Add another pass of human editing to clean up this transcript, done as

work for hire through amazon mechanical turk.  Also, remove trailing
whitespace.

Sponsored by:	FreeBSD Foundation

1 files changed, 3912 insertions, 3908 deletions

diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/captions/2009/dcbsdcon/mckusick-historyofbsd.sbv b/en_US.ISO8859-1/captions/2009/dcbsdcon/mckusick-historyofbsd.sbv
index 8b93823c28..9acac33b2c 100644
--- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/captions/2009/dcbsdcon/mckusick-historyofbsd.sbv
+++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/captions/2009/dcbsdcon/mckusick-historyofbsd.sbv
@@ -1,3908 +1,3912 @@
-0:00:00.570,0:00:03.510

-Anyways it is my great honour and privilege

-

-0:00:03.510,0:00:10.510

-to introduce Kirk McKusick uh! Which is

-give a talk our history of BSD

-

-0:00:13.570,0:00:17.170

-So this is actually a three-hour lecture

-

-0:00:17.170,0:00:19.949

-I but I don't have three hours so there is

-

-0:00:19.949,0:00:23.659

-uh  is this where I allow audience participation

-

-0:00:23.659,0:00:27.099

-The lecture is really sort of three

-main parts

-

-0:00:27.099,0:00:30.460

-and what I’ll do is

-

-0:00:30.460,0:00:34.210

-describe the three main parts. Then everyone

-will get to vote on which part they find the

-

-0:00:34.210,0:00:35.490

-most interesting

-

-0:00:35.490,0:00:36.510

-Then what I.. I won’t..

-

-0:00:36.510,0:00:41.309

-I used to just do just that part and I’ve got a

-lot of negative feedback about that's all

-

-0:00:41.309,0:00:43.819

-So I’ll do those two parts don't get elected in

-

-0:00:43.819,0:00:47.210

-I'll just do quickly and then I'll concentrate

-on the the one

-

-0:00:47.210,0:00:48.010

-piece that

-

-0:00:48.010,0:00:49.720

-seems to be the most popular

-

-0:00:49.720,0:00:51.360

-so the history of BSD

-

-0:00:51.360,0:00:55.750

-This is BSD at Berkeley is supposed

-to one to shout into that

-

-0:00:55.750,0:00:57.050

-open source world

-

-0:00:57.050,0:01:01.810

-So the first period of time is what I call

-the Bill Joy era

-

-0:01:01.810,0:01:06.360

-And this is where Bill Joy is starting up BSD

- and it's really getting a rolling and

-

-0:01:06.360,0:01:07.180

-so it ends when he

-

-0:01:07.180,0:01:08.370

-departs 

-0:01:08.370,0:01:09.610

-and

-0:01:09.610,0:01:13.080

-Sponsers uh.. starts up this company

-called Sun Microsystems which you may have

-

-0:01:13.080,0:01:14.680

-heard of

-

-0:01:14.680,0:01:19.250

-Uh.. Then the second part is one of the heyday

-of BSD. So this is the period of time

-

-0:01:19.250,0:01:20.930

-where everybody is

-

-0:01:20.930,0:01:24.290

-running is forty two and for three and so on

-

-0:01:24.290,0:01:24.960

-and

-

-0:01:24.960,0:01:28.830

-going accurate time we were being funded

-by DARPA which

-

-0:01:28.830,0:01:31.020

-deploy a microphone somewhere in this room

-

-0:01:31.020,0:01:32.950

-Uh at any rate

-

-0:01:32.950,0:01:35.160

-there was some very interesting

-

-0:01:35.160,0:01:36.889

-Uh.. battles that went on

-

-0:01:36.889,0:01:38.630

-Uh.. about

-

-0:01:38.630,0:01:41.110

-exactly how to see or to be implemented

-

-0:01:41.110,0:01:46.180

-and a lot of this at that history all

-that all percolates  out

-

-0:01:46.180,0:01:48.000

-and so that's sort of the middle period and

-

-0:01:48.000,0:01:54.000

-and then the end period is where we have

-gotten religion and it decided that

-

-0:01:54.000,0:01:58.130

-you know maybe BSD isn’t  going  be at

-Berkeley forever and if we want there to be

-

-0:01:58.130,0:01:58.960

-any

-

-0:01:58.960,0:02:00.430

-possibility with the continue

-

-0:02:00.430,0:02:04.530

-Uh.. we better figure out how to get it outside

-the university to people that

-

-0:02:04.530,0:02:08.489

-other than to the people that are licensed

-by AT&T Bell Laboratories.

-

-0:02:08.489,0:02:09.970

-And so it's the whole story out

-

-0:02:09.970,0:02:13.859

-how we open-sourced it and fought a one lawsuit

-about that and

-

-0:02:13.859,0:02:15.189

-so on and so forth.

-

-0:02:15.189,0:02:19.049

-So here is the three main parts.. The Bill Joy .. that the middle

-PCP

-

-0:02:19.049,0:02:20.519

-building years

-

-0:02:20.519,0:02:20.940

-and

-

-0:02:20.940,0:02:24.099

-the lawsuit years at the end.

-

-0:02:24.099,0:02:28.879

-So how many people are most interested in hearing

-the Bill joy years

-

-0:02:28.879,0:02:33.999

-one two three four five six seven eight nine

-ten eleven twelve thirteen

-

-0:02:33.999,0:02:35.199

-fourteen fifteen

-

-0:02:35.199,0:02:39.559

-Sixteen. Ok..  how many people are interested

-in hearing through the middle era

-

-0:02:39.559,0:02:44.579

-one two three four five six seven eight nine

-ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen

-

-0:02:44.579,0:02:45.320

-Sixteen..  All right..

-

-0:02:45.320,0:02:46.959

-Seventeen eighteen ninety twenty twenty one 

-

-0:02:46.959,0:02:49.959

-twenty five OK and how many people want to hear

-the open

-

-0:02:49.959,0:02:51.079

-source

-

-0:02:51.079,0:02:53.159

-Lawsuit’s et cetera

-

-0:02:53.159,0:02:57.120

-Laugh.... Okkk

-

-0:02:57.120,0:02:58.969

-Do you see this is why I ask

-

-0:02:58.969,0:03:01.139

-This is usual it's interesting 'cause I get

-

-0:03:01.139,0:03:03.499

-different different groups votes for different

-things

-

-0:03:03.499,0:03:06.799

-When I was in Japan they all want to hear

-about the lawsuit.. you know.. that’s all  they

-

-0:03:06.799,0:03:09.229

-have those in Japan. 

-

-0:03:09.229,0:03:11.669

-Yeah that story is quite well known here

-

-0:03:11.669,0:03:14.639

-Infact the so interesting tidbit is that

-

-0:03:14.639,0:03:16.459

-uh threw up

-

-0:03:16.459,0:03:20.289

-Freedom of Information Act California Freedom

-of Information Act

-

-0:03:20.289,0:03:23.489

-uh we were able to get the uh

-

-0:03:23.489,0:03:27.819

-decision on that lawsuit unsealed so that

-the actual text could get out which was

-

-0:03:27.819,0:03:30.319

-sort of interesting reading.

-

-0:03:30.319,0:03:34.349

-Okay, for those of you who are interested in

-a section that I'm not doing

-

-0:03:34.349,0:03:38.050

-I advice to buy them to make a shameless plug for

-my DVD.

-

-0:03:38.050,0:03:41.709

-This is the entire three-and-a-half hour version

-of this lecture

-

-0:03:41.709,0:03:45.949

-I wish I could conveniently have a box up your surf

-if it's worth twenty dollars to you could

-

-0:03:45.949,0:03:52.219

-got one of these and walk away with it.

-

-0:03:52.219,0:03:57.119

-Ok. So  uh unlike most of my talks and I don’t actually have a

-laptop with slides on it and I just have these

-

-0:03:57.119,0:03:59.529

-handwritten notes

-

-0:03:59.529,0:04:01.680

-and the top line of my handwritten note now it says

-

-0:04:01.680,0:04:06.190

-the first four pages of this were written

-on the Indian Pacific train on way to Greater Perth

-

-0:04:06.190,0:04:12.629

-in January 1986 because I had

-to give a lecture on the day I arrived.

-

-0:04:12.629,0:04:14.219

-So I have been uh told

-

-0:04:14.219,0:04:18.100

- that this was what my talk was going

-to be and I was unprepared so

-

-0:04:18.100,0:04:23.259

-it's what a bouncy up and down the handwriting

-but it was the early history

-

-0:04:23.259,0:04:24.840

-so anyway

-

-0:04:24.840,0:04:25.880

-we're just gonna zip

-

-0:04:25.880,0:04:27.029

-quickly through

-

-0:04:27.029,0:04:29.750

-what BSD started at Berkeley

-

-0:04:29.750,0:04:31.150

-Uh by Bill Joy

-

-0:04:31.150,0:04:34.120

-uh Bill Joy was a graduate student I

-happen to

-

-0:04:34.120,0:04:38.050

-share the same adviser with him, we were both

-working on programming languages.

-

-0:04:38.050,0:04:41.610

-Uh you might find that hard to believe considering

-that he did the seashell but

-

-0:04:41.610,0:04:44.539

-Uh.. laugh

-0:04:44.539,0:04:48.000

-at any rate up that's what we're doing and

-

-0:04:48.000,0:04:50.740

-So I shared an office with him and along with

-

-0:04:50.740,0:04:53.720

-three other graduate students uh

-

-0:04:53.720,0:04:56.120

-and

-

-0:04:56.120,0:05:00.060

-So uh I sort of was sitting there watching a lot of

-this unfolding and in fact Bill was very good

-

-0:05:00.060,0:05:03.080

-at getting other people enthusiastic about

-doing work.

-

-0:05:03.080,0:05:06.849

-There was his typical comment was.. “how hard

-can it be, you could just knock this off in

-

-0:05:06.849,0:05:08.869

-a couple hours”

-

-0:05:08.869,0:05:12.709

-and usually you could knock off one thing

-but of course that with can you sucked 

-

-0:05:12.709,0:05:16.060

-in and you know you end up writing the entire pascal

-interpreter of

-

-0:05:16.060,0:05:18.039

-the back and or something

-

-0:05:18.039,0:05:20.249

-At any rate

-

-0:05:20.249,0:05:24.749

-Bill started doing initially just utilities

-so was the seashell

-

-0:05:24.749,0:05:27.439

-uh that ex editor later

-

-0:05:27.439,0:05:29.750

-it also became the vi editor

-

-0:05:29.750,0:05:31.490

-the pascal system

-

-0:05:31.490,0:05:37.080

-and say start packaging these things out and

-sending out tapes to people and

-

-0:05:37.080,0:05:38.050

-then when

-

-0:05:38.050,0:05:39.930

-Ken Thompson who would

-

-0:05:39.930,0:05:42.099

-in an Alumnus of Berkeley

-

-0:05:42.099,0:05:45.610

-on without for one year's sabbatical and brought

-UNIX with him

-

-0:05:45.610,0:05:49.909

-when he left Bill sort of took over running

-the system what we would call assistant administrator

-

-0:05:49.909,0:05:51.729

-today

-

-0:05:51.729,0:05:55.660

-Uh at any rate this got him interested in this the system

-There were patches that were coming back

-

-0:05:55.660,0:05:58.550

-from AT&T he was putting those in and he was then

-

-0:05:58.550,0:06:01.590

-making some other sending them back to AT&T

-and he

-

-0:06:01.590,0:06:01.930

-and

-

-0:06:01.930,0:06:03.729

- so

-

-0:06:03.729,0:06:07.770

-over time there were bigger and bigger bits of

-the system and finally got tired of trying

-

-0:06:07.770,0:06:08.370

-to

-

-0:06:08.370,0:06:10.909

-track what other people's UNIX is look

-like

-

-0:06:10.909,0:06:11.729

-and so

-

-0:06:11.729,0:06:16.569

-uh with the advance of 3 BSD the

-third distribution

-

-0:06:16.569,0:06:18.560

-He just put together an entire package

-

-0:06:18.560,0:06:22.310

-uh and this was actually to the VAX rather

-than the PDP-11 which is what we've started

-

-0:06:22.310,0:06:23.080

-on

-

-0:06:23.080,0:06:25.069

-all the two dot 

-

-0:06:25.069,0:06:27.310

-versions of the of BSD

-

-0:06:27.310,0:06:30.889

-nicely worked on by the other people not by

-the Bill especially not the stuff where

-

-0:06:30.889,0:06:33.050

-the kernel begins to become involved

-

-0:06:33.050,0:06:35.300

-2.9, 10, 11 et  cetera

-

-0:06:35.300,0:06:37.569

-uh was actually done by

-

-0:06:37.569,0:06:41.090

-other people many years uh later so 2.11

-

-0:06:41.090,0:06:43.279

-does not preceed 3.0

-

-0:06:43.279,0:06:48.550

-Uh  2.11 is you know contemporary

-with 4.4

-

-0:06:48.550,0:06:51.100

-Uh  at any rate uh

-

-0:06:51.100,0:06:52.800

-once we got the

-

-0:06:52.800,0:06:54.790

-uh the BSD

-

-0:06:54.790,0:06:57.360

-distribution out into the world

-

-0:06:57.360,0:07:00.870

-Uh it started getting used by a lot of people

-because it

-

-0:07:00.870,0:07:01.589

-really

-

-0:07:01.589,0:07:05.000

-was a big step forward over what AT&T were

-shipping

-

-0:07:05.000,0:07:06.660

-in particular

-

-0:07:06.660,0:07:09.529

-uh as we start getting things like

-

-0:07:09.529,0:07:11.450

-the TCP/IP networking

-

-0:07:11.450,0:07:15.770

-Uh So you had a choice you can run a AT& T

-version which had UUCP as networking

-

-0:07:15.770,0:07:19.149

-or you could run BSD that had sockets et 

- cetera

-

-0:07:19.149,0:07:20.610

-you could run

-

-0:07:20.610,0:07:24.090

-AT&T's version which had a file system that

-could utilize 3 to 5 percent of the bandwidth

-

-0:07:24.090,0:07:24.979

-of the disk

-

-0:07:24.979,0:07:28.810

-or you could run BSD which could utilize 50 percent

-of the bandwidth of the disk

-

-0:07:28.810,0:07:30.519

-et cetera.

-

-0:07:30.519,0:07:34.939

-So many people would buy the AT&T license

- and immediately drop Berkeley to add UNIX

-

-0:07:34.939,0:07:37.180

-on to it.

-

-0:07:37.180,0:07:41.879

-Uh consequently it was getting wide distribution

-atleast in the university environments

-

-0:07:41.879,0:07:44.139

-Uh 

-

-0:07:44.139,0:07:46.979

-And uh starting this way he got into the commercial

-environments

-

-0:07:46.979,0:07:51.249

-The commercial environments were not large because

-commercial environments just weren’t using UNIX

-

-0:07:51.249,0:07:52.679

-at that time

-

-0:07:52.679,0:07:54.679

-for the most part

-

-0:07:54.679,0:07:58.090

-Uh  at any rate

-

-0:07:58.090,0:07:59.290

-Bill got it

-

-0:07:59.290,0:08:00.349

-Uh well

-

-0:08:00.349,0:08:04.299

-with 3 BSD coming out uh

-

-0:08:04.299,0:08:06.340

-The DARPA which is

-

-0:08:06.340,0:08:07.540

-essentially 

-

-0:08:07.540,0:08:10.160

-put out research contracts for

-

-0:08:10.160,0:08:12.629

-all the different branches of the military

-

-0:08:12.629,0:08:13.780

-Uh  was

-

-0:08:13.780,0:08:15.960

-had a huge number of contracts

-

-0:08:15.960,0:08:19.850

-uh with lots of different people being stuff

-related computers  all have different computers

-

-0:08:19.850,0:08:22.939

-and operating systems and maybe using some different

-languages

-

-0:08:22.939,0:08:24.969

-and so if one group would do something

-

-0:08:24.969,0:08:27.309

-they just couldn't really pass that

-

-0:08:27.309,0:08:30.739

-over take some other group that might want

-to utilize it because this was written in

-

-0:08:30.739,0:08:33.390

-FORTRAN and that was written in Pearl 1

-

-0:08:33.390,0:08:35.830

-You know this was running on

-

-0:08:35.830,0:08:40.830

-you know some deck machine that was running on some

-IBM's hardware et cetera.

-

-0:08:40.830,0:08:47.220

-and so DARPA decided that they

-really wanted to consolidate

-

-0:08:47.220,0:08:50.280

-on hardware and operating system

-

-0:08:50.280,0:08:55.000

-and then how people work there and so there's a

-better chance if they would be able to co-operate.

-

-0:08:55.000,0:08:57.640

-So they put out a a sort of

-

-0:08:57.640,0:08:59.829

-call sends a request for

-

-0:08:59.829,0:09:02.430

-proposals or whatever they called in those

-days

-

-0:09:02.430,0:09:04.290

-and

-

-0:09:04.290,0:09:05.520

-essentially there were two

-

-0:09:05.520,0:09:08.500

-uh main contending things that came in

-

-0:09:08.500,0:09:10.029

-one was the VAX

-

-0:09:10.029,0:09:11.320

-running  VMX

-

-0:09:11.320,0:09:14.300

-and the other one was the VAX running

-

-0:09:14.300,0:09:16.800

-Berkeley UNIX 

-

-0:09:16.800,0:09:18.150

-and of course

-

-0:09:18.150,0:09:21.650

-the uh the people that were promoting the

-VAX running VMS

-

-0:09:21.650,0:09:27.220

-were arguing like uh you know this is a real

-vendor supported operating system and

-

-0:09:27.220,0:09:32.059

-you know that this not just some flaky students

-at Berkeley that are doing it

-

-0:09:32.059,0:09:34.530

-then you know therefore there's sort of the operating

-system

-

-0:09:34.530,0:09:39.500

-And  that really put the final nail

-on the coffin 

-

-0:09:39.500,0:09:43.410

-Uh this time they encased and came up with a set of

-benchmarks

-

-0:09:43.410,0:09:47.370

-Uh  what we would call micro benchmarks

-today so how fast can you do get a PID

-

-0:09:47.370,0:09:49.970

-and how fast you could pipe thing

-

-0:09:49.970,0:09:54.180

-When you pack it back and forth to see

-up that certain context which is so on.

-

-0:09:54.180,0:09:55.410

-and

-

-0:09:55.410,0:09:56.710

-uh

-

-0:09:56.710,0:10:00.910

-showed that we must have did these things much faster

-than BSD did.

-

-0:10:00.910,0:10:01.760

-and this of course

-

-0:10:01.760,0:10:03.680

-made Bill  go ballistic

-

-0:10:03.680,0:10:04.360

-and

-

-0:10:04.360,0:10:07.780

-Uh besides saying that they were as stupid as benchmarks

- he'd ever since have zipped that's the way

-

-0:10:07.780,0:10:11.070

-they're gonna decide then we'll just go

-make this thing run fast

-

-0:10:11.070,0:10:14.920

-and it was sort of an interesting story about

-other half and what

-

-0:10:14.920,0:10:19.980

-he got uh the BSD to run those benchmarks as fast

-as the VMS

-

-0:10:19.980,0:10:21.450

-and

-

-0:10:21.450,0:10:22.170

-so

-

-0:10:22.170,0:10:24.900

-the upshot of it was that DARPA

-

-0:10:24.900,0:10:28.740

-was still sort of sitting on the fence

-and Bill’s comment was well VMS will stock

-

-0:10:28.740,0:10:30.380

-with VMX forever

-

-0:10:30.380,0:10:34.490

-and you know may be some other computer might

-be interesting down the road

-

-0:10:34.490,0:10:40.700

-and BSD is set up so that it's much more portable

-uh you know it's tie. UNIX, in general is

-

-0:10:40.700,0:10:44.750

-the portable across different architectures we've

-already proved it by running it for any cost too

-

-0:10:44.750,0:10:45.910

-so therefore 

-

-0:10:45.910,0:10:48.010

-it's proved point

-

-0:10:48.010,0:10:49.040

-so

-

-0:10:49.040,0:10:51.850

-at any rate DARPA agreed to that

-

-0:10:51.850,0:10:54.780

-and they put in some initial money to Berkeley

-

-0:10:54.780,0:10:57.230

-and the initial things that Berkley was

-really just

-

-0:10:57.230,0:11:00.720

-uh to come up with

-

-0:11:00.720,0:11:02.500

-Uh well we've put out 3 BSD

-

-0:11:02.500,0:11:05.950

-which had a lot of functionality but the

-performance wasn't so great

-

-0:11:05.950,0:11:09.330

-and so the that first point was to get 

-4 BSD out

-

-0:11:09.330,0:11:10.790

-which was going to happen

-

-0:11:10.790,0:11:12.870

-sort of that

-

-0:11:12.870,0:11:14.960

-that additional functionality they really felt

-they needed

-

-0:11:14.960,0:11:16.459

-uh which would just is of the

-

-0:11:16.459,0:11:17.930

-really small tweeks

-

-0:11:17.930,0:11:22.510

-Uh  things like the ability to automatically

-reboot after crash

-

-0:11:22.510,0:11:23.880

-Uh Job control

-

-0:11:23.880,0:11:29.540

-uh PRAM’s list which was created by a bunch

-of their uh folks, deliver mail, smoke in air

-

-0:11:29.540,0:11:32.810

- that was the uh the predecessor to

-send mail

-

-0:11:32.810,0:11:36.820

-except without a configuration file you just

-complied and check the way he needs things

-

-0:11:36.820,0:11:37.700

-that were

-

-0:11:37.700,0:11:39.720

-uh at any rate

-

-0:11:39.720,0:11:41.260

-Uh that came out

-

-0:11:41.260,0:11:42.800

-and that 4.1

-

-0:11:42.800,0:11:44.550

-so it nail that down cleaned it up

-

-0:11:44.550,0:11:46.590

-got the performance decent

-

-0:11:46.590,0:11:49.680

-and that fulfilled the first DARPA contract.

