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-<!-- $FreeBSD: doc/en_US.ISO_8859-1/articles/programming-tools/article.sgml,v 1.14 2001/04/09 00:33:41 dd Exp $ -->
-<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
-
-<!DOCTYPE ARTICLE PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook V4.1-Based Extension//EN">
-<article>
-  <articleinfo>
-    <title>A User's Guide to FreeBSD Programming Tools</title>
-
-    <authorgroup>
-      <author>
-	<firstname>James</firstname>
-
-	<surname>Raynard</surname>
-
-	<affiliation>
-	  <address>
-	    <email>jraynard@FreeBSD.org</email>
-	  </address>
-	</affiliation>
-      </author>
-    </authorgroup>
-
-    <pubdate>August 17, 1997</pubdate>
-
-    <copyright>
-      <year>1997</year>
-      <holder>James Raynard</holder>
-    </copyright>
-
-    <abstract>
-      <para>This document is an introduction to using some of the
-	programming tools supplied with FreeBSD, although much of it
-	will be applicable to many other versions of Unix.  It does
-	<emphasis>not</emphasis> attempt to describe coding in any
-	detail.  Most of the document assumes little or no previous
-	programming knowledge, although it is hoped that most
-	programmers will find something of value in it</para>
-    </abstract>
-  </articleinfo>
-
-  <sect1>
-    <title>Introduction<anchor id=foo></title>
-
-    <para>FreeBSD offers an excellent development environment.
-      Compilers for C, C++, and Fortran and an assembler come with the
-      basic system, not to mention a Perl interpreter and classic Unix
-      tools such as <command>sed</command> and <command>awk</command>.  If that is
-      not enough, there are many more compilers and interpreters in
-      the Ports collection.  FreeBSD is very compatible with standards
-      such as <acronym>POSIX</acronym> and <acronym>ANSI</acronym> C, as well with
-      its own BSD heritage, so it is possible to write applications
-      that will compile and run with little or no modification on a
-      wide range of platforms.</para>
-
-    <para>However, all this power can be rather overwhelming at first
-      if you've never written programs on a Unix platform before.
-      This document aims to help you get up and running, without
-      getting too deeply into more advanced topics.  The intention is
-      that this document should give you enough of the basics to be
-      able to make some sense of the documentation.</para>
-
-    <para>Most of the document requires little or no knowledge of
-      programming, although it does assume a basic competence with
-      using Unix and a willingness to learn!</para>
-  </sect1>
-
-  <sect1>
-    <title>Introduction to Programming</title>
-
-    <para>A program is a set of instructions that tell the computer to
-      do various things; sometimes the instruction it has to perform
-      depends on what happened when it performed a previous
-      instruction.  This section gives an overview of the two main
-      ways in which you can give these instructions, or
-      <quote>commands</quote> as they are usually called.  One way
-      uses an <firstterm>interpreter</firstterm>, the other a
-      <firstterm>compiler</firstterm>.  As human languages are too difficult for
-      a computer to understand in an unambiguous way, commands are
-      usually written in one or other languages specially designed for
-      the purpose.</para>
-
-    <sect2>
-      <title>Interpreters</title>
-
-      <para>With an interpreter, the language comes as an environment,
-	where you type in commands at a prompt and the environment
-	executes them for you.  For more complicated programs, you can
-	type the commands into a file and get the interpreter to load
-	the file and execute the commands in it.  If anything goes
-	wrong, many interpreters will drop you into a debugger to help
-	you track down the problem.</para>
-
-      <para>The advantage of this is that you can see the results of
-	your commands immediately, and mistakes can be corrected
-	readily.  The biggest disadvantage comes when you want to
-	share your programs with someone.  They must have the same
-	interpreter, or you must have some way of giving it to them,
-	and they need to understand how to use it.  Also users may not
-	appreciate being thrown into a debugger if they press the
-	wrong key! From a performance point of view, interpreters can
-	use up a lot of memory, and generally do not generate code as
-	efficiently as compilers.</para>
-
-      <para>In my opinion, interpreted languages are the best way to
-	start if you have not done any programming before.  This kind
-	of environment is typically found with languages like Lisp,
-	Smalltalk, Perl and Basic.  It could also be argued that the
-	Unix shell (<command>sh</command>, <command>csh</command>) is itself an
-	interpreter, and many people do in fact write shell
-	<quote>scripts</quote> to help with various
-	<quote>housekeeping</quote> tasks on their machine.  Indeed, part
-	of the original Unix philosophy was to provide lots of small
-	utility programs that could be linked together in shell
-	scripts to perform useful tasks.</para>
-    </sect2>
-
-    <sect2>
-      <title>Interpreters available with FreeBSD</title>
-
-      <para>Here is a list of interpreters that are available as
-	<ulink
-	  URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org:pub/FreeBSD/packages/">FreeBSD
-	  packages</ulink>, with a brief discussion of some of the
-	more popular interpreted languages.</para>
-
-      <para>To get one of these packages, all you need to do is to
-	click on the hotlink for the package, then run</para>
-
-      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_add <replaceable>package name</></userinput>
-      </screen>
-
-      <para>as root.  Obviously, you will need to have a fully
-	functional FreeBSD 2.1.0 or later system for the package to
-	work!</para>
-
-      <variablelist>
-	<varlistentry>
-	  <term><acronym>BASIC</acronym></term>
-
-	  <listitem>
-	    <para>Short for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic
-	      Instruction Code.  Developed in the 1950s for teaching
-	      University students to program and provided with every
-	      self-respecting personal computer in the 1980s,
-	      <acronym>BASIC</acronym> has been the first programming
-	      language for many programmers.  It's also the foundation
-	      for Visual Basic.</para>
-
-	    <para>The <ulink
-		URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org:pub/FreeBSD/packages/lang/bwbasic-2.10.tgz">Bywater
-		Basic Interpreter</ulink> and the <ulink
-		URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org:pub/FreeBSD/packages/lang/pbasic-2.0.tgz">Phil
-		Cockroft's Basic Interpreter</ulink> (formerly Rabbit
-	      Basic) are available as FreeBSD <ulink
-		URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org:pub/FreeBSD/packages/">FreeBSD
-		packages</ulink></para>
-	  </listitem>
-	</varlistentry>
-
-	<varlistentry>
-	  <term>Lisp</term>
-
-	  <listitem>
-	    <para>A language that was developed in the late 1950s as
-	      an alternative to the <quote>number-crunching</quote>
-	      languages that were popular at the time.  Instead of
-	      being based on numbers, Lisp is based on lists; in fact
-	      the name is short for <quote>List Processing</quote>.
-	      Very popular in AI (Artificial Intelligence)
-	      circles.</para>
-
-	    <para>Lisp is an extremely powerful and sophisticated
-	      language, but can be rather large and unwieldy.</para>
-
-	    <para>FreeBSD has <ulink
-		URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org:pub/FreeBSD/packages/gcl-2.0.tgz">GNU
-		Common Lisp</ulink> available as a package.</para>
-	  </listitem>
-	</varlistentry>
-
-	<varlistentry>
-	  <term>Perl</term>
-
-	  <listitem>
-	    <para>Very popular with system administrators for writing
-	      scripts; also often used on World Wide Web servers for
-	      writing <acronym>CGI</acronym> scripts.</para>
-
-	    <para>The latest version (version 5) comes with FreeBSD.</para>
-	  </listitem>
-	</varlistentry>
-
-	<varlistentry>
-	  <term>Scheme</term>
-
-	  <listitem>
-	    <para>A dialect of Lisp that is rather more compact and
-	      cleaner than Common Lisp.  Popular in Universities as it
-	      is simple enough to teach to undergraduates as a first
-	      language, while it has a high enough level of
-	      abstraction to be used in research work.</para>
-
-	    <para>FreeBSD has packages of the <ulink
-		URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org:pub/FreeBSD/packages/lang/elk-3.0.tgz">Elk
-		Scheme Interpreter</ulink>, the <ulink
-		URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org:pub/FreeBSD/packages/lang/mit-scheme-7.3.tgz">MIT
-		Scheme Interpreter</ulink> and the <ulink
-		URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org:pub/FreeBSD/packages/lang/scm-4e1.tgz">SCM
-		Scheme Interpreter</ulink>.</para>
-	  </listitem>
-	</varlistentry>
-
-	<varlistentry>
-	  <term>Icon</term>
-
-	  <listitem>
-	    <para><ulink
-		URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org:pub/FreeBSD/packages/lang/icon-9.0.tgz">The
-		Icon Programming Language</ulink>.</para>
-	  </listitem>
-	</varlistentry>
-
-	<varlistentry>
-	  <term>Logo</term>
-
-	  <listitem>
-	    <para><ulink
-		URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org:pub/FreeBSD/packages/lang/ucblogo-3.3.tgz">Brian
-		Harvey's LOGO Interpreter</ulink>.</para>
-	  </listitem>
-	</varlistentry>
-
-	<varlistentry>
-	  <term>Python</term>
-
-	  <listitem>
-	    <para><ulink
-		URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org:pub/FreeBSD/packages/lang/python-1.2">The
-		Python Object-Oriented Programming
-		Language</ulink></para>
-	  </listitem>
-	</varlistentry>
-      </variablelist>
-    </sect2>
-
-    <sect2>
-      <title>Compilers</title>
-
-      <para>Compilers are rather different.  First of all, you write
-	your code in a file (or files) using an editor.  You then run
-	the compiler and see if it accepts your program.  If it did
-	not compile, grit your teeth and go back to the editor; if it
-	did compile and gave you a program, you can run it either at a
-	shell command prompt or in a debugger to see if it works
-	properly.
