1991 +#: book.translate.xml:1992 msgid "" "My system crashes with either <errorname>Fatal trap 12: page fault in kernel mode</errorname>, or <errorname>panic:</errorname>, and spits out a bunch " "of information. What should I do?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:1998 +#: book.translate.xml:1999 msgid "" "The FreeBSD developers are interested in these errors, but need more information than just the error message. Copy the full crash message. Then consult " "the <acronym>FAQ</acronym> section on <link linkend=\"kernel-panic-troubleshooting\">kernel panics</link>, build a debugging kernel, and get a " @@ -2208,12 +2206,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2011 +#: book.translate.xml:2012 msgid "What is the meaning of the error <errorname>maxproc limit exceeded by uid %i, please see tuning(7) and login.conf(5)</errorname>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2017 +#: book.translate.xml:2018 msgid "" "The FreeBSD kernel will only allow a certain number of processes to exist at one time. The number is based on the <varname>kern.maxusers</varname> " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> variable. <varname>kern.maxusers</varname> also affects " @@ -2222,7 +2220,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2027 +#: book.translate.xml:2028 msgid "" "To adjust the <varname>kern.maxusers</varname> value, see the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/configtuning-" "kernel-limits.html#kern-maxfiles\">File/Process Limits</link> section of the Handbook. While that section refers to open files, the same limits apply " @@ -2230,7 +2228,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2033 +#: book.translate.xml:2034 msgid "" "If the machine is lightly loaded but running a very large number of processes, adjust the <varname>kern.maxproc</varname> tunable by defining it in " "<filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>. The tunable will not get adjusted until the system is rebooted. For more information about tuning tunables, see " @@ -2240,52 +2238,52 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2050 +#: book.translate.xml:2051 msgid "Why do full screen applications on remote machines misbehave?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2055 +#: book.translate.xml:2056 msgid "" "The remote machine may be setting the terminal type to something other than <literal>xterm</literal> which is required by the FreeBSD console. " "Alternatively the kernel may have the wrong values for the width and height of the terminal." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2061 +#: book.translate.xml:2062 msgid "" "Check the value of the <envar>TERM</envar> environment variable is <literal>xterm</literal>. If the remote machine does not support that try " "<literal>vt100</literal>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2066 +#: book.translate.xml:2067 msgid "" "Run <command>stty -a</command> to check what the kernel thinks the terminal dimensions are. If they are incorrect, they can be changed by running " "<command>stty rows <replaceable>RR</replaceable> cols <replaceable>CC</replaceable></command>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2072 +#: book.translate.xml:2073 msgid "" "Alternatively, if the client machine has <package>x11/xterm</package> installed, then running <command>resize</command> will query the terminal for the " "correct dimensions and set them." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2081 +#: book.translate.xml:2082 msgid "Why does it take so long to connect to my computer via <command>ssh</command> or <command>telnet</command>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2087 +#: book.translate.xml:2088 msgid "" "The symptom: there is a long delay between the time the TCP connection is established and the time when the client software asks for a password (or, in " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>telnet</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s case, when a login prompt appears)." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2093 +#: book.translate.xml:2094 msgid "" "The problem: more likely than not, the delay is caused by the server software trying to resolve the client's IP address into a hostname. Many servers, " "including the <application>Telnet</application> and <application>SSH</application> servers that come with FreeBSD, do this to store the hostname in a " @@ -2293,21 +2291,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2101 +#: book.translate.xml:2102 msgid "" "The remedy: if the problem occurs whenever connecting the client computer to any server, the problem is with the client. If the problem only occurs " "when someone connects to the server computer, the problem is with the server." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2107 +#: book.translate.xml:2108 msgid "" "If the problem is with the client, the only remedy is to fix the DNS so the server can resolve it. If this is on a local network, consider it a server " "problem and keep reading. If this is on the Internet, contact your ISP." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2113 +#: book.translate.xml:2114 msgid "" "If the problem is with the server on a local network, configure the server to resolve address-to-hostname queries for the local address range. See " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>hosts</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>named</" @@ -2317,7 +2315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2124 +#: book.translate.xml:2125 msgid "" "Following a fresh install of FreeBSD, it is also possible that domain and name server information is missing from <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</" "filename>. This will often cause a delay in <application>SSH</application>, as the option <literal>UseDNS</literal> is set to <literal>yes</literal> by " @@ -2326,14 +2324,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2142 +#: book.translate.xml:2143 msgid "" "Why does <errorname>file: table is full</errorname> show up repeatedly in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dmesg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2147 +#: book.translate.xml:2148 msgid "" "This error message indicates that the number of available file descriptors have been exhausted on the system. Refer to the <link xlink:href=" "\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/configtuning-kernel-limits.html#kern-maxfiles\">kern.maxfiles</link> section of the <link xlink:" @@ -2342,24 +2340,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2158 +#: book.translate.xml:2159 msgid "Why does the clock on my computer keep incorrect time?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2163 +#: book.translate.xml:2164 msgid "The computer has two or more clocks, and FreeBSD has chosen to use the wrong one." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2166 +#: book.translate.xml:2167 msgid "" "Run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dmesg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and check for lines that contain <literal>Timecounter</" "literal>. The one with the highest quality value that FreeBSD chose." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:2170 +#: book.translate.xml:2171 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>dmesg | grep Timecounter</userinput>\n" @@ -2370,14 +2368,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2176 +#: book.translate.xml:2177 msgid "" "Confirm this by checking the <varname>kern.timecounter.hardware</varname> <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:2180 +#: book.translate.xml:2181 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>sysctl kern.timecounter.hardware</userinput>\n" @@ -2385,32 +2383,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2183 +#: book.translate.xml:2184 msgid "It may be a broken ACPI timer. The simplest solution is to disable the ACPI timer in <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:2187 +#: book.translate.xml:2188 #, no-wrap msgid "debug.acpi.disabled=\"timer\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2189 +#: book.translate.xml:2190 msgid "" "Or the BIOS may modify the TSC clock—perhaps to change the speed of the processor when running from batteries, or going into a power saving mode, but " "FreeBSD is unaware of these adjustments, and appears to gain or lose time." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2195 +#: book.translate.xml:2196 msgid "" "In this example, the <literal>i8254</literal> clock is also available, and can be selected by writing its name to the <varname>kern.timecounter." "hardware</varname> <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:2200 +#: book.translate.xml:2201 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>sysctl kern.timecounter.hardware=i8254</userinput>\n" @@ -2418,28 +2416,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2203 +#: book.translate.xml:2204 msgid "The computer should now start keeping more accurate time." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2206 +#: book.translate.xml:2207 msgid "To have this change automatically run at boot time, add the following line to <filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename>:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:2210 +#: book.translate.xml:2211 #, no-wrap msgid "kern.timecounter.hardware=i8254" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2216 +#: book.translate.xml:2217 msgid "What does the error <errorname>swap_pager: indefinite wait buffer:</errorname> mean?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2221 +#: book.translate.xml:2222 msgid "" "This means that a process is trying to page memory from disk, and the page attempt has hung trying to access the disk for more than 20 seconds. It " "might be caused by bad blocks on the disk drive, disk wiring, cables, or any other disk I/O-related hardware. If the drive itself is bad, disk errors " @@ -2447,12 +2445,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2236 +#: book.translate.xml:2237 msgid "What is a <errorname>lock order reversal</errorname>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2241 +#: book.translate.xml:2242 msgid "" "The FreeBSD kernel uses a number of resource locks to arbitrate contention for certain resources. When multiple kernel threads try to obtain multiple " "resource locks, there's always the potential for a deadlock, where two threads have each obtained one of the locks and blocks forever waiting for the " @@ -2460,7 +2458,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2250 +#: book.translate.xml:2251 msgid "" "A run-time lock diagnostic system called <citerefentry><refentrytitle>witness</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry>, enabled in " "FreeBSD-CURRENT and disabled by default for stable branches and releases, detects the potential for deadlocks due to locking errors, including errors " @@ -2470,7 +2468,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2262 +#: book.translate.xml:2263 msgid "" "It is possible to get false positives, as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>witness</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry> is conservative. " "A true positive report <emphasis>does not</emphasis> mean that a system is dead-locked; instead it should be understood as a warning that a deadlock " @@ -2478,24 +2476,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:2269 +#: book.translate.xml:2270 msgid "" "Problematic <acronym>LOR</acronym>s tend to get fixed quickly, so check the <link xlink:href=\"http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-current" "\">FreeBSD-CURRENT mailing list</link> before posting to it." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2278 +#: book.translate.xml:2279 msgid "What does <errorname>Called ... with the following non-sleepable locks held</errorname> mean?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2283 +#: book.translate.xml:2284 msgid "This means that a function that may sleep was called while a mutex (or other unsleepable) lock was held." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2286 +#: book.translate.xml:2287 msgid "" "The reason this is an error is because mutexes are not intended to be held for long periods of time; they are supposed to only be held to maintain " "short periods of synchronization. This programming contract allows device drivers to use mutexes to synchronize with the rest of the kernel during " @@ -2504,7 +2502,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2296 +#: book.translate.xml:2297 msgid "" "To catch such errors, assertions may be added to the kernel that interact with the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>witness</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> subsystem to emit a warning or fatal error (depending on the system configuration) when a potentially blocking call is made " @@ -2512,35 +2510,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2302 +#: book.translate.xml:2303 msgid "" "In summary, such warnings are non-fatal, however with unfortunate timing they could cause undesirable effects ranging from a minor blip in the system's " "responsiveness to a complete system lockup." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2307 +#: book.translate.xml:2308 msgid "" "For additional information about locking in FreeBSD see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>locking</refentrytitle><manvolnum>9</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/buildtarget -#: book.translate.xml:2315 +#: book.translate.xml:2316 msgid "buildworld" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/buildtarget -#: book.translate.xml:2315 +#: book.translate.xml:2316 msgid "installworld" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2314 +#: book.translate.xml:2315 msgid "Why does <_:buildtarget-1/>/<_:buildtarget-2/> die with the message <errorname>touch: not found</errorname>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2321 +#: book.translate.xml:2322 msgid "" "This error does not mean that the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>touch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> utility is missing. The " "error is instead probably due to the dates of the files being set sometime in the future. If the CMOS clock is set to local time, run " @@ -2548,17 +2546,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:2334 +#: book.translate.xml:2335 msgid "User Applications" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2339 +#: book.translate.xml:2340 msgid "Where are all the user applications?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2343 +#: book.translate.xml:2344 msgid "" "Refer to <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/ports/index.html\">the ports page</link> for info on software packages ported to FreeBSD. The list " "currently tops 24,000 and is growing daily, so come back to check often or subscribe to the <link xlink:href=\"http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/" @@ -2566,38 +2564,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2350 +#: book.translate.xml:2351 msgid "" "Most ports should work on all supported versions of FreeBSD. Those that do not are specifically marked as such. Each time a FreeBSD release is made, a " "snapshot of the ports tree at the time of release in also included in the <filename>ports/</filename> directory." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2356 +#: book.translate.xml:2357 msgid "" "FreeBSD supports compressed binary packages to easily install and uninstall ports. Use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> to control the installation of packages." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2364 +#: book.translate.xml:2365 msgid "How do I download the Ports tree? Should I be using Subversion?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2369 +#: book.translate.xml:2370 msgid "Any of the methods listed here work:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2373 +#: book.translate.xml:2374 msgid "" "Use portsnap for most use cases. Refer to <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ports-using.html\">Using the Ports " "Collection</link> for instructions on how to use this tool." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2378 +#: book.translate.xml:2379 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Use Subversion if custom patches to the ports tree are needed. Refer to <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/svn.html" @@ -2606,23 +2604,23 @@ msgstr "" "如果想看關於 FreeBSD 更深入的資料，請看 <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/zh_TW.UTF-8/books/handbook/index.html\">FreeBSD 使用手冊</link>。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2388 +#: book.translate.xml:2389 msgid "Does FreeBSD support <trademark>Java</trademark>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2392 +#: book.translate.xml:2393 msgid "Yes. Refer to <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/java/index.html\">https://www.FreeBSD.org/java/</link> for more information." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2399 +#: book.translate.xml:2400 #, fuzzy msgid "Why can I not build this port on my 11.<replaceable>X</replaceable> -, or 12.<replaceable>X</replaceable> -STABLE machine?" msgstr "FreeBSD 10.<replaceable>X</replaceable> and 11.<replaceable>X</replaceable> 常見問答集" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2405 +#: book.translate.xml:2406 msgid "" "If the installed FreeBSD version lags significantly behind <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> or <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis>, update the Ports Collection " "using the instructions in <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ports-using.html\">Using the Ports Collection</link>. " @@ -2632,19 +2630,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2422 +#: book.translate.xml:2423 msgid "I just tried to build <filename>INDEX</filename> using <command>make index</command>, and it failed. Why?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2427 +#: book.translate.xml:2428 msgid "" "First, make sure that the Ports Collection is up-to-date. Errors that affect building <filename>INDEX</filename> from an up-to-date copy of the Ports " "Collection are high-visibility and are thus almost always fixed immediately." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2433 +#: book.translate.xml:2434 msgid "" "There are rare cases where <filename>INDEX</filename> will not build due to odd cases involving <varname>OPTIONS_SET</varname> being set in " "<filename>make.conf</filename>. If you suspect that this is the case, try to make <filename>INDEX</filename> with those variables turned off before " @@ -2652,12 +2650,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2445 +#: book.translate.xml:2446 msgid "I updated the sources, now how do I update my installed ports?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2450 +#: book.translate.xml:2451 msgid "" "FreeBSD does not include a port upgrading tool, but it does have some tools to make the upgrade process somewhat easier. Additional tools are available " "to simplify port handling and are described the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ports-using.html\">Upgrading " @@ -2665,50 +2663,50 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2460 +#: book.translate.xml:2461 msgid "Do I need to recompile every port each time I perform a major version update?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2465 +#: book.translate.xml:2466 msgid "" "Yes! While a recent system will run with software compiled under an older release, things will randomly crash and fail to work once other ports are " "installed or updated." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2470 +#: book.translate.xml:2471 msgid "" "When the system is upgraded, various shared libraries, loadable modules, and other parts of the system will be replaced with newer versions. " "Applications linked against the older versions may fail to start or, in other cases, fail to function properly." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2476 +#: book.translate.xml:2477 msgid "" "For more information, see <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/updating-upgrading-freebsdupdate.html#freebsdupdate-" "upgrade\">the section on upgrades</link> in the FreeBSD Handbook." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2483 +#: book.translate.xml:2484 msgid "Do I need to recompile every port each time I perform a minor version update?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2488 +#: book.translate.xml:2489 msgid "" "In general, no. FreeBSD developers do their utmost to guarantee binary compatibility across all releases with the same major version number. Any " "exceptions will be documented in the Release Notes, and advice given there should be followed." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2498 +#: book.translate.xml:2499 msgid "Why is <command>/bin/sh</command> so minimal? Why does FreeBSD not use <command>bash</command> or another shell?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2504 +#: book.translate.xml:2505 msgid "" "Many people need to write shell scripts which will be portable across many systems. That is why <trademark class=\"registered\">POSIX</trademark> " "specifies the shell and utility commands in great detail. Most scripts are written in Bourne shell (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</" @@ -2720,7 +2718,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2517 +#: book.translate.xml:2518 msgid "" "The existing implementation is our best effort at meeting as many of these requirements simultaneously as we can. To keep <command>/bin/sh</command> " "small, we have not provided many of the convenience features that other shells have. That is why other more featureful shells like <command>bash</" @@ -2730,12 +2728,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2533 +#: book.translate.xml:2534 msgid "How do I create audio CDs from my MIDI files?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2537 +#: book.translate.xml:2538 msgid "" "To create audio CDs from MIDI files, first install <package>audio/timidity++</package> from ports then install manually the GUS patches set by Eric A. " "Welsh, available at <uri xlink:href=\"http://alleg.sourceforge.net/digmid.html\">http://alleg.sourceforge.net/digmid.html</uri>. After " @@ -2743,37 +2741,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:2545 +#: book.translate.xml:2546 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>timidity -Ow -s 44100 -o /tmp/juke/01.wav 01.mid</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2547 +#: book.translate.xml:2548 msgid "" "The WAV files can then be converted to other formats or burned onto audio CDs, as described in the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US." "ISO8859-1/books/handbook/creating-cds.html\">FreeBSD Handbook</link>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:2556 +#: book.translate.xml:2557 msgid "Kernel Configuration" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2561 +#: book.translate.xml:2562 msgid "I would like to customize my kernel. Is it difficult?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2566 +#: book.translate.xml:2567 msgid "" "Not at all! Check out the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/kernelconfig.html\">kernel config section of the " "Handbook</link>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:2570 +#: book.translate.xml:2571 msgid "" "The new <filename>kernel</filename> will be installed to the <filename>/boot/kernel</filename> directory along with its modules, while the old kernel " "and its modules will be moved to the <filename>/boot/kernel.old</filename> directory. If a mistake is made in the configuration, simply boot the " @@ -2781,12 +2779,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2584 +#: book.translate.xml:2585 msgid "Why is my kernel so big?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2588 +#: book.translate.xml:2589 msgid "" "<literal>GENERIC</literal> kernels shipped with FreeBSD are compiled in <emphasis>debug mode</emphasis>. Kernels built in debug mode contain debug data " "in separate files that are used for debugging. FreeBSD releases prior to 11.0 store these debug files in the same directory as the kernel itself, " @@ -2795,67 +2793,67 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2601 +#: book.translate.xml:2602 msgid "" "When running low on disk space, there are different options to reduce the size of <filename>/boot/kernel/</filename> and <filename>/usr/lib/debug/</" "filename>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2606 +#: book.translate.xml:2607 msgid "To not install the symbol files, make sure the following line exists in <filename>/etc/src.conf</filename>:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:2610 +#: book.translate.xml:2611 #, no-wrap msgid "WITHOUT_KERNEL_SYMBOLS=yes" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2612 +#: book.translate.xml:2613 msgid "For more information see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>src.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2614 +#: book.translate.xml:2615 msgid "If you want to avoid building debug files altogether, make sure that both of the following are true:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2619 +#: book.translate.xml:2620 msgid "This line does not exist in the kernel configuration file:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:2622 +#: book.translate.xml:2623 #, no-wrap msgid "makeoptions DEBUG=-g" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2626 +#: book.translate.xml:2627 msgid "Do not run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> with <option>-g</option>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2631 +#: book.translate.xml:2632 msgid "Either of the above settings will cause the kernel to be built in debug mode." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2634 +#: book.translate.xml:2635 msgid "To build and install only the specified modules, list them in <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename>:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:2638 +#: book.translate.xml:2639 #, no-wrap msgid "MODULES_OVERRIDE= <replaceable>accf_http ipfw</replaceable>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2640 +#: book.translate.xml:2641 msgid "" "Replace <emphasis>accf_httpd ipfw</emphasis> with a list of needed modules. Only the listed modules will be built. This reduces the size of the kernel " "directory and decreases the amount of time needed to build the kernel. For more information, read <filename>/usr/share/examples/etc/make.conf</" @@ -2863,48 +2861,48 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2647 +#: book.translate.xml:2648 msgid "Unneeded devices can be removed from the kernel to further reduce the size. See <xref linkend=\"make-kernel\"/> for more information." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2650 +#: book.translate.xml:2651 msgid "" "To put any of these options into effect, follow the instructions to <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/" "kernelconfig-building.html\">build and install</link> the new kernel." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2654 +#: book.translate.xml:2655 msgid "For reference, the FreeBSD 11 amd64 kernel (<filename>/boot/kernel/kernel</filename>) is approximately 25 MB." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2662 +#: book.translate.xml:2663 msgid "Why does every kernel I try to build fail to compile, even <filename>GENERIC</filename>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2667 +#: book.translate.xml:2668 msgid "There are a number of possible causes for this problem:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2672 +#: book.translate.xml:2673 msgid "" "The source tree is different from the one used to build the currently running system. When attempting an upgrade, read <filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</" "filename>, paying particular attention to the <quote>COMMON ITEMS</quote> section at the end." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2681 +#: book.translate.xml:2682 msgid "" "The <command>make buildkernel</command> did not complete successfully. The <command>make buildkernel</command> target relies on files generated by the " "<command>make buildworld</command> target to complete its job correctly." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2689 +#: book.translate.xml:2690 msgid "" "Even when building <link linkend=\"stable\">FreeBSD-STABLE</link>, it is possible that the source tree was fetched at a time when it was either being " "modified or it was broken. Only releases are guaranteed to be buildable, although <link linkend=\"stable\">FreeBSD-STABLE</link> builds fine the " @@ -2913,17 +2911,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2705 +#: book.translate.xml:2706 msgid "Which scheduler is in use on a running system?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2710 +#: book.translate.xml:2711 msgid "The name of the scheduler currently being used is directly available as the value of the <varname>kern.sched.name</varname> sysctl:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:2714 +#: book.translate.xml:2715 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<prompt>%</prompt> sysctl <replaceable>kern.sched.name</replaceable>\n" @@ -2931,38 +2929,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2721 +#: book.translate.xml:2722 msgid "What is <varname>kern.sched.quantum</varname>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2725 +#: book.translate.xml:2726 msgid "<varname>kern.sched.quantum</varname> is the maximum number of ticks a process can run without being preempted in the 4BSD scheduler." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:2734 +#: book.translate.xml:2735 msgid "Disks, File Systems, and Boot Loaders" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2739 +#: book.translate.xml:2740 msgid "How can I add my new hard disk to my FreeBSD system?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2744 +#: book.translate.xml:2745 msgid "" "See the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/disks-adding.html\">Adding Disks</link> section in the FreeBSD Handbook." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2751 +#: book.translate.xml:2752 msgid "How do I move my system over to my huge new disk?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2756 +#: book.translate.xml:2757 msgid "" "The best way is to reinstall the operating system on the new disk, then move the user data over. This is highly recommended when tracking <emphasis>-" "STABLE</emphasis> for more than one release or when updating a release instead of installing a new one. Install booteasy on both disks with " @@ -2971,7 +2969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2766 +#: book.translate.xml:2767 msgid "" "Alternatively, partition and label the new disk with either <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sade</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> or " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpart</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. If the disks are MBR-formatted, booteasy can be installed on " @@ -2980,7 +2978,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2772 +#: book.translate.xml:2773 msgid "" "Once the new disk set up, the data cannot just be copied. Instead, use tools that understand device files and system flags, such as " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dump</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Although it is recommended to move the data while in single-" @@ -2988,7 +2986,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2779 +#: book.translate.xml:2780 msgid "" "When the disks are formatted with <acronym>UFS</acronym>, never use anything but <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dump</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>restore</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to move the root file system. " @@ -2997,32 +2995,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:2790 +#: book.translate.xml:2791 msgid "<command>newfs</command> the new partition." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:2794 +#: book.translate.xml:2795 msgid "<command>mount</command> it on a temporary mount point." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:2799 +#: book.translate.xml:2800 msgid "<command>cd</command> to that directory." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:2803 +#: book.translate.xml:2804 msgid "<command>dump</command> the old partition, piping output to the new one." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2808 +#: book.translate.xml:2809 msgid "For example, to move <filename>/dev/ada1s1a</filename> with <filename>/mnt</filename> as the temporary mount point, type:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:2813 +#: book.translate.xml:2814 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>newfs /dev/ada1s1a</userinput>\n" @@ -3032,7 +3030,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2818 +#: book.translate.xml:2819 msgid "" "Rearranging partitions with <command>dump</command> takes a bit more work. To merge a partition like <filename>/var</filename> into its parent, create " "the new partition large enough for both, move the parent partition as described above, then move the child partition into the empty directory that the " @@ -3040,7 +3038,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:2826 +#: book.translate.xml:2827 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>newfs /dev/ada1s1a</userinput>\n" @@ -3052,14 +3050,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2833 +#: book.translate.xml:2834 msgid "" "To split a directory from its parent, say putting <filename>/var</filename> on its own partition when it was not before, create both partitions, then " "mount the child partition on the appropriate directory in the temporary mount point, then move the old single partition:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:2839 +#: book.translate.xml:2840 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>newfs /dev/ada1s1a</userinput>\n" @@ -3072,7 +3070,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2847 +#: book.translate.xml:2848 msgid "" "The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pax</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> utilities are also available for moving user data. These are known to lose file flag information, " @@ -3080,19 +3078,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2855 +#: book.translate.xml:2856 msgid "" "Which partitions can safely use Soft Updates? I have heard that Soft Updates on <filename>/</filename> can cause problems. What about Journaled Soft " "Updates?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2861 +#: book.translate.xml:2862 msgid "Short answer: Soft Updates can usually be safely used on all partitions." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2864 +#: book.translate.xml:2865 msgid "" "Long answer: Soft Updates has two characteristics that may be undesirable on certain partitions. First, a Soft Updates partition has a small chance of " "losing data during a system crash. The partition will not be corrupted as the data will simply be lost. Second, Soft Updates can cause temporary space " @@ -3100,7 +3098,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2871 +#: book.translate.xml:2872 msgid "" "When using Soft Updates, the kernel can take up to thirty seconds to write changes to the physical disk. When a large file is deleted the file still " "resides on disk until the kernel actually performs the deletion. This can cause a very simple race condition. Suppose one large file is deleted and " @@ -3110,19 +3108,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2885 +#: book.translate.xml:2886 msgid "" "If a system should crash after the kernel accepts a chunk of data for writing to disk, but before that data is actually written out, data could be " "lost. This risk is extremely small, but generally manageable." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2890 +#: book.translate.xml:2891 msgid "These issues affect all partitions using Soft Updates. So, what does this mean for the root partition?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2893 +#: book.translate.xml:2894 msgid "" "Vital information on the root partition changes very rarely. If the system crashed during the thirty-second window after such a change is made, it is " "possible that data could be lost. This risk is negligible for most applications, but be aware that it exists. If the system cannot tolerate this much " @@ -3130,72 +3128,72 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2901 +#: book.translate.xml:2902 msgid "" "<filename>/</filename> is traditionally one of the smallest partitions. If <filename>/tmp</filename> is on <filename>/</filename>, there may be " "intermittent space problems. Symlinking <filename>/tmp</filename> to <filename>/var/tmp</filename> will solve this problem." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2909 +#: book.translate.xml:2910 msgid "" "Finally, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dump</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> does not work in live mode (-L) on a filesystem, with " "Journaled Soft Updates (<acronym>SU+J</acronym>)." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2917 +#: book.translate.xml:2918 msgid "Can I mount other foreign file systems under FreeBSD?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2922 +#: book.translate.xml:2923 msgid "FreeBSD supports a variety of other file systems." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:2926 +#: book.translate.xml:2927 msgid "UFS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2929 +#: book.translate.xml:2930 msgid "" "UFS CD-ROMs can be mounted directly on FreeBSD. Mounting disk partitions from Digital UNIX and other systems that support UFS may be more complex, " "depending on the details of the disk partitioning for the operating system in question." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:2938 +#: book.translate.xml:2939 msgid "ext2/ext3" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2941 +#: book.translate.xml:2942 msgid "" "FreeBSD supports <literal>ext2fs</literal> and <literal>ext3fs</literal> partitions. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ext2fs</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for more information." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:2948 +#: book.translate.xml:2949 msgid "NTFS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2951 +#: book.translate.xml:2952 msgid "" "FUSE based NTFS support is available as a port (<package>sysutils/fusefs-ntfs</package>). For more information see <link xlink:href=\"http://www.tuxera." "com/community/ntfs-3g-manual/\"><application>ntfs-3g</application></link>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:2958 +#: book.translate.xml:2959 msgid "FAT" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2961 +#: book.translate.xml:2962 msgid "" "FreeBSD includes a read-write FAT driver. For more information, see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount_msdosfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." @@ -3203,12 +3201,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:2967 book.translate.xml:3378 +#: book.translate.xml:2968 book.translate.xml:3379 msgid "ZFS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2970 +#: book.translate.xml:2971 msgid "" "FreeBSD includes a port of <trademark>Sun</trademark>'s ZFS driver. The current recommendation is to use it only on amd64 platforms with sufficient " "memory. For more information, see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>zfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>." @@ -3217,37 +3215,37 @@ msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>zfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2978 +#: book.translate.xml:2979 msgid "" "FreeBSD includes the Network File System <acronym>NFS</acronym> and the FreeBSD Ports Collection provides several FUSE applications to support many " "other file systems." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:2987 +#: book.translate.xml:2988 msgid "How do I mount a secondary DOS partition?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:2991 +#: book.translate.xml:2992 msgid "" "The secondary DOS partitions are found after <emphasis>all</emphasis> the primary partitions. For example, if <literal>E</literal> is the second DOS " "partition on the second SCSI drive, there will be a device file for <quote>slice 5</quote> in <filename>/dev</filename>. To mount it:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:2998 +#: book.translate.xml:2999 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mount -t msdosfs /dev/da1s5 /dos/e</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3004 +#: book.translate.xml:3005 msgid "Is there a cryptographic file system for FreeBSD?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3008 +#: book.translate.xml:3009 msgid "" "Yes, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gbde</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>geli</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. See the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/disks-encrypting." @@ -3255,19 +3253,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3017 +#: book.translate.xml:3018 msgid "How do I boot FreeBSD and <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> using <application>GRUB</application>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3022 +#: book.translate.xml:3023 msgid "" "To boot FreeBSD using <application>GRUB</application>, add the following to either <filename>/boot/grub/menu.lst</filename> or <filename>/boot/grub/" "grub.conf</filename>, depending upon which is used by the <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> distribution." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:3028 +#: book.translate.xml:3029 #, no-wrap msgid "" "title FreeBSD 9.1\n" @@ -3276,7 +3274,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3032 +#: book.translate.xml:3033 msgid "" "Where <replaceable>hd0,a</replaceable> points to the root partition on the first disk. To specify the slice number, use something like this " "<replaceable>(hd0,2,a)</replaceable>. By default, if the slice number is omitted, <application>GRUB</application> searches the first slice which has " @@ -3284,54 +3282,54 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3044 +#: book.translate.xml:3045 msgid "How do I boot FreeBSD and <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> using <application>BootEasy?</application>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3049 +#: book.translate.xml:3050 msgid "" "Install LILO at the start of the <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> boot partition instead of in the Master Boot Record. You can then " "boot LILO from <application>BootEasy</application>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3054 +#: book.translate.xml:3055 msgid "" "This is recommended when running <trademark class=\"registered\">Windows</trademark> and <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> as it makes " "it simpler to get <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> booting again if <trademark class=\"registered\">Windows</trademark> is reinstalled." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3062 +#: book.translate.xml:3063 msgid "How do I change the boot prompt from <literal>???</literal> to something more meaningful?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3068 +#: book.translate.xml:3069 msgid "" "This cannot be accomplished with the standard boot manager without rewriting it. There are a number of other boot managers in the <filename>sysutils</" "filename> category of the Ports Collection." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3077 +#: book.translate.xml:3078 msgid "How do I use a new removable drive?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3081 +#: book.translate.xml:3082 msgid "If the drive already has a file system on it, use a command like this:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:3084 +#: book.translate.xml:3085 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mount -t msdosfs /dev/da0s1 /mnt</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3086 +#: book.translate.xml:3087 msgid "" "If the drive will only be used with FreeBSD systems, partition it with <acronym>UFS</acronym> or <acronym>ZFS</acronym>. This will provide long " "filename support, improvement in performance, and stability. If the drive will be used by other operating systems, a more portable choice, such as " @@ -3339,7 +3337,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:3093 +#: book.translate.xml:3094 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/da0 count=2</userinput>\n" @@ -3348,95 +3346,95 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3097 +#: book.translate.xml:3098 msgid "Finally, create a new file system:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:3099 +#: book.translate.xml:3100 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>newfs /dev/da0p1</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3101 +#: book.translate.xml:3102 msgid "and mount it:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:3103 +#: book.translate.xml:3104 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mount /dev/da0s1 /mnt</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3105 +#: book.translate.xml:3106 msgid "" "It is a good idea to add a line to <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>) so you can just type <command>mount /mnt</command> in the future:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:3110 +#: book.translate.xml:3111 #, no-wrap msgid "/dev/da0p1 /mnt ufs rw,noauto 0 0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3116 +#: book.translate.xml:3117 msgid "Why do I get <errorname>Incorrect super block</errorname> when mounting a CD?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3121 +#: book.translate.xml:3122 msgid "" "The type of device to mount must be specified. This is described in the Handbook section on <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/" "books/handbook/creating-cds.html#mounting-cd\">Using Data CDs</link>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3129 +#: book.translate.xml:3130 msgid "Why do I get <errorname>Device not configured</errorname> when mounting a CD?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3134 +#: book.translate.xml:3135 msgid "" "This generally means that there is no CD in the drive, or the drive is not visible on the bus. Refer to the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/" "en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/creating-cds.html#mounting-cd\">Using Data CDs</link> section of the Handbook for a detailed discussion of this issue." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3144 +#: book.translate.xml:3145 msgid "Why do all non-English characters in filenames show up as <quote>?</quote> on my CDs when mounted in FreeBSD?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3149 +#: book.translate.xml:3150 msgid "" "The CD probably uses the <quote>Joliet</quote> extension for storing information about files and directories. This is discussed in the Handbook section " "on <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/creating-cds.html#mounting-cd\">Using Data CD-ROMs</link>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3159 +#: book.translate.xml:3160 msgid "A CD burned under FreeBSD cannot be read under any other operating system. Why?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3164 +#: book.translate.xml:3165 msgid "" "This means a raw file was burned to the CD, rather than creating an ISO 9660 file system. Take a look at the Handbook section on <link xlink:href=" "\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/creating-cds.html#mounting-cd\">Using Data <acronym>CD</acronym>s</link>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3173 +#: book.translate.xml:3174 msgid "How can I create an image of a data CD?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3177 +#: book.translate.xml:3178 msgid "" "This is discussed in the Handbook section on <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/creating-cds.html#mkisofs" "\">Writing Data to an <acronym>ISO</acronym> File System</link>. For more on working with CD-ROMs, see the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/" @@ -3444,12 +3442,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3187 +#: book.translate.xml:3188 msgid "Why can I not <command>mount</command> an audio CD?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3192 +#: book.translate.xml:3193 msgid "" "Trying to mount an audio CD will produce an error like <errorname>cd9660: /dev/cd0: Invalid argument</errorname>. This is because <command>mount</" "command> only works on file systems. Audio CDs do not have file systems; they just have data. Instead, use a program that reads audio CDs, such as the " @@ -3457,12 +3455,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3204 +#: book.translate.xml:3205 msgid "How do I <command>mount</command> a multi-session CD?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3209 +#: book.translate.xml:3210 msgid "" "By default, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> will attempt to mount the last data track " "(session) of a CD. To load an earlier session, use the <option>-s</option> command line argument. Refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount_cd9660</" @@ -3470,42 +3468,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3219 +#: book.translate.xml:3220 msgid "How do I let ordinary users mount CD-ROMs, DVDs, USB drives, and other removable media?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3224 +#: book.translate.xml:3225 msgid "As <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> set the sysctl variable <varname>vfs.usermount</varname> to <literal>1</literal>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:3228 +#: book.translate.xml:3229 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>sysctl vfs.usermount=1</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3230 +#: book.translate.xml:3231 msgid "" "To make this persist across reboots, add the line <literal>vfs.usermount=1</literal> to <filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename> so that it is reset at " "system boot time." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3235 +#: book.translate.xml:3236 msgid "" "Users can only mount devices they have read permissions to. To allow users to mount a device permissions must be set in <filename>/etc/devfs.conf</" "filename>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3240 +#: book.translate.xml:3241 msgid "For example, to allow users to mount the first USB drive add:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:3243 +#: book.translate.xml:3244 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Allow all users to mount a USB drive.\n" @@ -3514,12 +3512,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3247 +#: book.translate.xml:3248 msgid "All users can now mount devices they could read onto a directory that they own:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:3250 +#: book.translate.xml:3251 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>mkdir ~/my-mount-point</userinput>\n" @@ -3527,35 +3525,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3253 +#: book.translate.xml:3254 msgid "Unmounting the device is simple:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:3255 +#: book.translate.xml:3256 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>umount ~/my-mount-point</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3257 +#: book.translate.xml:3258 msgid "" "Enabling <varname>vfs.usermount</varname>, however, has negative security implications. A better way to access <trademark class=\"registered\">MS-DOS</" "trademark> formatted media is to use the <package>emulators/mtools</package> package in the Ports Collection." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:3264 +#: book.translate.xml:3265 msgid "The device name used in the previous examples must be changed according to the configuration." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3272 +#: book.translate.xml:3273 msgid "The <command>du</command> and <command>df</command> commands show different amounts of disk space available. What is going on?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3278 +#: book.translate.xml:3279 msgid "" "This is due to how these commands actually work. <command>du</command> goes through the directory tree, measures how large each file is, and presents " "the totals. <command>df</command> just asks the file system how much space it has left. They seem to be the same thing, but a file without a directory " @@ -3563,7 +3561,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3287 +#: book.translate.xml:3288 msgid "" "When a program is using a file, and the file is deleted, the file is not really removed from the file system until the program stops using it. The file " "is immediately deleted from the directory listing, however. As an example, consider a file large enough to affect the output of <command>du</command> " @@ -3574,7 +3572,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3307 +#: book.translate.xml:3308 msgid "" "This situation is common on web servers. Many people set up a FreeBSD web server and forget to rotate the log files. The access log fills up <filename>/" "var</filename>. The new administrator deletes the file, but the system still complains that the partition is full. Stopping and restarting the web " @@ -3583,46 +3581,46 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3316 +#: book.translate.xml:3317 msgid "Note that Soft Updates can delay the freeing of disk space and it can take up to 30 seconds for the change to be visible." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3324 +#: book.translate.xml:3325 msgid "How can I add more swap space?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3328 +#: book.translate.xml:3329 msgid "" "This section <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/adding-swap-space.html\">of the Handbook</link> describes how to " "do this." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3335 +#: book.translate.xml:3336 msgid "Why does FreeBSD see my disk as smaller than the manufacturer says it is?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3340 +#: book.translate.xml:3341 msgid "" "Disk manufacturers calculate gigabytes as a billion bytes each, whereas FreeBSD calculates them as 1,073,741,824 bytes each. This explains why, for " "example, FreeBSD's boot messages will report a disk that supposedly has 80 GB as holding 76,319 MB." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3347 +#: book.translate.xml:3348 msgid "Also note that FreeBSD will (by default) <link linkend=\"disk-more-than-full\">reserve</link> 8% of the disk space." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3354 +#: book.translate.xml:3355 msgid "How is it possible for a partition to be more than 100% full?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3359 +#: book.translate.xml:3360 msgid "" "A portion of each UFS partition (8%, by default) is reserved for use by the operating system and the <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> " "user. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>df</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> does not count that space when calculating the " @@ -3631,27 +3629,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3369 +#: book.translate.xml:3370 msgid "For more details, look up <option>-m</option> in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tunefs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3383 +#: book.translate.xml:3384 msgid "What is the minimum amount of RAM one should have to run ZFS?" msgstr "使用 ZFS 最少需要多少記憶體？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3388 +#: book.translate.xml:3389 msgid "A minimum of 4GB of RAM is required for comfortable usage, but individual workloads can vary widely." msgstr "至少需要 4GB 的記憶體才能跑得順，但不同的工作負載可能會造成相當大的差異。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3395 +#: book.translate.xml:3396 msgid "What is the ZIL and when does it get used?" msgstr "ZIL 是什麼而又何時會被使用？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3399 +#: book.translate.xml:3400 msgid "" "The <acronym>ZIL</acronym> (<acronym>ZFS</acronym> intent log) is a write log used to implement posix write commitment semantics across crashes. " "Normally writes are bundled up into transaction groups and written to disk when filled (<quote>Transaction Group Commit</quote>). However syscalls like " @@ -3666,12 +3664,12 @@ msgstr "" "上。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3417 +#: book.translate.xml:3418 msgid "Do I need a SSD for ZIL?" msgstr "我需要用固態硬碟 (SSD) 來存 ZIL 嗎？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3421 +#: book.translate.xml:3422 msgid "" "By default, ZFS stores the ZIL in the pool with all the data. If an application has a heavy write load, storing the ZIL in a separate device that has " "very fast synchronous, sequential write performance can improve overall system. For other workloads, a SSD is unlikely to make much of an improvement." @@ -3680,12 +3678,12 @@ msgstr "" "統的效能，對於其他類型的工作負載， 固態硬碟就不會有太大的助益。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3432 +#: book.translate.xml:3433 msgid "What is the L2ARC?" msgstr "L2ARC 是什麼？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3436 +#: book.translate.xml:3437 msgid "" "The <acronym>L2ARC</acronym> is a read cache stored on a fast device such as an <acronym>SSD</acronym>. This cache is not persistent across reboots. " "Note that RAM is used as the first layer of cache and the L2ARC is only needed if there is insufficient RAM." @@ -3694,7 +3692,7 @@ msgstr "" "失，請注意記憶體是第一層的快取，只有在記憶體不足的情況下才需要 L2ARC。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3442 +#: book.translate.xml:3443 msgid "" "L2ARC needs space in the ARC to index it. So, perversely, a working set that fits perfectly in the ARC will not fit perfectly any more if a L2ARC is " "used because part of the ARC is holding the L2ARC index, pushing part of the working set into the L2ARC which is slower than RAM." @@ -3703,17 +3701,17 @@ msgstr "" "不再完美，因為 ARC 需要用一部分空間來保存 L2ARC 的索引，以至於必須將工作集的一部分存入比記憶體慢的 L2ARC。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3453 +#: book.translate.xml:3454 msgid "Is enabling deduplication advisable?" msgstr "建議啟用去冗餘 (deduplication) 嗎？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3457 +#: book.translate.xml:3458 msgid "Generally speaking, no." msgstr "一般而言，不建議這麼做。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3459 +#: book.translate.xml:3460 msgid "" "Deduplication takes up a significant amount of RAM and may slow down read and write disk access times. Unless one is storing data that is very heavily " "duplicated, such as virtual machine images or user backups, it is possible that deduplication will do more harm than good. Another consideration is the " @@ -3725,17 +3723,17 @@ msgstr "" "再被複製一份。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3470 +#: book.translate.xml:3471 msgid "Deduplication can also lead to some unexpected situations. In particular, deleting files may become much slower." msgstr "去冗餘也可能會導致某些非預期的情況，特別是刪除檔案時可能會慢很多。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3478 +#: book.translate.xml:3479 msgid "I cannot delete or create files on my ZFS pool. How can I fix this?" msgstr "在我建立的 ZFS pool 中無法刪除和新增檔案，應該怎麼修復？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3483 +#: book.translate.xml:3484 msgid "" "This could happen because the pool is 100% full. ZFS requires space on the disk to write transaction metadata. To restore the pool to a usable state, " "truncate the file to delete:" @@ -3744,28 +3742,28 @@ msgstr "" "切除的方法 (truncate 命令) 刪除不重要的檔案：" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:3488 +#: book.translate.xml:3489 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>truncate -s 0 unimportant-file</userinput>" msgstr "<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>truncate -s 0 unimportant-file</userinput>" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3490 +#: book.translate.xml:3491 msgid "File truncation works because a new transaction is not started, new spare blocks are created instead." msgstr "因為檔案切除不需要建立交易處理紀錄，並能釋放出可使用的磁碟區塊。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:3494 +#: book.translate.xml:3495 msgid "On systems with additional ZFS dataset tuning, such as deduplication, the space may not be immediately available" msgstr "如果系統曾進行過額外的 ZFS dataset 調校，例如：去冗餘，釋放出來的空間也許不會立即可得。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3503 +#: book.translate.xml:3504 msgid "Does ZFS support TRIM for Solid State Drives?" msgstr "ZFS 支援固態硬碟 (SSD) 的 TRIM 功能嗎？" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3507 +#: book.translate.xml:3508 msgid "" "ZFS TRIM support was added to FreeBSD 10-CURRENT with revision r<revnumber>240868</revnumber>. ZFS TRIM support was added to all FreeBSD-STABLE " "branches in r<revnumber>252162</revnumber> and r<revnumber>251419</revnumber>, respectively." @@ -3774,33 +3772,33 @@ msgstr "" "r<revnumber>251419</revnumber> 的修訂，加進所有 FreeBSD-STABLE 分支。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3513 +#: book.translate.xml:3514 msgid "ZFS TRIM is enabled by default, and can be turned off by adding this line to <filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename>:" msgstr "ZFS TRIM 預設就已開啟，也可以將其關閉，只要加入一行設定到 <filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename>:" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:3517 +#: book.translate.xml:3518 #, no-wrap msgid "vfs.zfs.trim.enabled=0" msgstr "vfs.zfs.trim.enabled=0" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:3520 +#: book.translate.xml:3521 msgid "ZFS TRIM may not work with all configurations, such as a ZFS filesystem on a GELI-backed device." msgstr "ZFS TRIM 也可能某些設定中會無效，例如：在採用 GELI 裝置上的 ZFS 檔案系統。" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:3529 +#: book.translate.xml:3530 msgid "System Administration" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3534 +#: book.translate.xml:3535 msgid "Where are the system start-up configuration files?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3539 +#: book.translate.xml:3540 msgid "" "The primary configuration file is <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename> which is described in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rc.conf</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. System startup scripts such as <filename>/etc/rc</filename> and <filename>/etc/rc.d</filename>, " @@ -3810,49 +3808,49 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3550 +#: book.translate.xml:3551 msgid "For example, if to start <citerefentry><refentrytitle>named</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, the included DNS server:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:3553 +#: book.translate.xml:3554 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>echo 'named_enable=\"YES\"' >> /etc/rc.conf</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3555 +#: book.translate.xml:3556 msgid "" "To start up local services, place shell scripts in the <filename>/usr/local/etc/rc.d</filename> directory. These shell scripts should be set " "executable, the default file mode is <literal>555</literal>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3564 +#: book.translate.xml:3565 msgid "How do I add a user easily?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3568 +#: book.translate.xml:3569 msgid "" "Use the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>adduser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command, or the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pw</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command for more complicated situations." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3571 +#: book.translate.xml:3572 msgid "" "To remove the user, use the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rmuser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command or, if necessary, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pw</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3578 +#: book.translate.xml:3579 msgid "Why do I keep getting messages like <errorname>root: not found</errorname> after editing <filename>/etc/crontab</filename>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3584 +#: book.translate.xml:3585 msgid "" "This is normally caused by editing the system crontab. This is not the correct way to do things as the system crontab has a different format to the per-" "user crontabs. The system crontab has an extra field, specifying which user to run the command as. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</" @@ -3861,25 +3859,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3593 +#: book.translate.xml:3594 msgid "To delete the extra, incorrect crontab:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:3595 +#: book.translate.xml:3596 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>crontab -r</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3601 +#: book.translate.xml:3602 msgid "" "Why do I get the error, <errorname>you are not in the correct group to su root</errorname> when I try to <command>su</command> to <systemitem class=" "\"username\">root</systemitem>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3607 +#: book.translate.xml:3608 msgid "" "This is a security feature. In order to <command>su</command> to <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem>, or any other account with superuser " "privileges, the user account must be a member of the <systemitem class=\"groupname\">wheel</systemitem> group. If this feature were not there, anybody " @@ -3888,32 +3886,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3617 +#: book.translate.xml:3618 msgid "" "To allow someone to <command>su</command> to <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem>, put them in the <systemitem class=\"groupname\">wheel</" "systemitem> group using <command>pw</command>:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:3622 +#: book.translate.xml:3623 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>pw groupmod wheel -m lisa</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3624 +#: book.translate.xml:3625 msgid "The above example will add user <systemitem class=\"username\">lisa</systemitem> to the group <systemitem class=\"groupname\">wheel</systemitem>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3631 +#: book.translate.xml:3632 msgid "" "I made a mistake in <filename>rc.conf</filename>, or another startup file, and now I cannot edit it because the file system is read-only. What should I " "do?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3637 +#: book.translate.xml:3638 msgid "" "Restart the system using <userinput>boot -s</userinput> at the loader prompt to enter single-user mode. When prompted for a shell pathname, press " "<keycap>Enter</keycap> and run <command>mount -urw /</command> to re-mount the root file system in read/write mode. You may also need to run " @@ -3923,7 +3921,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3650 +#: book.translate.xml:3651 msgid "" "In order to use a full screen editor such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry " "vendor=\"ports\"><refentrytitle>emacs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, run <command>export TERM=xterm</command> so that these " @@ -3931,31 +3929,31 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3656 +#: book.translate.xml:3657 msgid "" "After performing these steps, edit <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> to fix the syntax error. The error message displayed immediately after the kernel " "boot messages should indicate the number of the line in the file which is at fault." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3667 +#: book.translate.xml:3668 msgid "Why am I having trouble setting up my printer?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3671 +#: book.translate.xml:3672 msgid "" "See the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/printing.html\">Handbook entry on printing</link> for troubleshooting " "tips." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3679 +#: book.translate.xml:3680 msgid "How can I correct the keyboard mappings for my system?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3684 +#: book.translate.xml:3685 msgid "" "Refer to the Handbook section on <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/using-localization.html\">using localization</" "link>, specifically the section on <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/using-localization.html#setting-console" @@ -3963,81 +3961,81 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3692 +#: book.translate.xml:3693 msgid "Why can I not get user quotas to work properly?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3698 +#: book.translate.xml:3699 msgid "" "It is possible that the kernel is not configured to use quotas. In this case, add the following line to the kernel configuration file and recompile the " "kernel:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:3703 +#: book.translate.xml:3704 #, no-wrap msgid "options QUOTA" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3705 +#: book.translate.xml:3706 msgid "" "Refer to the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/quotas.html\">Handbook entry on quotas</link> for full details." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3710 +#: book.translate.xml:3711 msgid "Do not turn on quotas on <filename>/</filename>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3715 +#: book.translate.xml:3716 msgid "Put the quota file on the file system that the quotas are to be enforced on:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:3722 +#: book.translate.xml:3723 msgid "File System" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:3724 +#: book.translate.xml:3725 msgid "Quota file" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:3730 +#: book.translate.xml:3731 msgid "<filename>/usr</filename>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:3732 +#: book.translate.xml:3733 msgid "<filename>/usr/admin/quotas</filename>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:3736 +#: book.translate.xml:3737 msgid "<filename>/home</filename>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:3738 +#: book.translate.xml:3739 msgid "<filename>/home/admin/quotas</filename>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:3742 book.translate.xml:3744 +#: book.translate.xml:3743 book.translate.xml:3745 msgid "…" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3756 +#: book.translate.xml:3757 msgid "Does FreeBSD support System V IPC primitives?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3760 +#: book.translate.xml:3761 msgid "" "Yes, FreeBSD supports System V-style IPC, including shared memory, messages and semaphores, in the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel. With a custom " "kernel, support may be loaded with the <filename>sysvshm.ko</filename>, <filename>sysvsem.ko</filename> and <filename>sysvmsg.ko</filename> kernel " @@ -4045,7 +4043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:3770 +#: book.translate.xml:3771 #, no-wrap msgid "" "options SYSVSHM # enable shared memory\n" @@ -4054,17 +4052,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3774 +#: book.translate.xml:3775 msgid "Recompile and install the kernel." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3780 +#: book.translate.xml:3781 msgid "What other mail-server software can I use instead of <application>Sendmail</application>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3785 +#: book.translate.xml:3786 msgid "" "The <link xlink:href=\"http://www.sendmail.org/\"><application>Sendmail</application></link> server is the default mail-server software for FreeBSD, " "but it can be replaced with another MTA installed from the Ports Collection. Available ports include <package>mail/exim</package>, <package>mail/" @@ -4073,12 +4071,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3799 +#: book.translate.xml:3800 msgid "I have forgotten the <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> password! What do I do?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3804 +#: book.translate.xml:3805 msgid "" "Do not panic! Restart the system, type <userinput>boot -s</userinput> at the <literal>Boot:</literal> prompt to enter single-user mode. At the question " "about the shell to use, hit <keycap>Enter</keycap> which will display a <prompt>#</prompt> prompt. Enter <command>mount -urw /</command> to remount the " @@ -4088,7 +4086,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:3817 +#: book.translate.xml:3818 msgid "" "If you are still prompted to give the <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> password when entering the single-user mode, it means that the " "console has been marked as <literal>insecure</literal> in <filename>/etc/ttys</filename>. In this case, it will be required to boot from a FreeBSD " @@ -4098,7 +4096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:3834 +#: book.translate.xml:3835 msgid "" "If the root partition cannot be mounted from single-user mode, it is possible that the partitions are encrypted and it is impossible to mount them " "without the access keys. For more information see the section about encrypted disks in the FreeBSD <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US." @@ -4106,103 +4104,103 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3845 +#: book.translate.xml:3846 msgid "How do I keep <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Control</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Delete</keycap></keycombo> from rebooting the system?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3850 +#: book.translate.xml:3851 msgid "" "When using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syscons</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry>, the default console driver, build and install a " "new kernel with this line in the configuration file:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:3854 +#: book.translate.xml:3855 #, no-wrap msgid "options SC_DISABLE_REBOOT" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3856 +#: book.translate.xml:3857 msgid "" "This can also be done by setting the following <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> which does " "not require a reboot or kernel recompile:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:3860 +#: book.translate.xml:3861 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>sysctl hw.syscons.kbd_reboot=0</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:3863 +#: book.translate.xml:3864 msgid "" "The above two methods are exclusive: The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> does not exist if " "the kernel is compiled with <literal>SC_DISABLE_REBOOT</literal>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3872 +#: book.translate.xml:3873 msgid "How do I reformat DOS text files to <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> ones?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3877 +#: book.translate.xml:3878 msgid "Use this <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:3879 +#: book.translate.xml:3880 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>perl -i.bak -npe 's/\\r\\n/\\n/g' file(s)</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3881 +#: book.translate.xml:3882 msgid "" "where <replaceable>file(s)</replaceable> is one or more files to process. The modification is done in-place, with the original file stored with a " "<filename>.bak</filename> extension." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3886 +#: book.translate.xml:3887 msgid "Alternatively, use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:3888 +#: book.translate.xml:3889 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>tr -d '\\r' < dos-text-file > unix-file</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3890 +#: book.translate.xml:3891 msgid "" "<replaceable>dos-text-file</replaceable> is the file containing DOS text while <replaceable>unix-file</replaceable> will contain the converted output. " "This can be quite a bit faster than using <command>perl</command>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3896 +#: book.translate.xml:3897 msgid "" "Yet another way to reformat DOS text files is to use the <package>converters/dosunix</package> port from the Ports Collection. Consult its " "documentation about the details." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3905 +#: book.translate.xml:3906 msgid "How do I re-read <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> and re-start <filename>/etc/rc</filename> without a reboot?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3911 +#: book.translate.xml:3912 msgid "Go into single-user mode and then back to multi-user mode:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:3914 +#: book.translate.xml:3915 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>shutdown now</userinput>\n" @@ -4211,14 +4209,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3922 +#: book.translate.xml:3923 msgid "" "I tried to update my system to the latest <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis>, but got <emphasis>-BETA<replaceable>x</replaceable></emphasis>, <emphasis>-RC</" "emphasis> or <emphasis>-PRERELEASE</emphasis>! What is going on?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3931 +#: book.translate.xml:3932 msgid "" "Short answer: it is just a name. <emphasis>RC</emphasis> stands for <quote>Release Candidate</quote>. It signifies that a release is imminent. In " "FreeBSD, <emphasis>-PRERELEASE</emphasis> is typically synonymous with the code freeze before a release. (For some releases, the <emphasis>-BETA</" @@ -4226,7 +4224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3940 +#: book.translate.xml:3941 msgid "" "Long answer: FreeBSD derives its releases from one of two places. Major, dot-zero, releases, such as 9.0-RELEASE are branched from the head of the " "development stream, commonly referred to as <link linkend=\"current\">-CURRENT</link>. Minor releases, such as 6.3-RELEASE or 5.2-RELEASE, have been " @@ -4235,7 +4233,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3951 +#: book.translate.xml:3952 msgid "" "When a release is about to be made, the branch from which it will be derived from has to undergo a certain process. Part of this process is a code " "freeze. When a code freeze is initiated, the name of the branch is changed to reflect that it is about to become a release. For example, if the branch " @@ -4246,37 +4244,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3968 +#: book.translate.xml:3969 msgid "" "For more information on version numbers and the various Subversion branches, refer to the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/" "articles/releng/article.html\">Release Engineering</link> article." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:3976 +#: book.translate.xml:3977 msgid "" "I tried to install a new kernel, and the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chflags</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> failed. How do I " "get around this?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3981 +#: book.translate.xml:3982 msgid "Short answer: the security level is greater than 0. Reboot directly to single-user mode to install the kernel." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3985 +#: book.translate.xml:3986 msgid "Long answer: FreeBSD disallows changing system flags at security levels greater than 0. To check the current security level:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:3989 book.translate.xml:4018 +#: book.translate.xml:3990 book.translate.xml:4019 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>sysctl kern.securelevel</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:3991 +#: book.translate.xml:3992 msgid "" "The security level cannot be lowered in multi-user mode, so boot to single-user mode to install the kernel, or change the security level in <filename>/" "etc/rc.conf</filename> then reboot. See the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> manual page for " @@ -4285,22 +4283,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4005 +#: book.translate.xml:4006 msgid "I cannot change the time on my system by more than one second! How do I get around this?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4010 +#: book.translate.xml:4011 msgid "Short answer: the system is at a security level greater than 1. Reboot directly to single-user mode to change the date." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4014 +#: book.translate.xml:4015 msgid "Long answer: FreeBSD disallows changing the time by more that one second at security levels greater than 1. To check the security level:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4020 +#: book.translate.xml:4021 msgid "" "The security level cannot be lowered in multi-user mode. Either boot to single-user mode to change the date or change the security level in <filename>/" "etc/rc.conf</filename> and reboot. See the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> manual page for " @@ -4309,12 +4307,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4034 +#: book.translate.xml:4035 msgid "Why is <command>rpc.statd</command> using 256 MB of memory?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4039 +#: book.translate.xml:4040 msgid "" "No, there is no memory leak, and it is not using 256 MB of memory. For convenience, <command>rpc.statd</command> maps an obscene amount of memory into " "its address space. There is nothing terribly wrong with this from a technical standpoint; it just throws off things like " @@ -4323,7 +4321,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4046 +#: book.translate.xml:4047 msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rpc.statd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> maps its status file (resident on <filename>/var</" "filename>) into its address space; to save worrying about remapping the status file later when it needs to grow, it maps the status file with a " @@ -4333,12 +4331,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4059 +#: book.translate.xml:4060 msgid "Why can I not unset the <literal>schg</literal> file flag?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4064 +#: book.translate.xml:4065 msgid "" "The system is running at securelevel greater than 0. Lower the securelevel and try again. For more information, see <link linkend=\"securelevel\">the " "<acronym>FAQ</acronym> entry on securelevel</link> and the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> " @@ -4346,34 +4344,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4074 +#: book.translate.xml:4075 msgid "What is <literal>vnlru</literal>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4078 +#: book.translate.xml:4079 msgid "" "<literal>vnlru</literal> flushes and frees vnodes when the system hits the <varname>kern.maxvnodes</varname> limit. This kernel thread sits mostly " "idle, and only activates when there is a huge amount of RAM and users are accessing tens of thousands of tiny files." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4088 +#: book.translate.xml:4089 msgid "What do the various memory states displayed by <command>top</command> mean?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:4096 +#: book.translate.xml:4097 msgid "<literal>Active</literal>: pages recently statistically used." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:4101 +#: book.translate.xml:4102 msgid "<literal>Inactive</literal>: pages recently statistically unused." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:4106 +#: book.translate.xml:4107 msgid "" "<literal>Cache</literal>: (most often) pages that have percolated from inactive to a status where they maintain their data, but can often be " "immediately reused (either with their old association, or reused with a new association). There can be certain immediate transitions from " @@ -4382,19 +4380,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:4119 +#: book.translate.xml:4120 msgid "" "<literal>Free</literal>: pages without data content, and can be immediately used in certain circumstances where cache pages might be ineligible. Free " "pages can be reused at interrupt or process state." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:4127 +#: book.translate.xml:4128 msgid "<literal>Wired</literal>: pages that are fixed into memory, usually for kernel purposes, but also sometimes for special use in processes." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4133 +#: book.translate.xml:4134 msgid "" "Pages are most often written to disk (sort of a VM sync) when they are in the inactive state, but active pages can also be synced. This depends upon " "the CPU tracking of the modified bit being available, and in certain situations there can be an advantage for a block of VM pages to be synced, whether " @@ -4405,17 +4403,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4150 +#: book.translate.xml:4151 msgid "There are some other flags (e.g., busy flag or busy count) that might modify some of the described rules." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4158 +#: book.translate.xml:4159 msgid "How much free memory is available?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4163 +#: book.translate.xml:4164 msgid "" "There are a couple of kinds of <quote>free memory</quote>. One kind is the amount of memory immediately available without paging anything else out. " "That is approximately the size of cache queue + size of free queue (with a derating factor, depending upon system tuning). Another kind of <quote>free " @@ -4425,12 +4423,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4181 +#: book.translate.xml:4182 msgid "What is <filename>/var/empty</filename>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4185 +#: book.translate.xml:4186 msgid "" "<filename>/var/empty</filename> is a directory that the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> " "program uses when performing privilege separation. The <filename>/var/empty</filename> directory is empty, owned by <systemitem class=\"username" @@ -4438,43 +4436,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4196 +#: book.translate.xml:4197 msgid "I just changed <filename>/etc/newsyslog.conf</filename>. How can I check if it does what I expect?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4202 +#: book.translate.xml:4203 msgid "To see what <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newsyslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> will do, use the following:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:4205 +#: book.translate.xml:4206 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>newsyslog -nrvv</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4211 +#: book.translate.xml:4212 msgid "My time is wrong, how can I change the timezone?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4216 +#: book.translate.xml:4217 msgid "Use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tzsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:4223 +#: book.translate.xml:4224 msgid "The X Window System and Virtual Consoles" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4228 +#: book.translate.xml:4229 msgid "What is the X Window System?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4232 +#: book.translate.xml:4233 msgid "" "The X Window System (commonly <literal>X11</literal>) is the most widely available windowing system capable of running on <trademark class=\"registered" "\">UNIX</trademark> or <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> like systems, including FreeBSD. <link xlink:href=\"http://www.x.org/wiki/" @@ -4483,59 +4481,59 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4242 +#: book.translate.xml:4243 msgid "" "Many implementations are available for different architectures and operating systems. An implementation of the server-side code is properly known as an " "<literal>X server</literal>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4251 +#: book.translate.xml:4252 msgid "I want to run Xorg, how do I go about it?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4255 +#: book.translate.xml:4256 msgid "To install Xorg do one of the following:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4257 +#: book.translate.xml:4258 msgid "Use the <package>x11/xorg</package> meta-port, which builds and installs every Xorg component." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4261 +#: book.translate.xml:4262 msgid "Use <package>x11/xorg-minimal</package>, which builds and installs only the necessary Xorg components." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4264 +#: book.translate.xml:4265 msgid "Install Xorg from FreeBSD packages:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:4266 +#: book.translate.xml:4267 #, no-wrap msgid "<userinput><prompt>#</prompt> pkg install xorg</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4268 +#: book.translate.xml:4269 msgid "" "After the installation of Xorg, follow the instructions from the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/x-config.html" "\">X11 Configuration</link> section of the FreeBSD Handbook." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4277 +#: book.translate.xml:4278 msgid "" "I <emphasis>tried</emphasis> to run X, but I get a <errorname>No devices detected.</errorname> error when I type <command>startx</command>. What do I " "do now?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4283 +#: book.translate.xml:4284 msgid "" "The system is probably running at a raised <literal>securelevel</literal>. It is not possible to start X at a raised <literal>securelevel</literal> " "because X requires write access to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>io</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry>. For more information, see at " @@ -4543,7 +4541,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4289 +#: book.translate.xml:4290 msgid "" "There are two solutions to the problem: set the <literal>securelevel</literal> back down to zero or run <citerefentry vendor=" "\"xfree86\"><refentrytitle>xdm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (or an alternative display manager) at boot time before the " @@ -4551,19 +4549,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4295 +#: book.translate.xml:4296 msgid "" "See <xref linkend=\"xdm-boot\"/> for more information about running <citerefentry vendor=\"xfree86\"><refentrytitle>xdm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> at boot time." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4302 +#: book.translate.xml:4303 msgid "Why does my mouse not work with X?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4306 +#: book.translate.xml:4307 msgid "" "When using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syscons</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry>, the default console driver, FreeBSD can be " "configured to support a mouse pointer on each virtual screen. To avoid conflicting with X, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syscons</" @@ -4575,12 +4573,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4317 +#: book.translate.xml:4318 msgid "Then edit <filename>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</filename> and make sure the following lines exist:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:4320 +#: book.translate.xml:4321 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section \"InputDevice\"\n" @@ -4590,20 +4588,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4325 +#: book.translate.xml:4326 msgid "" "Starting with Xorg version 7.4, the <literal>InputDevice</literal> sections in <filename>xorg.conf</filename> are ignored in favor of autodetected " "devices. To restore the old behavior, add the following line to the <literal>ServerLayout</literal> or <literal>ServerFlags</literal> section:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:4332 +#: book.translate.xml:4333 #, no-wrap msgid "Option \"AutoAddDevices\" \"false\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4334 +#: book.translate.xml:4335 msgid "" "Some people prefer to use <filename>/dev/mouse</filename> under X. To make this work, <filename>/dev/mouse</filename> should be linked to <filename>/" "dev/sysmouse</filename> (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysmouse</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry>) by adding the following line " @@ -4611,38 +4609,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:4342 +#: book.translate.xml:4343 #, no-wrap msgid "link sysmouse mouse" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4344 +#: book.translate.xml:4345 msgid "" "This link can be created by restarting <citerefentry vendor=\"current\"><refentrytitle>devfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> " "with the following command (as <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem>):" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:4347 +#: book.translate.xml:4348 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>service devfs restart</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4353 +#: book.translate.xml:4354 msgid "My mouse has a fancy wheel. Can I use it in X?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4357 +#: book.translate.xml:4358 msgid "" "Yes, if X is configured for a 5 button mouse. To do this, add the lines <literal>Buttons 5</literal> and <literal>ZAxisMapping 4 5</literal> to the " "<quote>InputDevice</quote> section of <filename>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</filename>, as seen in this example:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:4364 +#: book.translate.xml:4365 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section \"InputDevice\"\n" @@ -4656,12 +4654,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4373 +#: book.translate.xml:4374 msgid "The mouse can be enabled in <application>Emacs</application>by adding these lines to <filename>~/.emacs</filename>:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:4377 +#: book.translate.xml:4378 #, no-wrap msgid "" ";; wheel mouse\n" @@ -4670,38 +4668,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4385 +#: book.translate.xml:4386 msgid "My laptop has a Synaptics touchpad. Can I use it in X?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4390 +#: book.translate.xml:4391 msgid "Yes, after configuring a few things to make it work." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4393 +#: book.translate.xml:4394 msgid "In order to use the Xorg synaptics driver, first remove <literal>moused_enable</literal> from <filename>rc.conf</filename>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4397 +#: book.translate.xml:4398 msgid "To enable synaptics, add the following line to <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:4400 +#: book.translate.xml:4401 #, no-wrap msgid "hw.psm.synaptics_support=\"1\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4402 +#: book.translate.xml:4403 msgid "Add the following to <filename>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</filename>:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:4405 +#: book.translate.xml:4406 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section \"InputDevice\"\n" @@ -4713,57 +4711,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4412 +#: book.translate.xml:4413 msgid "And be sure to add the following into the <quote>ServerLayout</quote> section:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:4415 +#: book.translate.xml:4416 #, no-wrap msgid "InputDevice \"Touchpad0\" \"SendCoreEvents\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4421 +#: book.translate.xml:4422 msgid "How do I use remote X displays?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4425 +#: book.translate.xml:4426 msgid "For security reasons, the default setting is to not allow a machine to remotely open a window." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4428 +#: book.translate.xml:4429 msgid "To enable this feature, start <application>X</application> with the optional <option>-listen_tcp</option> argument:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:4432 +#: book.translate.xml:4433 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>startx -listen_tcp</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4438 +#: book.translate.xml:4439 msgid "What is a virtual console and how do I make more?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4443 +#: book.translate.xml:4444 msgid "" "Virtual consoles provide several simultaneous sessions on the same machine without doing anything complicated like setting up a network or running X." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4448 +#: book.translate.xml:4449 msgid "" "When the system starts, it will display a login prompt on the monitor after displaying all the boot messages. Type in your login name and password to " "start working on the first virtual console." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4454 +#: book.translate.xml:4455 msgid "" "To start another session, perhaps to look at documentation for a program or to read mail while waiting for an FTP transfer to finish, hold down " "<keycap>Alt</keycap> and press <keycap>F2</keycap>. This will display the login prompt for the second virtual console. To go back to the original " @@ -4771,7 +4769,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4464 +#: book.translate.xml:4465 msgid "" "The default FreeBSD installation has eight virtual consoles enabled. <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo>, " "<keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo>, <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F3</keycap></" @@ -4779,14 +4777,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4471 +#: book.translate.xml:4472 msgid "" "To enable more of virtual consoles, edit <filename>/etc/ttys</filename> (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ttys</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>) and add entries for <filename>ttyv8</filename> to <filename>ttyvc</filename>, after the comment on <quote>Virtual terminals</quote>:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:4477 +#: book.translate.xml:4478 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Edit the existing entry for ttyv8 in /etc/ttys and change\n" @@ -4798,42 +4796,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4484 +#: book.translate.xml:4485 msgid "" "The more virtual terminals, the more resources that are used. This can be problematic on systems with 8 MB RAM or less. Consider changing " "<literal>secure</literal> to <literal>insecure</literal>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: important/para -#: book.translate.xml:4491 +#: book.translate.xml:4492 msgid "" "In order to run an X server, at least one virtual terminal must be left to <literal>off</literal> for it to use. This means that only eleven of the Alt-" "function keys can be used as virtual consoles so that one is left for the X server." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4498 +#: book.translate.xml:4499 msgid "For example, to run X and eleven virtual consoles, the setting for virtual terminal 12 should be:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:4501 +#: book.translate.xml:4502 #, no-wrap msgid "ttyvb \"/usr/libexec/getty Pc\" xterm off secure" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4503 +#: book.translate.xml:4504 msgid "The easiest way to activate the virtual consoles is to reboot." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4510 +#: book.translate.xml:4511 msgid "How do I access the virtual consoles from X?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4514 +#: book.translate.xml:4515 msgid "" "Use <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F<replaceable>n</replaceable></keycap></keycombo> to switch back to a " "virtual console. Press <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo> to return to the first " @@ -4841,14 +4839,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4518 +#: book.translate.xml:4519 msgid "" "Once at a text console, use <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F<replaceable>n</replaceable></keycap></keycombo> to move between " "them." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4522 +#: book.translate.xml:4523 msgid "" "To return to the X session, switch to the virtual console running X. If X was started from the command line using <command>startx</command>, the X " "session will attach to the next unused virtual console, not the text console from which it was invoked. For eight active virtual terminals, X will run " @@ -4856,12 +4854,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4534 +#: book.translate.xml:4535 msgid "How do I start <application>XDM</application> on boot?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4539 +#: book.translate.xml:4540 msgid "" "There are two schools of thought on how to start <citerefentry vendor=\"xfree86\"><refentrytitle>xdm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>. One school starts <command>xdm</command> from <filename>/etc/ttys</filename> (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ttys</" @@ -4872,7 +4870,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4551 +#: book.translate.xml:4552 msgid "" "The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ttys</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> method has the advantage of documenting which vty X will " "start on and passing the responsibility of restarting the X server on logout to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" @@ -4881,7 +4879,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4558 +#: book.translate.xml:4559 msgid "" "If loaded from <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <command>xdm</command> should be started without " "any arguments. <command>xdm</command> must start <emphasis>after</emphasis> <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" @@ -4890,7 +4888,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4567 +#: book.translate.xml:4568 msgid "" "When starting <command>xdm</command> from <filename>/etc/ttys</filename>, there still is a chance of conflict between <command>xdm</command> and " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. One way to avoid this is to add the <literal>vt</literal> " @@ -4898,32 +4896,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:4574 +#: book.translate.xml:4575 #, no-wrap msgid ":0 local /usr/local/bin/X vt4" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4576 +#: book.translate.xml:4577 msgid "" "The above example will direct the X server to run in <filename>/dev/ttyv3</filename>. Note the number is offset by one. The X server counts the vty " "from one, whereas the FreeBSD kernel numbers the vty from zero." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4585 +#: book.translate.xml:4586 msgid "Why do I get <errorname>Couldn't open console</errorname> when I run <command>xconsole</command>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4591 +#: book.translate.xml:4592 msgid "" "When <application>X</application> is started with <command>startx</command>, the permissions on <filename>/dev/console</filename> will <emphasis>not</" "emphasis> get changed, resulting in things like <command>xterm -C</command> and <command>xconsole</command> not working." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4598 +#: book.translate.xml:4599 msgid "" "This is because of the way console permissions are set by default. On a multi-user system, one does not necessarily want just any user to be able to " "write on the system console. For users who are logging directly onto a machine with a VTY, the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fbtab</" @@ -4931,116 +4929,116 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4605 +#: book.translate.xml:4606 msgid "" "In a nutshell, make sure an uncommented line of the form is in <filename>/etc/fbtab</filename> (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fbtab</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>):" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:4609 +#: book.translate.xml:4610 #, no-wrap msgid "/dev/ttyv0 0600 /dev/console" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4611 +#: book.translate.xml:4612 msgid "It will ensure that whomever logs in on <filename>/dev/ttyv0</filename> will own the console." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4619 +#: book.translate.xml:4620 msgid "Why does my PS/2 mouse misbehave under X?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4623 +#: book.translate.xml:4624 msgid "" "The mouse and the mouse driver may have become out of synchronization. In rare cases, the driver may also erroneously report synchronization errors:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:4627 +#: book.translate.xml:4628 #, no-wrap msgid "psmintr: out of sync (xxxx != yyyy)" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4629 +#: book.translate.xml:4630 msgid "" "If this happens, disable the synchronization check code by setting the driver flags for the PS/2 mouse driver to <literal>0x100</literal>. This can be " "easiest achieved by adding <literal>hint.psm.0.flags=\"0x100\"</literal> to <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename> and rebooting." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4640 +#: book.translate.xml:4641 msgid "How do I reverse the mouse buttons?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4644 +#: book.translate.xml:4645 msgid "" "Type <command>xmodmap -e \"pointer = 3 2 1\"</command>. Add this command to <filename>~/.xinitrc</filename> or <filename>~/.xsession</filename> to make " "it happen automatically." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4654 +#: book.translate.xml:4655 msgid "How do I install a splash screen and where do I find them?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4659 +#: book.translate.xml:4660 msgid "" "The detailed answer for this question can be found in the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/boot-splash.html" "\">Boot Time Splash Screens</link> section of the FreeBSD Handbook." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4668 +#: book.translate.xml:4669 msgid "Can I use the <keycap>Windows</keycap> keys on my keyboard in X?