-

-0:11:49.680,0:11:52.450

-DARPA had put in something like

-

-0:11:52.450,0:11:56.390

-you know three-quarters of a million dollars or something

-and boomed topped this huge pay back from it

-

-0:11:56.390,0:11:56.960

-and

-

-0:11:56.960,0:11:58.380

-people seem to be happy with it

-

-0:11:58.380,0:12:02.880

-so they decided that maybe that the funky graduate students

-at Berkeley could do stuff

-

-0:12:02.880,0:12:05.640

-and so then they put in that of

-

-0:12:05.640,0:12:07.310

-considerably larger

-

-0:12:07.310,0:12:10.710

-contract it was I don't know what three or

-five million dollars

-

-0:12:10.710,0:12:12.260

-on this was a longer term

-

-0:12:12.260,0:12:13.520

-he knows he would’ve at

-

-0:12:13.520,0:12:15.870

- those times he would get

-

-0:12:15.870,0:12:17.839

-for example a three-year contract

-

-0:12:17.839,0:12:20.320

-of which is sort of unheard of in lot of a 

-

-0:12:20.320,0:12:22.440

-research stuff today.

-

-0:12:22.440,0:12:25.630

-So you could really sort of spent some time

-figuring out what you can do and do it 

-

-0:12:25.630,0:12:28.789

-for eighteen months to two years before you had

-to start working about

-

-0:12:28.789,0:12:31.030

-the new assignment et cetera.

-

-0:12:31.030,0:12:33.180

-Uh in any way

-

-0:12:33.180,0:12:34.930

-the grand goals for this

-

-0:12:34.930,0:12:37.300

-Big hunt that DARPA gave

-

-0:12:37.300,0:12:38.800

-was

-

-0:12:38.800,0:12:41.470

-Uh there were four pieces. One was

-

-0:12:41.470,0:12:42.779

-to get a

-

-0:12:42.779,0:12:43.880

-real networking end

-

-0:12:43.880,0:12:46.220

-uh at that time

-

-0:12:46.220,0:12:47.980

-Uh  there was just NCP

-

-0:12:47.980,0:12:49.680

-Uh  which was that

-

-0:12:49.680,0:12:54.240

-Network Control Protocol predecessor to TCP/IP 

-

-0:12:54.240,0:12:57.100

-Uh a good file system in their

-

-0:12:57.100,0:13:01.490

-Uh restart able signal so you could actually

-use them to drive work as opposed to just

-

-0:13:01.490,0:13:03.440

-terminating programs

-

-0:13:03.440,0:13:05.600

-and a new virtual memory system

-

-0:13:05.600,0:13:07.390

-Uh  that wasn't

-

-0:13:07.390,0:13:09.810

-well essentially that allowed shared memory

-

-0:13:09.810,0:13:11.530

-uh that the one

-

-0:13:11.530,0:13:13.640

-the predecessor

-

-0:13:13.640,0:13:15.880

-that we were running BSD at that

-time

-

-0:13:15.880,0:13:19.810

-shared the text space that would be only the part

-of your program but all the rest

-

-0:13:19.810,0:13:21.580

-could not shared

-

-0:13:21.580,0:13:23.810

-So there’re the four deliverables.

-

-0:13:23.810,0:13:25.980

-now for the kind of networking

-

-0:13:25.980,0:13:28.000

-the students really trust us.

-

-0:13:28.000,0:13:30.879

-So they decided that what they were going

-to do

-

-0:13:30.879,0:13:33.720

-was divide into two parts.

-

-0:13:33.720,0:13:35.300

-So they were going to get

-

-0:13:35.300,0:13:37.630

-  Bolt, Beranek and Newman BBN

-

-0:13:37.630,0:13:42.360

-we are going to actually write the TCP/IP protocols

-stuff

-

-0:13:42.360,0:13:44.709

-and What Berkley was supposed to do

-

-0:13:44.709,0:13:46.589

-was designed the

-

-0:13:46.589,0:13:47.550

-programming interface

-

-0:13:47.550,0:13:49.040

-uh so

-

-0:13:49.040,0:13:53.130

-the socket connect except so on

-

-0:13:53.130,0:13:55.639

-and then VB9 was to deliver

-

-0:13:55.639,0:14:00.159

-the thing plug-in underneath that interface

-and Berkley was to integrated into

-

-0:14:00.159,0:14:02.150

-BSD and uh

-

-0:14:02.150,0:14:04.570

-they would ship it.

-

-0:14:04.570,0:14:05.239

-and

-

-0:14:05.239,0:14:08.090

-Uh  so

-

-0:14:08.090,0:14:11.240

-this all started on and VB9 gets to work

-

-0:14:11.240,0:14:13.090

-and

-

-0:14:13.090,0:14:15.750

-Joy gets to work on the interface and

-

-0:14:15.750,0:14:18.620

-uh so

-

-0:14:18.620,0:14:22.610

-eventually what happens is that Bill has sort

-of the framework of this stuff. And Bill being

-

-0:14:22.610,0:14:23.960

-Bill uh

-

-0:14:23.960,0:14:26.580

-he he work rather quickly

-

-0:14:26.580,0:14:29.880

-Uh someone wants to ask you to compare myself

-to build Joy and I said look

-

-0:14:29.880,0:14:33.980

-there's really nothing that he's done that

-I couldn't do but the problem is

-

-0:14:33.980,0:14:36.810

-what he gets done in a year would take me

-a decade

-

-0:14:36.810,0:14:39.430

-because he was the master of figuring out.

-

-0:14:39.430,0:14:40.730

-I'm here

-

-0:14:40.730,0:14:42.039

-that's where I want to get to

-

-0:14:42.039,0:14:44.740

-what is absolutely shortest half from here

-to there

-

-0:14:44.740,0:14:45.810

-and he would do it

-

-0:14:45.810,0:14:47.339

-and you end up with code

-

-0:14:47.339,0:14:48.260

-that worked but

-

-0:14:48.260,0:14:51.699

-that was not maintainable, expendable, changeable.

-

-0:14:51.699,0:14:56.130

-Anybody looked at the old version of the VI

-understand what I’m talking about.

-

-0:14:56.130,0:14:56.860

-so

-

-0:14:56.860,0:14:58.430

-So some of the rest of us you know

-

-0:14:58.430,0:14:59.709

-like to have stuff that like

-

-0:14:59.709,0:15:02.910

-you could go back and do something with later

-but that takes longer

-

-0:15:02.910,0:15:03.689

-In any way

-

-0:15:03.689,0:15:06.300

-Bill figured out this socket interface the first

-

-0:15:06.300,0:15:07.930

-draft away it anyway

-

-0:15:07.930,0:15:12.140

-and he's got it and now he needs the newer call protocols

-to put underneath it

-

-0:15:12.140,0:15:15.480

-so he goes to to

-

-0:15:15.480,0:15:16.399

-Uh Rob Gurvitz who was

-

-0:15:16.399,0:15:18.259

-leading the program of

-

-0:15:18.259,0:15:20.429

-development of TCP/IP at PBN

-

-0:15:20.429,0:15:23.660

-and says hey I got a socket interface and I need something to put

-in here

-

-0:15:23.660,0:15:28.140

-and Rob says well we're not really done yet

-but we have we have a slight prototype code

-

-0:15:28.140,0:15:29.990

-and you know you could put that in it

-

-0:15:29.990,0:15:31.319

-see how that works in

-

-0:15:31.319,0:15:33.100

-you know then we’ll iterate hopefully the race

-

-0:15:33.100,0:15:35.810

-up so that we can work in parallel of you. 

-

-0:15:35.810,0:15:38.410

-So Bill gets the code and

-

-0:15:38.410,0:15:40.420

-he puts it in

-

-0:15:40.420,0:15:40.859

-and

-

-0:15:40.859,0:15:42.979

-cranks it up and gets a kind of working

-

-0:15:42.979,0:15:43.820

-and

-

-0:15:43.820,0:15:45.580

-then decides to run

-

-0:15:45.580,0:15:49.110

-Some full test between machines to see

-how well it works.

-

-0:15:49.110,0:15:55.150

-And  we’re running at the at that time our development

-machines development inputs were 

-

-0:15:55.150,0:15:55.820

-VAC 750’s

-0:15:55.820,0:15:59.640

-so that was the big honk at VAC 780

-that ran entire NIP

-

-0:15:59.640,0:16:04.600

-and then there were these much smaller things

-that were merely the size of a large

-

-0:16:04.600,0:16:05.769

-uh dishwasher

-

-0:16:05.769,0:16:11.839

-uh its bigger than a dishwasher more like

-washing machine yes

-its over range at any rate and used about

-

-0:16:11.839,0:16:13.660

-as much power as the same.

-

-0:16:13.660,0:16:16.260

-Uh with all the burners turned ON assuming its electric

-

-0:16:16.260,0:16:23.080

-uh anyway and the VAC 750 only 

-ran at 0.7 NIPs

-

-0:16:23.080,0:16:25.480

-Uh and so

-

-0:16:25.480,0:16:28.920

-Bill needs to be overrun sometimes back and forth

-between these machines

-

-0:16:28.920,0:16:31.080

-and of course we don't have

-

-0:16:31.080,0:16:34.900

-anything like FTP or TELNET

-anything that, which is not written yet

-

-0:16:34.900,0:16:36.890

-and so he just

-

-0:16:36.890,0:16:38.369

-being Bill as well

-

-0:16:38.369,0:16:39.699

-hack up something

-

-0:16:39.699,0:16:43.309

-uh which was all logged in RCP et cetera.

-

-0:16:43.309,0:16:47.820

-which was really just the design so that he

-could test running between these two machines

-

-0:16:47.820,0:16:48.710

-Uh 

-

-0:16:48.710,0:16:52.130

-This is the legacy that we end up with and

-why the protocol number or anything like

-

-0:16:52.130,0:16:57.820

-that in the header you know it’s just a 

-test program no one is gonna actually use this

-

-0:16:57.820,0:17:02.020

-so the uh upshot of all this that

-

-0:17:02.020,0:17:03.840

-Bill fires up

-

-0:17:03.840,0:17:05.530

-RCP and

-

-0:17:05.530,0:17:08.230

-to copy a file between machines

-

-0:17:08.230,0:17:08.730

-and

-

-0:17:08.730,0:17:15.300

-and it copies a file at about 50..6 or

-60 kilobits per second

-

-0:17:15.300,0:17:17.520

-and at that point the CPU is PEC

-

-0:17:17.520,0:17:19.799

-on the VAX 750

-

-0:17:19.799,0:17:20.810

-And it you know

-

-0:17:20.810,0:17:24.810

-there's plenty of bandwidth still available

-because we had 10 megabit Ethernet at that point

-

-0:17:24.810,0:17:28.519

-we had the new 10 megabit Ethernet because mostly

- it was 3 megabit but

-

-0:17:28.519,0:17:31.059

-we had a 10 which was like really cool stuff.

-

-0:17:31.059,0:17:32.260

-uh and

-

-0:17:32.260,0:17:37.090

-uh so he talks to her rocker you know this thing runs 

-and girl was his attitude

-

-0:17:37.090,0:17:39.280

-as well the backbone

-

-0:17:39.280,0:17:44.540

-of the only the 56 K so as long as

-we can saturate that what's the problem

-

-0:17:44.540,0:17:48.710

-and Bill’s attitude is well know I need to be

- all you know get closer to the bandwidth of

-

-0:17:48.710,0:17:51.450

-the network between these local machines

-

-0:17:51.450,0:17:56.430

-And so of course Bill being Bill

-dives in and see why this is the case that it's not running very

-

-0:17:56.430,0:17:57.440

-fast.

-

-0:17:57.440,0:17:58.500

-Infact DRAPA

-

-0:17:58.500,0:17:59.880

- wrote to

-

-0:17:59.880,0:18:01.680

-to some of this stuff to figure out

-

-0:18:01.680,0:18:06.320

-what was not running quickly. We already

-had it for usual of our programs that’s what we

-

-0:18:06.320,0:18:09.170

-put it into the kernel

-

-0:18:09.170,0:18:12.160

-And said to say some of these tools are still like

-considered

-

-0:18:12.160,0:18:17.050

-like leading tools but are not leading tools but

-still used tools today

-

-0:18:17.050,0:18:22.800

-Uh which isn't to say bad that it's just that

-seems like in twenty years you could do better

-

-0:18:22.800,0:18:23.690

-at any rate

-

-0:18:23.690,0:18:27.490

-he quickly discovers that way the TCP/IP 

-code is written

-

-0:18:27.490,0:18:30.000

-is it’s this elaborate state machine

-

-0:18:30.000,0:18:32.970

-and there's the state transitions that you

-go through and

-

-0:18:32.970,0:18:36.919

-each time we want to a state transition the

-you jump through an indirect

-

-0:18:36.919,0:18:39.090

-this and that and other things and

-

-0:18:39.090,0:18:42.520

-and he goes well you know this is just great

-and efficient and you know

-

-0:18:42.520,0:18:46.620

-we could just take this machine turned

-into a giant switch statement

-

-0:18:46.620,0:18:49.860

-And you know if you're going to see a red area

-know to get from here to there are going to

-

-0:18:49.860,0:18:53.070

-need to switch states buttoning ON and that’s that

-

-0:18:53.070,0:18:54.380

-We'll just do that

-

-0:18:54.380,0:18:57.770

-And so he starts crank on his way

-and

-

-0:18:57.770,0:18:59.230

-pounding out all of that

-

-0:18:59.230,0:19:01.680

-the structure and getting a down

-

-0:19:01.680,0:19:04.110

-of what it looks like today

-

-0:19:04.110,0:19:06.200

-And uh 

-

-0:19:06.200,0:19:09.390

-that's the spin cleaned up considerably over

-the years but

-

-0:19:09.390,0:19:12.280

-Uh  so he cranks it down to this and

-

-0:19:12.280,0:19:14.770

-gets up to the point where

-

-0:19:14.770,0:19:19.420

-he can at least saturate that 3 megabit wire

-we can’t saturate the

-

-0:19:19.420,0:19:21.960

-10 megabit wire but it's because the

-

-0:19:21.960,0:19:24.640

-actually Ethernet controllers are which themselves are

-

-0:19:24.640,0:19:26.740

-not able to uh

-

-0:19:26.740,0:19:30.310

-really run at 10 megabits uh

-

-0:19:30.310,0:19:33.330

-these were you know prototype early release

-stuff and so

-

-0:19:33.330,0:19:35.020

-we get it upto

-

-0:19:35.020,0:19:36.960

-somewhere around four

-

-0:19:36.960,0:19:39.370

-megabit uh

-

-0:19:39.370,0:19:43.370

-But we're only looking at 40% CPU time

-so in theory if we could have run at wire’s

-

-0:19:43.370,0:19:46.809

-speed we got up to 10 megabit

-and for other reasons it wouldn't have

-

-0:19:46.809,0:19:47.350

-but

-

-0:19:47.350,0:19:53.760

-the point is we were like uh a way way over of magnitude

-ahead of where we started from later of

-

-0:19:53.760,0:19:56.350

-and so

-

-0:19:56.350,0:19:59.480

-Uh there's a lot of pressure from a lot of the

-

-0:19:59.480,0:20:02.950

-uh the people that have been that have 4.1

-

-0:20:02.950,0:20:04.640

-that they want to

-

-0:20:04.640,0:20:07.320

-try out this networking stuff

-

-0:20:07.320,0:20:10.080

-and so uh

-

-0:20:10.080,0:20:11.870

-this code

-

-0:20:11.870,0:20:13.210

-as such as it was

-

-0:20:13.210,0:20:17.280

-uh got released as something that we call

-4.1a

-

-0:20:17.280,0:20:20.680

-Uh  so 4.1a was sort of the

-

-0:20:20.680,0:20:22.559

-first intermediate release of

-

-0:20:22.559,0:20:26.020

-Uh between 4.1 and 4.2

-

-0:20:26.020,0:20:28.860

-and this got surprisingly large

-

-0:20:28.860,0:20:32.890

-larger distribution then we have really planned

-on because you know you give it to one person

-

-0:20:32.890,0:20:38.010

-and then someone else hears about it. May want it

-then someone else wants it nahnah..... 

-0:20:38.010,0:20:42.030

-It's not like today and where you just put it up

- just anonymous FTP. This was still

-

-0:20:42.030,0:20:45.340

-put it on a tape Mule tape somebody big

-

-0:20:45.340,0:20:46.640

-nine track tapes   

-

-0:20:46.640,0:20:48.110

-uh 

-

-0:20:48.110,0:20:52.900

-And uh if you'd want lucky enough to have a high

-tape drive 6250

-

-0:20:52.900,0:20:55.090

-Which for inchtape drive then you had to get

-

-0:20:55.090,0:20:56.430

-the 1604

-

-0:20:56.430,0:20:59.360

- tapes together all out there

-

-0:20:59.360,0:21:01.660

-Uh at any rate 

-

-0:21:01.660,0:21:03.820

-This this code goes out

-

-0:21:03.820,0:21:04.299

-Uh and uh

-

-0:21:04.299,0:21:10.039

-measured about this time Sam Leffler

-somebody's name probably know in contemporary

-

-0:21:10.039,0:21:11.800

-stuff having to do with wireless

-

-0:21:11.800,0:21:14.000

-Uh  I actually joined

-

-0:21:14.000,0:21:15.710

-the Source Forge group there

-

-0:21:15.710,0:21:17.340

-uh and

-

-0:21:17.340,0:21:19.530

-he begins to help build with

-

-0:21:19.530,0:21:21.669

-a rewrite of the networking interface

-

-0:21:21.669,0:21:23.020

-on in particular

-

-0:21:23.020,0:21:27.210

-uh Bill hadn't quiet hard on to the

-fact that

-

-0:21:27.210,0:21:30.320

-uh When you may want to have multiple connections

-

-0:21:30.320,0:21:33.970

-concurrently on a particular port

-so if you're running some TP

-

-0:21:33.970,0:21:35.720

-server of HTTP

-

-0:21:35.720,0:21:38.640

-Uh the way he had written had a except

-

-0:21:38.640,0:21:42.780

-that the that the what we think of surround view of

-the socket today was actually connected

-

-0:21:42.780,0:21:46.350

-and so that nobody else to talk to you on

-that particular port to you. When you’re 

-

-0:21:46.350,0:21:48.170

-finished with that conversation and then

-

-0:21:48.170,0:21:51.520

-that the sock would become free again and you

-could’ve the next connection.

-

-0:21:51.520,0:21:52.759

-he says like that no

-

-0:21:52.759,0:21:54.389

-no we got it like 

-0:21:54.389,0:21:56.500

-to have more than one at a time

-

-0:21:56.500,0:22:01.510

-and so that's when the whole listen and the

-rendezvous socket works up returns to a new

-

-0:22:01.510,0:22:03.670

-connected socket and so on

-

-0:22:03.670,0:22:06.960

-uh and so at any rate

-

-0:22:06.960,0:22:08.900

-this this all  it gets done

-

-0:22:08.900,0:22:10.970

-And uh

-

-0:22:10.970,0:22:15.930

-I've gotten ropped into doing the files system

-which is another part of an earlier story.

-

-0:22:15.930,0:22:20.130

-uh and so the file system is sort of the

-point where we're ready to inflicted I mean

-

-0:22:20.130,0:22:22.120

-let other users try it

-

-0:22:22.120,0:22:24.480

-and we have revise networking

-

-0:22:24.480,0:22:25.600

-and so this

-

-0:22:25.600,0:22:26.460

-Uh came up

-

-0:22:26.460,0:22:28.960

-as a release called 4.1b

-

-0:22:28.960,0:22:33.390

-and then fairly quickly thereafter the signal

-stuff got cleaned up

-

-0:22:33.390,0:22:36.670

-so 4.1b got replaced to 4.1c

-

-0:22:36.670,0:22:40.450

-Uh  remember there were four things that we need

-to get done so A was the networking B was the file system

-

-0:22:40.450,0:22:42.309

-and C was the signalling and

-

-0:22:42.309,0:22:43.920

-D was supposed to be 

-

-0:22:43.920,0:22:47.880

-the virtual memory which of course did happen

-for another six or seven years

-

-0:22:47.880,0:22:49.190

-Uh but

-

-0:22:49.190,0:22:52.390

-at any rate 4.1c was another one

-of these ones

-

-0:22:52.390,0:22:54.600

-which was an enormously picked up  

-

-0:22:54.600,0:22:56.300

-very wide distribution

-

-0:22:56.300,0:22:57.860

-uh and in

-

-0:22:57.860,0:23:01.110

-in the meantime

-

-0:23:01.110,0:23:05.640

-Uh you know the folks at the PBNF continues to

-work and developing and

-

-0:23:05.640,0:23:06.570

-polishing their code

-

-0:23:06.570,0:23:09.720

-uh but Bill had asked another copy

-of it so

-

-0:23:09.720,0:23:12.570

-they hadn’t delivered it because it

-wasn’t done yet any way

-

-0:23:12.570,0:23:15.370

-uh and they’re just get it done

-

-0:23:15.370,0:23:18.450

-then give it to Berkley we could put it

-in this

-

-0:23:18.450,0:23:20.790

-preparation for shipping 4.2

-

-0:23:20.790,0:23:24.090

-Well 4.1c got out there

-

-0:23:24.090,0:23:25.610

-and uh  

-

-0:23:25.610,0:23:29.760

-Bill then was setting about  to work on

-the VM stuff

-

-0:23:29.760,0:23:34.260

-When one day going to his office to

-Chat with him. He says, “ Come into my office and you know  I

-

-0:23:34.260,0:23:37.840

- I am

-

-0:23:37.840,0:23:41.870

-involved with these other folks down at Stanford

-and they have some hardware

-

-0:23:41.870,0:23:42.860

-and they want

-

-0:23:42.860,0:23:45.020

-me to put some Berkley UNIX on it

-

-0:23:45.020,0:23:46.020

-and you know

-

-0:23:46.020,0:23:48.770

-starts selling these things as workstations

-

-0:23:48.770,0:23:49.889

-and uh 

-

-0:23:49.889,0:23:52.500

-I’m going I gonna go

-

-0:23:52.500,0:23:56.430

-I am going down there and you know that one of the

-founding members of this and you should come

-

-0:23:56.430,0:23:57.230

-along

-

-0:23:57.230,0:23:58.750

-uh because you know 

-

-0:23:58.750,0:24:03.989

-you being a single digit

-employee at workstations.