-	
-	<footnote>
-	  <para>If you run it in the shell, you may get a core
-	    dump.</para>
-	</footnote></para>
-
-      <para>Obviously, this is not quite as direct as using an
-	interpreter.  However it allows you to do a lot of things
-	which are very difficult or even impossible with an
-	interpreter, such as writing code which interacts closely with
-	the operating system&mdash;or even writing your own operating
-	system! It's also useful if you need to write very efficient
-	code, as the compiler can take its time and optimise the code,
-	which would not be acceptable in an interpreter.  And
-	distributing a program written for a compiler is usually more
-	straightforward than one written for an interpreter&mdash;you
-	can just give them a copy of the executable, assuming they
-	have the same operating system as you.</para>
-
-      <para>Compiled languages include Pascal, C and C++.  C and C++
-	are rather unforgiving languages, and best suited to more
-	experienced programmers; Pascal, on the other hand, was
-	designed as an educational language, and is quite a good
-	language to start with.  Unfortunately, FreeBSD doesn't have
-	any Pascal support, except for a Pascal-to-C converter in the
-	ports.</para>
-
-      <para>As the edit-compile-run-debug cycle is rather tedious when
-	using separate programs, many commercial compiler makers have
-	produced Integrated Development Environments
-	(<acronym>IDE</acronym>s for short).  FreeBSD does not have an
-	<acronym>IDE</acronym> as such; however it is possible to use Emacs
-	for this purpose.  This is discussed in <xref
-	  linkend="emacs">.</para>
-    </sect2>
-  </sect1>
-
-  <sect1>
-    <title>Compiling with <command>cc</command></title>
-
-    <para>This section deals only with the GNU compiler for C and C++,
-      since that comes with the base FreeBSD system.  It can be
-      invoked by either <command>cc</command> or <command>gcc</command>.  The
-      details of producing a program with an interpreter vary
-      considerably between interpreters, and are usually well covered
-      in the documentation and on-line help for the
-      interpreter.</para>
-
-    <para>Once you've written your masterpiece, the next step is to
-      convert it into something that will (hopefully!) run on FreeBSD.
-      This usually involves several steps, each of which is done by a
-      separate program.</para>
-
-    <procedure>
-      <step>
-	<para>Pre-process your source code to remove comments and do
-	  other tricks like expanding macros in C.</para>
-      </step>
-
-      <step>
-	<para>Check the syntax of your code to see if you have obeyed
-	  the rules of the language.  If you have not, it will
-	  complain!</para>
-      </step>
-
-      <step>
-	<para>Convert the source code into assembly
-	  language&mdash;this is very close to machine code, but still
-	  understandable by humans.  Allegedly.
-
-	  <footnote>
-	    <para>To be strictly accurate, <command>cc</command> converts the
-	      source code into its own, machine-independent
-	      <firstterm>p-code</firstterm> instead of assembly language at
-	      this stage.</para>
-	  </footnote></para>
-      </step>
-
-      <step>
-	<para>Convert the assembly language into machine
-	  code&mdash;yep, we are talking bits and bytes, ones and
-	  zeros here.</para>
-      </step>
-
-      <step>
-	<para>Check that you have used things like functions and
-	  global variables in a consistent way.  For example, if you
-	  have called a non-existent function, it will
-	  complain.</para>
-      </step>
-
-      <step>
-	<para>If you are trying to produce an executable from several
-	  source code files, work out how to fit them all
-	  together.</para>
-      </step>
-
-      <step>
-	<para>Work out how to produce something that the system's
-	  run-time loader will be able to load into memory and
-	  run.</para>
-      </step>
-
-      <step>
-	<para>Finally, write the executable on the file system.</para>
-      </step>
-    </procedure>
-
-    <para>The word <firstterm>compiling</firstterm> is often used to refer to
-      just steps 1 to 4&mdash;the others are referred to as
-      <firstterm>linking</firstterm>.  Sometimes step 1 is referred to as
-      <firstterm>pre-processing</firstterm> and steps 3-4 as
-      <firstterm>assembling</firstterm>.</para>
-
-    <para>Fortunately, almost all this detail is hidden from you, as
-      <command>cc</command> is a front end that manages calling all these
-      programs with the right arguments for you; simply typing</para>
-
-    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cc foobar.c</>
-    </screen>
-
-    <para>will cause <filename>foobar.c</filename> to be compiled by all the
-      steps above.  If you have more than one file to compile, just do
-      something like</para>
-
-    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cc foo.c bar.c</>
-    </screen>
-
-    <para>Note that the syntax checking is just that&mdash;checking
-      the syntax.  It will not check for any logical mistakes you may
-      have made, like putting the program into an infinite loop, or
-      using a bubble sort when you meant to use a binary
-      sort.
-
-      <footnote>
-	<para>In case you didn't know, a binary sort is an efficient
-	  way of sorting things into order and a bubble sort
-	  isn't.</para>
-      </footnote></para>
-
-    <para>There are lots and lots of options for <command>cc</command>, which
-      are all in the man page.  Here are a few of the most important
-      ones, with examples of how to use them.</para>
-
-    <variablelist>
-      <varlistentry>
-	<term><option>-o <replaceable>filename</replaceable></option></term>
-
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>The output name of the file.  If you do not use this
-	    option, <command>cc</command> will produce an executable called
-	    <filename>a.out</filename>.
-
-	    <footnote>
-	      <para>The reasons for this are buried in the mists of
-		history.</para>
-	    </footnote></para>
-
-	  <informalexample>
-	    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cc foobar.c</>               <lineannotation>executable is <filename>a.out</></>
-&prompt.user; <userinput>cc -o foobar foobar.c</>     <lineannotation>executable is <filename>foobar</></>
-	    </screen>
-	  </informalexample>
-	</listitem>
-      </varlistentry>
-
-      <varlistentry>
-	<term><option>-c</option></term>
-	
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>Just compile the file, do not link it.  Useful for toy
-	    programs where you just want to check the syntax, or if
-	    you are using a <filename>Makefile</filename>.</para>
-
-	  <informalexample>
-	    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cc -c foobar.c</userinput>
-	    </screen>
-	  </informalexample>
-
-	  <para>This will produce an <firstterm>object file</firstterm> (not an
-	    executable) called <filename>foobar.o</filename>.  This
-	    can be linked together with other object files into an
-	    executable.</para>
-	</listitem>
-      </varlistentry>
-
-      <varlistentry>
-	<term><option>-g</option></term>
-
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>Create a debug version of the executable.  This makes
-	    the compiler put information into the executable about
-	    which line of which source file corresponds to which
-	    function call.  A debugger can use this information to show
-	    the source code as you step through the program, which is
-	    <emphasis>very</emphasis> useful; the disadvantage is that
-	    all this extra information makes the program much bigger.
-	    Normally, you compile with <option>-g</option> while you
-	    are developing a program and then compile a <quote>release
-	      version</quote> without <option>-g</option> when you're
-	    satisfied it works properly.</para>
-
-	  <informalexample>
-	    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cc -g foobar.c</userinput>
-	    </screen>
-	  </informalexample>
-
-	  <para>This will produce a debug version of the
-	    program.
-
-	    <footnote>
-	      <para>Note, we didn't use the <option>-o</option> flag
-		to specify the executable name, so we will get an
-		executable called <filename>a.out</filename>.
-		Producing a debug version called
-		<filename>foobar</filename> is left as an exercise for
-		the reader!</para>
-	    </footnote></para>
-	</listitem>
-      </varlistentry>
-
-      <varlistentry>
-	<term><option>-O</option></term>
-
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>Create an optimised version of the executable.  The
-	    compiler performs various clever tricks to try and produce
-	    an executable that runs faster than normal.  You can add a
-	    number after the <option>-O</option> to specify a higher
-	    level of optimisation, but this often exposes bugs in the
-	    compiler's optimiser.  For instance, the version of
-	    <command>cc</command> that comes with the 2.1.0 release of
-	    FreeBSD is known to produce bad code with the
-	    <option>-O2</option> option in some circumstances.</para>
-
-	  <para>Optimisation is usually only turned on when compiling
-	    a release version.</para>
-
-	  <informalexample>
-	    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cc -O -o foobar foobar.c</userinput>
-	    </screen>
-	  </informalexample>
-
-	  <para>This will produce an optimised version of
-	    <filename>foobar</filename>.</para>
-	</listitem>
-      </varlistentry>
-    </variablelist>
-
-    <para>The following three flags will force <command>cc</command>
-      to check that your code complies to the relevant international
-      standard, often referred to as the <acronym>ANSI</acronym>
-      standard, though strictly speaking it is an
-      <acronym>ISO</acronym> standard.</para>
-
-    <variablelist>
-      <varlistentry>
-	<term><option>-Wall</option></term>
-
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>Enable all the warnings which the authors of
-	    <command>cc</command> believe are worthwhile.  Despite the
-	    name, it will not enable all the warnings
-	    <command>cc</command> is capable of.</para>
-	</listitem>
-      </varlistentry>
-
-      <varlistentry>
-	<term><option>-ansi</option></term>
-
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>Turn off most, but not all, of the
-	    non-<acronym>ANSI</acronym>&nbsp;C features provided by
-	    <command>cc</command>.  Despite the name, it does not
-	    guarantee strictly that your code will comply to the
-	    standard.</para>
-	</listitem>
-      </varlistentry>
-
-      <varlistentry>
-	<term><option>-pedantic</option></term>
-
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>Turn off <emphasis>all</emphasis>
-	    <command>cc</command>'s non-<acronym>ANSI</acronym>&nbsp;C
-	    features.</para>
-	</listitem>
-      </varlistentry>
-    </variablelist>
-
-    <para>Without these flags, <command>cc</command> will allow you to
-      use some of its non-standard extensions to the standard.  Some
-      of these are very useful, but will not work with other
-      compilers&mdash;in fact, one of the main aims of the standard is
-      to allow people to write code that will work with any compiler
-      on any system.  This is known as <firstterm>portable
-	code</firstterm>.</para>
-
-    <para>Generally, you should try to make your code as portable as
-      possible, as otherwise you may have to completely re-write the
-      program later to get it to work somewhere else&mdash;and who
-      knows what you may be using in a few years time?</para>
-
-    <informalexample>
-      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cc -Wall -ansi -pedantic -o foobar foobar.c</userinput>
-      </screen>
-    </informalexample>
-
-    <para>This will produce an executable <filename>foobar</filename>
-      after checking <filename>foobar.c</filename> for standard
-      compliance.</para>
-
-    <variablelist>
-      <varlistentry>
-	<term><option>-l<replaceable>library</replaceable></option></term>
-
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>Specify a function library to be used during when
-	    linking.</para>
-
-	  <para>The most common example of this is when compiling a
-	    program that uses some of the mathematical functions in C.