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4673 +#: book.translate.xml:4674 msgid "" "Yes. Use <citerefentry vendor=\"xfree86\"><refentrytitle>xmodmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to define which functions the " "keys should perform." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4676 +#: book.translate.xml:4677 msgid "Assuming all Windows keyboards are standard, the keycodes for these three keys are the following:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:4682 +#: book.translate.xml:4683 msgid "<keycode>115</keycode> — <keycap>Windows</keycap> key, between the left-hand <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> and <keycap>Alt</keycap> keys" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:4689 +#: book.translate.xml:4690 msgid "<keycode>116</keycode> — <keycap>Windows</keycap> key, to the right of <keycap>AltGr</keycap>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:4695 +#: book.translate.xml:4696 msgid "<keycode>117</keycode> — <keycap>Menu</keycap>, to the left of the right-hand <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4701 +#: book.translate.xml:4702 msgid "To have the left <keycap>Windows</keycap> key print a comma, try this." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:4704 +#: book.translate.xml:4705 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>xmodmap -e \"keycode 115 = comma\"</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4706 +#: book.translate.xml:4707 msgid "" "To have the <keycap>Windows</keycap> key-mappings enabled automatically every time X is started, either put the <command>xmodmap</command> commands in " "<filename>~/.xinitrc</filename> or, preferably, create a <filename>~/.xmodmaprc</filename> and include the <command>xmodmap</command> options, one per " @@ -5048,25 +5046,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:4715 +#: book.translate.xml:4716 #, no-wrap msgid "xmodmap $HOME/.xmodmaprc" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4717 +#: book.translate.xml:4718 msgid "" "For example, to map the 3 keys to be <keycap>F13</keycap>, <keycap>F14</keycap>, and <keycap>F15</keycap>, respectively. This would make it easy to map " "them to useful functions within applications or the window manager." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4723 +#: book.translate.xml:4724 msgid "To do this, put the following in <filename>~/.xmodmaprc</filename>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:4726 +#: book.translate.xml:4727 #, no-wrap msgid "" "keycode 115 = F13\n" @@ -5075,7 +5073,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4730 +#: book.translate.xml:4731 msgid "" "For the <package>x11-wm/fvwm2</package> desktop manager, one could map the keys so that <keycap>F13</keycap> iconifies or de-iconifies the window the " "cursor is in, <keycap>F14</keycap> brings the window the cursor is in to the front or, if it is already at the front, pushes it to the back, and " @@ -5083,12 +5081,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4741 +#: book.translate.xml:4742 msgid "The following entries in <filename>~/.fvwmrc</filename> implement the aforementioned setup:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:4745 +#: book.translate.xml:4746 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Key F13 FTIWS A Iconify\n" @@ -5097,41 +5095,41 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4753 +#: book.translate.xml:4754 msgid "How can I get 3D hardware acceleration for <trademark class=\"registered\">OpenGL</trademark>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4758 +#: book.translate.xml:4759 msgid "" "The availability of 3D acceleration depends on the version of Xorg and the type of video chip. For an nVidia chip, use the binary drivers provided for " "FreeBSD by installing one of the following ports:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4764 +#: book.translate.xml:4765 msgid "The latest versions of nVidia cards are supported by the <package>x11/nvidia-driver</package> port." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4768 +#: book.translate.xml:4769 msgid "Older drivers are available as <package>x11/nvidia-driver-<replaceable>###</replaceable></package>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4771 +#: book.translate.xml:4772 msgid "" "nVidia provides detailed information on which card is supported by which driver on their web site: <uri xlink:href=\"http://www.nvidia.com/object/" "IO_32667.html\">http://www.nvidia.com/object/IO_32667.html</uri>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4774 +#: book.translate.xml:4775 msgid "For Matrox G200/G400, check the <package>x11-drivers/xf86-video-mga</package> port." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4778 +#: book.translate.xml:4779 msgid "" "For ATI Rage 128 and Radeon see <citerefentry vendor=\"xorg\"><refentrytitle>ati</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry " "vendor=\"xorg\"><refentrytitle>r128</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry vendor=\"xorg\"><refentrytitle>radeon</" @@ -5139,17 +5137,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:4786 +#: book.translate.xml:4787 msgid "Networking" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4791 +#: book.translate.xml:4792 msgid "Where can I get information on <quote>diskless booting</quote>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4796 +#: book.translate.xml:4797 msgid "" "<quote>Diskless booting</quote> means that the FreeBSD box is booted over a network, and reads the necessary files from a server instead of its hard " "disk. For full details, see <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/network-diskless.html\">the Handbook entry on " @@ -5157,12 +5155,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4806 +#: book.translate.xml:4807 msgid "Can a FreeBSD box be used as a dedicated network router?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4811 +#: book.translate.xml:4812 msgid "" "Yes. Refer to the Handbook entry on <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/advanced-networking.html\">advanced " "networking</link>, specifically the section on <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/network-routing.html\">routing " @@ -5170,12 +5168,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4819 +#: book.translate.xml:4820 msgid "Can I connect my <trademark class=\"registered\">Windows</trademark> box to the Internet via FreeBSD?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4824 +#: book.translate.xml:4825 msgid "" "Typically, people who ask this question have two PCs at home, one with FreeBSD and one with some version of <trademark class=\"registered\">Windows</" "trademark> the idea is to use the FreeBSD box to connect to the Internet and then be able to access the Internet from the <trademark class=\"registered" @@ -5183,7 +5181,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4832 +#: book.translate.xml:4833 msgid "" "Dialup users must use <option>-nat</option> and set <literal>gateway_enable</literal> to <emphasis>YES</emphasis> in <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. " "For more information, refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> or the <link xlink:href=" @@ -5191,7 +5189,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4839 +#: book.translate.xml:4840 msgid "" "If the connection to the Internet is over Ethernet, use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>natd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. A " "tutorial can be found in the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/firewalls-ipfw.html#network-natd\">natd</link> " @@ -5199,31 +5197,31 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4847 +#: book.translate.xml:4848 msgid "Does FreeBSD support PPP?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4851 +#: book.translate.xml:4852 msgid "" "Yes. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> provides support for both incoming and outgoing " "connections." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4854 +#: book.translate.xml:4855 msgid "" "For more information on how to use this, refer to the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ppp-and-slip.html" "\">Handbook chapter on PPP</link>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4862 +#: book.translate.xml:4863 msgid "Does FreeBSD support NAT or Masquerading?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4866 +#: book.translate.xml:4867 msgid "" "Yes. For instructions on how to use NAT over a PPP connection, see the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/userppp." "html\">Handbook entry on PPP</link>. To use NAT over some other sort of network connection, look at the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US." @@ -5231,66 +5229,66 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4877 +#: book.translate.xml:4878 msgid "How can I set up Ethernet aliases?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4881 +#: book.translate.xml:4882 msgid "If the alias is on the same subnet as an address already configured on the interface, add <literal>netmask 0xffffffff</literal> to this command:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:4886 +#: book.translate.xml:4887 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>ifconfig <replaceable>ed0</replaceable> alias <replaceable>192.0.2.2 </replaceable>netmask 0xffffffff</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4888 +#: book.translate.xml:4889 msgid "Otherwise, specify the network address and netmask as usual:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:4891 +#: book.translate.xml:4892 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>ifconfig <replaceable>ed0</replaceable> alias <replaceable>172.16.141.5</replaceable> netmask 0xffffff00</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4893 +#: book.translate.xml:4894 msgid "" "More information can be found in the FreeBSD <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/configtuning-virtual-hosts.html" "\">Handbook</link>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4899 +#: book.translate.xml:4900 msgid "Why can I not NFS-mount from a <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> box?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4903 +#: book.translate.xml:4904 msgid "" "Some versions of the <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> NFS code only accept mount requests from a privileged port; try to issue the " "following command:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:4907 +#: book.translate.xml:4908 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mount -o -P linuxbox:/blah /mnt</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4913 +#: book.translate.xml:4914 msgid "" "Why does <command>mountd</command> keep telling me it <errorname>can't change attributes</errorname> and that I have a <errorname>bad exports list</" "errorname> on my FreeBSD NFS server?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4920 +#: book.translate.xml:4921 msgid "" "The most frequent problem is not understanding the correct format of <filename>/etc/exports</filename>. Review <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exports</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/network-nfs.html" @@ -5299,84 +5297,84 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4930 +#: book.translate.xml:4931 msgid "How do I enable IP multicast support?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4934 +#: book.translate.xml:4935 msgid "" "Install the <package>net/mrouted</package> package or port and add <literal>mrouted_enable=\"YES\"</literal> to <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> start " "this service at boot time." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4944 +#: book.translate.xml:4945 msgid "Why do I have to use the FQDN for hosts on my site?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4949 +#: book.translate.xml:4950 msgid "See the answer in the FreeBSD <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mail-trouble.html\">Handbook</link>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4955 +#: book.translate.xml:4956 msgid "Why do I get an error, <errorname>Permission denied</errorname>, for all networking operations?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4961 +#: book.translate.xml:4962 msgid "" "If the kernel is compiled with the <literal>IPFIREWALL</literal> option, be aware that the default policy is to deny all packets that are not " "explicitly allowed." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4966 +#: book.translate.xml:4967 msgid "" "If the firewall is unintentionally misconfigured, restore network operability by typing the following as <systemitem class=\"username\">root</" "systemitem>:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:4970 +#: book.translate.xml:4971 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>ipfw add 65534 allow all from any to any</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4972 +#: book.translate.xml:4973 msgid "Consider setting <literal>firewall_type=\"open\"</literal> in <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4976 +#: book.translate.xml:4977 msgid "" "For further information on configuring this firewall, see the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/firewalls-ipfw." "html\">Handbook chapter</link>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:4984 +#: book.translate.xml:4985 msgid "Why is my <command>ipfw</command> <quote>fwd</quote> rule to redirect a service to another machine not working?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4990 +#: book.translate.xml:4991 msgid "" "Possibly because network address translation (NAT) is needed instead of just forwarding packets. A <quote>fwd</quote> rule only forwards packets, it " "does not actually change the data inside the packet. Consider this rule:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:4996 +#: book.translate.xml:4997 #, no-wrap msgid "01000 fwd <replaceable>10.0.0.1</replaceable> from any to <replaceable>foo 21</replaceable>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:4998 +#: book.translate.xml:4999 msgid "" "When a packet with a destination address of <replaceable>foo</replaceable> arrives at the machine with this rule, the packet is forwarded to " "<replaceable>10.0.0.1</replaceable>, but it still has the destination address of <replaceable>foo</replaceable>. The destination address of the packet " @@ -5385,7 +5383,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5012 +#: book.translate.xml:5013 msgid "" "See the <link linkend=\"service-redirect\"><acronym>FAQ</acronym> about redirecting services</link>, the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>natd</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> manual, or one of the several port redirecting utilities in the <link xlink:href=" @@ -5393,35 +5391,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5021 +#: book.translate.xml:5022 msgid "How can I redirect service requests from one machine to another?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5026 +#: book.translate.xml:5027 msgid "" "FTP and other service requests can be redirected with the <package>sysutils/socket</package> package or port. Replace the entry for the service in " "<filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename> to call <command>socket</command>, as seen in this example for <application>ftpd</application>:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5033 +#: book.translate.xml:5034 #, no-wrap msgid "ftp stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/local/bin/socket socket <replaceable>ftp.example.com</replaceable> <replaceable>ftp</replaceable>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5035 +#: book.translate.xml:5036 msgid "where <replaceable>ftp.example.com</replaceable> and <replaceable>ftp</replaceable> are the host and port to redirect to, respectively." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5043 +#: book.translate.xml:5044 msgid "Where can I get a bandwidth management tool?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5047 +#: book.translate.xml:5048 msgid "" "There are three bandwidth management tools available for FreeBSD. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dummynet</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> is integrated into FreeBSD as part of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ipfw</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry>. <link " @@ -5431,44 +5429,44 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5058 +#: book.translate.xml:5059 msgid "Why do I get <errorname>/dev/bpf0: device not configured</errorname>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5063 +#: book.translate.xml:5064 msgid "" "The running application requires the Berkeley Packet Filter (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bpf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry>), " "but it was removed from a custom kernel. Add this to the kernel config file and build a new kernel:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5068 +#: book.translate.xml:5069 #, no-wrap msgid "device bpf # Berkeley Packet Filter" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5074 +#: book.translate.xml:5075 msgid "" "How do I mount a disk from a <trademark class=\"registered\">Windows</trademark> machine that is on my network, like smbmount in <trademark class=" "\"registered\">Linux</trademark>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5079 +#: book.translate.xml:5080 msgid "" "Use the <application>SMBFS</application> toolset. It includes a set of kernel modifications and a set of userland programs. The programs and " "information are available as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount_smbfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> in the base system." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5089 +#: book.translate.xml:5090 msgid "What are these messages about: <errorname>Limiting icmp/open port/closed port response</errorname> in my log files?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5095 +#: book.translate.xml:5096 msgid "" "This kernel message indicates that some activity is provoking it to send a large amount of ICMP or TCP reset (RST) responses. ICMP responses are often " "generated as a result of attempted connections to unused UDP ports. TCP resets are generated as a result of attempted connections to unopened TCP " @@ -5476,17 +5474,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5106 +#: book.translate.xml:5107 msgid "Brute-force denial of service (DoS) attacks (as opposed to single-packet attacks which exploit a specific vulnerability)." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5112 +#: book.translate.xml:5113 msgid "Port scans which attempt to connect to a large number of ports (as opposed to only trying a few well-known ports)." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5118 +#: book.translate.xml:5119 msgid "" "The first number in the message indicates how many packets the kernel would have sent if the limit was not in place, and the second indicates the " "limit. This limit is controlled using <varname>net.inet.icmp.icmplim</varname>. This example sets the limit to <literal>300</literal> packets per " @@ -5494,36 +5492,36 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:5126 +#: book.translate.xml:5127 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>sysctl net.inet.icmp.icmplim=300</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5128 +#: book.translate.xml:5129 msgid "To disable these messages without disabling response limiting, use <varname>net.inet.icmp.icmplim_output</varname> to disable the output:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:5134 +#: book.translate.xml:5135 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>sysctl net.inet.icmp.icmplim_output=0</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5136 +#: book.translate.xml:5137 msgid "" "Finally, to disable response limiting completely, set <varname>net.inet.icmp.icmplim</varname> to <literal>0</literal>. Disabling response limiting is " "discouraged for the reasons listed above." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5145 +#: book.translate.xml:5146 msgid "What are these <errorname>arp: unknown hardware address format</errorname> error messages?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5150 +#: book.translate.xml:5151 msgid "" "This means that some device on the local Ethernet is using a MAC address in a format that FreeBSD does not recognize. This is probably caused by " "someone experimenting with an Ethernet card somewhere else on the network. This is most commonly seen on cable modem networks. It is harmless, and " @@ -5531,25 +5529,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5162 +#: book.translate.xml:5163 msgid "" "Why do I keep seeing messages like: <errorname>192.168.0.10 is on fxp1 but got reply from 00:15:17:67:cf:82 on rl0</errorname>, and how do I disable it?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5169 +#: book.translate.xml:5170 msgid "" "Because a packet is coming from outside the network unexpectedly. To disable them, set <varname>net.link.ether.inet.log_arp_wrong_iface</varname> to " "<literal>0</literal>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5178 +#: book.translate.xml:5179 msgid "How do I compile an IPv6 only kernel?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/screen -#: book.translate.xml:5184 +#: book.translate.xml:5185 #, no-wrap msgid "" "include GENERIC\n" @@ -5560,48 +5558,48 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5182 +#: book.translate.xml:5183 msgid "Configure your kernel with these settings: <_:screen-1/>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:5195 +#: book.translate.xml:5196 msgid "Security" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5200 +#: book.translate.xml:5201 msgid "What is a sandbox?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5203 +#: book.translate.xml:5204 msgid "<quote>Sandbox</quote> is a security term. It can mean two things:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5208 +#: book.translate.xml:5209 msgid "" "A process which is placed inside a set of virtual walls that are designed to prevent someone who breaks into the process from being able to break into " "the wider system." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5213 +#: book.translate.xml:5214 msgid "" "The process is only able to run inside the walls. Since nothing the process does in regards to executing code is supposed to be able to breach the " "walls, a detailed audit of its code is not needed in order to be able to say certain things about its security." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5220 +#: book.translate.xml:5221 msgid "" "The walls might be a user ID, for example. This is the definition used in the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>security</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>named</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> man pages." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5224 +#: book.translate.xml:5225 msgid "" "Take the <literal>ntalk</literal> service, for example (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inetd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>). " "This service used to run as user ID <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem>. Now it runs as user ID <systemitem class=\"username\">tty</" @@ -5610,21 +5608,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5235 +#: book.translate.xml:5236 msgid "" "A process which is placed inside a simulation of the machine. It means that someone who is able to break into the process may believe that he can break " "into the wider machine but is, in fact, only breaking into a simulation of that machine and not modifying any real data." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5242 +#: book.translate.xml:5243 msgid "" "The most common way to accomplish this is to build a simulated environment in a subdirectory and then run the processes in that directory chrooted so " "that <filename>/</filename> for that process is this directory, not the real <filename>/</filename> of the system)." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5249 +#: book.translate.xml:5250 msgid "" "Another common use is to mount an underlying file system read-only and then create a file system layer on top of it that gives a process a seemingly " "writeable view into that file system. The process may believe it is able to write to those files, but only the process sees the effects — other " @@ -5632,24 +5630,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5257 +#: book.translate.xml:5258 msgid "An attempt is made to make this sort of sandbox so transparent that the user (or hacker) does not realize that he is sitting in it." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5263 +#: book.translate.xml:5264 msgid "<trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> implements two core sandboxes. One is at the process level, and one is at the userid level." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5266 +#: book.translate.xml:5267 msgid "" "Every <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> process is completely firewalled off from every other <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</" "trademark> process. One process cannot modify the address space of another." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5270 +#: book.translate.xml:5271 msgid "" "A <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> process is owned by a particular userid. If the user ID is not the <systemitem class=\"username" "\">root</systemitem> user, it serves to firewall the process off from processes owned by other users. The user ID is also used to firewall off on-disk " @@ -5657,74 +5655,74 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5280 +#: book.translate.xml:5281 msgid "What is securelevel?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5284 +#: book.translate.xml:5285 msgid "" "<literal>securelevel</literal> is a security mechanism implemented in the kernel. When the securelevel is positive, the kernel restricts certain tasks; " "not even the superuser (<systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem>) is allowed to do them. The securelevel mechanism limits the ability to:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5293 +#: book.translate.xml:5294 msgid "Unset certain file flags, such as <literal>schg</literal> (the system immutable flag)." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5299 +#: book.translate.xml:5300 msgid "Write to kernel memory via <filename>/dev/mem</filename> and <filename>/dev/kmem</filename>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5305 +#: book.translate.xml:5306 msgid "Load kernel modules." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5309 +#: book.translate.xml:5310 msgid "Alter firewall rules." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5313 +#: book.translate.xml:5314 msgid "To check the status of the securelevel on a running system:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:5316 +#: book.translate.xml:5317 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>sysctl -n kern.securelevel</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5318 +#: book.translate.xml:5319 msgid "The output contains the current value of the securelevel. If it is greater than 0, at least some of the securelevel's protections are enabled." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5323 +#: book.translate.xml:5324 msgid "" "The securelevel of a running system cannot be lowered as this would defeat its purpose. If a task requires that the securelevel be non-positive, change " "the <varname>kern_securelevel</varname> and <varname>kern_securelevel_enable</varname> variables in <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> and reboot." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5330 +#: book.translate.xml:5331 msgid "" "For more information on securelevel and the specific things all the levels do, consult <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:5334 +#: book.translate.xml:5335 msgid "Securelevel is not a silver bullet; it has many known deficiencies. More often than not, it provides a false sense of security." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:5338 +#: book.translate.xml:5339 msgid "" "One of its biggest problems is that in order for it to be at all effective, all files used in the boot process up until the securelevel is set must be " "protected. If an attacker can get the system to execute their code prior to the securelevel being set (which happens quite late in the boot process " @@ -5734,7 +5732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:5353 +#: book.translate.xml:5354 msgid "" "This point and others are often discussed on the mailing lists, particularly the <link xlink:href=\"http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-" "security\">FreeBSD security mailing list</link>. Search the archives <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/search/index.html\">here</link> for an " @@ -5742,12 +5740,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5364 +#: book.translate.xml:5365 msgid "<application>BIND9</application> (<command>named</command>) is listening on some high-numbered ports. What is going on?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5370 +#: book.translate.xml:5371 msgid "" "BIND uses a random high-numbered port for outgoing queries. Recent versions of it choose a new, random UDP port for each query. This may cause problems " "for some network configurations, especially if a firewall blocks incoming UDP packets on particular ports. To get past that firewall, try the " @@ -5755,7 +5753,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:5382 +#: book.translate.xml:5383 msgid "" "If a port number (like 53) is specified via the <literal>query-source</literal> or <literal>query-source-v6</literal> options in <filename>/usr/local/" "etc/namedb/named.conf</filename>, randomized port selection will not be used. It is strongly recommended that these options not be used to specify " @@ -5763,31 +5761,31 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5392 +#: book.translate.xml:5393 msgid "" "Congratulations, by the way. It is good practice to read <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sockstat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> " "output and notice odd things!" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5400 +#: book.translate.xml:5401 msgid "The <application>Sendmail</application> daemon is listening on port 587 as well as the standard port 25! What is going on?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5406 +#: book.translate.xml:5407 msgid "" "Recent versions of <application>Sendmail</application> support a mail submission feature that runs over port 587. This is not yet widely supported, but " "is growing in popularity." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5415 +#: book.translate.xml:5416 msgid "What is this UID 0 <systemitem class=\"username\">toor</systemitem> account? Have I been compromised?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5420 +#: book.translate.xml:5421 msgid "" "Do not worry. <systemitem class=\"username\">toor</systemitem> is an <quote>alternative</quote> superuser account, where toor is root spelled " "backwards. It is intended to be used with a non-standard shell so the default shell for <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> does not need " @@ -5799,7 +5797,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5437 +#: book.translate.xml:5438 msgid "" "Some people use <systemitem class=\"username\">toor</systemitem> for day-to-day <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> tasks with a non-" "standard shell, leaving <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem>, with a standard shell, for single-user mode or emergencies. By default, a " @@ -5808,17 +5806,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:5451 +#: book.translate.xml:5452 msgid "PPP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5456 +#: book.translate.xml:5457 msgid "I cannot make <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> work. What am I doing wrong?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5461 +#: book.translate.xml:5462 msgid "" "First, read <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/" "en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ppp-and-slip.html#userppp\">PPP section of the Handbook</link>. To assist in troubleshooting, enable logging with the " @@ -5826,13 +5824,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5467 +#: book.translate.xml:5468 #, no-wrap msgid "set log Phase Chat Connect Carrier lcp ipcp ccp command" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5469 +#: book.translate.xml:5470 msgid "" "This command may be typed at the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command prompt or it may be " "entered at the start of the <literal>default</literal> section in <filename>/etc/ppp/ppp.conf</filename>. Make sure that <filename>/etc/syslog.conf</" @@ -5840,7 +5838,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5477 +#: book.translate.xml:5478 #, no-wrap msgid "" "!ppp\n" @@ -5848,17 +5846,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5480 +#: book.translate.xml:5481 msgid "A lot about what is going can be learned from the log file. Do not worry if it does not all make sense as it may make sense to someone else." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5488 +#: book.translate.xml:5489 msgid "Why does <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> hang when I run it?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5492 +#: book.translate.xml:5493 msgid "" "This is usually because the hostname will not resolve. The best way to fix this is to make sure that <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> is read first by " "the by ensuring that the <literal>hosts</literal> line is listed first in <filename>/etc/host.conf</filename>. Then, put an entry in <filename>/etc/" @@ -5866,33 +5864,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5501 +#: book.translate.xml:5502 #, no-wrap msgid "127.0.0.1 foo.example.com foo localhost" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5503 +#: book.translate.xml:5504 msgid "Otherwise, add another entry for the host. Consult the relevant manual pages for more details." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5506 +#: book.translate.xml:5507 msgid "When finished, verify that this command is successful: <command>ping -c1 `hostname`</command>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5513 +#: book.translate.xml:5514 msgid "Why will <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> not dial in <literal>-auto</literal> mode?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5518 +#: book.translate.xml:5519 msgid "First, check that a default route exists. This command should display two entries:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5521 +#: book.translate.xml:5522 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire\n" @@ -5901,42 +5899,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5525 +#: book.translate.xml:5526 msgid "If a default route is not listed, make sure that the <literal>HISADDR</literal> line has been added to <filename>/etc/ppp/ppp.conf</filename>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5530 +#: book.translate.xml:5531 msgid "" "Another reason for the default route line being missing is that a default route has been added to <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> and this line is " "missing from <filename>/etc/ppp/ppp.conf</filename>:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5536 +#: book.translate.xml:5537 #, no-wrap msgid "delete ALL" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5538 +#: book.translate.xml:5539 msgid "" "If this is the case, go back to the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/userppp.html#userppp-final\">Final System " "Configuration</link> section of the Handbook." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5546 +#: book.translate.xml:5547 msgid "What does <errorname>No route to host</errorname> mean?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5551 +#: book.translate.xml:5552 msgid "This error is usually because the following section is missing in <filename>/etc/ppp/ppp.linkup</filename>:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5555 +#: book.translate.xml:5556 #, no-wrap msgid "" "MYADDR:\n" @@ -5945,14 +5943,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5559 +#: book.translate.xml:5560 msgid "" "This is only necessary for a dynamic IP address or when the address of the default gateway is unknown. When using interactive mode, the following can " "be typed in after entering packet mode. Packet mode is indicated by the capitalized <acronym>PPP</acronym> in the prompt:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5566 +#: book.translate.xml:5567 #, no-wrap msgid "" "delete ALL\n" @@ -5960,30 +5958,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5569 +#: book.translate.xml:5570 msgid "" "Refer to the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/userppp.html#userppp-dynamicip\">PPP and Dynamic IP addresses</" "link> section of the Handbook for further details." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5577 +#: book.translate.xml:5578 msgid "Why does my connection drop after about 3 minutes?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5582 +#: book.translate.xml:5583 msgid "The default PPP timeout is 3 minutes. This can be adjusted with the following line:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5585 +#: book.translate.xml:5586 #, no-wrap msgid "set timeout <replaceable>NNN</replaceable>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5587 +#: book.translate.xml:5588 msgid "" "where <replaceable>NNN</replaceable> is the number of seconds of inactivity before the connection is closed. If <replaceable>NNN</replaceable> is zero, " "the connection is never closed due to a timeout. It is possible to put this command in <filename>ppp.conf</filename>, or to type it at the prompt in " @@ -5994,12 +5992,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5602 +#: book.translate.xml:5603 msgid "Why does my connection drop under heavy load?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5606 +#: book.translate.xml:5607 msgid "" "If Link Quality Reporting (<acronym>LQR</acronym>) is configured, it is possible that too many <acronym>LQR</acronym> packets are lost between the " "FreeBSD system and the peer. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> deduces that the line must " @@ -6007,39 +6005,39 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5614 book.translate.xml:5940 +#: book.translate.xml:5615 book.translate.xml:5941 #, no-wrap msgid "enable lqr" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5620 +#: book.translate.xml:5621 msgid "Why does my connection drop after a random amount of time?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5625 +#: book.translate.xml:5626 msgid "" "Sometimes, on a noisy phone line or even on a line with call waiting enabled, the modem may hang up because it incorrectly thinks that it lost carrier." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5629 +#: book.translate.xml:5630 msgid "There is a setting on most modems for determining how tolerant it should be to temporary losses of carrier. Refer to the modem manual for details." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5637 +#: book.translate.xml:5638 msgid "Why does my connection hang after a random amount of time?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5642 +#: book.translate.xml:5643 msgid "Many people experience hung connections with no apparent explanation. The first thing to establish is which side of the link is hung." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5646 +#: book.translate.xml:5647 msgid "" "When using an external modem, try using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ping</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to see if the " "<acronym>TD</acronym> light is flashing when data is transmitted. If it flashes but the <acronym>RD</acronym> light does not, the problem is with the " @@ -6053,27 +6051,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5668 +#: book.translate.xml:5669 msgid "Having established whether the problem is local or remote, there are now two possibilities:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5673 +#: book.translate.xml:5674 msgid "If the problem is remote, read on entry <xref linkend=\"ppp-remote-not-responding\"/>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5677 +#: book.translate.xml:5678 msgid "If the problem is local, read on entry <xref linkend=\"ppp-hung\"/>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5685 +#: book.translate.xml:5686 msgid "The remote end is not responding. What can I do?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5690 +#: book.translate.xml:5691 msgid "" "There is very little that can be done about this. Many ISPs will refuse to help users not running a <trademark class=\"registered\">Microsoft</" "trademark> OS. Add <literal>enable lqr</literal> to <filename>/etc/ppp/ppp.conf</filename>, allowing <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</" @@ -6082,12 +6080,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5698 +#: book.translate.xml:5699 msgid "First, try disabling all local compression by adding the following to the configuration:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5701 +#: book.translate.xml:5702 #, no-wrap msgid "" "disable pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj\n" @@ -6095,7 +6093,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5704 +#: book.translate.xml:5705 msgid "" "Then reconnect to ensure that this makes no difference. If things improve or if the problem is solved completely, determine which setting makes the " "difference through trial and error. This is good information for the ISP, although it may make it apparent that it is not a <trademark class=" @@ -6103,7 +6101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5711 +#: book.translate.xml:5712 msgid "" "Before contacting the ISP, enable async logging locally and wait until the connection hangs again. This may use up quite a bit of disk space. The last " "data read from the port may be of interest. It is usually ASCII data, and may even describe the problem (<errorname>Memory fault</errorname>, " @@ -6111,19 +6109,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5719 +#: book.translate.xml:5720 msgid "" "If the ISP is helpful, they should be able to enable logging on their end, then when the next link drop occurs, they may be able to tell why their side " "is having a problem." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5728 +#: book.translate.xml:5729 msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> has hung. What can I do?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5732 +#: book.translate.xml:5733 msgid "" "In this case, rebuild <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> with debugging information, and then use " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to grab a stack trace from the <application>ppp</application> " @@ -6131,7 +6129,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:5739 +#: book.translate.xml:5740 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>cd /usr/src/usr.sbin/ppp</userinput>\n" @@ -6140,32 +6138,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5743 +#: book.translate.xml:5744 msgid "" "Then, restart <application>ppp</application> and wait until it hangs again. When the debug build of <application>ppp</application> hangs, start " "<application>gdb</application> on the stuck process by typing:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:5749 +#: book.translate.xml:5750 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>gdb ppp `pgrep ppp`</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5751 +#: book.translate.xml:5752 msgid "" "At the <application>gdb</application> prompt, use the <command>bt</command> or <command>where</command> commands to get a stack trace. Save the output " "of the <application>gdb</application> session, and <quote>detach</quote> from the running process by typing <command>quit</command>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5762 +#: book.translate.xml:5763 msgid "I keep seeing errors about magic being the same. What does it mean?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5767 +#: book.translate.xml:5768 msgid "" "Occasionally, just after connecting, there may be messages in the log that say <errorname>Magic is same</errorname>. Sometimes, these messages are " "harmless, and sometimes one side or the other exits. Most PPP implementations cannot survive this problem, and even if the link seems to come up, there " @@ -6174,7 +6172,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5777 +#: book.translate.xml:5778 msgid "" "This normally happens on server machines with slow disks that are spawning a <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> on the port, and executing <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> from a " @@ -6186,7 +6184,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5788 +#: book.translate.xml:5789 msgid "" "One part of the LCP negotiation is to establish a magic number for each side of the link so that <quote>reflections</quote> can be detected. The " "protocol says that when the peer tries to negotiate the same magic number, a NAK should be sent and a new magic number should be chosen. During the " @@ -6200,31 +6198,31 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5806 +#: book.translate.xml:5807 msgid "This can be avoided by allowing the peer to start negotiating with the following line in <filename>ppp.conf</filename>:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5810 book.translate.xml:5885 +#: book.translate.xml:5811 book.translate.xml:5886 #, no-wrap msgid "set openmode passive" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5812 +#: book.translate.xml:5813 msgid "" "This tells <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to wait for the server to initiate LCP negotiations. " "Some servers however may never initiate negotiations. In this case, try something like:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5817 +#: book.translate.xml:5818 #, no-wrap msgid "set openmode active 3" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5819 +#: book.translate.xml:5820 msgid "" "This tells <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to be passive for 3 seconds, and then to start " "sending LCP requests. If the peer starts sending requests during this period, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" @@ -6232,12 +6230,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5829 +#: book.translate.xml:5830 msgid "LCP negotiations continue until the connection is closed. What is wrong?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5834 +#: book.translate.xml:5835 msgid "" "There is currently an implementation mis-feature in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> where it " "does not associate LCP, CCP & IPCP responses with their original requests. As a result, if one PPP implementation is more than 6 seconds slower " @@ -6245,7 +6243,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5842 +#: book.translate.xml:5843 msgid "" "Consider two implementations, <systemitem>A</systemitem> and <systemitem>B</systemitem>. <systemitem>A</systemitem> starts sending LCP requests " "immediately after connecting and <systemitem>B</systemitem> takes 7 seconds to start. When <systemitem>B</systemitem> starts, <systemitem>A</" @@ -6262,54 +6260,54 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5877 +#: book.translate.xml:5878 msgid "This goes on until one side figures out that they are getting nowhere and gives up." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5880 +#: book.translate.xml:5881 msgid "" "The best way to avoid this is to configure one side to be <literal>passive</literal> — that is, make one side wait for the other to start negotiating. " "This can be done with the following command:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5887 +#: book.translate.xml:5888 msgid "" "Care should be taken with this option. This command can also be used to limit the amount of time that <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> waits for the peer to begin negotiations:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5892 +#: book.translate.xml:5893 #, no-wrap msgid "set stopped <replaceable>N</replaceable>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5894 +#: book.translate.xml:5895 msgid "" "Alternatively, the following command (where <replaceable>N</replaceable> is the number of seconds to wait before starting negotiations) can be used:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5898 +#: book.translate.xml:5899 #, no-wrap msgid "set openmode active <replaceable>N</replaceable>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5900 +#: book.translate.xml:5901 msgid "Check the manual page for details." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5906 +#: book.translate.xml:5907 msgid "Why does <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> lock up when I shell out to test it?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5911 +#: book.translate.xml:5912 msgid "" "When using <command>shell</command> or <command>!</command>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> " "executes a shell or the passed arguments. The <application>ppp</application> program will wait for the command to complete before continuing. Any " @@ -6318,19 +6316,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5920 +#: book.translate.xml:5921 msgid "" "To execute commands like this, use <command>!bg</command> instead. This will execute the given command in the background, and " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> can continue to service the link." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5929 +#: book.translate.xml:5930 msgid "Why does <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> over a null-modem cable never exit?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5934 +#: book.translate.xml:5935 msgid "" "There is no way for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to automatically determine that a direct " "connection has been dropped. This is due to the lines that are used in a null-modem serial cable. When using this sort of connection, LQR should always " @@ -6338,43 +6336,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5942 +#: book.translate.xml:5943 msgid "LQR is accepted by default if negotiated by the peer." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:5949 +#: book.translate.xml:5950 msgid "" "Why does <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> dial for no reason in <option>-auto</option> mode?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5954 +#: book.translate.xml:5955 msgid "" "If <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> is dialing unexpectedly, determine the cause, and set up " "dial filters to prevent such dialing." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5958 +#: book.translate.xml:5959 msgid "To determine the cause, use the following line:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5960 +#: book.translate.xml:5961 #, no-wrap msgid "set log +tcp/ip" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5962 +#: book.translate.xml:5963 msgid "" "This will log all traffic through the connection. The next time the line comes up unexpectedly, the reason will be logged with a convenient timestamp " "next to it." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5967 +#: book.translate.xml:5968 msgid "" "Next, disable dialing under these circumstances. Usually, this sort of problem arises due to DNS lookups. To prevent DNS lookups from establishing a " "connection (this will <emphasis>not</emphasis> prevent <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> from " @@ -6382,7 +6380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5974 +#: book.translate.xml:5975 #, no-wrap msgid "" "set dfilter 1 deny udp src eq 53\n" @@ -6391,14 +6389,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5978 +#: book.translate.xml:5979 msgid "" "This is not always suitable, as it will effectively break demand-dial capabilities. Most programs will need a DNS lookup before doing any other network " "related things." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5983 +#: book.translate.xml:5984 msgid "" "In the DNS case, try to determine what is actually trying to resolve a host name. A lot of the time, <application>Sendmail</application> is the " "culprit. Make sure to configure <application>Sendmail</application> not to do any DNS lookups in its configuration file. See the section on <link xlink:" @@ -6407,30 +6405,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5994 +#: book.translate.xml:5995 #, no-wrap msgid "define(`confDELIVERY_MODE', `d')dnl" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:5996 +#: book.translate.xml:5997 msgid "" "This will make <application>Sendmail</application> queue everything until the queue is run, usually, every 30 minutes, or until a <command>sendmail -q</" "command> is done, perhaps from <filename>/etc/ppp/ppp.linkup</filename>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6006 +#: book.translate.xml:6007 msgid "What do these CCP errors mean?