-

-0:24:03.989,0:24:06.559

-You’ll get huge stock option

-it’s gonna be really exciting and you know

-

-0:24:06.559,0:24:11.450

-I at that time I had already completed my degree

-in business from

-

-0:24:11.450,0:24:12.580

-Uh University California so

-

-0:24:12.580,0:24:14.710

-I knew something about business

-

-0:24:14.710,0:24:18.460

-in fact I've taken an entrepreneurial course

-so I knew a lot about starting up companies

-

-0:24:18.460,0:24:19.830

-and selling back.

-

-0:24:19.830,0:24:23.230

-And so I said,” Well you know Bill

-

-0:24:23.230,0:24:27.750

-this all sounds good what you know what what

-is that’s going to  make you so successful.”

-

-0:24:27.750,0:24:31.480

-He says,” All those facts that you know we're

-not going to vendor lock in and you know it's going

-

-0:24:31.480,0:24:33.190

-to be running the UNIX and

-

-0:24:33.190,0:24:38.000

-if SUN doesn’t do it right they

-can always go to another vendor and can get UNIX from now.

-

-0:24:38.000,0:24:40.730

-and uh that’s that's going to be the story

-

-0:24:40.730,0:24:43.320

-And I said, “Well you know this is well and good but

-

-0:24:43.320,0:24:46.120

-let me explain about workstations.”

-

-0:24:46.120,0:24:50.860

-Uh workstations is about the install base of applications

-as people buy workstations because the applications

-

-0:24:50.860,0:24:52.700

- run on it

-

-0:24:52.700,0:24:56.810

-And uh you know this is company APPOLO that had

-

-0:24:56.810,0:25:01.220

-a 4 years head start on SUN and they've

-got a lock on the applications

-

-0:25:01.220,0:25:04.860

-and people aren’t going to switch the SUN because

-they need the applications that run on APPOLO.

-

-0:25:04.860,0:25:06.690

-So  you know

-

-0:25:06.690,0:25:09.400

-I'm sure it's going to be interesting but

-uh

-

-0:25:09.400,0:25:13.909

-you know I'm only a few months from finishing

-my PHD in I know I got a SUN with you that

-

-0:25:13.909,0:25:15.249

-won't happen

-

-0:25:15.249,0:25:18.390

-So I’m gonna my PhD we'll see how SUN is doing in

-

-0:25:18.390,0:25:20.660

-over six or eight months and you know

-

-0:25:20.660,0:25:22.130

-We’ll evaluate

-

-0:25:22.130,0:25:26.640

-well of course it took me in and fourteen

-fifteen months to finish my PhD and of

-

-0:25:26.640,0:25:27.740

-course by that time

-

-0:25:27.740,0:25:31.590

-SUN had burst onto the scene and didn't

-have anything interesting stock options

-

-0:25:31.590,0:25:33.910

-left

-

-0:25:33.910,0:25:39.410

-So uh if you want it buy it's about business perhaps

-I'm not the one to ask

-

-0:25:39.410,0:25:41.410

-at any rate

-

-0:25:41.410,0:25:44.420

-Bill left without doing to the VM system

-

-0:25:44.420,0:25:49.500

-Uh  and he took 4.1c with him to get it

-ported on to the the SUN hardware.

-

-0:25:49.500,0:25:51.300

-and

-

-0:25:51.300,0:25:54.240

-with this sort uh of hit

-

-0:25:54.240,0:25:55.910

-on the the main developer

-

-0:25:55.910,0:26:00.510

-uh we decided that rather than trying up to get

-someone else up to speed in getting to the

-

-0:26:00.510,0:26:02.710

-VM done and so on.

-

-0:26:02.710,0:26:05.520

-We would instead

-

-0:26:05.520,0:26:09.370

-just declare the first three pieces of this

-4 piece contract

-

-0:26:09.370,0:26:11.580

-uh work released

-

-0:26:11.580,0:26:14.020

-and so

-

-0:26:14.020,0:26:15.720

-uh around this time

-

-0:26:15.720,0:26:18.050

-this be back June of 1983

-

-0:26:18.050,0:26:20.620

-Uh Micheal Karl joins the group

-

-0:26:20.620,0:26:22.590

-essentially coming in uh

-

-0:26:22.590,0:26:25.500

-to replace in into the position that was

-

-0:26:25.500,0:26:27.119

-up formerly held by

-

-0:26:27.119,0:26:29.330

-Sam ..Sam uh  out by

-

-0:26:29.330,0:26:32.000

-Bill as that sort of

-

-0:26:32.000,0:26:33.250

-Head of lead programmer

-

-0:26:33.250,0:26:36.510

-uh and

-

-0:26:36.510,0:26:40.490

-because Sam also Sam had also considered taking

-that position but ultimately decided that

-

-0:26:40.490,0:26:44.610

-uh he he didn't want to do that he was gonna

-to go off to do graphic and

-

-0:26:44.610,0:26:46.990

- looks as well

-

-0:26:46.990,0:26:48.830

-and so

-

-0:26:48.830,0:26:51.030

-the uh

-

-0:26:51.030,0:26:52.980

-the upshot of this was that

-

-0:26:52.980,0:26:55.429

-4.2 got released

-

-0:26:55.429,0:26:57.920

-in about August of 83

-

-0:26:57.920,0:27:01.549

-And uh

-

-0:27:01.549,0:27:05.640

-there’re uh about 1000 copies around remember for each 

-copy that goes out that’s like an institution gets

-

-0:27:05.640,0:27:07.429

-a copy and you know

-

-0:27:07.429,0:27:10.760

-spread across all those machines et cetera.

-

-0:27:10.760,0:27:14.470

-Uh there's another way of looking at it is you can

-look at the number of licenses that AT&T

-

-0:27:14.470,0:27:16.400

- had outstanding 

-

-0:27:16.400,0:27:21.420

-and how many licenses that Berkley had

-

-0:27:21.420,0:27:24.310

-at the time we had shipped a thousand, there were

-about twelve hundred

-

-0:27:24.310,0:27:27.450

-uh AT&T licenses. So it says that

-

-0:27:27.450,0:27:29.149

-fair number of people were running

-

-0:27:29.149,0:27:35.310

-Uh  now at this point just for context AT&T is

-releasing system 5 release one

-

-0:27:35.310,0:27:37.380

-So that is short of where they are.

-

-0:27:37.380,0:27:39.290

-Uh They had taken their file system and

-

-0:27:39.290,0:27:44.010

-up the block size from 512 bytes

- to 1 K

-

-0:27:44.010,0:27:46.750

-Uh at any rate

-

-0:27:46.750,0:27:47.870

-PBNN

-

-0:27:47.870,0:27:50.650

-was very upset that their TCP/IP

-

-0:27:50.650,0:27:53.340

-had not been incorporated.

-

-0:27:53.340,0:27:57.650

-and here we released it but it was this like

-prototype early version had been bastardize

-

-0:27:57.650,0:27:59.100

-by Bill

-

-0:27:59.100,0:28:04.290

-and like you know this is it that you know

-DARPA paid and now you know have the shiny wonderful

-

-0:28:04.290,0:28:05.990

-TCP/IP stack.

-

-0:28:05.990,0:28:09.150

-You should be putting this in

-

-0:28:09.150,0:28:10.369

-and so

-

-0:28:10.369,0:28:15.310

-they began agitating with DARPA and saying

-what you know Blah Blah got this happened

-

-0:28:15.310,0:28:16.280

-and so

-

-0:28:16.280,0:28:20.950

-uh Michael  Karl being  very deliberative

-what a person he is.

-

-0:28:20.950,0:28:23.330

-Says Ok well

-

-0:28:23.330,0:28:27.780

-I'll take the TCP/IP code from BBN and I'll

-take the TCP code from 

-

-0:28:27.780,0:28:28.870

-that we have in 4.2  

-

-0:28:28.870,0:28:31.550

-and will evaluate both of them

-

-0:28:31.550,0:28:38.430

-and the evaluation involves you know 

-performance and maintenance abilities

-

-0:28:38.430,0:28:41.980

-and functionality and all these various 

-necessary things

-

-0:28:41.980,0:28:42.779

-and

-

-0:28:42.779,0:28:47.370

-He says, “ Well you know the TCP/IP the idea comes

-from BBN and has some really good ideas

-

-0:28:47.370,0:28:49.039

-and we don't have so we'll just

-

-0:28:49.039,0:28:51.330

-Pick those up and drop it in our distribution

-

-0:28:51.330,0:28:55.510

-Uh  but we don't really feel that their

-

-0:28:55.510,0:28:57.950

-code is uh you know

-

-0:28:57.950,0:29:01.090

-is the good place to start from. There are lot of people

-this point

-

-0:29:01.090,0:29:05.730

-that have worked with the prickly code

-and they know that code is based on huge amount of enhancements

-

-0:29:05.730,0:29:07.570

-on it.

-

-0:29:07.570,0:29:10.880

-Uh This is wonderful book that's been written

-all about it

-

-0:29:10.880,0:29:13.049

-So it is very well documented

-

-0:29:13.049,0:29:13.500

-and

-

-0:29:13.500,0:29:17.960

-it just doesn't seem to have really make sense

-to

-

-0:29:17.960,0:29:22.460

-reset back to here and then have to get all

-of those improvements changes et cetera.

-

-0:29:22.460,0:29:23.809

-Uh  into this 

-

-0:29:23.809,0:29:25.280

-particular new version.

-

-0:29:25.280,0:29:27.150

-uh it it

-

-0:29:27.150,0:29:30.440

-I finally graduated in 84 and during

-the project

-

-0:29:30.440,0:29:33.260

-uh foolishly that taking over as

-

-0:29:33.260,0:29:34.170

-it's technically but

-

-0:29:34.170,0:29:35.419

-is the lead

-

-0:29:35.419,0:29:38.960

-which meant that I got to deal with all of

-the political polls showed while

-

-0:29:38.960,0:29:41.870

-Mike got to do lots of programming

-

-0:29:41.870,0:29:45.140

-So let that be a lesson to you that if you think

-that they're trying to sweet talk

-

-0:29:45.140,0:29:50.409

-you and How great it is to be in-charge

-of things.

-

-0:29:50.409,0:29:50.960

-Uh 

-

-0:29:50.960,0:29:53.080

-At any rate we

-

-0:29:53.080,0:29:56.680

-continue debating back and forth about this

-stuff with BBN.

-

-0:29:56.680,0:30:00.180

-We kept taking stuff putting it into

-And look you know that we've taken that we've we’ve taken that 

-

-0:30:00.180,0:30:03.720

-“No No. You have to take the code 

-You got to take the code.”

-

-0:30:03.720,0:30:05.440

-So at any rate 4.3

-

-0:30:05.440,0:30:07.750

-was really designed

-

-0:30:07.750,0:30:12.340

-much like 4.1 in the sense of consolidating 

-what we already had. So throughout the eh 

-

-0:30:12.340,0:30:17.350

-the even-numbered releases from Berkeley had

-a lot of functionality and odd releases

-

-0:30:17.350,0:30:19.930

-tried to really get the performance up

-

-0:30:19.930,0:30:24.170

-Uh we we're always striving to make sure that

-things worked when the released up, but we didn't

-

-0:30:24.170,0:30:24.830

-always

-

-0:30:24.830,0:30:27.169

-strive to make sure they work optimally.

-

-0:30:27.169,0:30:30.090

-Uh  figuring that it was better to sort of

-tune things

-

-0:30:30.090,0:30:33.090

-after the fact that once you had a electrode working

-in right way.

-

-0:30:33.090,0:30:37.510

-So anyway we made an announcement

-of 4.3

-

-0:30:37.510,0:30:39.379

-Uh actually at the June 1985

-

-0:30:39.379,0:30:43.510

-it's the fact that two years basically have

-gone by here.

-

-0:30:43.510,0:30:44.510

- and

-

-0:30:44.510,0:30:45.620

-uh

-

-0:30:45.620,0:30:46.470

-BBN

-

-0:30:46.470,0:30:50.620

-you know immediately objects that we have

-not taken their code

-

-0:30:50.620,0:30:51.110

-and

-

-0:30:51.110,0:30:52.970

-uh they go to DARPA

-

-0:30:52.970,0:30:57.940

-and they said, “You paid BBN

-how many millions of dollars, more than you paid to 

-

-0:30:57.940,0:30:59.719

-Berkley to do this code 

-

-0:30:59.719,0:31:00.730

-you gonna uh you know  

-0:31:00.730,0:31:02.900

-and now they're not taking it

-

-0:31:02.900,0:31:04.330

-and and you know 

-

-0:31:04.330,0:31:06.360

-you got look like ninnies or something.” I

-don't know

-

-0:31:06.360,0:31:08.390

-I don’t know what they’ve 

-said I wasn't there

-

-0:31:08.390,0:31:10.179

-But at any rate

-

-0:31:10.179,0:31:13.280

-DARPA

-

-0:31:13.280,0:31:16.600

-representative shows up in my office

-

-0:31:16.600,0:31:18.220

-and

-

-0:31:18.220,0:31:19.240

-Uh very calmly

-

-0:31:19.240,0:31:21.090

-uh explains that.

-

-0:31:21.090,0:31:22.100

-You know

-

-0:31:22.100,0:31:27.940

-the agreement was that BBN&N was going to

-TCP/IP code and

-

-0:31:27.940,0:31:30.240

-Uh Berkley was to do the interface

-

-0:31:30.240,0:31:31.070

-and

-

-0:31:31.070,0:31:33.049

-This is this is the way the world and

-

-0:31:33.049,0:31:36.769

-you know we appreciate that you know you’ve

-done with other’s stuff and it was it was great work

-

-0:31:36.769,0:31:38.670

-but

-

-0:31:38.670,0:31:42.460

-they are funding us and this is the way it is.

-

-0:31:42.460,0:31:44.120

-And my quarrel is like

-

-0:31:44.120,0:31:48.370

-uh you know arguing with them and look, you

-know we've taken this and we’ve

-

-0:31:48.370,0:31:52.160

-put over here, all the reasons that I gave earlier

-

-0:31:52.160,0:31:55.410

-and you know the guy finally at the end just

-says,

-

-0:31:55.410,0:31:57.679

-“ Not . You don't understand.

-

-0:31:57.679,0:31:58.549

-we're in charge

-

-0:31:58.549,0:32:02.500

-this is what you doing. Goodbye!

-

-0:32:02.500,0:32:04.960

-And you know

-

-0:32:04.960,0:32:08.000

-it just doesn't work very well at Berkeley

-just come in and say, 

-

-0:32:08.000,0:32:10.730

-“This is what you're going to do.”

-

-0:32:10.730,0:32:13.000

-The free speech movement comes to mind.

-

-0:32:13.000,0:32:15.970

-Uh  so

-

-0:32:15.970,0:32:17.970

-You know Mike just go particularly BANANAS.

-

-0:32:17.970,0:32:21.190

-This like , “Aggarh”

-

-0:32:21.190,0:32:23.370

-and then fires off

-

-0:32:23.370,0:32:26.570

-unannounced to me fires off the thing

-that the DARPA uh

-

-0:32:26.570,0:32:30.050

-which if I'd been would keep in shut

-because I would not let them blame SUN

-

-0:32:30.050,0:32:31.690

-At any rate

-

-0:32:31.690,0:32:35.350

-I mean I only see it because DARPA guy

-sent it back to me and says you need to keep

-

-0:32:35.350,0:32:38.720

-your staff under control.

-

-0:32:38.720,0:32:39.650

-Uh  so

-

-0:32:39.650,0:32:44.130

-at any rate um you know

-0:32:44.130,0:32:46.090

-Mike just says, “I'm not doing it.

-

-0:32:46.090,0:32:49.510

-They can't make me, I'll just leave.”

-

-0:32:49.510,0:32:51.640

- You know so you know

-

-0:32:51.640,0:32:56.450

-You tell them that they can either this way or

-they can have that way or we won’t release it. Um 

-

-0:32:56.450,0:32:57.619

-Agrh . um

-

-0:32:57.619,0:33:00.330

-Come on there’s got to be some compromise

-we can do here.

-0:33:00.330,0:33:01.730

-So

-

-0:33:01.730,0:33:05.360

-Finally uh I say, “Okay let’s I 

-

-0:33:05.360,0:33:07.820

-I propose that we have a break-off.

-

-0:33:07.820,0:33:13.150

-So we will uh we we had already incorporated

-into the paper there was big switch to compile one

-

-0:33:13.150,0:33:14.190

- way or the other

-

-0:33:14.190,0:33:15.609

-So my first proposal was

-

-0:33:15.609,0:33:16.910

-we will just ship it

-

-0:33:16.910,0:33:20.820

-with a compile time options.

-So you can compile for VBN code

-or it may compile powerful Berkley code.

-

-0:33:20.820,0:33:21.640

-Even BBN 

-

-0:33:21.640,0:33:24.799

-Even DARPA could see

-this was a no-win

-

-0:33:24.799,0:33:27.950

-because you’ll end up with some

-people running one some people running the

-

-0:33:27.950,0:33:30.549

-other, this won’t work smoothly.

-

-0:33:30.549,0:33:31.539

- This was just not

-

-0:33:31.539,0:33:33.550

-where they want it to go.

-

-0:33:33.550,0:33:35.409

-and so we said, “Okay well

-

-0:33:35.409,0:33:38.480

-switch is there it's really easy to compile

-with two different systems.

-

-0:33:38.480,0:33:41.830

-Let’s have a break-off

-

-0:33:41.830,0:33:43.649

-you know we’ll have compiler

-

-0:33:43.649,0:33:46.549

-with one and compiler with other one and have bunch of tests

-

-0:33:46.549,0:33:49.059

-and  you know will decide which one is better.

-

-0:33:49.059,0:33:50.610

-Well of course we're not going to let

-

-0:33:50.610,0:33:55.429

-Berkley do the testing because there’ll be biased

-for Berkley. We’re not going to let BBN to do the testing

-

-0:33:55.429,0:33:57.640

-because they’ll be biased for BB&N.

-

-0:33:57.640,0:33:59.720

-so we’ve to find a

-

-0:33:59.720,0:34:01.210

-uh

-

-0:34:01.210,0:34:03.480

-a third party and

-

-0:34:03.480,0:34:08.440

-uh the third party that DARPA actually proposes

-is Col Mike Moose at the Ballistics

-

-0:34:08.440,0:34:10.979

-Research Laboratory, just up the road from

-here and

-

-0:34:10.979,0:34:12.929

-Uh yeah

-

-0:34:12.929,0:34:14.509

-little known to

-

-0:34:14.509,0:34:18.659

-most of the people is that we actually knew Mike Moose

-very well because we worked a lot with him.

-

-0:34:18.659,0:34:19.910

-working on TCP/IP

-

-0:34:19.910,0:34:23.659

-so

-

-0:34:23.659,0:34:25.059

-we’re like uhm yah it’s ok with us.

-

-0:34:25.059,0:34:27.869

-And you know he was in military there’re

-

-0:34:27.869,0:34:31.139

-chain of command and BBN mock

-new ones so

-

-0:34:31.139,0:34:33.589

-they’re fine with it

-

-0:34:33.589,0:34:34.370

-So ok great so

-

-0:34:34.370,0:34:36.469

-you know off we ship that tape and

-

-0:34:36.469,0:34:40.749

-He does not tell us what test he is gonna do

-so neither side gets to

-

-0:34:40.749,0:34:44.720

-do anything other than make some suggestions

-general suggestions so

-

-0:34:44.720,0:34:48.779

-Of course we suggest the 3 port performance

-test could be important

-

-0:34:48.779,0:34:51.659

-and the BBN suggests that

-

-0:34:51.659,0:34:55.320

-uh how well it works in that phase of large

-package

-

-0:34:55.320,0:34:57.049

-great losses is important

-

-0:34:57.049,0:35:01.430

-because of course the military you know will drop

-a nuclear bomb on Chicago we want to make sure

-

-0:35:01.430,0:35:03.589

-we make outstand through that

-

-0:35:03.589,0:35:07.320

-At any rate Mike Moose sets up these the systems

-and

-

-0:35:07.320,0:35:09.150

-runs a bunch of tests

-

-0:35:09.150,0:35:12.179

-and of course without talking to either side

-

-0:35:12.179,0:35:16.950

-and so we're sort of pens and needles

-because you know several weeks goes by

-

-0:35:16.950,0:35:18.550

-and finally duh

-

-0:35:18.550,0:35:19.589

-his report lands.

-

-0:35:19.589,0:35:23.029

-You know humh comes in the mail here's his report

-

-0:35:23.029,0:35:26.269

-And the first thing you’d do is

-to flip to the last page to see what the conclusion

-

-0:35:26.269,0:35:29.479

-is but he knew that's what we're going to

-do so he hid the conclusion somewhere in the

-

-0:35:29.479,0:35:31.660

-middle

-

-0:35:31.660,0:35:33.369

-what's the need to read the entire thing

-

-0:35:33.369,0:35:36.229

-but it's a it's a very interesting week because

-

-0:35:36.229,0:35:39.910

-in terms of three protocols

-we expected we did better

-

-0:35:39.910,0:35:40.840

-Uh what

-

-0:35:40.840,0:35:44.929

-that he introduced a thing where it would

-randomly drop about every

-

-0:35:44.929,0:35:46.769

-fourth package

-

-0:35:46.769,0:35:47.799

-and

-

-0:35:47.799,0:35:49.390

-under this scenario

-

-0:35:49.390,0:35:50.919

-he says uh

-

-0:35:50.919,0:35:52.420

-the BBN code

-

-0:35:52.420,0:35:56.820

-Jumps out to an early start getting a lot

-more data through interface of hardware

-

-0:35:56.820,0:35:59.039

-packet loss uh

-

-0:35:59.039,0:36:03.099

-but but the Berkley part managers to catch up 

-while the BB&N machine reboots.