-	    Unlike most other platforms, these are in a separate
-	    library from the standard C one and you have to tell the
-	    compiler to add it.</para>
-
-	  <para>The rule is that if the library is called
-	    <filename>lib<replaceable>something</replaceable>.a</filename>,
-	    you give <command>cc</command> the argument
-	    <option>-l<replaceable>something</replaceable></option>.
-	    For example, the math library is
-	    <filename>libm.a</filename>, so you give
-	    <command>cc</command> the argument <option>-lm</option>.
-	    A common <quote>gotcha</quote> with the math library is
-	    that it has to be the last library on the command
-	    line.</para>
-
-	  <informalexample>
-	    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cc -o foobar foobar.c -lm</userinput>
-	    </screen>
-	  </informalexample>
-
-	  <para>This will link the math library functions into
-	    <filename>foobar</filename>.</para>
-
-	  <para>If you are compiling C++ code, you need to add
-	    <option>-lg++</option>, or <option>-lstdc++</option> if
-	    you are using FreeBSD 2.2 or later, to the command line
-	    argument to link the C++ library functions.
-	    Alternatively, you can run <command>c++</command> instead
-	    of <command>cc</command>, which does this for you.
-	    <command>c++</command> can also be invoked as
-	    <command>g++</command> on FreeBSD.</para>
-
-	  <informalexample>
-	    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cc -o foobar foobar.cc -lg++</userinput>     <lineannotation>For FreeBSD 2.1.6 and earlier</>
-&prompt.user; <userinput>cc -o foobar foobar.cc -lstdc++</userinput>  <lineannotation>For FreeBSD 2.2 and later</>
-&prompt.user; <userinput>c++ -o foobar foobar.cc</userinput>
-	    </screen>
-	  </informalexample>
-
-	  <para>Each of these will both produce an executable
-	    <filename>foobar</filename> from the C++ source file
-	    <filename>foobar.cc</filename>.  Note that, on Unix
-	    systems, C++ source files traditionally end in
-	    <filename>.C</filename>, <filename>.cxx</filename> or
-	    <filename>.cc</filename>, rather than the
-	    MS-DOS style
-	    <filename>.cpp</filename> (which was already used for
-	    something else).  <command>gcc</command> used to rely on
-	    this to work out what kind of compiler to use on the
-	    source file; however, this restriction no longer applies,
-	    so you may now call your C++ files
-	    <filename>.cpp</filename> with impunity!</para>
-	</listitem>
-      </varlistentry>
-    </variablelist>
-
-    <sect2>
-      <title>Common <command>cc</command> Queries and Problems</title>
-
-      <qandaset>
-	<qandaentry>
-	  <question>
-	    <para>I am trying to write a program which uses the
-	      <function>sin()</function> function and I get an error
-	      like this.  What does it mean?</para>
-
-	    <informalexample>
-	      <screen>/var/tmp/cc0143941.o: Undefined symbol `_sin' referenced from text segment
-	      </screen>
-	    </informalexample>
-	  </question>
-
-	  <answer>
-	    <para>When using mathematical functions like
-	      <function>sin()</function>, you have to tell
-	      <command>cc</command> to link in the math library, like
-	      so:</para>
-
-	    <informalexample>
-	      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cc -o foobar foobar.c -lm</userinput>
-	      </screen>
-	    </informalexample>
-	  </answer>
-	</qandaentry>
-
-	<qandaentry>
-	  <question>
-	    <para>All right, I wrote this simple program to practice
-	      using <option>-lm</option>.  All it does is raise 2.1 to
-	      the power of 6.</para>
-
-	    <informalexample>
-	      <programlisting>#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
-
-int main() {
-	float f;
-
-	f = pow(2.1, 6);
-	printf("2.1 ^ 6 = %f\n", f);
-	return 0;
-}
-	      </programlisting>
-	    </informalexample>
-
-	    <para>and I compiled it as:</para>
-
-	    <informalexample>
-	      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cc temp.c -lm</userinput>
-	      </screen>
-	    </informalexample>
-
-	    <para>like you said I should, but I get this when I run
-	      it:</para>
-
-	    <informalexample>
-	      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>./a.out</userinput>
-2.1 ^ 6 = 1023.000000
-	      </screen>
-	    </informalexample>
-
-	    <para>This is <emphasis>not</emphasis> the right answer!
-	      What is going on?</para>
-	  </question>
-
-	  <answer>
-	    <para>When the compiler sees you call a function, it
-	      checks if it has already seen a prototype for it.  If it
-	      has not, it assumes the function returns an
-	      <type>int</type>, which is definitely not what you want
-	      here.</para>
-	  </answer>
-	</qandaentry>
-
-	<qandaentry>
-	  <question>
-	    <para>So how do I fix this?</para>
-	  </question>
-
-	  <answer>
-	    <para>The prototypes for the mathematical functions are in
-	      <filename>math.h</filename>.  If you include this file,
-	      the compiler will be able to find the prototype and it
-	      will stop doing strange things to your
-	      calculation!</para>
-
-	    <informalexample>
-	      <programlisting>#include &lt;math.h&gt;
-#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
-
-int main() {
-...
-	      </programlisting>
-	    </informalexample>
-
-	    <para>After recompiling it as you did before, run
-	      it:</para>
-
-	    <informalexample>
-	      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>./a.out</userinput>
-2.1 ^ 6 = 85.766121
-	      </screen>
-	    </informalexample>
-
-	    <para>If you are using any of the mathematical functions,
-	      <emphasis>always</emphasis> include
-	      <filename>math.h</filename> and remember to link in the
-	      math library.</para>
-	  </answer>
-	</qandaentry>
-
-	<qandaentry>
-	  <question>
-	    <para>I compiled a file called
-	      <filename>foobar.c</filename> and I cannot find an
-	      executable called <filename>foobar</filename>.  Where's
-	      it gone?</para>
-	  </question>
-
-	  <answer>
-	    <para>Remember, <command>cc</command> will call the
-	      executable <filename>a.out</filename> unless you tell it
-	      differently.  Use the
-	      <option>-o&nbsp;<replaceable>filename</replaceable></option>
-	      option:</para>
-
-	    <informalexample>
-	      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cc -o foobar foobar.c</userinput>
-	      </screen>
-	    </informalexample>
-	  </answer>
-	</qandaentry>
-	
-	<qandaentry>
-	  <question>
-	    <para>OK, I have an executable called
-	      <filename>foobar</filename>, I can see it when I run
-	      <command>ls</command>, but when I type in
-	      <command>foobar</command> at the command prompt it tells
-	      me there is no such file.  Why can it not find
-	      it?</para>
-	  </question>
-
-	  <answer>
-	    <para>Unlike MS-DOS, Unix does not
-	      look in the current directory when it is trying to find
-	      out which executable you want it to run, unless you tell
-	      it to.  Either type <command>./foobar</command>, which
-	      means <quote>run the file called
-		<filename>foobar</filename> in the current
-		directory</quote>, or change your <envar
-		>PATH</envar> environment
-	      variable so that it looks something like</para>
-
-	    <informalexample>
-	      <screen>bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:.
-	      </screen>
-	    </informalexample>
-
-	    <para>The dot at the end means <quote>look in the current
-		directory if it is not in any of the
-		others</quote>.</para>
-	  </answer>
-	</qandaentry>
-
-	<qandaentry>
-	  <question>
-	    <para>I called my executable <filename>test</filename>,
-	      but nothing happens when I run it.  What is going
-	      on?</para>
-	  </question>
-
-	  <answer>
-	    <para>Most Unix systems have a program called
-	      <command>test</command> in <filename>/usr/bin</filename>
-	      and the shell is picking that one up before it gets to
-	      checking the current directory.  Either type:</para>
-
-	    <informalexample>
-	      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>./test</userinput>
-	      </screen>
-	    </informalexample>
-
-	    <para>or choose a better name for your program!</para>
-	  </answer>
-	</qandaentry>
-
-	<qandaentry>
-	  <question>
-	    <para>I compiled my program and it seemed to run all right
-	      at first, then there was an error and it said something
-	      about <errorname>core dumped</errorname>.  What does that
-	      mean?</para>
-	  </question>
-
-	  <answer>
-	    <para>The name <firstterm>core dump</firstterm> dates back
-	      to the very early days of Unix, when the machines used
-	      core memory for storing data.  Basically, if the program
-	      failed under certain conditions, the system would write
-	      the contents of core memory to disk in a file called
-	      <filename>core</filename>, which the programmer could
-	      then pore over to find out what went wrong.</para>
-	  </answer>
-	</qandaentry>
-
-	<qandaentry>
-	  <question>
-	    <para>Fascinating stuff, but what I am supposed to do
-	      now?</para>
-	  </question>
-
-	  <answer>
-	    <para>Use <command>gdb</command> to analyse the core (see
-	      <xref linkend="debugging">).</para>
-	  </answer>
-	</qandaentry>
-
-	<qandaentry>
-	  <question>
-	    <para>When my program dumped core, it said something about
-	      a <errorname>segmentation fault</errorname>.  What's
-	      that?</para>
-	  </question>
-
-	  <answer>
-	    <para>This basically means that your program tried to
-	      perform some sort of illegal operation on memory; Unix
-	      is designed to protect the operating system and other
-	      programs from rogue programs.</para>
-
-	    <para>Common causes for this are:</para>
-
-	    <itemizedlist>
-	      <listitem>
-		<para>Trying to write to a <symbol>NULL</symbol>
-		  pointer, eg</para>
-
-		<programlisting>char *foo = NULL;
-strcpy(foo, "bang!");
-		</programlisting>
-	      </listitem>
-
-	      <listitem>
-		<para>Using a pointer that hasn't been initialised,
-		  eg</para>
-
-		<programlisting>char *foo;
-strcpy(foo, "bang!");
-		</programlisting>
-
-		<para>The pointer will have some random value that,
-		  with luck, will point into an area of memory that
-		  isn't available to your program and the kernel will
-		  kill your program before it can do any damage.  If
-		  you're unlucky, it'll point somewhere inside your
-		  own program and corrupt one of your data structures,
-		  causing the program to fail mysteriously.</para>
-	      </listitem>
-
-	      <listitem>
-		<para>Trying to access past the end of an array,
-		  eg</para>
-
-		<programlisting>int bar[20];
-bar[27] = 6;
-		</programlisting>
-	      </listitem>
-
-	      <listitem>
-		<para>Trying to store something in read-only memory,
-		  eg</para>
-
-		<programlisting>char *foo = "My string";
-strcpy(foo, "bang!");
-		</programlisting>
-
-		<para>Unix compilers often put string literals like
-		  <literal>"My string"</literal> into read-only areas
-		  of memory.</para>
-	      </listitem>
-
-	      <listitem>
-		<para>Doing naughty things with
-		  <function>malloc()</function> and
-		  <function>free()</function>, eg</para>
-
-		<programlisting>char bar[80];
-free(bar);
-		</programlisting>
-
-		<para>or</para>
-
-		<programlisting>char *foo = malloc(27);
-free(foo);
-free(foo);
-		</programlisting>
-	      </listitem>
-	    </itemizedlist>
-
-	    <para>Making one of these mistakes will not always lead to
-	      an error, but they are always bad practice.  Some
-	      systems and compilers are more tolerant than others,
-	      which is why programs that ran well on one system can
-	      crash when you try them on an another.</para>
-	  </answer>
-	</qandaentry>
-
-	<qandaentry>
-	  <question>
-	    <para>Sometimes when I get a core dump it says
-	      <errorname>bus error</errorname>.  It says in my Unix
-	      book that this means a hardware problem, but the
-	      computer still seems to be working.  Is this
-	      true?</para>
-	  </question>
-
-	  <answer>
-	    <para>No, fortunately not (unless of course you really do
-	      have a hardware problem&hellip;).  This is usually
-	      another way of saying that you accessed memory in a way
-	      you shouldn't have.</para>
-	  </answer>
-	</qandaentry>
-
-	<qandaentry>
-	  <question>
-	    <para>This dumping core business sounds as though it could
-	      be quite useful, if I can make it happen when I want to.