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6010 +#: book.translate.xml:6011 msgid "I keep seeing the following errors in my log file:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:6013 +#: book.translate.xml:6014 #, no-wrap msgid "" "CCP: CcpSendConfigReq\n" @@ -6438,50 +6436,50 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6016 +#: book.translate.xml:6017 msgid "" "This is because <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> is trying to negotiate Predictor1 compression, " "but the peer does not want to negotiate any compression at all. The messages are harmless, but can be silenced by disabling the compression:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:6022 +#: book.translate.xml:6023 #, no-wrap msgid "disable pred1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6028 +#: book.translate.xml:6029 msgid "Why does <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> not log my connection speed?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6033 +#: book.translate.xml:6034 msgid "To log all lines of the modem conversation, enable the following:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:6037 +#: book.translate.xml:6038 #, no-wrap msgid "set log +connect" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6039 +#: book.translate.xml:6040 msgid "" "This will make <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> log everything up until the last requested " "<quote>expect</quote> string." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6042 +#: book.translate.xml:6043 msgid "" "To see the connect speed when using PAP or CHAP, make sure to configure <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> to expect the whole CONNECT line, using something like this:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:6048 +#: book.translate.xml:6049 #, no-wrap msgid "" "set dial \"ABORT BUSY ABORT NO\\\\sCARRIER TIMEOUT 4 \\\n" @@ -6489,21 +6487,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6051 +#: book.translate.xml:6052 msgid "" "This gets the CONNECT, sends nothing, then expects a line-feed, forcing <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> to read the whole CONNECT response." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6059 +#: book.translate.xml:6060 msgid "" "Why does <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> ignore the <literal>\\</literal> character in my chat " "script?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6064 +#: book.translate.xml:6065 msgid "" "The <application>ppp</application> utility parses each line in its configuration files so that it can interpret strings such as <literal>set phone " "\"123 456 789\"</literal> correctly and realize that the number is actually only one argument. To specify a <literal>\"</literal> character, escape it " @@ -6511,30 +6509,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6072 +#: book.translate.xml:6073 msgid "" "When the chat interpreter parses each argument, it re-interprets the argument to find any special escape sequences such as <literal>\\P</literal> or " "<literal>\\T</literal>. As a result of this double-parsing, remember to use the correct number of escapes." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6079 +#: book.translate.xml:6080 msgid "To actually send a <literal>\\</literal> character, do something like:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:6083 +#: book.translate.xml:6084 #, no-wrap msgid "set dial \"\\\"\\\" ATZ OK-ATZ-OK AT\\\\\\\\X OK\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6085 book.translate.xml:6097 +#: book.translate.xml:6086 book.translate.xml:6098 msgid "It will result in the following sequence:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:6087 +#: book.translate.xml:6088 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ATZ\n" @@ -6544,12 +6542,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6092 +#: book.translate.xml:6093 msgid "Or:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:6094 +#: book.translate.xml:6095 #, no-wrap msgid "" "set phone 1234567\n" @@ -6557,7 +6555,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:6099 +#: book.translate.xml:6100 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ATZ\n" @@ -6566,12 +6564,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6107 +#: book.translate.xml:6108 msgid "What are FCS errors?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6111 +#: book.translate.xml:6112 msgid "" "FCS stands for Frame Check Sequence. Each PPP packet has a checksum attached to ensure that the data being received is the data being sent. If the FCS " "of an incoming packet is incorrect, the packet is dropped and the HDLC FCS count is increased. The HDLC error values can be displayed using the " @@ -6579,14 +6577,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6119 +#: book.translate.xml:6120 msgid "" "If the link is bad or if the serial driver is dropping packets, it will produce the occasional FCS error. This is not usually worth worrying about " "although it does slow down the compression protocols substantially." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6124 +#: book.translate.xml:6125 msgid "" "If the link freezes as soon as it connects and produces a large number of FCS errors, make sure the modem is not using software flow control (XON/" "XOFF). If the link must use software flow control, use <literal>set accmap 0x000a0000</literal> to tell <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</" @@ -6594,7 +6592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6132 +#: book.translate.xml:6133 msgid "" "Another reason for too many FCS errors may be that the remote end has stopped talking <acronym>PPP</acronym>. In this case, enable <literal>async</" "literal> logging to determine if the incoming data is actually a login or shell prompt. If it is a shell prompt at the remote end, it is possible to " @@ -6603,17 +6601,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6143 +#: book.translate.xml:6144 msgid "If nothing in the log file indicates why the link was terminated, ask the remote administrator or ISP why the session was terminated." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6152 +#: book.translate.xml:6153 msgid "None of this helps — I am desperate! What can I do?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6157 +#: book.translate.xml:6158 msgid "" "If all else fails, send the details of the error, the configuration files, how <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> is being started, the relevant parts of the log file, and the output of <command>netstat -rn</command>, before and after " @@ -6621,70 +6619,70 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:6168 +#: book.translate.xml:6169 msgid "Serial Communications" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/para -#: book.translate.xml:6170 +#: book.translate.xml:6171 msgid "" "This section answers common questions about serial communications with FreeBSD. PPP is covered in the <link linkend=\"networking\">Networking</link> " "section." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6176 +#: book.translate.xml:6177 msgid "Which multi-port serial cards are supported by FreeBSD?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6181 +#: book.translate.xml:6182 msgid "" "There is a list of these in the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/serial.html\">Serial Communications</link> " "chapter of the Handbook." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6184 +#: book.translate.xml:6185 msgid "Most multi-port PCI cards that are based on 16550 or clones are supported with no extra effort." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6187 +#: book.translate.xml:6188 msgid "Some unnamed clone cards have also been known to work, especially those that claim to be AST compatible." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6190 +#: book.translate.xml:6191 msgid "" "Check <citerefentry><refentrytitle>uart</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sio</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry> to get more information on configuring such cards." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6197 +#: book.translate.xml:6198 msgid "How do I get the boot: prompt to show on the serial console?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6202 +#: book.translate.xml:6203 msgid "See <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/serialconsole-setup.html\">this section of the Handbook</link>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6209 +#: book.translate.xml:6210 msgid "How do I tell if FreeBSD found my serial ports or modem cards?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6214 +#: book.translate.xml:6215 msgid "" "As the FreeBSD kernel boots, it will probe for the serial ports for which the kernel is configured. Either watch the boot messages closely or run this " "command after the system is up and running:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6220 +#: book.translate.xml:6221 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>grep -E '^(sio|uart)[0-9]' < /var/run/dmesg.boot</userinput>\n" @@ -6695,7 +6693,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6226 +#: book.translate.xml:6227 msgid "" "This example shows two serial ports. The first is on IRQ4, port address <literal>0x3f8</literal>, and has a 16550A-type UART chip. The second uses the " "same kind of chip but is on IRQ3 and is at port address <literal>0x2f8</literal>. Internal modem cards are treated just like serial ports, except that " @@ -6703,7 +6701,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6236 +#: book.translate.xml:6237 msgid "" "The <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel includes support for two serial ports using the same IRQ and port address settings in the above example. If " "these settings are not right for the system, or if there are more modem cards or serial ports than the kernel is configured for, reconfigure using the " @@ -6711,19 +6709,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6249 +#: book.translate.xml:6250 msgid "How do I access the serial ports on FreeBSD?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6253 +#: book.translate.xml:6254 msgid "" "The third serial port, <filename>sio2</filename>, or <filename>COM3</filename>, is on <filename>/dev/cuad2</filename> for dial-out devices, and on " "<filename>/dev/ttyd2</filename> for dial-in devices. What is the difference between these two classes of devices?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6260 +#: book.translate.xml:6261 msgid "" "When opening <filename>/dev/ttydX</filename> in blocking mode, a process will wait for the corresponding <filename>cuadX</filename> device to become " "inactive, and then wait for the carrier detect line to go active. When the <filename>cuadX</filename> device is opened, it makes sure the serial port " @@ -6733,12 +6731,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6280 +#: book.translate.xml:6281 msgid "How do I enable support for a multi-port serial card?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6285 +#: book.translate.xml:6286 msgid "" "The section on kernel configuration provides information about configuring the kernel. For a multi-port serial card, place an " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry> line for each serial port on the card in the <citerefentry " @@ -6748,18 +6746,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:6295 +#: book.translate.xml:6296 #, no-wrap msgid "options COM_MULTIPORT" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6297 +#: book.translate.xml:6298 msgid "The following <filename>/boot/device.hints</filename> example is for an AST 4-port serial card on IRQ 12:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:6301 +#: book.translate.xml:6302 #, no-wrap msgid "" "hint.sio.4.at=\"isa\"\n" @@ -6778,55 +6776,55 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6315 +#: book.translate.xml:6316 msgid "" "The flags indicate that the master port has minor number <literal>7</literal> (<literal>0x700</literal>), and all the ports share an IRQ " "(<literal>0x001</literal>)." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6324 +#: book.translate.xml:6325 msgid "Can I set the default serial parameters for a port?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6329 +#: book.translate.xml:6330 msgid "" "See the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/serial.html#serial-hw-config\">Serial Communications</link> section in " "the FreeBSD Handbook." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6337 +#: book.translate.xml:6338 msgid "How can I enable dialup logins on my modem?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6341 +#: book.translate.xml:6342 msgid "" "Refer to the section about <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/dialup.html\">Dial-in Services</link> in the FreeBSD " "Handbook." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6348 +#: book.translate.xml:6349 msgid "How can I connect a dumb terminal to my FreeBSD box?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6353 +#: book.translate.xml:6354 msgid "" "This information is in the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/term.html\">Terminals</link> section of the FreeBSD " "Handbook." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6360 +#: book.translate.xml:6361 msgid "Why can I not run <command>tip</command> or <command>cu</command>?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6365 +#: book.translate.xml:6366 msgid "" "The built-in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cu</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> utilities can only access the <filename>/var/spool/lock</filename> directory via user <systemitem " @@ -6836,14 +6834,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6374 +#: book.translate.xml:6375 msgid "" "Alternatively, everyone can be configured to run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cu</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> by typing:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6377 +#: book.translate.xml:6378 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>chmod 4511 /usr/bin/cu</userinput>\n" @@ -6851,36 +6849,36 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:6385 +#: book.translate.xml:6386 msgid "Miscellaneous Questions" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6390 +#: book.translate.xml:6391 msgid "FreeBSD uses a lot of swap space even when the computer has free memory left. Why?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6395 +#: book.translate.xml:6396 msgid "" "FreeBSD will proactively move entirely idle, unused pages of main memory into swap in order to make more main memory available for active use. This " "heavy use of swap is balanced by using the extra free memory for caching." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6401 +#: book.translate.xml:6402 msgid "" "Note that while FreeBSD is proactive in this regard, it does not arbitrarily decide to swap pages when the system is truly idle. Thus, the system will " "not be all paged out after leaving it idle overnight." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6411 +#: book.translate.xml:6412 msgid "Why does <command>top</command> show very little free memory even when I have very few programs running?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6416 +#: book.translate.xml:6417 msgid "" "The simple answer is that free memory is wasted memory. Any memory that programs do not actively allocate is used within the FreeBSD kernel as disk " "cache. The values shown by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>top</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> labeled as <literal>Inact</literal> " @@ -6890,12 +6888,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6433 +#: book.translate.xml:6434 msgid "Why will <command>chmod</command> not change the permissions on symlinks?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6438 +#: book.translate.xml:6439 msgid "" "Symlinks do not have permissions, and by default, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> will follow " "symlinks to change the permissions on the source file, if possible. For the file, <filename>foo</filename> with a symlink named <filename>bar</" @@ -6903,18 +6901,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6445 +#: book.translate.xml:6446 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>chmod g-w bar</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6447 +#: book.translate.xml:6448 msgid "However, the permissions on <filename>bar</filename> will not have changed." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6450 +#: book.translate.xml:6451 msgid "" "When changing modes of the file hierarchies rooted in the files instead of the files themselves, use either <option>-H</option> or <option>-L</option> " "together with <option>-R</option> to make this work. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and " @@ -6922,7 +6920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:6458 +#: book.translate.xml:6459 msgid "" "<option>-R</option> does a <emphasis>recursive</emphasis> <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Be " "careful about specifying directories or symlinks to directories to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" @@ -6933,93 +6931,93 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6471 +#: book.translate.xml:6472 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>chmod 555 foo/</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:6473 +#: book.translate.xml:6474 msgid "" "With the trailing slash, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> will follow the symlink, " "<filename>foo</filename>, to change the permissions of the directory, <filename>bar</filename>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6483 +#: book.translate.xml:6484 msgid "Can I run DOS binaries under FreeBSD?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6487 +#: book.translate.xml:6488 msgid "Yes. A DOS emulation program, <package>emulators/doscmd</package>, is available in the FreeBSD Ports Collection." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6491 +#: book.translate.xml:6492 msgid "" "If <application>doscmd</application> will not suffice, <package>emulators/pcemu</package> emulates an 8088 and enough BIOS services to run many DOS " "text-mode applications. It requires the X Window System." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6497 +#: book.translate.xml:6498 msgid "" "The Ports Collection also has <package>emulators/dosbox</package>. The main focus of this application is emulating old DOS games using the local file " "system for files." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6506 +#: book.translate.xml:6507 msgid "What do I need to do to translate a FreeBSD document into my native language?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6511 +#: book.translate.xml:6512 msgid "" "See the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/fdp-primer/translations.html\">Translation <acronym>FAQ</acronym></link> in the " "FreeBSD Documentation Project Primer." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6519 +#: book.translate.xml:6520 msgid "Why does my email to any address at <systemitem class=\"fqdomainname\">FreeBSD.org</systemitem> bounce?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6524 +#: book.translate.xml:6525 msgid "" "The <systemitem class=\"fqdomainname\">FreeBSD.org</systemitem> mail system implements some <application>Postfix</application> checks on incoming mail " "and rejects mail that is either from misconfigured relays or otherwise appears likely to be spam. Some of the specific requirements are:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:6532 +#: book.translate.xml:6533 msgid "The IP address of the SMTP client must \"reverse-resolve\" to a forward confirmed hostname." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:6538 +#: book.translate.xml:6539 msgid "The fully-qualified hostname given in the SMTP conversation (either HELO or EHLO) must resolve to the IP address of the client." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6544 +#: book.translate.xml:6545 msgid "Other advice to help mail reach its destination include:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:6549 +#: book.translate.xml:6550 msgid "Mail should be sent in plain text, and messages sent to mailing lists should generally be no more than 200KB in length." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:6555 +#: book.translate.xml:6556 msgid "Avoid excessive cross posting. Choose <emphasis>one</emphasis> mailing list which seems most relevant and send it there." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6561 +#: book.translate.xml:6562 msgid "" "If you still have trouble with email infrastructure at <systemitem class=\"fqdomainname\">FreeBSD.org</systemitem>, send a note with the details to " "<email>postmaster@freebsd.org</email>; Include a date/time interval so that logs may be reviewed — and note that we only keep one week's worth of mail " @@ -7027,19 +7025,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6574 +#: book.translate.xml:6575 msgid "Where can I find a free FreeBSD account?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6578 +#: book.translate.xml:6579 msgid "" "While FreeBSD does not provide open access to any of their servers, others do provide open access <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> " "systems. The charge varies and limited services may be available." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6583 +#: book.translate.xml:6584 msgid "" "<link xlink:href=\"http://www.arbornet.org/\">Arbornet, Inc</link>, also known as <emphasis>M-Net</emphasis>, has been providing open access to " "<trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> systems since 1983. Starting on an Altos running System III, the site switched to BSD/OS in 1991. In " @@ -7050,36 +7048,36 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6601 +#: book.translate.xml:6602 msgid "What is the cute little red guy's name?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6605 +#: book.translate.xml:6606 msgid "" "He does not have one, and is just called <quote>the BSD daemon</quote>. If you insist upon using a name, call him <quote>beastie</quote>. Note that " "<quote>beastie</quote> is pronounced <quote>BSD</quote>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6611 +#: book.translate.xml:6612 msgid "More about the BSD daemon is available on his <link xlink:href=\"http://www.mckusick.com/beastie/index.html\">home page</link>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6618 +#: book.translate.xml:6619 msgid "Can I use the BSD daemon image?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6622 +#: book.translate.xml:6623 msgid "" "Perhaps. The BSD daemon is copyrighted by Marshall Kirk McKusick. Check his <link xlink:href=\"http://www.mckusick.com/beastie/mainpage/copyright.html" "\">Statement on the Use of the BSD Daemon Figure</link> for detailed usage terms." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6627 +#: book.translate.xml:6628 msgid "" "In summary, the image can be used in a tasteful manner, for personal use, so long as appropriate credit is given. Before using the logo commercially, " "contact Kirk McKusick <email>mckusick@FreeBSD.org</email> for permission. More details are available on the <link xlink:href=\"http://www.mckusick.com/" @@ -7087,32 +7085,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6638 +#: book.translate.xml:6639 msgid "Do you have any BSD daemon images I could use?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6642 +#: book.translate.xml:6643 msgid "Xfig and eps drawings are available under <filename>/usr/share/examples/BSD_daemon/</filename>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6649 +#: book.translate.xml:6650 msgid "I have seen an acronym or other term on the mailing lists and I do not understand what it means. Where should I look?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6655 +#: book.translate.xml:6656 msgid "Refer to the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/freebsd-glossary.html\">FreeBSD Glossary</link>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6662 +#: book.translate.xml:6663 msgid "Why should I care what color the bikeshed is?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6666 +#: book.translate.xml:6667 msgid "" "The really, really short answer is that you should not. The somewhat longer answer is that just because you are capable of building a bikeshed does not " "mean you should stop others from building one just because you do not like the color they plan to paint it. This is a metaphor indicating that you need " @@ -7121,7 +7119,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6677 +#: book.translate.xml:6678 msgid "" "The longer and more complete answer is that after a very long argument about whether <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sleep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> should take fractional second arguments, Poul-Henning Kamp <email>phk@FreeBSD.org</email> posted a long message entitled " @@ -7130,43 +7128,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: blockquote/attribution -#: book.translate.xml:6686 +#: book.translate.xml:6687 msgid "" "Poul-Henning Kamp <email>phk@FreeBSD.org</email> on <link xlink:href=\"http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-hackers\">freebsd-hackers</" "link>, October 2, 1999" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: blockquote/para -#: book.translate.xml:6689 +#: book.translate.xml:6690 msgid "<quote>What is it about this bike shed?</quote> Some of you have asked me." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: blockquote/para -#: book.translate.xml:6692 +#: book.translate.xml:6693 msgid "" "It is a long story, or rather it is an old story, but it is quite short actually. C. Northcote Parkinson wrote a book in the early 1960s, called " "<quote>Parkinson's Law</quote>, which contains a lot of insight into the dynamics of management." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: blockquote/para -#: book.translate.xml:6698 +#: book.translate.xml:6699 msgid "<emphasis>[snip a bit of commentary on the book]</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: blockquote/para -#: book.translate.xml:6701 +#: book.translate.xml:6702 msgid "In the specific example involving the bike shed, the other vital component is an atomic power-plant, I guess that illustrates the age of the book." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: blockquote/para -#: book.translate.xml:6705 +#: book.translate.xml:6706 msgid "" "Parkinson shows how you can go into the board of directors and get approval for building a multi-million or even billion dollar atomic power plant, but " "if you want to build a bike shed you will be tangled up in endless discussions." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: blockquote/para -#: book.translate.xml:6711 +#: book.translate.xml:6712 msgid "" "Parkinson explains that this is because an atomic plant is so vast, so expensive and so complicated that people cannot grasp it, and rather than try, " "they fall back on the assumption that somebody else checked all the details before it got this far. Richard P. Feynmann gives a couple of interesting, " @@ -7174,7 +7172,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: blockquote/para -#: book.translate.xml:6720 +#: book.translate.xml:6721 msgid "" "A bike shed on the other hand. Anyone can build one of those over a weekend, and still have time to watch the game on TV. So no matter how well " "prepared, no matter how reasonable you are with your proposal, somebody will seize the chance to show that he is doing his job, that he is paying " @@ -7182,7 +7180,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: blockquote/para -#: book.translate.xml:6728 +#: book.translate.xml:6729 msgid "" "In Denmark we call it <quote>setting your fingerprint</quote>. It is about personal pride and prestige, it is about being able to point somewhere and " "say <quote>There! <emphasis>I</emphasis> did that.</quote> It is a strong trait in politicians, but present in most people given the chance. Just think " @@ -7190,24 +7188,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:6742 +#: book.translate.xml:6743 msgid "The FreeBSD Funnies" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6747 +#: book.translate.xml:6748 msgid "How cool is FreeBSD?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6751 +#: book.translate.xml:6752 msgid "" "Q. Has anyone done any temperature testing while running FreeBSD? I know <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> runs cooler than DOS, but " "have never seen a mention of FreeBSD. It seems to run really hot." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6756 +#: book.translate.xml:6757 msgid "" "A. No, but we have done numerous taste tests on blindfolded volunteers who have also had 250 micrograms of LSD-25 administered beforehand. 35% of the " "volunteers said that FreeBSD tasted sort of orange, whereas <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> tasted like purple haze. Neither group " @@ -7217,7 +7215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6769 +#: book.translate.xml:6770 msgid "" "Seriously, FreeBSD uses the <acronym>HLT</acronym> (halt) instruction when the system is idle thus lowering its energy consumption and therefore the " "heat it generates. Also if you have <acronym>ACPI</acronym> (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) configured, then FreeBSD can also put the CPU " @@ -7225,12 +7223,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6780 +#: book.translate.xml:6781 msgid "Who is scratching in my memory banks??" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6784 +#: book.translate.xml:6785 msgid "" "Q. Is there anything <quote>odd</quote> that FreeBSD does when compiling the kernel which would cause the memory to make a scratchy sound? When " "compiling (and for a brief moment after recognizing the floppy drive upon startup, as well), a strange scratchy sound emanates from what appears to be " @@ -7238,7 +7236,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6791 +#: book.translate.xml:6792 msgid "" "A. Yes! You will see frequent references to <quote>daemons</quote> in the BSD documentation, and what most people do not know is that this refers to " "genuine, non-corporeal entities that now possess your computer. The scratchy sound coming from your memory is actually high-pitched whispering " @@ -7246,7 +7244,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6800 +#: book.translate.xml:6801 msgid "" "If the noise gets to you, a good <command>fdisk /mbr</command> from DOS will get rid of them, but do not be surprised if they react adversely and try " "to stop you. In fact, if at any point during the exercise you hear the satanic voice of Bill Gates coming from the built-in speaker, take off running " @@ -7256,189 +7254,189 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6817 +#: book.translate.xml:6818 msgid "How many FreeBSD hackers does it take to change a lightbulb?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6822 +#: book.translate.xml:6823 msgid "One thousand, one hundred and sixty-nine:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6824 +#: book.translate.xml:6825 msgid "Twenty-three to complain to -CURRENT about the lights being out;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6827 +#: book.translate.xml:6828 msgid "Four to claim that it is a configuration problem, and that such matters really belong on -questions;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6830 +#: book.translate.xml:6831 msgid "Three to submit PRs about it, one of which is misfiled under doc and consists only of <quote>it's dark</quote>;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6834 +#: book.translate.xml:6835 msgid "One to commit an untested lightbulb which breaks buildworld, then back it out five minutes later;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6837 +#: book.translate.xml:6838 msgid "Eight to flame the PR originators for not including patches in their PRs;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6840 +#: book.translate.xml:6841 msgid "Five to complain about buildworld being broken;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6842 +#: book.translate.xml:6843 msgid "Thirty-one to answer that it works for them, and they must have updated at a bad time;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6845 +#: book.translate.xml:6846 msgid "One to post a patch for a new lightbulb to -hackers;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6848 +#: book.translate.xml:6849 msgid "" "One to complain that he had patches for this three years ago, but when he sent them to -CURRENT they were just ignored, and he has had bad experiences " "with the PR system; besides, the proposed new lightbulb is non-reflexive;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6854 +#: book.translate.xml:6855 msgid "" "Thirty-seven to scream that lightbulbs do not belong in the base system, that committers have no right to do things like this without consulting the " "Community, and WHAT IS -CORE DOING ABOUT IT!?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6859 +#: book.translate.xml:6860 msgid "Two hundred to complain about the color of the bicycle shed;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6862 +#: book.translate.xml:6863 msgid "Three to point out that the patch breaks <citerefentry><refentrytitle>style</refentrytitle><manvolnum>9</manvolnum></citerefentry>;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6865 +#: book.translate.xml:6866 msgid "Seventeen to complain that the proposed new lightbulb is under GPL;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6868 +#: book.translate.xml:6869 msgid "" "Five hundred and eighty-six to engage in a flame war about the comparative advantages of the GPL, the BSD license, the MIT license, the NPL, and the " "personal hygiene of unnamed FSF founders;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6873 +#: book.translate.xml:6874 msgid "Seven to move various portions of the thread to -chat and -advocacy;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6876 +#: book.translate.xml:6877 msgid "One to commit the suggested lightbulb, even though it shines dimmer than the old one;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6879 +#: book.translate.xml:6880 msgid "Two to back it out with a furious flame of a commit message, arguing that FreeBSD is better off in the dark than with a dim lightbulb;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6883 +#: book.translate.xml:6884 msgid "Forty-six to argue vociferously about the backing out of the dim lightbulb and demanding a statement from -core;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6887 +#: book.translate.xml:6888 msgid "Eleven to request a smaller lightbulb so it will fit their Tamagotchi if we ever decide to port FreeBSD to that platform;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6891 +#: book.translate.xml:6892 msgid "Seventy-three to complain about the SNR on -hackers and -chat and unsubscribe in protest;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6894 +#: book.translate.xml:6895 msgid "" "Thirteen to post <quote>unsubscribe</quote>, <quote>How do I unsubscribe?</quote>, or <quote>Please remove me from the list</quote>, followed by the " "usual footer;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6899 +#: book.translate.xml:6900 msgid "One to commit a working lightbulb while everybody is too busy flaming everybody else to notice;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6902 +#: book.translate.xml:6903 msgid "" "Thirty-one to point out that the new lightbulb would shine 0.364% brighter if compiled with TenDRA (although it will have to be reshaped into a cube), " "and that FreeBSD should therefore switch to TenDRA instead of GCC;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6907 +#: book.translate.xml:6908 msgid "One to complain that the new lightbulb lacks fairings;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6910 +#: book.translate.xml:6911 msgid "Nine (including the PR originators) to ask <quote>what is MFC?</quote>;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6913 +#: book.translate.xml:6914 msgid "Fifty-seven to complain about the lights being out two weeks after the bulb has been changed." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6916 +#: book.translate.xml:6917 msgid "<emphasis>Nik Clayton <email>nik@FreeBSD.org</email> adds:</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6918 +#: book.translate.xml:6919 msgid "<emphasis>I was laughing quite hard at this.</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6921 +#: book.translate.xml:6922 msgid "<emphasis>And then I thought, <quote>Hang on, shouldn't there be '1 to document it.' in that list somewhere?</quote></emphasis>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6925 +#: book.translate.xml:6926 msgid "<emphasis>And then I was enlightened :-)</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6928 +#: book.translate.xml:6929 msgid "" "<emphasis>Thomas Abthorpe <email>tabthorpe@FreeBSD.org</email></emphasis> says: <quote>None, <emphasis>real</emphasis> FreeBSD hackers are not afraid " "of the dark!</quote>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6936 +#: book.translate.xml:6937 msgid "Where does data written to <filename>/dev/null</filename> go?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6941 +#: book.translate.xml:6942 msgid "" "It goes into a special data sink in the CPU where it is converted to heat which is vented through the heatsink / fan assembly. This is why CPU cooling " "is increasingly important; as people get used to faster processors, they become careless with their data and more and more of it ends up in <filename>/" @@ -7450,12 +7448,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6961 +#: book.translate.xml:6962 msgid "<emphasis>Paul Robinson adds:</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6963 +#: book.translate.xml:6964 msgid "" "There are other methods. As every good sysadmin knows, it is part of standard practice to send data to the screen of interesting variety to keep all " "the pixies that make up your picture happy. Screen pixies (commonly mis-typed or re-named as <quote>pixels</quote>) are categorized by the type of hat " @@ -7465,14 +7463,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6977 +#: book.translate.xml:6978 msgid "" "To take your suggestions further, you could just throw the random data to console, thereby letting the pixies consume it. This causes no heat to be " "produced at all, keeps the pixies happy and gets rid of your data quite quickly, even if it does make things look a bit messy on your screen." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:6984 +#: book.translate.xml:6985 msgid "" "Incidentally, as an ex-admin of a large ISP who experienced many problems attempting to maintain a stable temperature in a server room, I would " "strongly discourage people sending the data they do not want out to the network. The fairies who do the packet switching and routing get annoyed by it " @@ -7480,42 +7478,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:6995 +#: book.translate.xml:6996 msgid "My colleague sits at the computer too much, how can I prank her?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7000 +#: book.translate.xml:7001 msgid "Install <package role=\"port\">games/sl</package> and wait for her to mistype <userinput>sl</userinput> for <command>ls</command>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:7009 +#: book.translate.xml:7010 msgid "Advanced Topics" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:7014 +#: book.translate.xml:7015 msgid "How can I learn more about FreeBSD's internals?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7018 +#: book.translate.xml:7019 msgid "See the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/arch-handbook\">FreeBSD Architecture Handbook</link>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7021 +#: book.translate.xml:7022 msgid "Additionally, much general <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> knowledge is directly applicable to FreeBSD." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:7028 +#: book.translate.xml:7029 msgid "How can I contribute to FreeBSD? What can I do to help?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7033 +#: book.translate.xml:7034 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We accept all types of contributions: documentation, code, and even art. See the article on <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/" @@ -7525,46 +7523,46 @@ msgstr "" "題回報單</link>，這是一篇告訴你怎樣才能寫出一篇真正有用的問題回報單。" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7038 +#: book.translate.xml:7039 msgid "And thanks for the thought!" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:7044 +#: book.translate.xml:7045 msgid "What are snapshots and releases?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7048 +#: book.translate.xml:7049 msgid "" "There are currently 2 active/semi-active branches in the FreeBSD <link xlink:href=\"http://svnweb.FreeBSD.org/base/\">Subversion Repository</link>. " "(Earlier branches are only changed very rarely, which is why there are only 2 active branches of development):" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:7056 +#: book.translate.xml:7057 msgid "<symbol>stable/11/</symbol> AKA <emphasis>11-STABLE</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:7061 +#: book.translate.xml:7062 msgid "<symbol>stable/12/</symbol> AKA <emphasis>12-STABLE</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:7066 +#: book.translate.xml:7067 msgid "<symbol>head/</symbol> AKA <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> AKA <emphasis>12-CURRENT</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7072 +#: book.translate.xml:7073 msgid "" "<literal>HEAD</literal> is not an actual branch tag. It is a symbolic constant for the current, non-branched development stream known as <emphasis>-" "CURRENT</emphasis>." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7078 +#: book.translate.xml:7079 msgid "" "Right now, <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> is the 13.<replaceable>X</replaceable> development stream; the <emphasis>12-STABLE</emphasis> branch, " "<symbol>stable/12/</symbol>, forked off from <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> in December 2018 and the <emphasis>11-STABLE</emphasis> branch, " @@ -7572,17 +7570,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:7089 +#: book.translate.xml:7090 msgid "How can I make the most of the data I see when my kernel panics?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7094 +#: book.translate.xml:7095 msgid "Here is typical kernel panic:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:7096 +#: book.translate.xml:7097 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Fatal trap 12: page fault while in kernel mode\n" @@ -7601,7 +7599,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7110 +#: book.translate.xml:7111 msgid "" "This message is not enough. While the instruction pointer value is important, it is also configuration dependent as it varies depending on the kernel " "image. If it is a <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel image from one of the snapshots, it is possible for somebody else to track down the offending " @@ -7609,30 +7607,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7119 +#: book.translate.xml:7120 msgid "To proceed:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:7123 +#: book.translate.xml:7124 msgid "" "Write down the instruction pointer value. Note that the <literal>0x8:</literal> part at the beginning is not significant in this case: it is the " "<literal>0xf0xxxxxx</literal> part that we want." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:7131 +#: book.translate.xml:7132 msgid "When the system reboots, do the following:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:7133 +#: book.translate.xml:7134 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>nm -n kernel.that.caused.the.panic | grep f0xxxxxx</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:7135 +#: book.translate.xml:7136 msgid "" "where <literal>f0xxxxxx</literal> is the instruction pointer value. The odds are you will not get an exact match since the symbols in the kernel symbol " "table are for the entry points of functions and the instruction pointer address will be somewhere inside a function, not at the start. If you do not " @@ -7640,86 +7638,86 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:7144 +#: book.translate.xml:7145 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>nm -n kernel.that.caused.the.panic | grep f0xxxxx</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:7146 +#: book.translate.xml:7147 msgid "" "If that does not yield any results, chop off another digit. Repeat until there is some sort of output. The result will be a possible list of functions " "which caused the panic. This is a less than exact mechanism for tracking down the point of failure, but it is better than nothing." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7155 +#: book.translate.xml:7156 msgid "" "However, the best way to track down the cause of a panic is by capturing a crash dump, then using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kgdb</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to generate a stack trace on the crash dump." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7160 +#: book.translate.xml:7161 msgid "In any case, the method is this:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:7164 +#: book.translate.xml:7165 msgid "Make sure that the following line is included in the kernel configuration file:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:7167 +#: book.translate.xml:7168 #, no-wrap msgid "makeoptions DEBUG=-g # Build kernel with gdb(1) debug symbols" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:7171 +#: book.translate.xml:7172 msgid "Change to the <filename>/usr/src</filename> directory:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:7174 +#: book.translate.xml:7175 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>cd /usr/src</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:7178 +#: book.translate.xml:7179 msgid "Compile the kernel:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:7180 +#: book.translate.xml:7181 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>make buildkernel KERNCONF=<replaceable>MYKERNEL</replaceable></userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:7184 +#: book.translate.xml:7185 msgid "Wait for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>make</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to finish compiling." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:7188 +#: book.translate.xml:7189 #, no-wrap msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>make installkernel KERNCONF=MYKERNEL</userinput>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:7192 +#: book.translate.xml:7193 msgid "Reboot." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:7197 +#: book.translate.xml:7198 msgid "If <varname>KERNCONF</varname> is not included, the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel will instead be built and installed." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7202 +#: book.translate.xml:7203 msgid "" "The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>make</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> process will have built two kernels. <filename>/usr/obj/" "usr/src/sys/MYKERNEL/kernel</filename> and <filename>/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/MYKERNEL/kernel.debug</filename>. <filename>kernel</filename> was installed " @@ -7728,7 +7726,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7211 +#: book.translate.xml:7212 msgid "" "To capture a crash dump, edit <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> and set <literal>dumpdev</literal> to point to either the swap partition or " "<literal>AUTO</literal>. This will cause the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> scripts to use the " @@ -7740,7 +7738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:7224 +#: book.translate.xml:7225 msgid "" "FreeBSD crash dumps are usually the same size as physical RAM. Therefore, make sure there is enough space in <filename>/var/crash</filename> to hold " "the dump. Alternatively, run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>savecore</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> manually and have it recover " @@ -7750,12 +7748,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7239 +#: book.translate.xml:7240 msgid "Once the crash dump has been recovered , get a stack trace as follows:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:7242 +#: book.translate.xml:7243 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>kgdb /usr/obj/usr/src/sys/MYKERNEL/kernel.debug /var/crash/vmcore.0</userinput>\n" @@ -7763,7 +7761,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7245 +#: book.translate.xml:7246 msgid "" "Note that there may be several screens worth of information. Ideally, use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> to capture all of them. Using the unstripped kernel image with all the debug symbols should show the exact line of kernel source code " @@ -7773,14 +7771,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:7257 +#: book.translate.xml:7258 msgid "" "If a second computer is available, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kgdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> can be configured to do " "remote debugging, including setting breakpoints and single-stepping through the kernel code." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:7264 +#: book.translate.xml:7265 msgid "" "If <literal>DDB</literal> is enabled and the kernel drops into the debugger, a panic and a crash dump can be forced by typing <literal>panic</literal> " "at the <literal>ddb</literal> prompt. It may stop in the debugger again during the panic phase. If it does, type <literal>continue</literal> and it " @@ -7788,61 +7786,61 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:7278 +#: book.translate.xml:7279 msgid "Why has <function>dlsym()</function> stopped working for ELF executables?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7283 +#: book.translate.xml:7284 msgid "" "The ELF toolchain does not, by default, make the symbols defined in an executable visible to the dynamic linker. Consequently <function>dlsym()</" "function> searches on handles obtained from calls to <function>dlopen(NULL, flags)</function> will fail to find such symbols." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7290 +#: book.translate.xml:7291 msgid "" "To search, using <function>dlsym()</function>, for symbols present in the main executable of a process, link the executable using the <option>--export-" "dynamic</option> option to the ELF linker (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ld</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:7300 +#: book.translate.xml:7301 msgid "How can I increase or reduce the kernel address space on i386?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7305 +#: book.translate.xml:7306 msgid "" "By default, the kernel address space is 1 GB (2 GB for PAE) for i386. When running a network-intensive server or using ZFS, this will probably not be " "enough." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7311 +#: book.translate.xml:7312 msgid "Add the following line to the kernel configuration file to increase available space and rebuild the kernel:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:7315 +#: book.translate.xml:7316 #, no-wrap msgid "options KVA_PAGES=<replaceable>N</replaceable>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:7317 +#: book.translate.xml:7318 msgid "" "To find the correct value of <replaceable>N</replaceable>, divide the desired address space size (in megabytes) by four. (For example, it is " "<literal>512</literal> for 2 GB.)" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:7327 +#: book.translate.xml:7328 msgid "Acknowledgments" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/para -#: book.translate.xml:7329 +#: book.translate.xml:7330 msgid "" "This innocent little Frequently Asked Questions document has been written, rewritten, edited, folded, spindled, mutilated, eviscerated, contemplated, " "discombobulated, cogitated, regurgitated, rebuilt, castigated, and reinvigorated over the last decade, by a cast of hundreds if not thousands. " @@ -7850,7 +7848,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/para -#: book.translate.xml:7336 +#: book.translate.xml:7337 msgid "" "We wish to thank every one of the people responsible, and we encourage you to <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/" "contributing/article.html\">join them</link> in making this <acronym>FAQ</acronym> even better." |