-

-0:36:03.099,0:36:07.719

-Uh 

-

-0:36:07.719,0:36:12.109

-Ultimately resulting in the conclusion

-that even in the phase of the packet

-

-0:36:12.109,0:36:14.739

-loss, Berkley code seems to

-

-0:36:14.739,0:36:16.349

-do a little better.

-

-0:36:16.349,0:36:17.739

-And uh so his

-

-0:36:17.739,0:36:22.119

-conclusion is that it should continue to ship

-with the BSD code.

-

-0:36:22.119,0:36:25.519

-Uh  so with this result in hand

-

-0:36:25.519,0:36:28.749

-we are authorized by DARPA to do the release

-

-0:36:28.749,0:36:32.189

-and we finally managed to release

-

-0:36:32.189,0:36:35.829

-4.3 in June of

-

-0:36:35.829,0:36:38.420

-1986

-

-0:36:38.420,0:36:39.599

-so

-

-0:36:39.599,0:36:41.519

-at this point uh

-

-0:36:41.519,0:36:42.199

-At this point

-

-0:36:42.199,0:36:45.389

-the new TCP code is gone out

-

-0:36:45.389,0:36:47.189

-were you know that

-

-0:36:47.189,0:36:52.289

-The revised BSD TCP/IP code is gone out

-

-0:36:52.289,0:36:54.689

-[with or without subnets]

-With or without uh..subnets

-

-0:36:54.689,0:36:56.150

-uh that had

-

-0:36:56.150,0:36:59.809

-well the the class ABC type of subnets

-not

-

-0:36:59.809,0:37:01.319

-not the uh

-

-0:37:01.319,0:37:02.910

-the sider stuff

-

-0:37:02.910,0:37:09.910

-sider came along

-

-0:37:16.329,0:37:17.299

-okay

-

-0:37:17.299,0:37:19.409

-uh at any rate uh

-

-0:37:19.409,0:37:23.719

-now we start accelerating the story hope

-that again because I have to finish in

-

-0:37:23.719,0:37:25.559

-eight minutes

-

-0:37:25.559,0:37:27.540

-so at this point

-

-0:37:27.540,0:37:28.260

-Keith Bostic 

-

-0:37:28.260,0:37:29.209

-comes to

-

-0:37:29.209,0:37:30.469

-comes to Berkeley

-

-0:37:30.469,0:37:34.059

-uh he had been at excise which some of you

-may know

-

-0:37:34.059,0:37:37.329

-and this is in the fall of 1986 so

-

-0:37:37.329,0:37:40.219

-we've released 4.3 we’re just

-getting cranked up

-

-0:37:40.219,0:37:43.049

-to work on 4.4 uh

-

-0:37:43.049,0:37:45.259

-remember that VM thing

-

-0:37:45.259,0:37:48.039

-and I think by this time this is other little

-

-0:37:48.039,0:37:50.329

-protocol MFS you may’ve heard of it

-

-0:37:50.329,0:37:54.839

-and it was felt that we ought to have that

-as well

-

-0:37:54.839,0:37:57.150

-uh so bring Keith to pass the protocol

-

-0:37:57.150,0:37:59.560

-Uh one of his of requirements for coming

-

-0:37:59.560,0:38:03.420

-is that we have to agree to allow him to finish

-that port of

-

-0:38:03.420,0:38:06.539

-2.11 to the PDP 11 ah

-

-0:38:06.539,0:38:08.489

-and uh you know

-

-0:38:08.489,0:38:12.470

-it's it's a real challenge to get a kernel which

-adapt the port where it was about

-

-0:38:12.470,0:38:17.239

-just under 200 kilobyte of text

-to fit on to a machine that has a maximum

-

-0:38:17.239,0:38:20.299

-amount of program space of 64 kilobytes

-

-0:38:20.299,0:38:23.450

- because what you have to do is to

-break and overlays

-

-0:38:23.450,0:38:27.789

-and then you map in the overly and

- the granularity of mapping is 4k

-

-0:38:27.789,0:38:28.530

-okay

-

-0:38:28.530,0:38:33.079

-So there's only eight pieces that you

-can remap uh

-

-0:38:33.079,0:38:37.519

-Mike can I added to it is that’s

-incredibly challenging problem and it's

-

-0:38:37.519,0:38:41.469

-probably you know intellectually very stimulating

-but there's no way how we would do that.

-

-0:38:41.469,0:38:43.139

-Well if you want to do it you know

-

-0:38:43.139,0:38:45.849

-by all means you can do that in your

-spare time

-

-0:38:45.849,0:38:48.309

-uh there is only three jobs you need to do

-

-0:38:48.309,0:38:51.540

-uh one is uh you need to be the answer the

-phone

-

-0:38:51.540,0:38:55.409

-uh first thing other than distribution like

-technical questions

-

-0:38:55.409,0:38:58.149

-and answer the incoming the mail stream for technical

-questions.

-

-0:38:58.149,0:39:03.900

-Uh  do some programming in in in your spare

-time you can work on the PDP 11

-

-0:39:03.900,0:39:04.850

-and know he was

-

-0:39:04.850,0:39:08.669

-had no other support for the phones and the

-email

-

-0:39:08.669,0:39:09.460

-and we had

-

-0:39:09.460,0:39:12.209

-you know by this time about two thousand

-

-0:39:12.209,0:39:14.749

-uh distributions

-

-0:39:14.749,0:39:19.730

-So at any rate Keith did in fact finally

-finished the PDP 11.

-

-0:39:19.730,0:39:20.779

-Uh port uh

-

-0:39:20.779,0:39:23.029

-got 2.11 out of the door

-

-0:39:23.029,0:39:26.960

-and we have a party to celebrate the fact

-that he had completed this.

-

-0:39:26.960,0:39:29.850

-and part of the party was opening the window

-

-0:39:29.850,0:39:31.240

-on the fourth floor

-

-0:39:31.240,0:39:33.519

-of our uh building

-

-0:39:33.519,0:39:38.849

-and taking his PDP 11 and

-ceremoniously dropping out of the window to the cement

-

-0:39:38.849,0:39:40.979

-sidewalks four stories below

-

-0:39:40.979,0:39:43.100

-to insure that he would never

-

-0:39:43.100,0:39:44.749

-work on it again.

-

-0:39:44.749,0:39:50.409

-This was him doing this not us.

-

-0:39:50.409,0:39:51.849

-At any rate uh

-

-0:39:51.849,0:39:53.930

-Keith of course being in the front line

-

-0:39:53.930,0:39:55.919

-uh support

-

-0:39:55.919,0:39:59.199

-Uh had a lot of feedback from various users uh

-

-0:39:59.199,0:40:00.509

-in particular

-

-0:40:00.509,0:40:03.559

-there were a number of vendors that work

-

-0:40:03.559,0:40:05.159

-trying to build

-

-0:40:05.159,0:40:05.930

-uh

-0:40:05.930,0:40:08.560

-Network cards you could plug into a PC

-

-0:40:08.560,0:40:10.999

-that would provide TCP/IP network

-

-0:40:10.999,0:40:16.180

-and of course the PC it was way too feeble

-to actually run the code in the PC itself

-

-0:40:16.180,0:40:17.539

-so they had a outward 

-

-

-0:40:17.539,0:40:18.799

-processor on the card

-

-0:40:18.799,0:40:22.039

-and they’d put the TCP/IP in there

-that would sort of look

-

-0:40:22.039,0:40:23.200

-uh like a

-

-0:40:23.200,0:40:26.779

-file or some kind of device on

-that PC and

-

-0:40:26.779,0:40:28.900

-so they would just open the uh

-

-0:40:28.900,0:40:30.709

-get connected to the network

-

-0:40:30.709,0:40:34.939

-and So of course they wanted TCP/IP

-code from Berkeley along with the important

-

-0:40:34.939,0:40:38.210

-utilities like O or log in and

-

-0:40:38.210,0:40:38.659

-RCP uh

-

-0:40:38.659,0:40:42.709

-by that time FTP and TELNET uh

-

-0:40:42.709,0:40:45.189

-and

-

-0:40:45.189,0:40:48.909

-they didn't our standard thing was

-to buy the distribution and take whatever

-

-0:40:48.909,0:40:50.100

-they need to get out  of it.

-

-0:40:50.100,0:40:52.769

-But that meant they had to get an AT&T license.

-

-0:40:52.769,0:40:57.680

-By the late 80’s the AT&T

-licenses or up to a quarter million dollars

-

-0:40:57.680,0:40:59.379

-and when you're in a little

-

-0:40:59.379,0:41:03.939

-commodity PC business a quarter million dollar

-cost just to get the surfer before you do

-

-0:41:03.939,0:41:04.619

-anything with it

-

-0:41:04.619,0:41:06.669

-was just a non-starter for them.

-

-0:41:06.669,0:41:09.850

-And so we're getting requests for just

-

-0:41:09.850,0:41:13.199

-that TCP/IP code and associated utilities.

-

-0:41:13.199,0:41:17.479

-clearly since it all been developed in Berkley

-was none of that in the original version 7 UNIX

-

-0:41:17.479,0:41:19.910

-which started from uh

-

-0:41:19.910,0:41:22.099

-AT&T couldn’t place any claim to that.

-

-0:41:22.099,0:41:26.829

-And so we talked to the lawyers at Berkeley and

-they’re like this “How can we make money on this?” uh

-

-0:41:26.829,0:41:29.249

-because that's what they were paid to say and

-

-0:41:29.249,0:41:33.089

-so we pointed out to them that It had been developed

-under a government contract and we showed them

-

-0:41:33.089,0:41:36.630

-the government contract saying that you know

-this stuff done in this contract has to be

-

-0:41:36.630,0:41:37.229

-made

-

-0:41:37.229,0:41:40.769

-available to the public at reasonable cost or

-whatever it said

-

-0:41:40.769,0:41:41.380

-uh

-

-0:41:41.380,0:41:42.100

-so

-

-0:41:42.100,0:41:45.669

-it didn’t really say that but be convinced the

-lawyers that it did

-

-0:41:45.669,0:41:46.359

-and so

-

-0:41:46.359,0:41:48.369

-They agreed to lead us to pull out

-

-0:41:48.369,0:41:50.889

-this chunk of Berkley code and we

-

-0:41:50.889,0:41:51.859

-released that

-

-0:41:51.859,0:41:52.579

-under

-

-0:41:52.579,0:41:54.980

-this new license that the lawyers coped up

-

-0:41:54.980,0:41:59.299

-uh which is the one that we today think of

-as the BSD license.

-

-0:41:59.299,0:42:03.569

-And of course our goal was to the absolutely

-as

-

-0:42:03.569,0:42:07.979

-free as you know free to give away as we could possibly could

-the really only thing you had to do was to give the credit to

-

-0:42:07.979,0:42:08.789

-Berkeley.

-

-0:42:08.789,0:42:12.140

-Uh so this was networking release one.

-

-0:42:12.140,0:42:14.019

-and uh it was a wild success

-

-0:42:14.019,0:42:17.519

-uh the amazing thing was that we sold at 100

-we could 

-

-0:42:17.519,0:42:20.249

-Buy it from Berkeley for 1000 dollars

-

-0:42:20.249,0:42:24.169

-or you could just downloaded it off your net

-for free

-

-0:42:24.169,0:42:28.209

-and yet a thousand people chose to pay a 1000 

-dollars at Berkeley to get it.

-

-0:42:28.209,0:42:30.220

-and the only difference was that you got

-

-0:42:30.220,0:42:33.660

-to take a 9 track tape which many people didn't

-have any way of reading

-

-0:42:33.660,0:42:34.100

-and

-

-0:42:34.100,0:42:35.719

-hey uh

-

-0:42:35.719,0:42:39.869

-that a piece of paper signed by Berkley

-lawyers

-

-0:42:39.869,0:42:42.289

-essentially saying “Yes you can use this”

-

-0:42:42.289,0:42:44.939

-and that's what they were paying a 1000 dollars for

-

-0:42:44.939,0:42:48.239

-and the lawyers of course got paid something

-like a hundred dollars for every one of

-

-0:42:48.239,0:42:50.790

-these that they signed because of the overhead

-

-0:42:50.790,0:42:51.650

-et cetera

-

-0:42:51.650,0:42:54.349

-they thought this was the cat's pyjamas

-

-0:42:54.349,0:42:57.499

-you know maybe the campus was making a lot of

-money but their office was confined to offer just to Thank

-

-0:42:57.499,0:42:59.009

-you very much!

-

-0:42:59.009,0:43:01.409

-so

-

-0:43:01.409,0:43:03.420

-Uh at any rate oh

-

-0:43:03.420,0:43:04.440

-Network one was

-

-0:43:04.440,0:43:06.059

-widely successful

-

-0:43:06.059,0:43:08.309

-and so there was pressure as Keith 

-

-0:43:08.309,0:43:12.369

-would come inside uh someone today want to want to

-be I or somebody wants this is or somebody 

-

-0:43:12.369,0:43:13.589

-wants that

-

-0:43:13.589,0:43:16.289

-and you know we really ought to do this and uh

-

-0:43:16.289,0:43:19.440

-you know how about figuring out other parts of the

-kernel.

-

-0:43:19.440,0:43:20.559

-Mike and I would

-

-0:43:20.559,0:43:24.929

-Michael and I would look at the each other we

-look at Keith it’s like yah yah all right.

-

-0:43:24.929,0:43:28.989

-Uh  what you figured out you know I mean 

-You know all entire of the C library and all 

-

-0:43:28.989,0:43:29.819

-this and that

-0:43:29.819,0:43:31.760

-so we got to the conferences and

-

-0:43:31.760,0:43:32.859

-Keith is

-

-0:43:32.859,0:43:36.809

-putting up you know these huge list of utilities

-you’ll rewrite this utility and get their name

-

-0:43:36.809,0:43:37.729

-in lights.

-

-0:43:37.729,0:43:40.869

-and uh you know and uh

-

-0:43:40.869,0:43:43.939

-So he would get this stuff send too along

-

-0:43:43.939,0:43:48.529

-and he would almost always just take a

-bash and Keith’s normal form which

-

-0:43:48.529,0:43:54.139

-usually get look a lot like what he got but

-he started from cleans so that

-

-0:43:54.139,0:43:55.119

-Was uh

-

-0:43:55.119,0:43:59.229

-you know good and you know it’s sort of easy

- you know that first someone sensing cat in.

-

-0:43:59.229,0:44:01.450

-you know someone like really go ho hog and

-

-0:44:01.450,0:44:04.849

-does that all options to allow uh

-

-0:44:04.849,0:44:07.629

-this is in the days before the new software

-you know

-

-0:44:07.629,0:44:10.119

-lots of options for in vote

-

-0:44:10.119,0:44:13.079

-Uh and then

-

-0:44:13.079,0:44:15.239

-one day uh

-

-0:44:15.239,0:44:16.759

-Keith comes into to report

-

-0:44:16.759,0:44:18.470

-that somebody is redoing

-

-0:44:18.470,0:44:20.449

-the T graph family

-

-0:44:20.449,0:44:24.099

-and this is when Mike and I look at each

-sort of grope

-

-0:44:24.099,0:44:28.190

-because the next question out of 

-Keith’s mouth is How’s that kernel coming guys?

-

-0:44:28.190,0:44:32.299

-We can't go to the useless conferences and say rewrite

-the kernel to get your name in lights you know

-

-0:44:32.299,0:44:36.400

-so we actually have to like go through and

-figure out what's

-

-0:44:36.400,0:44:39.130

-Berkley and what's not Berkeley and

-

-0:44:39.130,0:44:40.499

-segregate stuff out uh

-

-0:44:40.499,0:44:43.459

-A long story but eventually we get

-

-0:44:43.459,0:44:45.599

-something we feel that  was clean

-

-0:44:45.599,0:44:47.929

-and uh so

-

-0:44:47.929,0:44:51.699

-we go back to the lawyers and say we’ll

-cut the update to the networking tape

-

-0:44:51.699,0:44:52.989

-that we'd like to do

-

-0:44:52.989,0:44:59.079

-uh that uh we're going to call it networking

-release 2 not 2 and

-

-0:44:59.079,0:45:00.470

-so actually

-

-0:45:00.470,0:45:04.599

-we do sort of come on and explain it is practically

-the entire system and

-

-0:45:04.599,0:45:07.759

-lots of stuff happens but they finally sign

-off on it

-

-0:45:07.759,0:45:09.469

-and we put it out there

-

-0:45:09.469,0:45:14.519

-and it's out there for good half a year before

-BSD i

-

-0:45:14.519,0:45:17.499

-was in the missing bits and start telling

-it

-

-0:45:17.499,0:45:19.650

-they you know

-

-0:45:19.650,0:45:21.439

-engineers are

-

-0:45:21.439,0:45:23.230

-not really that good at

-

-0:45:23.230,0:45:25.419

-marketing and so

-

-0:45:25.419,0:45:28.859

-in particular they think that the sort of

-cutesy see things like

-

-0:45:28.859,0:45:32.729

-having your phone number being 1800

-its UNIX

-

-0:45:32.729,0:45:38.759

-and adds to save a ninety nine percent of the

-price of a AT&T charges for the source code

-

-0:45:38.759,0:45:40.439

-Uh are cute

-

-0:45:40.439,0:45:41.670

-Got it really irritates

-

-0:45:41.670,0:45:44.759

-the piss out of AT&T

-

-0:45:44.759,0:45:46.270

-And so they sue us

-

-0:45:46.270,0:45:49.319

-imagine that why they sue BSD I

-

-0:45:49.319,0:45:53.509

-and BSD i is what added only the 6

-file and you know all the rest came from Berkley.

-

-0:45:53.509,0:45:57.129

-So we would be happy to talk about any of

-the six files you’d like to

-

-0:45:57.129,0:45:59.530

-uh but otherwise you know forget it

-

-0:45:59.530,0:46:01.009

-and the judge agrees

-

-0:46:01.009,0:46:04.539

-because they don't have any problem about

-those six files and so

-

-0:46:04.539,0:46:07.769

-there's no choice but to sue the University

-

-0:46:07.769,0:46:09.259

-and uh

-

-0:46:09.259,0:46:11.160

-that’s another long story for which I did

-

-0:46:11.160,0:46:12.629

-become an expert witness

-

-0:46:12.629,0:46:14.390

-which is actually proven

-

-0:46:14.390,0:46:18.809

-to be of relatively lucrative thing because

-being an expert witness

-

-0:46:18.809,0:46:20.039

-it's something that you

-

-0:46:20.039,0:46:24.669

-it's really hard to break into that is no

-one wants to hire someone hasn't done it before

-

-0:46:24.669,0:46:28.359

-top and it turns out that it really didn't

-matter how much you know, do

-

-0:46:28.359,0:46:33.829

-you have a PhD because if you have PhD by definition

-you must know you're talking about

-

-0:46:33.829,0:46:34.859

-himself

-

-0:46:34.859,0:46:36.219

-and number two is

-

-0:46:36.219,0:46:40.839

-How you speak in public then you know especially

-people harassing you look at ten thousand

-

-0:46:40.839,0:46:41.830

-students you know

-

-0:46:41.830,0:46:45.309

-there's not a question that a graduate student

-has never asked me but I’d deal with it

-

-0:46:45.309,0:46:51.309

-and lawyer is not up to a graduate student.

-

-0:46:51.309,0:46:53.219

-So I did pretty well that score too

-

-0:46:53.219,0:46:55.129

-uh and so

-

-0:46:55.129,0:46:57.599

-because I that they were forced to use me

- in this case.

-

-0:46:57.599,0:47:00.080

-And but I did ran after then

-

-0:47:00.080,0:47:03.879

-the lawyer the outside lawyer that the Berkeley

-got me to do some other stuff and

-

-0:47:03.879,0:47:08.800

-one thing leads to another so today I am uh

-an expert in the 

-

-0:47:08.800,0:47:12.989

-network complaints vs SUN microsystem 

-lawsuit vs ZFS lawsuit

-

-0:47:12.989,0:47:14.439

-which is uh

-

-0:47:14.439,0:47:17.739

-an interesting story that you can ask over

-here

-

-0:47:17.739,0:47:18.679

-At any rate

-

-0:47:18.679,0:47:21.629

-we eventually win the the lawsuit

-

-0:47:21.629,0:47:26.089

-And uh and we don't win it be subtle the

-lawsuit excuse me I have to use proper terminology

-

-0:47:26.089,0:47:27.029

-Here.

-

-0:47:27.029,0:47:28.750

-We have to agree

-

-0:47:28.750,0:47:32.999

-that networking released 2 did in fact have

-things in it that infringed

-

-0:47:32.999,0:47:34.490

-uh and

-

-0:47:34.490,0:47:35.999

-however

-

-0:47:35.999,0:47:40.329

-Uh the things that infringe were sufficiently

-minor that was some

-

-0:47:40.329,0:47:40.730

-changes

-

-0:47:40.730,0:47:42.039

-uh we can

-

-0:47:42.039,0:47:43.370

-get something else clean

-

-0:47:43.370,0:47:45.959

- we agreed that we will re-release

-

-0:47:45.959,0:47:50.890

-we'd do new release that has all these

-changes made in it as 4.4 BSD lite.

-

-0:47:50.890,0:47:54.449

-So it’s 4.4 BSD which is the whole

-thing complete with AT&T stuff and release

-

-0:47:54.449,0:47:56.059

-AT&T licenses 

-

-0:47:56.059,0:47:57.580

-and for 4.4 BSD lite 

-

-0:47:57.580,0:48:00.979

- which is got the stuff AT&T stuffs stripped out

-of it.