-	      Can I do this, or do I have to wait until there's an
-	      error?</para>
-	  </question>
-
-	  <answer>
-	    <para>Yes, just go to another console or xterm, do</para>
-
-	    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>ps</userinput>
-	    </screen>
-
-	    <para>to find out the process ID of your program, and
-	      do</para>
-
-	    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>kill -ABRT <replaceable>pid</replaceable></userinput>
-	    </screen>
-
-	    <para>where
-	      <parameter><replaceable>pid</replaceable></parameter> is
-	      the process ID you looked up.</para>
-
-	    <para>This is useful if your program has got stuck in an
-	      infinite loop, for instance.  If your program happens to
-	      trap <symbol>SIGABRT</symbol>, there are several other
-	      signals which have a similar effect.</para>
-	  </answer>
-	</qandaentry>
-      </qandaset>
-    </sect2>
-  </sect1>
-
-  <sect1>
-    <title>Make</title>
-
-    <sect2>
-      <title>What is <command>make</command>?</title>
-
-      <para>When you're working on a simple program with only one or
-	two source files, typing in</para>
-
-      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cc file1.c file2.c</userinput>
-      </screen>
-
-      <para>is not too bad, but it quickly becomes very tedious when
-	there are several files&mdash;and it can take a while to
-	compile, too.</para>
-
-      <para>One way to get around this is to use object files and only
-	recompile the source file if the source code has changed.  So
-	we could have something like:</para>
-
-      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cc file1.o file2.o</userinput> &hellip; <userinput>file37.c</userinput> &hellip
-      </screen>
-
-      <para>if we'd changed <filename>file37.c</filename>, but not any
-	of the others, since the last time we compiled.  This may
-	speed up the compilation quite a bit, but doesn't solve the
-	typing problem.</para>
-
-      <para>Or we could write a shell script to solve the typing
-	problem, but it would have to re-compile everything, making it
-	very inefficient on a large project.</para>
-
-      <para>What happens if we have hundreds of source files lying
-	about? What if we're working in a team with other people who
-	forget to tell us when they've changed one of their source
-	files that we use?</para>
-
-      <para>Perhaps we could put the two solutions together and write
-	something like a shell script that would contain some kind of
-	magic rule saying when a source file needs compiling.  Now all
-	we need now is a program that can understand these rules, as
-	it's a bit too complicated for the shell.</para>
-
-      <para>This program is called <command>make</command>.  It reads
-	in a file, called a <firstterm>makefile</firstterm>, that
-	tells it how different files depend on each other, and works
-	out which files need to be re-compiled and which ones don't.
-	For example, a rule could say something like <quote>if
-	  <filename>fromboz.o</filename> is older than
-	  <filename>fromboz.c</filename>, that means someone must have
-	  changed <filename>fromboz.c</filename>, so it needs to be
-	  re-compiled.</quote> The makefile also has rules telling
-	make <emphasis>how</emphasis> to re-compile the source file,
-	making it a much more powerful tool.</para>
-
-      <para>Makefiles are typically kept in the same directory as the
-	source they apply to, and can be called
-	<filename>makefile</filename>, <filename>Makefile</filename>
-	or <filename>MAKEFILE</filename>.  Most programmers use the
-	name <filename>Makefile</filename>, as this puts it near the
-	top of a directory listing, where it can easily be
-	seen.
-
-	<footnote>
-	  <para>They don't use the <filename>MAKEFILE</filename> form
-	    as block capitals are often used for documentation files
-	    like <filename>README</filename>.</para>
-	</footnote></para>
-    </sect2>
-
-    <sect2>
-      <title>Example of using <command>make</command></title>
-
-      <para>Here's a very simple make file:</para>
-
-      <programlisting>foo: foo.c
-	cc -o foo foo.c</programlisting>
-
-      <para>It consists of two lines, a dependency line and a creation
-	line.</para>
-
-      <para>The dependency line here consists of the name of the
-	program (known as the <firstterm>target</firstterm>), followed
-	by a colon, then whitespace, then the name of the source file.
-	When <command>make</command> reads this line, it looks to see
-	if <filename>foo</filename> exists; if it exists, it compares
-	the time <filename>foo</filename> was last modified to the
-	time <filename>foo.c</filename> was last modified.  If
-	<filename>foo</filename> does not exist, or is older than
-	<filename>foo.c</filename>, it then looks at the creation line
-	to find out what to do.  In other words, this is the rule for
-	working out when <filename>foo.c</filename> needs to be
-	re-compiled.</para>
-
-      <para>The creation line starts with a <token>tab</token> (press
-	the <keycap>tab</keycap> key) and then the command you would
-	type to create <filename>foo</filename> if you were doing it
-	at a command prompt.  If <filename>foo</filename> is out of
-	date, or does not exist, <command>make</command> then executes
-	this command to create it.  In other words, this is the rule
-	which tells make how to re-compile
-	<filename>foo.c</filename>.</para>
-
-      <para>So, when you type <userinput>make</userinput>, it will
-	make sure that <filename>foo</filename> is up to date with
-	respect to your latest changes to <filename>foo.c</filename>.
-	This principle can be extended to
-	<filename>Makefile</filename>s with hundreds of
-	targets&mdash;in fact, on FreeBSD, it is possible to compile
-	the entire operating system just by typing <userinput>make
-	  world</userinput> in the appropriate directory!</para>
-
-      <para>Another useful property of makefiles is that the targets
-	don't have to be programs.  For instance, we could have a make
-	file that looks like this:</para>
-
-      <programlisting>foo: foo.c
-	cc -o foo foo.c
-
-install:
-	cp foo /home/me</programlisting>
-
-      <para>We can tell make which target we want to make by
-	typing:</para>
-
-      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>make <replaceable>target</replaceable></userinput>
-      </screen>
-
-      <para><command>make</command> will then only look at that target
-	and ignore any others.  For example, if we type
-	<userinput>make foo</userinput> with the makefile above, make
-	will ignore the <action>install</action> target.</para>
-
-      <para>If we just type <userinput>make</userinput> on its own,
-	make will always look at the first target and then stop
-	without looking at any others.  So if we typed
-	<userinput>make</userinput> here, it will just go to the
-	<action>foo</action> target, re-compile
-	<filename>foo</filename> if necessary, and then stop without
-	going on to the <action>install</action> target.</para>
-
-      <para>Notice that the <action>install</action> target doesn't
-	actually depend on anything! This means that the command on
-	the following line is always executed when we try to make that
-	target by typing <userinput>make install</userinput>.  In this
-	case, it will copy <filename>foo</filename> into the user's
-	home directory.  This is often used by application makefiles,
-	so that the application can be installed in the correct
-	directory when it has been correctly compiled.</para>
-
-      <para>This is a slightly confusing subject to try and explain.
-	If you don't quite understand how <command>make</command>
-	works, the best thing to do is to write a simple program like
-	<quote>hello world</quote> and a make file like the one above
-	and experiment.  Then progress to using more than one source
-	file, or having the source file include a header file.  The
-	<command>touch</command> command is very useful here&mdash;it
-	changes the date on a file without you having to edit
-	it.</para>
-    </sect2>
-
-    <sect2>
-      <title>FreeBSD Makefiles</title>
-
-      <para>Makefiles can be rather complicated to write.  Fortunately,
-	BSD-based systems like FreeBSD come with some very powerful
-	ones as part of the system.  One very good example of this is
-	the FreeBSD ports system.  Here's the essential part of a
-	typical ports <filename>Makefile</filename>:</para>
-
-      <programlisting>MASTER_SITES=   ftp://freefall.cdrom.com/pub/FreeBSD/LOCAL_PORTS/
-DISTFILES=      scheme-microcode+dist-7.3-freebsd.tgz
-
-.include &lt;bsd.port.mk&gt;</programlisting>
-
-      <para>Now, if we go to the directory for this port and type
-	<userinput>make</userinput>, the following happens:</para>
-
-      <procedure>
-	<step>
-	  <para>A check is made to see if the source code for this
-	    port is already on the system.</para>
-	</step>
-
-	<step>
-	  <para>If it isn't, an FTP connection to the URL in
-	    <symbol>MASTER_SITES</symbol> is set up to download the
-	    source.</para>
-	</step>
-
-	<step>
-	  <para>The checksum for the source is calculated and compared
-	    it with one for a known, good, copy of the source.  This
-	    is to make sure that the source was not corrupted while in
-	    transit.</para>
-	</step>
-
-	<step>
-	  <para>Any changes required to make the source work on
-	    FreeBSD are applied&mdash;this is known as
-	    <firstterm>patching</firstterm>.</para>
-	</step>
-
-	<step>
-	  <para>Any special configuration needed for the source is
-	    done.  (Many Unix program distributions try to work out
-	    which version of Unix they are being compiled on and which
-	    optional Unix features are present&mdash;this is where
-	    they are given the information in the FreeBSD ports
-	    scenario).</para>
-	</step>
-
-	<step>
-	  <para>The source code for the program is compiled.  In
-	    effect, we change to the directory where the source was
-	    unpacked and do <command>make</command>&mdash;the
-	    program's own make file has the necessary information to
-	    build the program.</para>
-	</step>
-
-	<step>
-	  <para>We now have a compiled version of the program.  If we
-	    wish, we can test it now; when we feel confident about the
-	    program, we can type <userinput>make install</userinput>.