-

-0:48:00.979,0:48:04.869

-And AT&T really thought they’d won big-time

-because all these people had been using the

-

-0:48:04.869,0:48:05.509

-Net 2.

-

-0:48:05.509,0:48:08.909

-They're going to be forced to throw out

-because we’re not allowed to tell what the changes

-

-0:48:08.909,0:48:09.640

-were

-

-0:48:09.640,0:48:12.729

-and have to start all over again

-

-0:48:12.729,0:48:14.929

-from lite

-

-0:48:14.929,0:48:19.339

-And the Bill Joy in particular has never did that

-and so that's why this distribution got hammered

-

-0:48:19.339,0:48:22.150

-FreeBSD had to do it

-

-0:48:22.150,0:48:24.329

-not the BSD folks had to do it uh

-

-0:48:24.329,0:48:26.289

-and it was a huge amount of work but they

-did it

-

-0:48:26.289,0:48:30.489

-and it was great because we got two more years

-worth of our technology out

-

-0:48:30.489,0:48:32.959

-at any rate

-

-0:48:32.959,0:48:36.289

-we actually did one more incremental sort of the

-release to

-

-0:48:36.289,0:48:39.510

-I would just fix some of the most egregious

-bugs

-

-0:48:39.510,0:48:43.309

-that’s what all happened was we got all these people

-who bought this BSD lite licenses

-

-0:48:43.309,0:48:46.519

-Because they wanted to pay the

-thousand dollars to get the piece of paper

-

-0:48:46.519,0:48:46.940

-saying

-

-0:48:46.940,0:48:48.899

-and this is fine too

-

-0:48:48.899,0:48:49.640

-and uh

-

-0:48:49.640,0:48:52.819

-so we had a chunk of money and so Keith

-and I started to do the work

-

-0:48:52.819,0:48:54.689

-through that money

-

-0:48:54.689,0:48:56.329

-and it's just spend it

-

-0:48:56.329,0:48:58.640

-essentially doing bug fixes and stuff on lite

-

-0:48:58.640,0:49:00.839

-And finally released when the money ran out then

-

-0:49:00.839,0:49:03.769

-we left the university and that was the last release

-

-0:49:03.769,0:49:05.679

-Uh  from from Berkley

-

-0:49:05.679,0:49:12.679

-and that is the end of my story

-So any questions?

-Uh .. Yes

-

-

-0:49:20.069,0:49:21.929

-Sorry.. uh VM system

-

-

-0:49:21.929,0:49:25.359

-VM system yup.

-

-0:49:25.359,0:49:30.579

-So the VM system was actually sort of an interesting

-story uh..

-

-0:49:30.579,0:49:33.759

-Actually both VM and NFS were interesting

-Stories.

-

-0:49:33.759,0:49:36.890

-The VM system uh

-

-0:49:36.890,0:49:41.160

-one of our attitudes was that why always come

-up with a good idea when you can steal a better

-

-0:49:41.160,0:49:42.759

-one and

-

-0:49:42.759,0:49:46.369

-you know we’re just allowed to write 

-a VM system this uh

-

-0:49:46.369,0:49:47.579

-you know that BSD folks

-

-0:49:47.579,0:49:48.599

-clearly know

-

-0:49:48.599,0:49:49.530

-and

-

-0:49:49.530,0:49:50.889

-uh so

-

-0:49:50.889,0:49:54.539

-we looked around to see if there's anything

-that we could use

-

-0:49:54.539,0:49:57.969

-rather than have to interpret it from the scratch

-ourselves. and

-

-0:49:57.969,0:50:01.689

- evaluated two different things one

-was

-

-0:50:01.689,0:50:04.759

-uh the the stuff that SUN had done

-

-0:50:04.759,0:50:10.109

-and the other was the stuff that had been done at

-Carnegie Mellon under the Mark’s then and

-

-0:50:10.109,0:50:14.069

-Uh they've done a whole lot of very good work

-on the VM system we didn't really agree with

-

-0:50:14.069,0:50:18.179

-the microphone kernel principle but we liked

-the VM system

-

-0:50:18.179,0:50:21.589

-and so we talked to SUN about potentially

-

-0:50:21.589,0:50:23.479

-Contributing uh

-

-0:50:23.479,0:50:27.159

-chunk of their VM system we talked to them

-about contributing a chunk of their 

-

-0:50:27.159,0:50:27.949

-VFS stuff.

-0:50:27.949,0:50:31.649

-We knew that we couldn’t get the NFS from them but

-

-0:50:31.649,0:50:32.659

-they they you know

-

-0:50:32.659,0:50:36.809

-the folks at SUN is sorts of an engineering were too

-enthusiastic about it and percolated it all the way

-

-0:50:36.809,0:50:39.459

-up to the Scott McNealy, he was the CEO at that

-time

-

-0:50:39.459,0:50:42.979

-and even Scott McNealy was pretty enthusiastic about

-giving the stuff to Berkley.

-

-0:50:42.979,0:50:45.239

-you know as long as SUN would get credit for

-it

-

-0:50:45.239,0:50:47.140

-And uh

-

-0:50:47.140,0:50:51.549

-so we've really got to the point where it

-is needed to be signed off by the the SUN

-

-0:50:51.549,0:50:52.429

-lawyers

-

-0:50:52.429,0:50:58.919

-and sent off to them and after that SUN

-lawyers came back and said,

-

-0:50:58.919,0:51:03.199

-“ Well you know your stock holders could accuse you of giving

-away company property

-

-0:51:03.199,0:51:07.309

-and and sue you in court and we really don't

-recommend that you do this.”

-

-0:51:07.309,0:51:08.380

-and so

-

-0:51:08.380,0:51:09.999

-that the very last minute it was ..

-

-0:51:09.999,0:51:12.779

-We couldn't get any of that stuff from SUN.

-

-0:51:12.779,0:51:14.699

-So we ended up

-

-0:51:14.699,0:51:17.859

-adopting this stuff from Mark 

-the Mark VM system

-

-0:51:17.859,0:51:18.699

-and

-

-0:51:18.699,0:51:22.369

-so it fell to myself to take that and

-

-0:51:22.369,0:51:24.669

-figure out essentially how to plug it in.

-

-0:51:24.669,0:51:27.140

-apart of all of this the old VM system

-

-0:51:27.140,0:51:32.259

-was very portable provided you are pouring

-into something that looked a lot like a VAX.

-

-0:51:32.259,0:51:37.429

-because it came down to uh you know the that the

-basic page data structure was VAX 

-

-0:51:37.429,0:51:38.979

-page data structure.

-

-0:51:38.979,0:51:40.590

-and so when people will ported it.

-

-0:51:40.590,0:51:44.440

-If they have something with the page data structure

-to look different they wouldn't take it from

-

-0:51:44.440,0:51:48.360

-the VAX and would shuffle the bits around  and put

-it in the right order and then dropped it into

-

-0:51:48.360,0:51:50.829

-the whatever that architecture was

-

-0:51:50.829,0:51:55.509

-a page table. So it worked pretty well for porting

-into the motorola uh because the

-

-0:51:55.509,0:51:57.959

-NMU network was a lot like the VAX

-uh

-

-0:51:57.959,0:52:01.899

-and some other machines but in other ways it

-just really didn't cut it at all

-

-0:52:01.899,0:52:06.130

-whereas the VM had been done by

-the the folks at the CMU.

-

-0:52:06.130,0:52:09.389

-In Mark was uh you know

-

-0:52:09.389,0:52:11.059

-very elegantly designed

-

-0:52:11.059,0:52:13.150

-uh and in fact

-

-0:52:13.150,0:52:14.740

-it had in some ways

-

-0:52:14.740,0:52:18.980

-too many bells and whistles and too many options

-and because a lot of sort of dead end so they

-

-0:52:18.980,0:52:21.189

-just sort of left hanging there

-

-0:52:21.189,0:52:22.589

-Uh but uh

-

-0:52:22.589,0:52:26.200

-the structure itself was nicely done about it was

-about 90% machine independent code

-

-0:52:26.200,0:52:28.459

-10 % machine dependent code so that

-

-0:52:28.459,0:52:30.119

-a well defined interface.

-

-0:52:30.119,0:52:32.239

-the PMAC interface.

-

-0:52:32.239,0:52:34.359

-got that put in and of course we

-

-0:52:34.359,0:52:40.019

-did onto the the Berkeley mmap Interface

-rather than what they did

-

-0:52:40.019,0:52:42.700

-with uh ports and so on

-

-0:52:42.700,0:52:43.160

-Uh and

-

-0:52:43.160,0:52:48.210

-So I got back together sort in the that

-the 4 3 phase I didn’t talk about there were

-

-0:52:48.210,0:52:51.130

-two releases between 4.3 and 4.4

-4.3

-

-0:52:51.130,0:52:53.789

-Taha and 4.3 Reno and

-

-0:52:53.789,0:52:56.689

-the first of them having to the VM and the

-

-0:52:56.689,0:52:58.099

-second one having the NFS in it.

-

-0:52:58.099,0:52:59.759

-And uh

-

-0:52:59.759,0:53:01.499

-so

-

-0:53:01.499,0:53:05.529

-backup put out and then luckily people would feel

-sort of look at it and said well you know

-

-0:53:05.529,0:53:07.709

-this really needs like a lot of work

-

-0:53:07.709,0:53:11.699

-so Michael,  University Utah did a tremendous

-amount of the clean up in it.

-

-0:53:11.699,0:53:16.489

-and then later actually after we release

-lite BSD in agreement

-

-0:53:16.489,0:53:18.719

-Uh did a whole lot more work on it.

-

-0:53:18.719,0:53:22.069

-really were just throwing tons of shit out

-that shouldn’t have been at first place.

-

-0:53:22.069,0:53:26.559

-I had  this whole notion of an external user

-driven page which was nice but the cost

-

-0:53:26.559,0:53:30.129

-of all the extra context switching other

-things that would happen on page was sort of 

-

-0:53:30.129,0:53:32.549

-a killer uh

-

-0:53:32.549,0:53:39.479

-And so at any rate that's that's how the the

-VM system got in there.

-

-0:53:39.479,0:53:40.420

-Any more questions?

-

-0:53:40.420,0:53:45.349

-See I can take like five minutes to answer

-one question.

-

-0:53:45.349,0:53:45.599

-All right ! Well Thank You very much.

+0:00:00.570,0:00:03.510
+Anyways it is my great honor and privilege
+
+0:00:03.510,0:00:10.510
+to introduce Kirk McKusick.  He is going
+to give a talk of the history of BSD.
+
+0:00:13.570,0:00:17.170
+So this is actually a three-hour lecture
+
+0:00:17.170,0:00:19.949
+but I don't have three hours so there is
+
+0:00:19.949,0:00:23.659
+uh is this where I allow audience participation
+
+0:00:23.659,0:00:27.099
+The lecture is really sort of three
+main parts
+
+0:00:27.099,0:00:30.460
+and what I’ll do is
+
+0:00:30.460,0:00:34.210
+describe the three main parts. Then everyone
+will get to vote on which part they find the
+
+0:00:34.210,0:00:35.490
+most interesting
+
+0:00:35.490,0:00:36.510
+Then what I.. I won’t..
+
+0:00:36.510,0:00:41.309
+I used to just do just that part and I’ve got a
+lot of negative feedback about that
+
+0:00:41.309,0:00:43.819
+So I’ll do those two parts don't get elected in
+
+0:00:43.819,0:00:47.210
+I'll just do quickly and then I'll concentrate
+on the the one
+
+0:00:47.210,0:00:48.010
+piece that
+
+0:00:48.010,0:00:49.720
+seems to be the most popular
+
+0:00:49.720,0:00:51.360
+so the history of BSD
+
+0:00:51.360,0:00:55.750
+This is BSD at Berkeley as opposed
+to once it's out into the
+
+0:00:55.750,0:00:57.050
+open source world
+
+0:00:57.050,0:01:01.810
+So the first period of time is what I call
+the Bill Joy era
+
+0:01:01.810,0:01:06.360
+And this is where Bill Joy is starting up BSD
+and it's really getting it rolling and
+
+0:01:06.360,0:01:07.180
+so it ends when he
+
+0:01:07.180,0:01:08.370
+departs
+
+0:01:08.370,0:01:09.610
+and
+
+0:01:09.610,0:01:13.080
+Sponsers uh.. starts up this company
+called Sun Microsystems which you may have
+
+0:01:13.080,0:01:14.680
+heard of
+
+0:01:14.680,0:01:19.250
+Uh.. Then the second part is sort of the heyday
+of BSD. So this is the period of time
+
+0:01:19.250,0:01:20.930
+where everybody is
+
+0:01:20.930,0:01:24.290
+running is 4.2 and 4.3 and so on
+
+0:01:24.290,0:01:24.960
+and
+
+0:01:24.960,0:01:28.830
+during that period of time we were being funded
+by DARPA which
+
+0:01:28.830,0:01:31.020
+deploy a microphone somewhere in this room
+
+0:01:31.020,0:01:32.950
+Uh at any rate
+
+0:01:32.950,0:01:35.160
+there was some very interesting
+
+0:01:35.160,0:01:36.889
+Uh.. battles that went on
+
+0:01:36.889,0:01:38.630
+Uh.. about
+
+0:01:38.630,0:01:41.110
+exactly how TCP ought to be implemented
+
+0:01:41.110,0:01:46.180
+and a lot of this at that history all
+that all percolates out
+
+0:01:46.180,0:01:48.000
+and so that's sort of the middle period and
+
+0:01:48.000,0:01:54.000
+and then the end period is where we have
+gotten religion and have decided that
+
+0:01:54.000,0:01:58.130
+you know maybe BSD isn’t going be at
+Berkeley forever and if we want there to be
+
+0:01:58.130,0:01:58.960
+any
+
+0:01:58.960,0:02:00.430
+possibility for it to continue
+
+0:02:00.430,0:02:04.530
+Uh.. we better figure out how to get it outside
+the university to people that
+
+0:02:04.530,0:02:08.489
+other than to the people that are licensed
+by AT&T Bell Laboratories.
+
+0:02:08.489,0:02:09.970
+And so it's the whole story of
+
+0:02:09.970,0:02:13.859
+how we open-sourced it and fought a one lawsuit
+about that and
+
+0:02:13.859,0:02:15.189
+so on and so forth.
+
+0:02:15.189,0:02:19.049
+So those are the three main parts.. The Bill Joy .. the
+middle TCP
+
+0:02:19.049,0:02:20.519
+building years
+
+0:02:20.519,0:02:20.940
+and
+
+0:02:20.940,0:02:24.099
+the lawsuit years at the end.
+
+0:02:24.099,0:02:28.879
+So how many people are most interested in hearing
+the Bill Joy years
+
+0:02:28.879,0:02:33.999
+one two three four five, six seven eight nine
+ten, eleven twelve thirteen
+
+0:02:33.999,0:02:35.199
+fourteen fifteen
+
+0:02:35.199,0:02:39.559
+Sixteen. Ok..  how many people are interested
+in hearing sort of the middle era
+
+0:02:39.559,0:02:44.579
+one two three, four five six, seven eight nine
+ten, eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen
+
+0:02:44.579,0:02:45.320
+Sixteen..  All right..
+
+0:02:45.320,0:02:46.959
+Seventeen eighteen ninety twenty twenty one
+
+0:02:46.959,0:02:49.959
+twenty five OK and how many people want to hear
+the open
+
+0:02:49.959,0:02:51.079
+source
+
+0:02:51.079,0:02:53.159
+Lawsuit et cetera
+
+0:02:53.159,0:02:57.120
+Laugh.... Okkk
+
+0:02:57.120,0:02:58.969
+Do you see this is why I ask
+
+0:02:58.969,0:03:01.139
+This is usual it's interesting 'cause I get
+
+0:03:01.139,0:03:03.499
+different different groups votes for different
+things
+
+0:03:03.499,0:03:06.799
+When I was in Japan they all want to hear
+about the lawsuit.. you know.. that’s all they
+
+0:03:06.799,0:03:09.229
+have those in Japan.
+
+0:03:09.229,0:03:11.669
+Yeah that story is quite well known here
+
+0:03:11.669,0:03:14.639
+Infact the so interesting tidbit is that
+
+0:03:14.639,0:03:16.459
+uh through
+
+0:03:16.459,0:03:20.289
+Freedom of Information Act, California Freedom
+of Information Act
+
+0:03:20.289,0:03:23.489
+uh we were able to get the uh
+
+0:03:23.489,0:03:27.819
+decision on that lawsuit unsealed so that
+the actual text could get out which was
+
+0:03:27.819,0:03:30.319
+sort of interesting reading.
+
+0:03:30.319,0:03:34.349
+Okay, well for those of you who are interested in
+a section that I'm not doing
+
+0:03:34.349,0:03:38.050
+This is where I get to make a shameless plug for
+my DVD.
+
+0:03:38.050,0:03:41.709
+This is the entire three-and-a-half hour version
+of this lecture
+
+0:03:41.709,0:03:45.949
+Which conveniently have a box of, so
+if it's worth twenty dollars to you could
+
+0:03:45.949,0:03:52.219
+got one of these and walk away with it.
+
+0:03:52.219,0:03:57.119
+Ok. So uh unlike most of my talks and I don’t actually
+have a laptop with slides on it and I just have these
+
+0:03:57.119,0:03:59.529
+handwritten notes
+
+0:03:59.529,0:04:01.680
+and the top line of my handwritten note says
+
+0:04:01.680,0:04:06.190
+the first four pages of this were written
+on the Indian Pacific train on way to Perth
+
+0:04:06.190,0:04:12.629
+in January 1986 because I had
+to give a lecture on the day I arrived.
+
+0:04:12.629,0:04:14.219
+So I have been uh told
+
+0:04:14.219,0:04:18.100
+ that this was what my talk was going
+to be and I was unprepared so
+
+0:04:18.100,0:04:23.259
+it's what a bouncy up-and-down handwriting
+but it was the early history
+
+0:04:23.259,0:04:24.840
+so anyway
+
+0:04:24.840,0:04:25.880
+we're just gonna zip
+
+0:04:25.880,0:04:27.029
+quickly through
+
+0:04:27.029,0:04:29.750
+what BSD started at Berkeley
+
+0:04:29.750,0:04:31.150
+Uh by Bill Joy
+
+0:04:31.150,0:04:34.120
+uh Bill Joy was a graduate student I
+happened to
+
+0:04:34.120,0:04:38.050
+share the same adviser with him, we were both
+working on programming languages.
+
+0:04:38.050,0:04:41.610
+Uh you might find that hard to believe considering
+that he did the C shell but
+
+0:04:41.610,0:04:44.539
+Uh.. laugh
+0:04:44.539,0:04:48.000
+at any rate up that's what we're doing and
+
+0:04:48.000,0:04:50.740
+So I shared an office with him and along with
+
+0:04:50.740,0:04:53.720
+three other graduate students uh
+
+0:04:53.720,0:04:56.120
+and
+
+0:04:56.120,0:05:00.060
+So uh I sort of was sitting there watching a lot of
+this unfolding and in fact Bill was very good
+
+0:05:00.060,0:05:03.080
+at getting other people enthusiastic about
+doing work.
+
+0:05:03.080,0:05:06.849
+There was his typical comment was.. “how hard
+can it be, you could just knock this off in
+
+0:05:06.849,0:05:08.869
+a couple hours”
+
+0:05:08.869,0:05:12.709
+and usually you could knock off that one thing
+but of course that with can you sucked
+
+0:05:12.709,0:05:16.060
+in and you know you end up writing the entire Pascal
+interpreter or
+
+0:05:16.060,0:05:18.039
+the back-end or something
+
+0:05:18.039,0:05:20.249
+At any rate
+
+0:05:20.249,0:05:24.749
+Bill started doing initially just utilities
+so was the C shell
+
+0:05:24.749,0:05:27.439
+uh that EX editor later
+
+0:05:27.439,0:05:29.750
+it also became the VI editor
+
+0:05:29.750,0:05:31.490
+the Pascal system
+
+0:05:31.490,0:05:37.080
+and say start packaging these things out and
+sending out tapes to people and
+
+0:05:37.080,0:05:38.050
+then when
+
+0:05:38.050,0:05:39.930
+Ken Thompson who would
+
+0:05:39.930,0:05:42.099
+in an Alumnus of Berkeley
+
+0:05:42.099,0:05:45.610
+went out for one year's sabbatical and brought
+UNIX with him
+
+0:05:45.610,0:05:49.909
+when he left Bill sort of took over running
+the system what we would call a system administrator
+
+0:05:49.909,0:05:51.729
+today
+
+0:05:51.729,0:05:55.660
+Uh at any rate this got him interested in this the system
+There were patches that were coming back
+
+0:05:55.660,0:05:58.550
+from AT&T he was putting those in and he was then
+
+0:05:58.550,0:06:01.590
+making some others sending them back to AT&T
+and he
+
+0:06:01.590,0:06:01.930
+and
+
+0:06:01.930,0:06:03.729
+ so
+
+0:06:03.729,0:06:07.770
+over time there were bigger and bigger bits of
+the system and finally got tired of trying
+
+0:06:07.770,0:06:08.370
+to
+
+0:06:08.370,0:06:10.909
+track what other people's UNIXes look
+like
+
+0:06:10.909,0:06:11.729
+and so
+
+0:06:11.729,0:06:16.569
+uh with the advent of FreeBSD the
+third distribution
+
+0:06:16.569,0:06:18.560
+He just put together an entire package
+
+0:06:18.560,0:06:22.310
+uh and this was actually to the VAX rather
+than the PDP-11 which is what we had started
+
+0:06:22.310,0:06:23.080
+on
+
+0:06:23.080,0:06:25.069
+all the 2.
+
+0:06:25.069,0:06:27.310
+versions of the of BSD
+
+0:06:27.310,0:06:30.889
+were actually worked on by the other people not by
+the Bill especially not the stuff where
+
+0:06:30.889,0:06:33.050
+the kernel begins to become involved
+
+0:06:33.050,0:06:35.300
+2.9, 2.10, 2.11 et cetera
+
+0:06:35.300,0:06:37.569
+uh was actually done by
+
+0:06:37.569,0:06:41.090
+other people many years uh later so 2.11
+
+0:06:41.090,0:06:43.279
+does not preceed 3.0
+
+0:06:43.279,0:06:48.550
+Uh 2.11 is you know contemporary
+with 4.4
+
+0:06:48.550,0:06:51.100
+Uh at any rate uh
+
+0:06:51.100,0:06:52.800
+once we got the
+
+0:06:52.800,0:06:54.790
+uh the BSD
+
+0:06:54.790,0:06:57.360
+distribution out into the world
+
+0:06:57.360,0:07:00.870
+Uh it started getting used by a lot of people
+because it
+
+0:07:00.870,0:07:01.589
+really
+
+0:07:01.589,0:07:05.000
+was a big step forward over what AT&T were
+shipping
+
+0:07:05.000,0:07:06.660
+in particular
+
+0:07:06.660,0:07:09.529
+uh as we started getting things like
+
+0:07:09.529,0:07:11.450
+the TCP/IP networking
+
+0:07:11.450,0:07:15.770
+Uh So you had a choice you can run the AT&T
+version which had UUCP as networking
+
+0:07:15.770,0:07:19.149
+or you could run BSD that had sockets, TCP et
+ cetera
+
+0:07:19.149,0:07:20.610
+you could run
+
+0:07:20.610,0:07:24.090
+AT&T's version which had a file system that
+could utilize 3 to 5 percent of the bandwidth
+
+0:07:24.090,0:07:24.979
+of the disk
+
+0:07:24.979,0:07:28.810
+or you could run BSD which could utilize 50 percent
+of the bandwidth of the disk
+
+0:07:28.810,0:07:30.519
+et cetera.
+
+0:07:30.519,0:07:34.939
+So many people would buy the AT&T license
+ and immediately drop Berkeley to add UNIX
+
+0:07:34.939,0:07:37.180
+on to it.
+
+0:07:37.180,0:07:41.879
+Uh consequently it was getting wide distribution
+atleast in the university environments
+
+0:07:41.879,0:07:44.139
+Uh
+
+0:07:44.139,0:07:46.979
+And uh starting to sort of eek out into the commercial
+environments
+
+0:07:46.979,0:07:51.249
+The commercial environments were not large because
+commercial environments just weren’t using UNIX
+
+0:07:51.249,0:07:52.679
+at that time
+
+0:07:52.679,0:07:54.679
+for the most part
+
+0:07:54.679,0:07:58.090
+Uh So at any rate
+
+0:07:58.090,0:07:59.290
+Bill got it
+
+0:07:59.290,0:08:00.349
+Uh well
+
+0:08:00.349,0:08:04.299
+with FreeBSD coming out uh
+
+0:08:04.299,0:08:06.340
+The DARPA which is
+
+0:08:06.340,0:08:07.540
+essentially
+
+0:08:07.540,0:08:10.160
+puts out research contracts for
+
+0:08:10.160,0:08:12.629
+all the different branches of the military
+
+0:08:12.629,0:08:13.780
+Uh was
+
+0:08:13.780,0:08:15.960
+had a huge number of contracts
+
+0:08:15.960,0:08:19.850
+out with lots of different people being stuff
+related computers and they all have different computers
+
+0:08:19.850,0:08:22.939
+and different operating systems and they were using
+different languages
+
+0:08:22.939,0:08:24.969
+and so if one group would do something
+
+0:08:24.969,0:08:27.309
+they just couldn't really pass that
+
+0:08:27.309,0:08:30.739
+over take some other group that might want
+to utilize it because this was written in
+
+0:08:30.739,0:08:33.390
+FORTRAN and that was written in PL1
+
+0:08:33.390,0:08:35.830
+You know this was running on
+
+0:08:35.830,0:08:40.830
+you know some deck machine and that was running on some
+IBM hardware et cetera.
+
+0:08:40.830,0:08:47.220
+and so DARPA decided that they
+really wanted to consolidate
+
+0:08:47.220,0:08:50.280
+on hardware and operating system
+
+0:08:50.280,0:08:55.000
+and then have people work there and so there's a
+better chance if they would be able to co-operate.
+
+0:08:55.000,0:08:57.640
+So they put out a a sort of
+
+0:08:57.640,0:08:59.829
+call, essentially a request for
+
+0:08:59.829,0:09:02.430
+proposals or whatever they called in those
+days
+
+0:09:02.430,0:09:04.290
+and
+
+0:09:04.290,0:09:05.520
+essentially there were two
+
+0:09:05.520,0:09:08.500
+uh main contending things that came in
+
+0:09:08.500,0:09:10.029
+one was the VAX
+
+0:09:10.029,0:09:11.320
+running VMS
+
+0:09:11.320,0:09:14.300
+and the other one was the VAX running
+
+0:09:14.300,0:09:16.800
+Berkeley UNIX
+
+0:09:16.800,0:09:18.150
+and of course
+
+0:09:18.150,0:09:21.650
+the uh the people that were promoting the
+VAX running VMS
+
+0:09:21.650,0:09:27.220
+were arguing like well you know this is a real
+vendor supported operating system and
+
+0:09:27.220,0:09:32.059
+you know that this not just some flaky students
+at Berkeley that are doing it
+
+0:09:32.059,0:09:34.530
+then you know therefore this ought to be the operating
+system
+
+0:09:34.530,0:09:39.500
+And that really put the final nail
+on the coffin
+
+0:09:39.500,0:09:43.410
+Uh this guy named Dave Cashkin came up with a set of
+benchmarks
+
+0:09:43.410,0:09:47.370
+Uh what we would call micro benchmarks
+today so how fast can you do Get PID
+
+0:09:47.370,0:09:49.970
+and how fast can you do that pipe thing
+
+0:09:49.970,0:09:54.180
+When you ping a single packet back and forth to see
+how fast you can contact switch
+
+0:09:54.180,0:09:55.410
+and
+
+0:09:55.410,0:09:56.710
+uh
+
+0:09:56.710,0:10:00.910
+showed that VMS did these things much faster
+than BSD did.
+
+0:10:00.910,0:10:01.760
+and this of course
+
+0:10:01.760,0:10:03.680
+made Bill go ballistic
+
+0:10:03.680,0:10:04.360
+and
+
+0:10:04.360,0:10:07.780
+Uh besides saying that they were as stupidest benchmarks
+ he'd ever since he said, ""If that's the way
+
+0:10:07.780,0:10:11.070
+they're gonna decide then we'll just go
+make those things run fast""
+
+0:10:11.070,0:10:14.920
+and it was sort of an interesting story about
+other half and what
+
+0:10:14.920,0:10:19.980
+he got uh the BSD to run those benchmarks as fast
+as the VMS
+
+0:10:19.980,0:10:21.450
+and
+
+0:10:21.450,0:10:22.170
+so
+
+0:10:22.170,0:10:24.900
+the upshot of it was that DARPA
+
+0:10:24.900,0:10:28.740
+was still sort of sitting on the fence
+and Bill’s comment was well VMS we're stuck
+
+0:10:28.740,0:10:30.380
+with VMX forever
+
+0:10:30.380,0:10:34.490
+and you know may be some other computer might
+be interesting down the road
+
+0:10:34.490,0:10:40.700
+and BSD is set up so that it's much more portable
+uh you know it's tie. UNIX, in general is
+
+0:10:40.700,0:10:44.750
+portable across different architectures we've
+already proved it by running it for n=2
+
+0:10:44.750,0:10:45.910
+so therefore
+
+0:10:45.910,0:10:48.010
+it's a proved point
+
+0:10:48.010,0:10:49.040
+so
+
+0:10:49.040,0:10:51.850
+at any rate DARPA agreed to that
+
+0:10:51.850,0:10:54.780
+and they put in some initial money to Berkeley
+
+0:10:54.780,0:10:57.230
+and the initial things that Berkeley was
+really just
+
+0:10:57.230,0:11:00.720
+uh to come up with
+
+0:11:00.720,0:11:02.500
+Uh well we had out 3BSD
+
+0:11:02.500,0:11:05.950
+which had a lot of functionality but the
+performance wasn't so great
+
+0:11:05.950,0:11:09.330
+and so the that first point was to get
+4 BSD out
+
+0:11:09.330,0:11:10.790
+which was going to have
+
+0:11:10.790,0:11:12.870
+sort of that
+
+0:11:12.870,0:11:14.960
+that additional functionality they really felt
+they needed
+
+0:11:14.960,0:11:16.459
+uh which were just
+
+0:11:16.459,0:11:17.930
+really small tweeks
+
+0:11:17.930,0:11:22.510
+Uh things like the ability to automatically
+reboot after crash
+
+0:11:22.510,0:11:23.880
+Uh Job control
+
+0:11:23.880,0:11:29.540
+uh PRAM’s list which was needed by a bunch
+of their uh folks, deliver mail, smoke in air
+
+0:11:29.540,0:11:32.810
+ that was the uh the predecessor to
+send mail
+
+0:11:32.810,0:11:36.820
+except without a configuration file you just
+compiled and checked the way you needed things
+
+0:11:36.820,0:11:37.700
+that were
+
+0:11:37.700,0:11:39.720
+uh at any rate
+
+0:11:39.720,0:11:41.260
+Uh that came out
+
+0:11:41.260,0:11:42.800
+and that 4.1
+
+0:11:42.800,0:11:44.550
+so it nail that down cleaned it up
+
+0:11:44.550,0:11:46.590
+got the performance decent
+
+0:11:46.590,0:11:49.680
+and that fulfilled the first DARPA contract.
+
+0:11:49.680,0:11:52.450
+DARPA had put in something like
+
+0:11:52.450,0:11:56.390
+you know three-quarters of a million dollars or something
+and boom topped this huge pay back from it
+
+0:11:56.390,0:11:56.960
+and
+
+0:11:56.960,0:11:58.380
+people seem to be happy with it
+
+0:11:58.380,0:12:02.880
+so they decided that maybe that the funky graduate students
+at Berkeley could do stuff
+
+0:12:02.880,0:12:05.640
+and so then they put in that of
+
+0:12:05.640,0:12:07.310
+considerably larger
+
+0:12:07.310,0:12:10.710
+contract it was I don't know what three or
+five million dollars
+
+0:12:10.710,0:12:12.260
+and this was a longer term
+
+0:12:12.260,0:12:13.520
+and in
+
+0:12:13.520,0:12:15.870
+ those times he would get
+
+0:12:15.870,0:12:17.839
+for example a three-year contract
+
+0:12:17.839,0:12:20.320
+of which is sort of unheard of in lot of the
+
+0:12:20.320,0:12:22.440
+research stuff today.
+
+0:12:22.440,0:12:25.630
+So you could really sort of spend some time
+figuring out what you can do and do it
+
+0:12:25.630,0:12:28.789
+for eighteen months to two years before you had
+to start working about
+
+0:12:28.789,0:12:31.030
+renweing et cetera.
+
+0:12:31.030,0:12:33.180
+Uh in any way
+
+0:12:33.180,0:12:34.930
+the grand goals for this
+
+0:12:34.930,0:12:37.300
+Big contract that DARPA gave
+
+0:12:37.300,0:12:38.800
+was
+
+0:12:38.800,0:12:41.470
+Uh there were four pieces. One was
+
+0:12:41.470,0:12:42.779
+to get a
+
+0:12:42.779,0:12:43.880
+real networking end
+
+0:12:43.880,0:12:46.220
+uh at that time
+
+0:12:46.220,0:12:47.980
+Uh there was just NCP
+
+0:12:47.980,0:12:49.680
+Uh which was that
+
+0:12:49.680,0:12:54.240
+Network Control Protocol, the predecessor to TCP/IP
+
+0:12:54.240,0:12:57.100
+Uh a good file system in there
+
+0:12:57.100,0:13:01.490
+Uh restartable signals so you could actually
+use them to drive work as opposed to just
+
+0:13:01.490,0:13:03.440
+terminating programs
+
+0:13:03.440,0:13:05.600
+and a new virtual memory system
+
+0:13:05.600,0:13:07.390
+Uh that wasn't
+
+0:13:07.390,0:13:09.810
+well essentially that allowed shared memory
+
+0:13:09.810,0:13:11.530
+uh that the one
+
+0:13:11.530,0:13:13.640
+the predecessor
+
+0:13:13.640,0:13:15.880
+that we were running BSD at that
+time
+
+0:13:15.880,0:13:19.810
+shared the text space that would be only the part
+of your program but all the rest
+
+0:13:19.810,0:13:21.580
+could not shared
+
+0:13:21.580,0:13:23.810
+So those were the four deliverables.
+
+0:13:23.810,0:13:25.980
+now for the kind of networking
+
+0:13:25.980,0:13:28.000
+they still didn't really trust us.
+
+0:13:28.000,0:13:30.879
+So they decided that what they were going
+to do
+
+0:13:30.879,0:13:33.720
+was divide into two parts.
+
+0:13:33.720,0:13:35.300
+So they were going to get
+
+0:13:35.300,0:13:37.630
+ Bolt, Beranek and Newman BBN
+
+0:13:37.630,0:13:42.360
+we are going to actually write the TCP/IP protocol
+stuff
+
+0:13:42.360,0:13:44.709
+and then What Berkeley was supposed to do
+
+0:13:44.709,0:13:46.589
+was design the
+
+0:13:46.589,0:13:47.550
+programming interface
+
+0:13:47.550,0:13:49.040
+uh so
+
+0:13:49.040,0:13:53.130
+the socket, connect, except so on
+
+0:13:53.130,0:13:55.639
+and then BBN was to deliver
+
+0:13:55.639,0:14:00.159
+the thing that plugged in underneath that interface
+and Berkeley was to integrate it into
+
+0:14:00.159,0:14:02.150
+BSD and uh
+
+0:14:02.150,0:14:04.570
+they would ship it.
+
+0:14:04.570,0:14:05.239
+and
+