-	    This will cause the program and any supporting files it
-	    needs to be copied into the correct location; an entry is
-	    also made into a <database>package database</database>, so
-	    that the port can easily be uninstalled later if we change
-	    our mind about it.</para>
-	</step>
-      </procedure>
-
-      <para>Now I think you'll agree that's rather impressive for a
-	four line script!</para>
-
-      <para>The secret lies in the last line, which tells
-	<command>make</command> to look in the system makefile called
-	<filename>bsd.port.mk</filename>.  It's easy to overlook this
-	line, but this is where all the clever stuff comes
-	from&mdash;someone has written a makefile that tells
-	<command>make</command> to do all the things above (plus a
-	couple of other things I didn't mention, including handling
-	any errors that may occur) and anyone can get access to that
-	just by putting a single line in their own make file!</para>
-
-      <para>If you want to have a look at these system makefiles,
-	they're in <filename>/usr/share/mk</filename>, but it's
-	probably best to wait until you've had a bit of practice with
-	makefiles, as they are very complicated (and if you do look at
-	them, make sure you have a flask of strong coffee
-	handy!)</para>
-    </sect2>
-
-    <sect2>
-      <title>More advanced uses of <command>make</command></title>
-
-      <para><command>Make</command> is a very powerful tool, and can
-	do much more than the simple example above shows.
-	Unfortunately, there are several different versions of
-	<command>make</command>, and they all differ considerably.
-	The best way to learn what they can do is probably to read the
-	documentation&mdash;hopefully this introduction will have
-	given you a base from which you can do this.</para>
-
-      <para>The version of make that comes with FreeBSD is the
-	<application>Berkeley make</application>; there is a tutorial
-	for it in <filename>/usr/share/doc/psd/12.make</filename>.  To
-	view it, do</para>
-
-      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>zmore paper.ascii.gz</userinput>
-      </screen>
-
-      <para>in that directory.</para>
-
-      <para>Many applications in the ports use <application>GNU
-	  make</application>, which has a very good set of
-	<quote>info</quote> pages.  If you have installed any of these
-	ports, <application>GNU make</application> will automatically
-	have been installed as <command>gmake</command>.  It's also
-	available as a port and package in its own right.</para>
-
-      <para>To view the info pages for <application>GNU
-	make</application>, you will have to edit the
-	<filename>dir</filename> file in the
-	<filename>/usr/local/info</filename> directory to add an entry
-	for it.  This involves adding a line like</para>
-
-      <programlisting> * Make: (make).                 The GNU Make utility.</programlisting>
-
-      <para>to the file.  Once you have done this, you can type
-	<userinput>info</userinput> and then select
-	<guimenuitem>make</guimenuitem> from the menu (or in
-	<application>Emacs</application>, do <userinput>C-h
-	  i</userinput>).</para>
-    </sect2>
-  </sect1>
-
-  <sect1 id="debugging">
-    <title>Debugging</title>
-
-    <sect2>
-      <title>The Debugger</title>
-
-      <para>The debugger that comes with FreeBSD is called
-	<command>gdb</command> (<application>GNU
-	  debugger</application>).  You start it up by typing</para>
-
-      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>gdb <replaceable>progname</replaceable></userinput>
-      </screen>
-
-      <para>although most people prefer to run it inside
-	<application>Emacs</application>.  You can do this by:</para>
-
-      <screen><userinput>M-x gdb RET <replaceable>progname</replaceable> RET</userinput>
-      </screen>
-
-      <para>Using a debugger allows you to run the program under more
-	controlled circumstances.  Typically, you can step through the
-	program a line at a time, inspect the value of variables,
-	change them, tell the debugger to run up to a certain point
-	and then stop, and so on.  You can even attach to a program
-	that's already running, or load a core file to investigate why
-	the program crashed.  It's even possible to debug the kernel,
-	though that's a little trickier than the user applications
-	we'll be discussing in this section.</para>
-
-      <para><command>gdb</command> has quite good on-line help, as
-	well as a set of info pages, so this section will concentrate
-	on a few of the basic commands.</para>
-
-      <para>Finally, if you find its text-based command-prompt style
-	off-putting, there's a graphical front-end for it <ulink
-	  URL="../../ports/devel.html">xxgdb</ulink> in the ports
-	collection.</para>
-
-      <para>This section is intended to be an introduction to using
-	<command>gdb</command> and does not cover specialised topics
-	such as debugging the kernel.</para>
-    </sect2>
-
-    <sect2>
-      <title>Running a program in the debugger</title>
-
-      <para>You'll need to have compiled the program with the
-	<option>-g</option> option to get the most out of using
-	<command>gdb</command>.  It will work without, but you'll only
-	see the name of the function you're in, instead of the source
-	code.  If you see a line like:</para>
-
-      <screen>&hellip; (no debugging symbols found) &hellip;
-      </screen>
-
-      <para>when <command>gdb</command> starts up, you'll know that
-	the program wasn't compiled with the <option>-g</option>
-	option.</para>
-
-      <para>At the <command>gdb</command> prompt, type
-	<userinput>break main</userinput>.  This will tell the
-	debugger to skip over the preliminary set-up code in the
-	program and start at the beginning of your code.  Now type
-	<userinput>run</userinput> to start the program&mdash;it will
-	start at the beginning of the set-up code and then get stopped
-	by the debugger when it calls <function>main()</function>.
-	(If you've ever wondered where <function>main()</function>
-	gets called from, now you know!).</para>
-
-      <para>You can now step through the program, a line at a time, by
-	pressing <command>n</command>.  If you get to a function call,
-	you can step into it by pressing <command>s</command>.  Once
-	you're in a function call, you can return from stepping into a
-	function call by pressing <command>f</command>.  You can also
-	use <command>up</command> and <command>down</command> to take
-	a quick look at the caller.</para>
-
-      <para>Here's a simple example of how to spot a mistake in a
-	program with <command>gdb</command>.  This is our program
-	(with a deliberate mistake):</para>
-
-      <programlisting>#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
-
-int bazz(int anint);
-
-main() {
-	int i;
-
-	printf("This is my program\n");
-	bazz(i);
-	return 0;
-}
-
-int bazz(int anint) {
-	printf("You gave me %d\n", anint);
-	return anint;
-}</programlisting>
-
-      <para>This program sets <symbol>i</symbol> to be
-	<literal>5</literal> and passes it to a function
-	<function>bazz()</function> which prints out the number we
-	gave it.</para>
-
-      <para>When we compile and run the program we get</para>
-
-      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cc -g -o temp temp.c</userinput>
-&prompt.user; <userinput>./temp</userinput>
-This is my program
-anint = 4231
-      </screen>
-
-      <para>That wasn't what we expected! Time to see what's going
-	on!</para>
-
-      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>gdb temp</userinput>
-GDB is free software and you are welcome to distribute copies of it
- under certain conditions; type "show copying" to see the conditions.
-There is absolutely no warranty for GDB; type "show warranty" for details.
-GDB 4.13 (i386-unknown-freebsd), Copyright 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-(gdb) <userinput>break main</>				<lineannotation>Skip the set-up code</>
-Breakpoint 1 at 0x160f: file temp.c, line 9.	<lineannotation><command>gdb</command> puts breakpoint at <function>main()</></>
-(gdb) <userinput>run</>					<lineannotation>Run as far as <function>main()</></>
-Starting program: /home/james/tmp/temp		<lineannotation>Program starts running</>
-
-Breakpoint 1, main () at temp.c:9		<lineannotation><command>gdb</command> stops at <function>main()</></>
-(gdb) <userinput>n</>						<lineannotation>Go to next line</>
-This is my program				<lineannotation>Program prints out</>
-(gdb) <userinput>s</>						<lineannotation>step into <function>bazz()</></>
-bazz (anint=4231) at temp.c:17			<lineannotation><command>gdb</command> displays stack frame</>
-(gdb)
-      </screen>
-
-      <para>Hang on a minute! How did <symbol>anint</symbol> get to be
-	<literal>4231</literal>? Didn't we set it to be
-	<literal>5</literal> in <function>main()</function>? Let's
-	move up to <function>main()</function> and have a look.</para>
-
-      <screen>(gdb) <userinput>up</>					<lineannotation>Move up call stack</>
-#1  0x1625 in main () at temp.c:11		<lineannotation><command>gdb</command> displays stack frame</>
-(gdb) <userinput>p i</>					<lineannotation>Show us the value of <symbol>i</></>
-$1 = 4231					<lineannotation><command>gdb</command> displays <literal>4231</></>
-      </screen>
-
-      <para>Oh dear! Looking at the code, we forgot to initialise
-	<symbol>i</symbol>.  We meant to put</para>
-
-      <programlisting><lineannotation>&hellip;</>
-main() {
-	int i;
-
-	i = 5;
-	printf("This is my program\n");
-<lineannotation>&hellip</></programlisting>
-
-      <para>but we left the <literal>i=5;</literal> line out.  As we
-	didn't initialise <symbol>i</symbol>, it had whatever number
-	happened to be in that area of memory when the program ran,
-	which in this case happened to be
-	<literal>4231</literal>.</para>
-
-      <note>
-	<para><command>gdb</command> displays the stack frame every
-	  time we go into or out of a function, even if we're using
-	  <command>up</command> and <command>down</command> to move
-	  around the call stack.  This shows the name of the function
-	  and the values of its arguments, which helps us keep track
-	  of where we are and what's going on.  (The stack is a
-	  storage area where the program stores information about the
-	  arguments passed to functions and where to go when it
-	  returns from a function call).</para>
-      </note>
-    </sect2>
-
-    <sect2>
-      <title>Examining a core file</title>
-
-      <para>A core file is basically a file which contains the
-	complete state of the process when it crashed.  In <quote>the
-	  good old days</quote>, programmers had to print out hex
-	listings of core files and sweat over machine code manuals,
-	but now life is a bit easier.  Incidentally, under FreeBSD and
-	other 4.4BSD systems, a core file is called
-	<filename><replaceable>progname</replaceable>.core</filename> instead of just
-	<filename>core</filename>, to make it clearer which program a
-	core file belongs to.</para>
-
-      <para>To examine a core file, start up <command>gdb</command> in
-	the usual way.  Instead of typing <command>break</command> or
-	<command>run</command>, type</para>
-
-      <screen>(gdb) <userinput>core <replaceable>progname</replaceable>.core</userinput>
-      </screen>
-
-      <para>If you're not in the same directory as the core file,
-	you'll have to do <userinput>dir
-	  /path/to/core/file</userinput> first.</para>
-
-      <para>You should see something like this:</para>
-
-      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>gdb a.out</userinput>
-GDB is free software and you are welcome to distribute copies of it
- under certain conditions; type "show copying" to see the conditions.