+0:14:05.239,0:14:08.090
+Uh so
+
+0:14:08.090,0:14:11.240
+this all starts on and BBN gets to work
+
+0:14:11.240,0:14:13.090
+and
+
+0:14:13.090,0:14:15.750
+Bill Joy gets to work on the interface and
+
+0:14:15.750,0:14:18.620
+uh so
+
+0:14:18.620,0:14:22.610
+eventually what happens is that Bill has sort
+of the framework of this stuff. And Bill being
+
+0:14:22.610,0:14:23.960
+Bill uh
+
+0:14:23.960,0:14:26.580
+he he worked rather quickly
+
+0:14:26.580,0:14:29.880
+Uh someone wants to ask you to compare myself
+to Bill Joy and I said look
+
+0:14:29.880,0:14:33.980
+there's really nothing that he's done that
+I couldn't do but the problem is
+
+0:14:33.980,0:14:36.810
+what he gets done in a year would take me
+a decade
+
+0:14:36.810,0:14:39.430
+because he was the master of figuring out.
+
+0:14:39.430,0:14:40.730
+I'm here
+
+0:14:40.730,0:14:42.039
+that's where I want to get to
+
+0:14:42.039,0:14:44.740
+what is absolutely shortest path from here
+to there
+
+0:14:44.740,0:14:45.810
+and he would do it
+
+0:14:45.810,0:14:47.339
+and you end up with code
+
+0:14:47.339,0:14:48.260
+that worked but
+
+0:14:48.260,0:14:51.699
+that was not maintainable, extendable, changeable.
+
+0:14:51.699,0:14:56.130
+Anybody looked at the old version of the VI
+understands what I’m talking about.
+
+0:14:56.130,0:14:56.860
+so
+
+0:14:56.860,0:14:58.430
+So some of the rest of us you know
+
+0:14:58.430,0:14:59.709
+like to have stuff that like
+
+0:14:59.709,0:15:02.910
+you could go back and do something with later
+but that takes longer
+
+0:15:02.910,0:15:03.689
+At any rate
+
+0:15:03.689,0:15:06.300
+Bill figured out this socket interface the first
+
+0:15:06.300,0:15:07.930
+draft of it it anyway
+
+0:15:07.930,0:15:12.140
+and he's got it and now he needs the networking protocols
+to put underneath it
+
+0:15:12.140,0:15:15.480
+so he goes to to
+
+0:15:15.480,0:15:16.399
+Uh Rob Gurvitz who was
+
+0:15:16.399,0:15:18.259
+leading the program of
+
+0:15:18.259,0:15:20.429
+development of TCP/IP at BBN
+
+0:15:20.429,0:15:23.660
+and says hey I got the socket interface and I need
+something to put in here
+
+0:15:23.660,0:15:28.140
+and Rob says well we're not really done yet
+but we have we have this slight prototype code
+
+0:15:28.140,0:15:29.990
+and you know you could put that in it
+
+0:15:29.990,0:15:31.319
+see how that works in
+
+0:15:31.319,0:15:33.100
+you know then we’ll iterate
+
+0:15:33.100,0:15:35.810
+up so that we can work in parallel of you.
+
+0:15:35.810,0:15:38.410
+So Bill gets the code and
+
+0:15:38.410,0:15:40.420
+he puts it in
+
+0:15:40.420,0:15:40.859
+and
+
+0:15:40.859,0:15:42.979
+cranks it up and he gets a kind of working
+
+0:15:42.979,0:15:43.820
+and
+
+0:15:43.820,0:15:45.580
+then decides to run
+
+0:15:45.580,0:15:49.110
+Some full test between machines to see
+how well it works.
+
+0:15:49.110,0:15:55.150
+And we’re running at the at that time our development
+machines development inputs were
+
+0:15:55.150,0:15:55.820
+VAC 750’s
+0:15:55.820,0:15:59.640
+so that was the big honk at VAC 780
+that ran an entire NIP
+
+0:15:59.640,0:16:04.600
+and then there were these much smaller things
+that were merely the size of a large
+
+0:16:04.600,0:16:05.769
+uh dishwasher
+
+0:16:05.769,0:16:11.839
+uh its bigger than a dishwasher more like
+washing machine yes
+its over range at any rate and used about
+
+0:16:11.839,0:16:13.660
+as much power as the same.
+
+0:16:13.660,0:16:16.260
+Uh with all the burners turned ON assuming its electric
+
+0:16:16.260,0:16:23.080
+uh anyway the VAC 750 only
+ran at 0.7 NIPs
+
+0:16:23.080,0:16:25.480
+Uh and so
+
+0:16:25.480,0:16:28.920
+Bill needs to be able to run sometests back and forth
+between these machines
+
+0:16:28.920,0:16:31.080
+and of course we don't have
+
+0:16:31.080,0:16:34.900
+anything like FTP or TELNET
+anything that, which is not written yet
+
+0:16:34.900,0:16:36.890
+and so he just
+
+0:16:36.890,0:16:38.369
+being Bill says well
+
+0:16:38.369,0:16:39.699
+I'll just hack up something
+
+0:16:39.699,0:16:43.309
+uh which was RLogin RCP et cetera.
+
+0:16:43.309,0:16:47.820
+which was really just the design so that he
+could test running between these two machines
+
+0:16:47.820,0:16:48.710
+Uh
+
+0:16:48.710,0:16:52.130
+This is the legacy that we end up with and
+why the protocol number or anything like
+
+0:16:52.130,0:16:57.820
+that in the header you know it’s just a
+test program no one is gonna actually use this
+
+0:16:57.820,0:17:02.020
+so the uh upshot of all this that
+
+0:17:02.020,0:17:03.840
+Bill fires up
+
+0:17:03.840,0:17:05.530
+RCP and
+
+0:17:05.530,0:17:08.230
+to copy a file between machines
+
+0:17:08.230,0:17:08.730
+and
+
+0:17:08.730,0:17:15.300
+and it copies the file at about 56 or
+60 kilobits per second
+
+0:17:15.300,0:17:17.520
+and at that point the CPU was pegged
+
+0:17:17.520,0:17:19.799
+on the VAX 750
+
+0:17:19.799,0:17:20.810
+And it you know
+
+0:17:20.810,0:17:24.810
+there's plenty of bandwidth still available
+because we had 10 megabit Ethernet at that point
+
+0:17:24.810,0:17:28.519
+we had the new 10 megabit Ethernet because mostly
+ it was 3 megabit but
+
+0:17:28.519,0:17:31.059
+we had the 10 which was like really cool stuff.
+
+0:17:31.059,0:17:32.260
+uh and
+
+0:17:32.260,0:17:37.090
+uh so he talks to Rob Gerwitz you know this thing runs
+and Gerwitz was his attitude
+
+0:17:37.090,0:17:39.280
+as well the backbone
+
+0:17:39.280,0:17:44.540
+of the only the 56 K so as long as
+we can saturate that what's the problem
+
+0:17:44.540,0:17:48.710
+and Bill’s attitude is well no I need to be
+ all you know get closer to the bandwidth of
+
+0:17:48.710,0:17:51.450
+the network between these local machines
+
+0:17:51.450,0:17:56.430
+And so of course Bill being Bill dives in to see
+why this is the case that it's not running very
+
+0:17:56.430,0:17:57.440
+fast.
+
+0:17:57.440,0:17:58.500
+Infact, he probably
+
+0:17:58.500,0:17:59.880
+ wrote this
+
+0:17:59.880,0:18:01.680
+to some of this stuff to figure out
+
+0:18:01.680,0:18:06.320
+what was not running quickly. We already
+had it for user=level of our programs that’s what we
+
+0:18:06.320,0:18:09.170
+put it into the kernel
+
+0:18:09.170,0:18:12.160
+And sad to say some of these tools are still like
+considered
+
+0:18:12.160,0:18:17.050
+like leading tools but are not leading tools but
+still used tools today
+
+0:18:17.050,0:18:22.800
+Uh which isn't to say bad that it's just that
+seems like in twenty years you could do better
+
+0:18:22.800,0:18:23.690
+at any rate
+
+0:18:23.690,0:18:27.490
+he quickly discovers that way the TCP/IP
+code is written
+
+0:18:27.490,0:18:30.000
+is it’s this elaborate state machine
+
+0:18:30.000,0:18:32.970
+and there's the state transitions that you
+go through and
+
+0:18:32.970,0:18:36.919
+each time we want do a state transition the
+you jump through an indirect
+
+0:18:36.919,0:18:39.090
+this and that and other things and
+
+0:18:39.090,0:18:42.520
+and he goes well you know this is just way too
+efficient and you know
+
+0:18:42.520,0:18:46.620
+we could just take the state machine turned
+into a giant switch statement
+
+0:18:46.620,0:18:49.860
+And you know there will be a few GOTO's here and there
+
+0:18:49.860,0:18:53.070
+when you need to switch states buttoning ON and that’s that
+
+0:18:53.070,0:18:54.380
+We'll just do that
+
+0:18:54.380,0:18:57.770
+And so he starts cranking away on this thing
+and
+
+0:18:57.770,0:18:59.230
+pounding out all of that
+
+0:18:59.230,0:19:01.680
+the structure and getting a down
+
+0:19:01.680,0:19:04.110
+of what it looks like today
+
+0:19:04.110,0:19:06.200
+And uh
+
+0:19:06.200,0:19:09.390
+actually it's been cleaned up considerably over
+the years but
+
+0:19:09.390,0:19:12.280
+Uh so he cranks it down to this and
+
+0:19:12.280,0:19:14.770
+gets up to the point where
+
+0:19:14.770,0:19:19.420
+he can at least saturate the 3 megabit wire
+we can’t saturate the
+
+0:19:19.420,0:19:21.960
+10 megabit wire but it's because the
+
+0:19:21.960,0:19:24.640
+actually Ethernet controllers themselves are
+
+0:19:24.640,0:19:26.740
+not able to uh
+
+0:19:26.740,0:19:30.310
+really run at 10 megabits uh
+
+0:19:30.310,0:19:33.330
+these were you know prototype early release
+stuff and so
+
+0:19:33.330,0:19:35.020
+we get it upto
+
+0:19:35.020,0:19:36.960
+somewhere around four
+
+0:19:36.960,0:19:39.370
+megabit uh
+
+0:19:39.370,0:19:43.370
+But we're only running at 40% CPU time
+so in theory if we could have run at wire
+
+0:19:43.370,0:19:46.809
+speed we got up to 10 megabit
+and for other reasons it wouldn't have
+
+0:19:46.809,0:19:47.350
+but
+
+0:19:47.350,0:19:53.760
+the point is we were like uh a way way, order of magnitude
+ahead of where we started from literally
+
+0:19:53.760,0:19:56.350
+and so
+
+0:19:56.350,0:19:59.480
+Uh there's a lot of pressure from a lot of the
+
+0:19:59.480,0:20:02.950
+uh the people that have been that have 4.1
+
+0:20:02.950,0:20:04.640
+that they want to
+
+0:20:04.640,0:20:07.320
+try out this new networking stuff
+
+0:20:07.320,0:20:10.080
+and so uh
+
+0:20:10.080,0:20:11.870
+this code
+
+0:20:11.870,0:20:13.210
+as such as it was
+
+0:20:13.210,0:20:17.280
+uh got released as something that we called
+4.1a
+
+0:20:17.280,0:20:20.680
+Uh so 4.1a was sort of the
+
+0:20:20.680,0:20:22.559
+first incremental release of
+
+0:20:22.559,0:20:26.020
+Uh between 4.1 and 4.2
+
+0:20:26.020,0:20:28.860
+and this got surprisingly large
+
+0:20:28.860,0:20:32.890
+larger distribution then we had really planned
+on because you know you give it to one person
+
+0:20:32.890,0:20:38.010
+and then someone else hears about it. They want it
+then someone else wants it nahnah.....
+0:20:38.010,0:20:42.030
+It's not like today and where you just put it up
+ and anonymous FTP. This was still
+
+0:20:42.030,0:20:45.340
+put it on a tape mail the tape to somebody, big
+
+0:20:45.340,0:20:46.640
+nine track tapes
+
+0:20:46.640,0:20:48.110
+uh
+
+0:20:48.110,0:20:52.900
+And uh if you'd want lucky enough to have a high
+tape drive, a 6250
+
+0:20:52.900,0:20:55.090
+bits per inch drive then you had to get
+
+0:20:55.090,0:20:56.430
+the 16 in four
+
+0:20:56.430,0:20:59.360
+ tapes to get all out there
+
+0:20:59.360,0:21:01.660
+Uh at any rate
+
+0:21:01.660,0:21:03.820
+This this code goes out
+
+0:21:03.820,0:21:04.299
+Uh and uh
+
+0:21:04.299,0:21:10.039
+measured about this time Sam Leffler
+somebody's name probably know in contemporary
+
+0:21:10.039,0:21:11.800
+stuff having to do with wireless
+
+0:21:11.800,0:21:14.000
+Uh I actually joined
+
+0:21:14.000,0:21:15.710
+the CSFG, the group there
+
+0:21:15.710,0:21:17.340
+uh and
+
+0:21:17.340,0:21:19.530
+he begins to help build with
+
+0:21:19.530,0:21:21.669
+a rewrite of the networking interface
+
+0:21:21.669,0:21:23.020
+in particular
+
+0:21:23.020,0:21:27.210
+uh Bill hadn't quiet gotten on to the
+fact that
+
+0:21:27.210,0:21:30.320
+uh When you may want to have multiple connections
+
+0:21:30.320,0:21:33.970
+concurrently on a particular port
+so if you're running SMTP
+
+0:21:33.970,0:21:35.720
+service or HTTP
+
+0:21:35.720,0:21:38.640
+Uh the way he had written had uh except
+
+0:21:38.640,0:21:42.780
+that the that the what we think of a rendezvous
+socket today was actually connected
+
+0:21:42.780,0:21:46.350
+and so that nobody else to talk to you on
+that particular port to you. When you’re
+
+0:21:46.350,0:21:48.170
+finished with that conversation and then
+
+0:21:48.170,0:21:51.520
+that the sock would become free again and you
+could’ve the next connection.
+
+0:21:51.520,0:21:52.759
+he says like that no
+
+0:21:52.759,0:21:54.389
+no we got it like
+0:21:54.389,0:21:56.500
+to have more than one at a time
+
+0:21:56.500,0:22:01.510
+and so that's when the whole listen and the
+rendezvous socket works up returns to a new
+
+0:22:01.510,0:22:03.670
+connected socket and so on
+
+0:22:03.670,0:22:06.960
+uh and so at any rate
+
+0:22:06.960,0:22:08.900
+this this all gets done
+
+0:22:08.900,0:22:10.970
+And uh
+
+0:22:10.970,0:22:15.930
+I've gotten roped into doing the file system
+which is another part of the earlier story.
+
+0:22:15.930,0:22:20.130
+uh and so the file system is sort of the
+point where we're ready to inflict I mean
+
+0:22:20.130,0:22:22.120
+let other users try it
+
+0:22:22.120,0:22:24.480
+and we have revised networking
+
+0:22:24.480,0:22:25.600
+and so this
+
+0:22:25.600,0:22:26.460
+Uh came up
+
+0:22:26.460,0:22:28.960
+as a release called 4.1b
+
+0:22:28.960,0:22:33.390
+and then fairly quickly thereafter the signal
+stuff got cleaned up
+
+0:22:33.390,0:22:36.670
+and so 4.1b got replaced with 4.1c
+
+0:22:36.670,0:22:40.450
+Uh remember there were four things that we need
+to get done so A was the networking B was the file system
+
+0:22:40.450,0:22:42.309
+and C was the signalling and
+
+0:22:42.309,0:22:43.920
+D was supposed to be
+
+0:22:43.920,0:22:47.880
+the virtual memory which of course didn't happen
+for another six or seven years
+
+0:22:47.880,0:22:49.190
+Uh but
+
+0:22:49.190,0:22:52.390
+at any rate 4.1c was another one
+of these ones
+
+0:22:52.390,0:22:54.600
+which was an enormously picked up
+
+0:22:54.600,0:22:56.300
+very wide distribution
+
+0:22:56.300,0:22:57.860
+uh and in
+
+0:22:57.860,0:23:01.110
+in the meantime
+
+0:23:01.110,0:23:05.640
+Uh you know the folks at the BBN continued
+working and developing and
+
+0:23:05.640,0:23:06.570
+polishing their code
+
+0:23:06.570,0:23:09.720
+uh but Bill had asked another copy
+of it so
+
+0:23:09.720,0:23:12.570
+they hadn’t delivered it because it
+wasn’t done yet any way
+
+0:23:12.570,0:23:15.370
+uh and they’re just get it done
+
+0:23:15.370,0:23:18.450
+then give it to Berkeley we could put it
+in this
+
+0:23:18.450,0:23:20.790
+preparation for shipping 4.2
+
+0:23:20.790,0:23:24.090
+Well 4.1c got out there
+
+0:23:24.090,0:23:25.610
+and uh
+
+0:23:25.610,0:23:29.760
+Bill then was setting about to work on
+the VM stuff
+
+0:23:29.760,0:23:34.260
+When one day going to his office to
+chat with him. He says, “Come into my office"" and he says
+""you know I
+
+0:23:34.260,0:23:37.840
+I am
+
+0:23:37.840,0:23:41.870
+involved with these other folks down at Stanford
+and they have some hardware
+
+0:23:41.870,0:23:42.860
+and they want
+
+0:23:42.860,0:23:45.020
+me to put some Berkeley UNIX on it
+
+0:23:45.020,0:23:46.020
+and you know
+
+0:23:46.020,0:23:48.770
+start selling these things as workstations
+
+0:23:48.770,0:23:49.889
+and uh
+
+0:23:49.889,0:23:52.500
+I’m going I gonna go
+
+0:23:52.500,0:23:56.430
+I am going down there to be one of the
+founding members of this and you should come
+
+0:23:56.430,0:23:57.230
+along
+
+0:23:57.230,0:23:58.750
+uh because you know
+
+0:23:58.750,0:24:03.989
+you being a single digit
+employee at workstations.
+
+0:24:03.989,0:24:06.559
+You’ll get huge stock option
+it’s gonna be really exciting"" and you know
+
+0:24:06.559,0:24:11.450
+I at that time I had already completed my degree
+in business from
+
+0:24:11.450,0:24:12.580
+Uh University California so
+
+0:24:12.580,0:24:14.710
+I knew something about business
+
+0:24:14.710,0:24:18.460
+in fact I had taken an entrepreneurial course
+so I knew a lot about starting up companies
+
+0:24:18.460,0:24:19.830
+or so I thought.
+
+0:24:19.830,0:24:23.230
+And so I said,” Well you know Bill
+
+0:24:23.230,0:24:27.750
+this all sounds good what you know what what
+is that’s going to make you so successful.”
+
+0:24:27.750,0:24:31.480
+He says, ”It's the gact that you know we're
+not going to vendor lock in and you know it's going
+
+0:24:31.480,0:24:33.190
+to be running the UNIX and
+
+0:24:33.190,0:24:38.000
+if SUN doesn’t do it right they can always go to
+another vendor and can get UNIX from them.""
+
+0:24:38.000,0:24:40.730
+and uh that’s that's going to be the story
+
+0:24:40.730,0:24:43.320
+And I said, “Well you know this is well and good but
+
+0:24:43.320,0:24:46.120
+let me explain about workstations”
+
+0:24:46.120,0:24:50.860
+Uh workstations is about the install base of applications
+because people buy workstations because the applications
+
+0:24:50.860,0:24:52.700
+ run on it
+
+0:24:52.700,0:24:56.810
+And uh you know this is company APPOLO that had
+
+0:24:56.810,0:25:01.220
+a 4 year head start on SUN and they've
+got a lock on the applications
+
+0:25:01.220,0:25:04.860
+and people aren’t going to switch to SUN because
+they need the applications that run on APPOLO.
+
+0:25:04.860,0:25:06.690
+So you know
+
+0:25:06.690,0:25:09.400
+I'm sure it's going to be interesting but
+uh
+
+0:25:09.400,0:25:13.909
+you know I'm only a few months from finishing
+my PhD and I know if I go to a SUN with you that
+
+0:25:13.909,0:25:15.249
+won't happen
+
+0:25:15.249,0:25:18.390
+So I’m gonna my PhD we'll see how SUN is doing in
+
+0:25:18.390,0:25:20.660
+over six or eight months and you know
+
+0:25:20.660,0:25:22.130
+We’ll evaluate""
+
+0:25:22.130,0:25:26.640
+well of course it took me fourteen
+fifteen months to finish my PhD and of
+
+0:25:26.640,0:25:27.740
+course by that time
+
+0:25:27.740,0:25:31.590
+SUN had burst onto the scene and didn't
+have any particularly interesting stock options
+
+0:25:31.590,0:25:33.910
+left
+
+0:25:33.910,0:25:39.410
+So uh if you want it buy yourself a business perhaps
+I'm not the one to ask
+
+0:25:39.410,0:25:41.410
+at any rate
+
+0:25:41.410,0:25:44.420
+Bill left without doing the VM system
+
+0:25:44.420,0:25:49.500
+Uh and he took 4.1c with him to get it
+ported on to the the SUN hardware.
+
+0:25:49.500,0:25:51.300
+and
+
+0:25:51.300,0:25:54.240
+with this sort uh of hit
+
+0:25:54.240,0:25:55.910
+on the the main developer
+
+0:25:55.910,0:26:00.510
+uh we decided that rather than trying up to get
+someone else up to speed in getting to the
+
+0:26:00.510,0:26:02.710
+VM done and so on.
+
+0:26:02.710,0:26:05.520
+That we would instead
+
+0:26:05.520,0:26:09.370
+just declare the first three pieces of this
+4 piece contract
+
+0:26:09.370,0:26:11.580
+uh worth releasing
+
+0:26:11.580,0:26:14.020
+and so
+
+0:26:14.020,0:26:15.720
+uh around this time
+
+0:26:15.720,0:26:18.050
+this would be about June of 1983
+
+0:26:18.050,0:26:20.620
+Uh Micheal Karl joins the group
+
+0:26:20.620,0:26:22.590
+essentially coming in uh
+
+0:26:22.590,0:26:25.500
+to replace in into the position that was
+
+0:26:25.500,0:26:27.119
+up formerly held by
+
+0:26:27.119,0:26:29.330
+Sam ..Sam uh out by
+
+0:26:29.330,0:26:32.000
+Bill as that sort of
+
+0:26:32.000,0:26:33.250
+Head of lead programmer
+
+0:26:33.250,0:26:36.510
+uh and
+
+0:26:36.510,0:26:40.490
+because Sam also Sam had also considered taking
+that position but ultimately decided that
+
+0:26:40.490,0:26:44.610
+uh he he didn't want to do that he was gonna
+to go off to do graphics at
+
+0:26:44.610,0:26:46.990
+ Lucasfilm
+
+0:26:46.990,0:26:48.830
+and so
+
+0:26:48.830,0:26:51.030
+the uh
+
+0:26:51.030,0:26:52.980
+the upshot of this was that
+
+0:26:52.980,0:26:55.429
+4.2 got released
+
+0:26:55.429,0:26:57.920
+in about August of '83
+
+0:26:57.920,0:27:01.549
+And uh
+
+0:27:01.549,0:27:05.640
+there’re uh about 1000 copies around remember for each
+copy that goes out that’s like an institution gets
+
+0:27:05.640,0:27:07.429
+a copy and you know
+
+0:27:07.429,0:27:10.760
+spread across all their machines et cetera.
+
+0:27:10.760,0:27:14.470
+Uh there's another way of looking at it is you can
+look at the number of licenses that AT&T
+
+0:27:14.470,0:27:16.400
+ had outstanding
+
+0:27:16.400,0:27:21.420
+and how many licenses that Berkeley had
+
+0:27:21.420,0:27:24.310
+at the time we had shipped a thousand, there were
+about twelve hundred
+
+0:27:24.310,0:27:27.450
+uh AT&T licenses. So it says that
+
+0:27:27.450,0:27:29.149
+fair number of people were running
+
+0:27:29.149,0:27:35.310
+Uh now at this point just for context AT&T is
+releasing system 5 release 1
+
+0:27:35.310,0:27:37.380
+So that is short of where they are.
+
+0:27:37.380,0:27:39.290
+Uh They had taken their file system and
+
+0:27:39.290,0:27:44.010
+upped the block size from 512 bytes
+ to 1K
+
+0:27:44.010,0:27:46.750
+Uh at any rate
+
+0:27:46.750,0:27:47.870
+BBN
+
+0:27:47.870,0:27:50.650
+was very upset that their TCP/IP
+
+0:27:50.650,0:27:53.340
+had not been incorporated.
+
+0:27:53.340,0:27:57.650
+and here we had released it but it was this like
+prototype early version had been bastardized
+
+0:27:57.650,0:27:59.100
+by Bill
+
+0:27:59.100,0:28:04.290
+and like you know this isn't it that you know
+DARPA paid and now you know have the shiny wonderful
+
+0:28:04.290,0:28:05.990
+TCP/IP stack.
+
+0:28:05.990,0:28:09.150
+You should be putting this in
+
+0:28:09.150,0:28:10.369
+and so
+
+0:28:10.369,0:28:15.310
+they began agitating with DARPA and saying
+what you know Blah Blah get this to happen
+
+0:28:15.310,0:28:16.280
+and so
+
+0:28:16.280,0:28:20.950
+uh Michael Karels being the very deliberative
+what a person he is.
+
+0:28:20.950,0:28:23.330
+Says Ok well
+
+0:28:23.330,0:28:27.780
+I'll take the TCP/IP code from BBN and I'll
+take the TCP code from