-There is absolutely no warranty for GDB; type "show warranty" for details.
-GDB 4.13 (i386-unknown-freebsd), Copyright 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-(gdb) <userinput>core a.out.core</userinput>
-Core was generated by `a.out'.
-Program terminated with signal 11, Segmentation fault.
-Cannot access memory at address 0x7020796d.
-#0  0x164a in bazz (anint=0x5) at temp.c:17
-(gdb)
-      </screen>
-
-      <para>In this case, the program was called
-	<filename>a.out</filename>, so the core file is called
-	<filename>a.out.core</filename>.  We can see that the program
-	crashed due to trying to access an area in memory that was not
-	available to it in a function called
-	<function>bazz</function>.</para>
-
-      <para>Sometimes it's useful to be able to see how a function was
-	called, as the problem could have occurred a long way up the
-	call stack in a complex program.  The <command>bt</command>
-	command causes <command>gdb</command> to print out a
-	back-trace of the call stack:</para>
-
-      <screen>(gdb) <userinput>bt</userinput>
-#0  0x164a in bazz (anint=0x5) at temp.c:17
-#1  0xefbfd888 in end ()
-#2  0x162c in main () at temp.c:11
-(gdb)
-      </screen>
-
-      <para>The <function>end()</function> function is called when a
-	program crashes; in this case, the <function>bazz()</function>
-	function was called from <function>main()</function>.</para>
-    </sect2>
-
-    <sect2>
-      <title>Attaching to a running program</title>
-
-      <para>One of the neatest features about <command>gdb</command>
-	is that it can attach to a program that's already running.  Of
-	course, that assumes you have sufficient permissions to do so.
-	A common problem is when you are stepping through a program
-	that forks, and you want to trace the child, but the debugger
-	will only let you trace the parent.</para>
-
-      <para>What you do is start up another <command>gdb</command>,
-	use <command>ps</command> to find the process ID for the
-	child, and do</para>
-
-      <screen>(gdb) <userinput>attach <replaceable>pid</replaceable></userinput>
-      </screen>
-
-      <para>in <command>gdb</command>, and then debug as usual.</para>
-
-      <para><quote>That's all very well,</quote> you're probably
-	thinking, <quote>but by the time I've done that, the child
-	  process will be over the hill and far away</quote>.  Fear
-	not, gentle reader, here's how to do it (courtesy of the
-	<command>gdb</command> info pages):</para>
-
-      <screen><lineannotation>&hellip</lineannotation>
-if ((pid = fork()) < 0)		/* _Always_ check this */
-	error();
-else if (pid == 0) {		/* child */
-	int PauseMode = 1;
-
-	while (PauseMode)
-		sleep(10);	/* Wait until someone attaches to us */
-	<lineannotation>&hellip</lineannotation>
-} else {			/* parent */
-	<lineannotation>&hellip</lineannotation>
-      </screen>
-
-      <para>Now all you have to do is attach to the child, set
-	<symbol>PauseMode</symbol> to <literal>0</literal>, and wait
-	for the <function>sleep()</function> call to return!</para>
-    </sect2>
-  </sect1>
-
-  <sect1 id="emacs">
-    <title>Using Emacs as a Development Environment</title>
-
-    <sect2>
-      <title>Emacs</title>
-
-      <para>Unfortunately, Unix systems don't come with the kind of
-	everything-you-ever-wanted-and-lots-more-you-didn't-in-one-gigantic-package
-	integrated development environments that other systems
-	have.
-
-	<footnote>
-	  <para>At least, not unless you pay out very large sums of
-	    money.</para>
-	</footnote>
-
-	However, it is possible to set up your own environment.  It
-	may not be as pretty, and it may not be quite as integrated,
-	but you can set it up the way you want it.  And it's free.
-	And you have the source to it.</para>
-
-      <para>The key to it all is Emacs.  Now there are some people who
-	loathe it, but many who love it.  If you're one of the former,
-	I'm afraid this section will hold little of interest to you.
-	Also, you'll need a fair amount of memory to run it&mdash;I'd
-	recommend 8MB in text mode and 16MB in X as the bare minimum
-	to get reasonable performance.</para>
-
-      <para>Emacs is basically a highly customisable
-	editor&mdash;indeed, it has been customised to the point where
-	it's more like an operating system than an editor! Many
-	developers and sysadmins do in fact spend practically all
-	their time working inside Emacs, leaving it only to log
-	out.</para>
-
-      <para>It's impossible even to summarise everything Emacs can do
-	here, but here are some of the features of interest to
-	developers:</para>
-
-      <itemizedlist>
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>Very powerful editor, allowing search-and-replace on
-	    both strings and regular expressions (patterns), jumping
-	    to start/end of block expression, etc, etc.</para>
-	</listitem>
-
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>Pull-down menus and online help.</para>
-	</listitem>
-
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>Language-dependent syntax highlighting and
-	    indentation.</para>
-	</listitem>
-
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>Completely customisable.</para>
-	</listitem>
-
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>You can compile and debug programs within
-	    Emacs.</para>
-	</listitem>
-
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>On a compilation error, you can jump to the offending
-	    line of source code.</para>
-	</listitem>
-
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>Friendly-ish front-end to the <command>info</command>
-	    program used for reading GNU hypertext documentation,
-	    including the documentation on Emacs itself.</para>
-	</listitem>
-
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>Friendly front-end to <command>gdb</command>, allowing
-	    you to look at the source code as you step through your
-	    program.</para>
-	</listitem>
-
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>You can read Usenet news and mail while your program
-	    is compiling.</para>
-	</listitem>
-      </itemizedlist>
-
-      <para>And doubtless many more that I've overlooked.</para>
-
-      <para>Emacs can be installed on FreeBSD using <ulink
-	  URL="../../ports/editors.html">the Emacs
-	  port</ulink>.</para>
-
-      <para>Once it's installed, start it up and do <userinput>C-h
-	  t</userinput> to read an Emacs tutorial&mdash;that means
-	hold down the <keycap>control</keycap> key, press
-	<keycap>h</keycap>, let go of the <keycap>control</keycap>
-	key, and then press <keycap>t</keycap>.  (Alternatively, you
-	can you use the mouse to select <guimenuitem>Emacs
-	  Tutorial</guimenuitem> from the <guimenu>Help</guimenu>
-	menu).</para>
-
-      <para>Although Emacs does have menus, it's well worth learning
-	the key bindings, as it's much quicker when you're editing
-	something to press a couple of keys than to try and find the
-	mouse and then click on the right place.  And, when you're
-	talking to seasoned Emacs users, you'll find they often
-	casually throw around expressions like <quote><literal>M-x
-	    replace-s RET foo RET bar RET</literal></quote> so it's
-	useful to know what they mean.  And in any case, Emacs has far
-	too many useful functions for them to all fit on the menu
-	bars.</para>
-
-      <para>Fortunately, it's quite easy to pick up the key-bindings,
-	as they're displayed next to the menu item.  My advice is to
-	use the menu item for, say, opening a file until you
-	understand how it works and feel confident with it, then try
-	doing C-x C-f.  When you're happy with that, move on to
-	another menu command.</para>
-
-      <para>If you can't remember what a particular combination of
-	keys does, select <guimenuitem>Describe Key</guimenuitem> from
-	the <guimenu>Help</guimenu> menu and type it in&mdash;Emacs
-	will tell you what it does.  You can also use the
-	<guimenuitem>Command Apropos</guimenuitem> menu item to find
-	out all the commands which contain a particular word in them,
-	with the key binding next to it.</para>
-
-      <para>By the way, the expression above means hold down the
-	<keysym>Meta</keysym> key, press <keysym>x</keysym>, release
-	the <keysym>Meta</keysym> key, type
-	<userinput>replace-s</userinput> (short for
-	<literal>replace-string</literal>&mdash;another feature of
-	Emacs is that you can abbreviate commands), press the
-	<keysym>return</keysym> key, type <userinput>foo</userinput>
-	(the string you want replaced), press the
-	<keysym>return</keysym> key, type bar (the string you want to
-	replace <literal>foo</literal> with) and press
-	<keysym>return</keysym> again.  Emacs will then do the
-	search-and-replace operation you've just requested.</para>
-
-      <para>If you're wondering what on earth the
-	<keysym>Meta</keysym> key is, it's a special key that many
-	Unix workstations have.  Unfortunately, PC's don't have one,
-	so it's usually the <keycap>alt</keycap> key (or if you're
-	unlucky, the <keysym>escape</keysym> key).</para>
-
-      <para>Oh, and to get out of Emacs, do <command>C-x C-c</command>
-	(that means hold down the <keysym>control</keysym> key, press
-	<keysym>x</keysym>, press <keysym>c</keysym> and release the
-	<keysym>control</keysym> key).  If you have any unsaved files
-	open, Emacs will ask you if you want to save them.  (Ignore
-	the bit in the documentation where it says
-	<command>C-z</command> is the usual way to leave
-	Emacs&mdash;that leaves Emacs hanging around in the
-	background, and is only really useful if you're on a system
-	which doesn't have virtual terminals).</para>
-    </sect2>
-
-    <sect2>
-      <title>Configuring Emacs</title>
-
-      <para>Emacs does many wonderful things; some of them are built
-	in, some of them need to be configured.</para>
-
-      <para>Instead of using a proprietary macro language for
-	configuration, Emacs uses a version of Lisp specially adapted
-	for editors, known as Emacs Lisp.  This can be quite useful if
-	you want to go on and learn something like Common Lisp, as
-	it's considerably smaller than Common Lisp (although still
-	quite big!).</para>
-
-      <para>The best way to learn Emacs Lisp is to download the <ulink
-	  URL="ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/elisp-manual-19-2.4.tar.gz">Emacs
-	  Tutorial</ulink></para>
-
-      <para>However, there's no need to actually know any Lisp to get
-	started with configuring Emacs, as I've included a sample
-	<filename>.emacs</filename> file, which should be enough to
-	get you started.  Just copy it into your home directory and
-	restart Emacs if it's already running; it will read the
-	commands from the file and (hopefully) give you a useful basic
-	setup.</para>
-    </sect2>
-
-    <sect2>
-      <title>A sample <filename>.emacs</filename> file</title>
-
-      <para>Unfortunately, there's far too much here to explain it in
-	detail; however there are one or two points worth
-	mentioning.</para>
-
-      <itemizedlist>
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>Everything beginning with a <literal>;</literal> is a comment
-	    and is ignored by Emacs.</para>
-	</listitem>
-
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>In the first line, the
-	    <literal>-*-&nbsp;Emacs-Lisp&nbsp;-*-</literal> is so that
-	    we can edit the <filename>.emacs</filename> file itself
-	    within Emacs and get all the fancy features for editing
-	    Emacs Lisp.  Emacs usually tries to guess this based on
-	    the filename, and may not get it right for
-	    <filename>.emacs</filename>.</para>
-	</listitem>
-
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>The <keysym>tab</keysym> key is bound to an
-	    indentation function in some modes, so when you press the
-	    tab key, it will indent the current line of code.  If you
-	    want to put a <token>tab</token> character in whatever
-	    you're writing, hold the <keysym>control</keysym> key down
-	    while you're pressing the <keysym>tab</keysym> key.</para>
-	</listitem>
-
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>This file supports syntax highlighting for C, C++,
-	    Perl, Lisp and Scheme, by guessing the language from the
-	    filename.</para>
-	</listitem>
-
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>Emacs already has a pre-defined function called
-	    <function>next-error</function>.  In a compilation output
-	    window, this allows you to move from one compilation error
-	    to the next by doing <command>M-n</command>; we define a
-	    complementary function,
-	    <function>previous-error</function>, that allows you to go
-	    to a previous error by doing <command>M-p</command>.  The
-	    nicest feature of all is that <command>C-c C-c</command>
-	    will open up the source file in which the error occurred
-	    and jump to the appropriate line.</para>
-	</listitem>
-
-	<listitem>
-	  <para>We enable Emacs's ability to act as a server, so that
-	    if you're doing something outside Emacs and you want to
-	    edit a file, you can just type in</para>
-
-	  <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>emacsclient <replaceable>filename</replaceable></userinput>
-	  </screen>
-
-	  <para>and then you can edit the file in your
-	    Emacs!
-
-	    <footnote>
-	      <para>Many Emacs users set their <envar
-		  >EDITOR</envar> environment to
-		<literal>emacsclient</literal> so this happens every
-		time they need to edit a file.</para>
-	    </footnote></para>
-	</listitem>
-      </itemizedlist>
-
-      <example>
-	<title>A sample <filename>.emacs</filename> file</title>
-
-	<programlisting>;; -*-Emacs-Lisp-*-
-
-;; This file is designed to be re-evaled; use the variable first-time
-;; to avoid any problems with this.
-(defvar first-time t 
-  "Flag signifying this is the first time that .emacs has been evaled")
-
-;; Meta
-(global-set-key "\M- " 'set-mark-command)
-(global-set-key "\M-\C-h" 'backward-kill-word)
-(global-set-key "\M-\C-r" 'query-replace)
-(global-set-key "\M-r" 'replace-string)
-(global-set-key "\M-g" 'goto-line)
-(global-set-key "\M-h" 'help-command)
-
-;; Function keys
-(global-set-key [f1] 'manual-entry)
-(global-set-key [f2] 'info)
-(global-set-key [f3] 'repeat-complex-command)
-(global-set-key [f4] 'advertised-undo)
-(global-set-key [f5] 'eval-current-buffer)
-(global-set-key [f6] 'buffer-menu)
-(global-set-key [f7] 'other-window)
-(global-set-key [f8] 'find-file)
-(global-set-key [f9] 'save-buffer)
-(global-set-key [f10] 'next-error)
-(global-set-key [f11] 'compile)
-(global-set-key [f12] 'grep)
-(global-set-key [C-f1] 'compile)
-(global-set-key [C-f2] 'grep)
-(global-set-key [C-f3] 'next-error)
-(global-set-key [C-f4] 'previous-error)
-(global-set-key [C-f5] 'display-faces)
-(global-set-key [C-f8] 'dired)
-(global-set-key [C-f10] 'kill-compilation)
-
-;; Keypad bindings
-(global-set-key [up] "\C-p")
-(global-set-key [down] "\C-n")
-(global-set-key [left] "\C-b")
-(global-set-key [right] "\C-f")
-(global-set-key [home] "\C-a")
-(global-set-key [end] "\C-e")
-(global-set-key [prior] "\M-v")
-(global-set-key [next] "\C-v")
-(global-set-key [C-up] "\M-\C-b")
-(global-set-key [C-down] "\M-\C-f")
-(global-set-key [C-left] "\M-b")
-(global-set-key [C-right] "\M-f")
-(global-set-key [C-home] "\M-&lt;")
-(global-set-key [C-end] "\M-&gt;")
-(global-set-key [C-prior] "\M-&lt;")
-(global-set-key [C-next] "\M-&gt;")
-
-;; Mouse
-(global-set-key [mouse-3] 'imenu)
-
-;; Misc
-(global-set-key [C-tab] "\C-q\t")	; Control tab quotes a tab.
-(setq backup-by-copying-when-mismatch t)
-
-;; Treat 'y' or &lt;CR&gt; as yes, 'n' as no.
-(fset 'yes-or-no-p 'y-or-n-p)
-    (define-key query-replace-map [return] 'act)
-    (define-key query-replace-map [?\C-m] 'act)
-
-;; Load packages
-(require 'desktop)
-(require 'tar-mode)
-
-;; Pretty diff mode
-(autoload 'ediff-buffers "ediff" "Intelligent Emacs interface to diff" t)
-(autoload 'ediff-files "ediff" "Intelligent Emacs interface to diff" t)
-(autoload 'ediff-files-remote "ediff"
-  "Intelligent Emacs interface to diff")
-
-(if first-time
-    (setq auto-mode-alist
-	  (append '(("\\.cpp$" . c++-mode)
-		    ("\\.hpp$" . c++-mode)
-                    ("\\.lsp$" . lisp-mode)
-		    ("\\.scm$" . scheme-mode)
-		    ("\\.pl$" . perl-mode)
-		    ) auto-mode-alist)))
-
-;; Auto font lock mode
-(defvar font-lock-auto-mode-list 
-  (list 'c-mode 'c++-mode 'c++-c-mode 'emacs-lisp-mode 'lisp-mode 'perl-mode 'scheme-mode)
-  "List of modes to always start in font-lock-mode")
-
-(defvar font-lock-mode-keyword-alist
-  '((c++-c-mode . c-font-lock-keywords)
-    (perl-mode . perl-font-lock-keywords))
-  "Associations between modes and keywords")
-
-(defun font-lock-auto-mode-select ()
-  "Automatically select font-lock-mode if the current major mode is
-in font-lock-auto-mode-list"
-  (if (memq major-mode font-lock-auto-mode-list) 
-      (progn
-	(font-lock-mode t))
-    )
-  )
-
-(global-set-key [M-f1] 'font-lock-fontify-buffer)
-
-;; New dabbrev stuff
-;(require 'new-dabbrev)
-(setq dabbrev-always-check-other-buffers t)
-(setq dabbrev-abbrev-char-regexp "\\sw\\|\\s_")
-(add-hook 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook
-	  '(lambda () 
-	     (set (make-local-variable 'dabbrev-case-fold-search) nil)
-	     (set (make-local-variable 'dabbrev-case-replace) nil)))
-(add-hook 'c-mode-hook
-	  '(lambda () 
-	     (set (make-local-variable 'dabbrev-case-fold-search) nil)
-	     (set (make-local-variable 'dabbrev-case-replace) nil)))
-(add-hook 'text-mode-hook
-	  '(lambda () 
-	     (set (make-local-variable 'dabbrev-case-fold-search) t)
-	     (set (make-local-variable 'dabbrev-case-replace) t)))
-
-;; C++ and C mode...
-(defun my-c++-mode-hook ()
-  (setq tab-width 4)
-  (define-key c++-mode-map "\C-m" 'reindent-then-newline-and-indent)
-  (define-key c++-mode-map "\C-ce" 'c-comment-edit)
-  (setq c++-auto-hungry-initial-state 'none)
-  (setq c++-delete-function 'backward-delete-char)
-  (setq c++-tab-always-indent t)
-  (setq c-indent-level 4)
-  (setq c-continued-statement-offset 4)
-  (setq c++-empty-arglist-indent 4))
-
-(defun my-c-mode-hook ()
-  (setq tab-width 4)
-  (define-key c-mode-map "\C-m" 'reindent-then-newline-and-indent)
-  (define-key c-mode-map "\C-ce" 'c-comment-edit)
-  (setq c-auto-hungry-initial-state 'none)
-  (setq c-delete-function 'backward-delete-char)
-  (setq c-tab-always-indent t)
-;; BSD-ish indentation style
-  (setq c-indent-level 4)
-  (setq c-continued-statement-offset 4)
-  (setq c-brace-offset -4)
-  (setq c-argdecl-indent 0)
-  (setq c-label-offset -4))
-
-;; Perl mode
-(defun my-perl-mode-hook ()
-  (setq tab-width 4)
-  (define-key c++-mode-map "\C-m" 'reindent-then-newline-and-indent)
-  (setq perl-indent-level 4)
-  (setq perl-continued-statement-offset 4))
-
-;; Scheme mode...
-(defun my-scheme-mode-hook ()
-  (define-key scheme-mode-map "\C-m" 'reindent-then-newline-and-indent))
-
-;; Emacs-Lisp mode...
-(defun my-lisp-mode-hook ()
-  (define-key lisp-mode-map "\C-m" 'reindent-then-newline-and-indent)
-  (define-key lisp-mode-map "\C-i" 'lisp-indent-line)
-  (define-key lisp-mode-map "\C-j" 'eval-print-last-sexp))
-
-;; Add all of the hooks...
-(add-hook 'c++-mode-hook 'my-c++-mode-hook)
-(add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'my-c-mode-hook)
-(add-hook 'scheme-mode-hook 'my-scheme-mode-hook)
-(add-hook 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook 'my-lisp-mode-hook)
-(add-hook 'lisp-mode-hook 'my-lisp-mode-hook)
-(add-hook 'perl-mode-hook 'my-perl-mode-hook)
-
-;; Complement to next-error
-(defun previous-error (n)
-  "Visit previous compilation error message and corresponding source code."
-  (interactive "p")
-  (next-error (- n)))
-
-;; Misc...
-(transient-mark-mode 1)
-(setq mark-even-if-inactive t)
-(setq visible-bell nil)
-(setq next-line-add-newlines nil)
-(setq compile-command "make")
-(setq suggest-key-bindings nil)
-(put 'eval-expression 'disabled nil)
-(put 'narrow-to-region 'disabled nil)
-(put 'set-goal-column 'disabled nil)
-
-;; Elisp archive searching
-(autoload 'format-lisp-code-directory "lispdir" nil t)
-(autoload 'lisp-dir-apropos "lispdir" nil t)
-(autoload 'lisp-dir-retrieve "lispdir" nil t)
-(autoload 'lisp-dir-verify "lispdir" nil t)
-
-;; Font lock mode
-(defun my-make-face (face colour &amp;optional bold)
-  "Create a face from a colour and optionally make it bold"
-  (make-face face)
-  (copy-face 'default face)
-  (set-face-foreground face colour)
-  (if bold (make-face-bold face))
-  )
-
-(if (eq window-system 'x)
-    (progn
-      (my-make-face 'blue "blue")
-      (my-make-face 'red "red")
-      (my-make-face 'green "dark green")
-      (setq font-lock-comment-face 'blue)
-      (setq font-lock-string-face 'bold)
-      (setq font-lock-type-face 'bold)
-      (setq font-lock-keyword-face 'bold)
-      (setq font-lock-function-name-face 'red)
-      (setq font-lock-doc-string-face 'green)
-      (add-hook 'find-file-hooks 'font-lock-auto-mode-select)
-
-      (setq baud-rate 1000000)
-      (global-set-key "\C-cmm" 'menu-bar-mode)
-      (global-set-key "\C-cms" 'scroll-bar-mode)
-      (global-set-key [backspace] 'backward-delete-char)
-					;      (global-set-key [delete] 'delete-char)
-      (standard-display-european t)
-      (load-library "iso-transl")))
-
-;; X11 or PC using direct screen writes
-(if window-system
-    (progn
-      ;;      (global-set-key [M-f1] 'hilit-repaint-command)
-      ;;      (global-set-key [M-f2] [?\C-u M-f1])
-      (setq hilit-mode-enable-list  
-	    '(not text-mode c-mode c++-mode emacs-lisp-mode lisp-mode
-		  scheme-mode)
-	    hilit-auto-highlight nil
-	    hilit-auto-rehighlight 'visible
-	    hilit-inhibit-hooks nil
-	    hilit-inhibit-rebinding t)
-      (require 'hilit19)
-      (require 'paren))
-  (setq baud-rate 2400)			; For slow serial connections
-  )
-
-;; TTY type terminal
-(if (and (not window-system) 
-	 (not (equal system-type 'ms-dos)))
-    (progn
-      (if first-time
-	  (progn
-	    (keyboard-translate ?\C-h ?\C-?)
-	    (keyboard-translate ?\C-? ?\C-h)))))
-
-;; Under UNIX
-(if (not (equal system-type 'ms-dos))
-    (progn
-      (if first-time
-	  (server-start))))
-
-;; Add any face changes here
-(add-hook 'term-setup-hook 'my-term-setup-hook)
-(defun my-term-setup-hook ()
-  (if (eq window-system 'pc)
-      (progn
-;;	(set-face-background 'default "red")
-	)))
-
-;; Restore the "desktop" - do this as late as possible
-(if first-time
-    (progn
-      (desktop-load-default)
-      (desktop-read)))
-
-;; Indicate that this file has been read at least once
-(setq first-time nil)
-
-;; No need to debug anything now
-(setq debug-on-error nil)
-
-;; All done
-(message "All done, %s%s" (user-login-name) ".")
-	</programlisting>
-      </example>
-    </sect2>
-
-    <sect2>
-      <title>Extending the Range of Languages Emacs Understands</title>
-
-      <para>Now, this is all very well if you only want to program in
-	the languages already catered for in the
-	<filename>.emacs</filename> file (C, C++, Perl, Lisp and
-	Scheme), but what happens if a new language called
-	<quote>whizbang</quote> comes out, full of exciting
-	features?</para>
-
-      <para>The first thing to do is find out if whizbang comes with
-	any files that tell Emacs about the language.  These usually
-	end in <filename>.el</filename>, short for <quote>Emacs
-	  Lisp</quote>.  For example, if whizbang is a FreeBSD port, we
-	can locate these files by doing</para>
-
-      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>find /usr/ports/lang/whizbang -name "*.el" -print</userinput>
-      </screen>
-
-      <para>and install them by copying them into the Emacs site Lisp
-	directory.  On FreeBSD 2.1.0-RELEASE, this is
-	<filename>/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp</filename>.</para>
-
-      <para>So for example, if the output from the find command
-	was</para>
-
-      <screen>/usr/ports/lang/whizbang/work/misc/whizbang.el
-      </screen>
-
-      <para>we would do</para>
-
-      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cp /usr/ports/lang/whizbang/work/misc/whizbang.el /usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp</userinput>
-      </screen>
-
-      <para>Next, we need to decide what extension whizbang source
-	files have.  Let's say for the sake of argument that they all
-	end in <filename>.wiz</filename>.  We need to add an entry to
-	our <filename>.emacs</filename> file to make sure Emacs will
-	be able to use the information in
-	<filename>whizbang.el</filename>.</para>
-
-      <para>Find the <symbol>auto-mode-alist entry</symbol> in
-	<filename>.emacs</filename> and add a line for whizbang, such
-	as:</para>
-
-      <programlisting><lineannotation>&hellip;</>
-("\\.lsp$" . lisp-mode)
-("\\.wiz$" . whizbang-mode)
-("\\.scm$" . scheme-mode)
-<lineannotation>&hellip;</></programlisting>
-
-      <para>This means that Emacs will automatically go into
-	<function>whizbang-mode</function> when you edit a file ending
-	in <filename>.wiz</filename>.</para>
-
-      <para>Just below this, you'll find the
-	<symbol>font-lock-auto-mode-list</symbol> entry.  Add
-	<function>whizbang-mode</function> to it like so:</para>
-
-      <programlisting>;; Auto font lock mode
-(defvar font-lock-auto-mode-list 
-  (list 'c-mode 'c++-mode 'c++-c-mode 'emacs-lisp-mode 'whizbang-mode 'lisp-mode 'perl-mode 'scheme-mode)
-  "List of modes to always start in font-lock-mode")</programlisting>
-
-      <para>This means that Emacs will always enable
-	<function>font-lock-mode</function> (ie syntax highlighting)
-	when editing a <filename>.wiz</filename> file.</para>
-
-      <para>And that's all that's needed.  If there's anything else
-	you want done automatically when you open up a
-	<filename>.wiz</filename> file, you can add a
-	<function>whizbang-mode hook</function> (see
-	<function>my-scheme-mode-hook</function> for a simple example
-	that adds <function>auto-indent</function>).</para>
-    </sect2>
-  </sect1>
-
-  <sect1>
-    <title>Further Reading</title>
-
-    <itemizedlist>
-      <listitem>
-	<para>Brian Harvey and Matthew Wright
-	  <emphasis>Simply Scheme</emphasis>
-	  MIT 1994.<!-- <br> -->
-	  ISBN 0-262-08226-8</para>
-      </listitem>
-
-      <listitem>
-	<para>Randall Schwartz
-	  <emphasis>Learning Perl</emphasis>
-	  O'Reilly 1993<!-- <br> -->
-	  ISBN 1-56592-042-2</para>
-      </listitem>
-
-      <listitem>
-	<para>Patrick Henry Winston and Berthold Klaus Paul Horn
-	  <emphasis>Lisp (3rd Edition)</emphasis>
-	  Addison-Wesley 1989<!-- <br> -->
-	  ISBN 0-201-08319-1</para>
-      </listitem>
-
-      <listitem>
-	<para>Brian W. Kernighan and Rob Pike
-	  <emphasis>The Unix Programming Environment</emphasis>
-	  Prentice-Hall 1984<!-- <br> -->
-	  ISBN 0-13-937681-X</para>
-      </listitem>
-
-      <listitem>
-	<para>Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie
-	  <emphasis>The C Programming Language (2nd Edition)</emphasis>
-	  Prentice-Hall 1988<!-- <br> -->
-	  ISBN 0-13-110362-8</para>
-      </listitem>
-
-      <listitem>
-	<para>Bjarne Stroustrup
-	<emphasis>The C++ Programming Language</emphasis>
-	Addison-Wesley 1991<!-- <br> -->
-	ISBN 0-201-53992-6</para>
-      </listitem>
-
-      <listitem>
-	<para>W. Richard Stevens
-	  <emphasis>Advanced Programming in the Unix Environment</emphasis>
-	  Addison-Wesley 1992<!-- <br> -->
-	  ISBN 0-201-56317-7</para>
-      </listitem>
-
-      <listitem>
-	<para>W. Richard Stevens
-	  <emphasis>Unix Network Programming</emphasis>
-	  Prentice-Hall 1990<!-- <br> -->
-	  ISBN 0-13-949876-1</para>
-      </listitem>
-    </itemizedlist>
-  </sect1>
-</article>