+
+0:28:27.780,0:28:28.870
+that we have in 4.2
+
+0:28:28.870,0:28:31.550
+and I'll evaluate both of them
+
+0:28:31.550,0:28:38.430
+and the evaluation involves you know
+performance and maintain ability
+
+0:28:38.430,0:28:41.980
+and functionality and all these various
+necessary things
+
+0:28:41.980,0:28:42.779
+and
+
+0:28:42.779,0:28:47.370
+He says, “ Well you know the TCP/IP the idea comes
+from BBN and has some really good ideas
+
+0:28:47.370,0:28:49.039
+that we don't have so we'll just
+
+0:28:49.039,0:28:51.330
+Pick those up and drop it in our distribution
+
+0:28:51.330,0:28:55.510
+Uh but we don't really feel that their
+
+0:28:55.510,0:28:57.950
+code is uh you know
+
+0:28:57.950,0:29:01.090
+is the good place to start from. There's a lot of people
+this point
+
+0:29:01.090,0:29:05.730
+that have worked with the Berkeley code and they know
+that code base there have been a huge amount of enhancements
+
+0:29:05.730,0:29:07.570
+on it.
+
+0:29:07.570,0:29:10.880
+Uh This is wonderful book that's been written
+all about it
+
+0:29:10.880,0:29:13.049
+So it is very well documented
+
+0:29:13.049,0:29:13.500
+and
+
+0:29:13.500,0:29:17.960
+it just doesn't seem to have really make sense
+to
+
+0:29:17.960,0:29:22.460
+reset back to here and then have to get all
+of those improvements changes et cetera.
+
+0:29:22.460,0:29:23.809
+Uh into this
+
+0:29:23.809,0:29:25.280
+particular new version.
+
+0:29:25.280,0:29:27.150
+uh it it
+
+0:29:27.150,0:29:30.440
+I finally graduated in '84 and joined
+the project
+
+0:29:30.440,0:29:33.260
+uh foolishly that taking over as
+
+0:29:33.260,0:29:34.170
+it's technically but
+
+0:29:34.170,0:29:35.419
+is the lead
+
+0:29:35.419,0:29:38.960
+which meant that I got to deal with all of
+the political bullshit while
+
+0:29:38.960,0:29:41.870
+Mike and others got to do lots of programming
+
+0:29:41.870,0:29:45.140
+So let that be a lesson to you that if you think
+that they're trying to sweet talk
+
+0:29:45.140,0:29:50.409
+you and how great it is to be in-charge
+of things.
+
+0:29:50.409,0:29:50.960
+Uh
+
+0:29:50.960,0:29:53.080
+At any rate we
+
+0:29:53.080,0:29:56.680
+continue debating back and forth about this
+stuff with BBN.
+
+0:29:56.680,0:30:00.180
+We kept taking stuff and putting it into
+And look you know that and say that ""We've taken that we've
+we’ve taken that""
+
+0:30:00.180,0:30:03.720
+“No No. You have to take the code
+You got to take the code.”
+
+0:30:03.720,0:30:05.440
+So at any rate 4.3
+
+0:30:05.440,0:30:07.750
+was really designed
+
+0:30:07.750,0:30:12.340
+much like 4.1 in the sense of consolidating
+what we already had. So throughout the eh
+
+0:30:12.340,0:30:17.350
+the even-numbered releases from Berkeley had
+a lot of new functionality and odd releases
+
+0:30:17.350,0:30:19.930
+tried to really get the performance up
+
+0:30:19.930,0:30:24.170
+Uh we we're always striving to make sure that
+things worked when the released it, but we didn't
+
+0:30:24.170,0:30:24.830
+always
+
+0:30:24.830,0:30:27.169
+strive to make sure they ran optimally.
+
+0:30:27.169,0:30:30.090
+Uh figuring that it was better to sort of
+tune things
+
+0:30:30.090,0:30:33.090
+after the fact once you had a electrode working
+in right way.
+
+0:30:33.090,0:30:37.510
+So anyway we made an announcement
+of 4.3
+
+0:30:37.510,0:30:39.379
+Uh actually at the June 1985
+
+0:30:39.379,0:30:43.510
+UNIX conference, so two years basically have
+gone by here.
+
+0:30:43.510,0:30:44.510
+ and
+
+0:30:44.510,0:30:45.620
+uh
+
+0:30:45.620,0:30:46.470
+BBN
+
+0:30:46.470,0:30:50.620
+you know immediately objects that we have
+not taken their code
+
+0:30:50.620,0:30:51.110
+and
+
+0:30:51.110,0:30:52.970
+uh they go to DARPA
+
+0:30:52.970,0:30:57.940
+and they said, “Look ,you paid BBN
+how many millions of dollars, more than you paid to
+
+0:30:57.940,0:30:59.719
+Berkeley to do this code
+
+0:30:59.719,0:31:00.730
+you're gonna uh you know
+0:31:00.730,0:31:02.900
+and now they're not taking it
+
+0:31:02.900,0:31:04.330
+and and you know
+
+0:31:04.330,0:31:06.360
+you got look like ninnies or something.” I
+don't know
+
+0:31:06.360,0:31:08.390
+I don’t know what they’ve
+said I wasn't there
+
+0:31:08.390,0:31:10.179
+But at any rate
+
+0:31:10.179,0:31:13.280
+DARPA
+
+0:31:13.280,0:31:16.600
+representative shows up in my office
+
+0:31:16.600,0:31:18.220
+and
+
+0:31:18.220,0:31:19.240
+Uh very calmly
+
+0:31:19.240,0:31:21.090
+uh explains that.
+
+0:31:21.090,0:31:22.100
+You know
+
+0:31:22.100,0:31:27.940
+the agreement was that BBN was going to do the
+TCP/IP code and
+
+0:31:27.940,0:31:30.240
+Uh Berkeley was to do the interface
+
+0:31:30.240,0:31:31.070
+and
+
+0:31:31.070,0:31:33.049
+This is this is the way the world and
+
+0:31:33.049,0:31:36.769
+you know we appreciate that you know you’ve
+done other stuff and it was it was great work
+
+0:31:36.769,0:31:38.670
+but
+
+0:31:38.670,0:31:42.460
+they are funding us and this is the way it is.
+
+0:31:42.460,0:31:44.120
+And my quarrel is like
+
+0:31:44.120,0:31:48.370
+uh you know Mike Karels is arguing with them and look,
+you know we've taken this and we’ve
+
+0:31:48.370,0:31:52.160
+put over here, all the reasons that I gave earlier
+
+0:31:52.160,0:31:55.410
+and you know the guy finally at the end just
+says,
+
+0:31:55.410,0:31:57.679
+“ No, you don't understand.
+
+0:31:57.679,0:31:58.549
+We're in charge
+
+0:31:58.549,0:32:02.500
+this is what you doing. Goodbye!""
+
+0:32:02.500,0:32:04.960
+And you know
+
+0:32:04.960,0:32:08.000
+it just doesn't work very well at Berkeley
+just come in and say,
+
+0:32:08.000,0:32:10.730
+“This is what you're going to do.”
+
+0:32:10.730,0:32:13.000
+The free speech movement comes to mind.
+
+0:32:13.000,0:32:15.970
+Uh so
+
+0:32:15.970,0:32:17.970
+You know Mike in particularly just goes completely BANANAS.
+
+0:32:17.970,0:32:21.190
+Goes off, “Aggarh”
+
+0:32:21.190,0:32:23.370
+and then fires off
+
+0:32:23.370,0:32:26.570
+unannounced to me fires off the thing
+that the DARPA uh
+
+0:32:26.570,0:32:30.050
+which if I'd been would keep in shut
+because I would not let them blame SUN
+
+0:32:30.050,0:32:31.690
+At any rate
+
+0:32:31.690,0:32:35.350
+I mean I only see it because DARPA guy
+sent it back to me and says you need to keep
+
+0:32:35.350,0:32:38.720
+your staff under control.
+
+0:32:38.720,0:32:39.650
+Uh so
+
+0:32:39.650,0:32:44.130
+at any rate um you know
+0:32:44.130,0:32:46.090
+Mike just says, “I'm not doing it.
+
+0:32:46.090,0:32:49.510
+They can't make me, I'll just leave.”
+
+0:32:49.510,0:32:51.640
+ You know so you know
+
+0:32:51.640,0:32:56.450
+You tell them that they can either this way or
+they can have that way or we won’t release it. Um
+
+0:32:56.450,0:32:57.619
+Agrh . um
+
+0:32:57.619,0:33:00.330
+Come on there’s got to be some compromise
+we can do here.
+0:33:00.330,0:33:01.730
+So
+
+0:33:01.730,0:33:05.360
+Finally uh I say, “Okay let’s I
+
+0:33:05.360,0:33:07.820
+I propose that we have a bake-off.
+
+0:33:07.820,0:33:13.150
+So we will uh we we had already incorporated
+into there was big switch so you could compile ot
+
+0:33:13.150,0:33:14.190
+ way or the other
+
+0:33:14.190,0:33:15.609
+So my first proposal was
+
+0:33:15.609,0:33:16.910
+we will just ship it
+
+0:33:16.910,0:33:20.820
+with a compile time options.
+So you can compile for BBN code
+or you could compile it for Berkeley code.
+
+0:33:20.820,0:33:21.640
+Even BBN
+
+0:33:21.640,0:33:24.799
+Even DARPA could see
+this was a no-win
+
+0:33:24.799,0:33:27.950
+because you’ll end up with some
+people running one some people running the
+
+0:33:27.950,0:33:30.549
+other, this won’t work smoothly.
+
+0:33:30.549,0:33:31.539
+ This was just not
+
+0:33:31.539,0:33:33.550
+where they want it to go.
+
+0:33:33.550,0:33:35.409
+and so we said, “Okay well
+
+0:33:35.409,0:33:38.480
+switch is there it's really easy to compile
+the two different systems.
+
+0:33:38.480,0:33:41.830
+Let’s have a bake-off
+
+0:33:41.830,0:33:43.649
+you know we’ll compile
+
+0:33:43.649,0:33:46.549
+with one and compiler with other one and have bunch of
+tests
+
+0:33:46.549,0:33:49.059
+and you know will decide which one is better.
+
+0:33:49.059,0:33:50.610
+Well of course we're not going to let
+
+0:33:50.610,0:33:55.429
+Berkeley do the testing because they'd be biased
+for Berkeley. We’re not going to let BBN to do the testing
+
+0:33:55.429,0:33:57.640
+because they’ll be biased for BBN.
+
+0:33:57.640,0:33:59.720
+so we’ve to find a
+
+0:33:59.720,0:34:01.210
+uh
+
+0:34:01.210,0:34:03.480
+a third party and
+
+0:34:03.480,0:34:08.440
+uh the third party that DARPA actually proposes
+is a guy named Mike Moose at the Ballistics
+
+0:34:08.440,0:34:10.979
+Research Laboratory, just up the road from
+here and
+
+0:34:10.979,0:34:12.929
+Uh yeah
+
+0:34:12.929,0:34:14.509
+little known to
+
+0:34:14.509,0:34:18.659
+most of the people is that we actually knew Mike Moose
+very well because we had interacted a whole lot with him.
+
+0:34:18.659,0:34:19.910
+working on TCP/IP
+
+0:34:19.910,0:34:23.659
+so
+
+0:34:23.659,0:34:25.059
+we’re like uhm yah it’s ok with us.
+
+0:34:25.059,0:34:27.869
+And you know he was in military you know
+
+0:34:27.869,0:34:31.139
+chain of command and BBN muck-a-mucks
+new ones so
+
+0:34:31.139,0:34:33.589
+they’re fine with it
+
+0:34:33.589,0:34:34.370
+So ok great so
+
+0:34:34.370,0:34:36.469
+you know off we ship that tape and
+
+0:34:36.469,0:34:40.749
+He does not tell us what tests he is gonna run
+so neither side gets to
+
+0:34:40.749,0:34:44.720
+do anything other than make some suggestions
+general suggestions so
+
+0:34:44.720,0:34:48.779
+Of course we suggest the 3 port performance
+test could be important
+
+0:34:48.779,0:34:51.659
+and the BBN suggests that
+
+0:34:51.659,0:34:55.320
+uh how well it works in the face of large
+package
+
+0:34:55.320,0:34:57.049
+rate losses is important
+
+0:34:57.049,0:35:01.430
+because of course the military you know will drop
+a nuclear bomb on Chicago we want to make sure
+
+0:35:01.430,0:35:03.589
+it drops down through Dallas
+
+0:35:03.589,0:35:07.320
+At any rate Mike Moose sets up these the systems
+and
+
+0:35:07.320,0:35:09.150
+runs a bunch of tests
+
+0:35:09.150,0:35:12.179
+and of course without talking to either side
+
+0:35:12.179,0:35:16.950
+and so we're sort of pins and needles
+because you know several weeks goes by
+
+0:35:16.950,0:35:18.550
+and finally duh
+
+0:35:18.550,0:35:19.589
+his report lands.
+
+0:35:19.589,0:35:23.029
+You know humh comes in the mail here's his report
+
+0:35:23.029,0:35:26.269
+And the first thing you’d do is
+to flip to the last page to see what the conclusion
+
+0:35:26.269,0:35:29.479
+is but he knew that's what we're going to
+do so he hid the conclusion somewhere in the
+
+0:35:29.479,0:35:31.660
+middle
+
+0:35:31.660,0:35:33.369
+Forcing you to read the entire thing
+
+0:35:33.369,0:35:36.229
+but it's a it's a very interesting week because
+
+0:35:36.229,0:35:39.910
+in terms of the throughput
+as expected we did better
+
+0:35:39.910,0:35:40.840
+Uh what
+
+0:35:40.840,0:35:44.929
+that he introduced a thing where it would
+randomly drop about every
+
+0:35:44.929,0:35:46.769
+fourth package
+
+0:35:46.769,0:35:47.799
+and
+
+0:35:47.799,0:35:49.390
+under this scenario
+
+0:35:49.390,0:35:50.919
+he says uh
+
+0:35:50.919,0:35:52.420
+the BBN code
+
+0:35:52.420,0:35:56.820
+Jumps out to an early start getting a lot
+more data through in the face of high
+
+0:35:56.820,0:35:59.039
+packet loss uh
+
+0:35:59.039,0:36:03.099
+but but the Berkeley part managers to catch up
+while the BBN machine reboots.
+
+0:36:03.099,0:36:07.719
+Uh
+
+0:36:07.719,0:36:12.109
+Ultimately resulting in the conclusion
+that even in the face of the packet
+
+0:36:12.109,0:36:14.739
+loss, Berkeley code seems to
+
+0:36:14.739,0:36:16.349
+do a little better.
+
+0:36:16.349,0:36:17.739
+And uh so his
+
+0:36:17.739,0:36:22.119
+conclusion is that it should continue to ship
+with the BSD code.
+
+0:36:22.119,0:36:25.519
+Uh so with this result in hand
+
+0:36:25.519,0:36:28.749
+we are authorized by DARPA to do the release
+
+0:36:28.749,0:36:32.189
+and we finally managed to release
+
+0:36:32.189,0:36:35.829
+4.3 in June of
+
+0:36:35.829,0:36:38.420
+1986
+
+0:36:38.420,0:36:39.599
+so
+
+0:36:39.599,0:36:41.519
+at this point uh
+
+0:36:41.519,0:36:42.199
+At this point
+
+0:36:42.199,0:36:45.389
+the new TCP code is gone out
+
+0:36:45.389,0:36:47.189
+or you know that
+
+0:36:47.189,0:36:52.289
+The revised BSD TCP code has gone out
+
+0:36:52.289,0:36:54.689
+[with or without subnets]
+With or without uh..subnets
+
+0:36:54.689,0:36:56.150
+uh that had
+
+0:36:56.150,0:36:59.809
+well the the class ABC type of subnets
+not
+
+0:36:59.809,0:37:01.319
+not the uh
+
+0:37:01.319,0:37:02.910
+the sider stuff
+
+0:37:02.910,0:37:09.910
+sider came along
+
+0:37:16.329,0:37:17.299
+okay
+
+0:37:17.299,0:37:19.409
+uh at any rate uh
+
+0:37:19.409,0:37:23.719
+now we start accelerating the story a bit again
+because I have to finish in
+
+0:37:23.719,0:37:25.559
+eight minutes
+
+0:37:25.559,0:37:27.540
+so at this point
+
+0:37:27.540,0:37:28.260
+Keith Bostic
+
+0:37:28.260,0:37:29.209
+comes to
+
+0:37:29.209,0:37:30.469
+comes to Berkeley
+
+0:37:30.469,0:37:34.059
+uh he had been at Seismo which some of you
+may know
+
+0:37:34.059,0:37:37.329
+and this is in the fall of 1986 so
+
+0:37:37.329,0:37:40.219
+we've released 4.3 we’re just
+getting cranked up
+
+0:37:40.219,0:37:43.049
+to work on 4.4 um
+
+0:37:43.049,0:37:45.259
+remember that VM thing
+
+0:37:45.259,0:37:48.039
+and I think by this time there is this other little
+
+0:37:48.039,0:37:50.329
+protocol MFS you may’ve heard of it
+
+0:37:50.329,0:37:54.839
+and it was felt that we ought to have that
+as well
+
+0:37:54.839,0:37:57.150
+uh so bring Keith Bostick on board and
+
+0:37:57.150,0:37:59.560
+Uh one of his of requirements for coming
+
+0:37:59.560,0:38:03.420
+is that we have to agree to allow him to finish
+that port of
+
+0:38:03.420,0:38:06.539
+2.11 to the PDP 11 uh
+
+0:38:06.539,0:38:08.489
+and uh you know
+
+0:38:08.489,0:38:12.470
+it's it's a real challenge to get a kernel which
+at that point was about
+
+0:38:12.470,0:38:17.239
+just under 200 kilobyte of text
+to fit on to a machine that has a maximum
+
+0:38:17.239,0:38:20.299
+amount of program space of 64 kilobytes
+
+0:38:20.299,0:38:23.450
+ because what you have to do is to
+break it into overlays
+
+0:38:23.450,0:38:27.789
+and then you map in the overly and
+ the granularity of mapping is 4k
+
+0:38:27.789,0:38:28.530
+okay
+
+0:38:28.530,0:38:33.079
+So there's only eight pieces that you
+can remap uh
+
+0:38:33.079,0:38:37.519
+Mike and my attitude was that’s an
+incredibly challenging problem and it's
+
+0:38:37.519,0:38:41.469
+probably you know intellectually very stimulating
+but there's no way how we would do that.
+
+0:38:41.469,0:38:43.139
+Well if you want to do it you know
+
+0:38:43.139,0:38:45.849
+by all means you can do that in your
+spare time
+
+0:38:45.849,0:38:48.309
+uh there is only three jobs you need to do
+
+0:38:48.309,0:38:51.540
+uh one is uh you need to be to answer the
+phone
+
+0:38:51.540,0:38:55.409
+uh first things other than distributions like
+technical questions
+
+0:38:55.409,0:38:58.149
+and answer the incoming email stream for technical
+questions.
+
+0:38:58.149,0:39:03.900
+Uh do some programming and in in your spare
+time you can work on the PDP 11
+
+0:39:03.900,0:39:04.850
+and no he was
+
+0:39:04.850,0:39:08.669
+had no other support for the phones and the
+email
+
+0:39:08.669,0:39:09.460
+and we had
+
+0:39:09.460,0:39:12.209
+you know by this time about two thousand
+
+0:39:12.209,0:39:14.749
+uh distributions
+
+0:39:14.749,0:39:19.730
+So at any rate Keith did in fact finally
+finish the PDP 11.
+
+0:39:19.730,0:39:20.779
+Uh port uh
+
+0:39:20.779,0:39:23.029
+got 2.11 out of the door
+
+0:39:23.029,0:39:26.960
+and we have a party to celebrate the fact
+that he had completed this.
+
+0:39:26.960,0:39:29.850
+and part of the party was opening the window
+
+0:39:29.850,0:39:31.240
+on the fourth floor
+
+0:39:31.240,0:39:33.519
+of our uh building
+
+0:39:33.519,0:39:38.849
+and taking his PDP 11 and
+ceremoniously dropping out of the window to the cement
+
+0:39:38.849,0:39:40.979
+sidewalk four stories below
+
+0:39:40.979,0:39:43.100
+to ensure that he would never
+
+0:39:43.100,0:39:44.749
+work on it again.
+
+0:39:44.749,0:39:50.409
+This was him doing this not us.
+
+0:39:50.409,0:39:51.849
+At any rate uh
+
+0:39:51.849,0:39:53.930
+Keith of course being in the front line
+
+0:39:53.930,0:39:55.919
+uh support
+
+0:39:55.919,0:39:59.199
+Uh had a lot of feedback from various users uh
+
+0:39:59.199,0:40:00.509
+in particular
+
+0:40:00.509,0:40:03.559
+there were a number of vendors that were
+
+0:40:03.559,0:40:05.159
+trying to build
+
+0:40:05.159,0:40:05.930
+uh
+0:40:05.930,0:40:08.560
+These network cards you could plug into a PC
+
+0:40:08.560,0:40:10.999
+that would provide TCP/IP networking
+
+0:40:10.999,0:40:16.180
+and of course the PC it was way too feeble
+to actually run the code in the PC itself
+
+0:40:16.180,0:40:17.539
+so they had a outward
+
+
+0:40:17.539,0:40:18.799
+processor on the card
+
+0:40:18.799,0:40:22.039
+and they’d put the TCP/IP in there
+that would sort of look
+
+0:40:22.039,0:40:23.200
+uh like a
+
+0:40:23.200,0:40:26.779
+file or some kind of device on
+the PC and
+
+0:40:26.779,0:40:28.900
+so they would just open this thing
+
+0:40:28.900,0:40:30.709
+get connected to the network
+
+0:40:30.709,0:40:34.939
+and So of course they wanted TCP/IP
+code from Berkeley along with the important
+
+0:40:34.939,0:40:38.210
+utilities like O or Rlogin and
+
+0:40:38.210,0:40:38.659
+RCP uh
+
+0:40:38.659,0:40:42.709
+by that time finally FTP and TELNET uh
+
+0:40:42.709,0:40:45.189
+and
+
+0:40:45.189,0:40:48.909
+they didn't, our standard thing was
+just buy the distribution and take whatever
+
+0:40:48.909,0:40:50.100
+they need to get out of it.
+
+0:40:50.100,0:40:52.769
+But that meant they had to get an AT&T license.
+
+0:40:52.769,0:40:57.680
+By the late 80’s the AT&T
+licenses or up to like a quarter million dollars
+
+0:40:57.680,0:40:59.379
+and when you're in a little
+
+0:40:59.379,0:41:03.939
+commodity PC business a quarter million dollar
+cost just to get the software before you do
+
+0:41:03.939,0:41:04.619
+anything with it
+
+0:41:04.619,0:41:06.669
+was just a non-starter for them.
+
+0:41:06.669,0:41:09.850
+And so we're getting requests for just
+
+0:41:09.850,0:41:13.199
+that TCP/IP code and associated utilities.
+
+0:41:13.199,0:41:17.479
+clearly since it all been developed in Berkeley
+was none of that in the original version 7 UNIX
+
+0:41:17.479,0:41:19.910
+that we started from uh
+
+0:41:19.910,0:41:22.099
+AT&T couldn’t lay any claim to that.
+
+0:41:22.099,0:41:26.829
+And so we talked to the lawyers at Berkeley and
+they’re like this “How can we make money on this?” uh
+
+0:41:26.829,0:41:29.249
+because that's what they were paid to say and
+
+0:41:29.249,0:41:33.089
+so we pointed out to them that it had been developed
+under a government contract and we showed them
+
+0:41:33.089,0:41:36.630
+the government contract saying that you know
+this stuff done in this contract has to be
+
+0:41:36.630,0:41:37.229
+made
+
+0:41:37.229,0:41:40.769
+available to the public at reasonable cost or
+whatever it said
+
+0:41:40.769,0:41:41.380
+and uh
+
+0:41:41.380,0:41:42.100
+so
+
+0:41:42.100,0:41:45.669
+it didn’t really say that but be convinced the
+lawyers that it did
+
+0:41:45.669,0:41:46.359
+and so
+
+0:41:46.359,0:41:48.369
+They agreed to lead us to pull out
+
+0:41:48.369,0:41:50.889
+this chunk of Berkeley code and we
+
+0:41:50.889,0:41:51.859
+released that
+
+0:41:51.859,0:41:52.579
+under
+
+0:41:52.579,0:41:54.980
+this new license that the lawyers cooked up
+
+0:41:54.980,0:41:59.299
+uh which is the one that we today think of
+as the BSD license.
+
+0:41:59.299,0:42:03.569
+And of course our goal was to the absolutely
+as
+
+0:42:03.569,0:42:07.979
+free as you know free to give away as we could possibly
+could the really only thing you had to do was to give due credit
+
+0:42:07.979,0:42:08.789
+to Berkeley.
+
+0:42:08.789,0:42:12.140
+Uh so this was networking release 1.
+
+0:42:12.140,0:42:14.019
+and uh it was a wild success
+
+0:42:14.019,0:42:17.519
+uh the amazing thing was that we sold at 100
+we could
+
+0:42:17.519,0:42:20.249
+Buy it from Berkeley for 1000 dollars
+
+0:42:20.249,0:42:24.169
+or you could just downloaded it off UUNet
+for free
+
+0:42:24.169,0:42:28.209
+and yet a thousand people chose to pay a 1000
+dollars at Berkeley to get it.
+
+0:42:28.209,0:42:30.220
+and the only difference was that you got
+
+0:42:30.220,0:42:33.660
+to take a 9 track tape which many people didn't
+have any way of reading
+
+0:42:33.660,0:42:34.100
+and
+
+0:42:34.100,0:42:35.719
+uh
+
+0:42:35.719,0:42:39.869
+that a piece of paper signed by the Berkeley
+lawyers
+
+0:42:39.869,0:42:42.289
+essentially saying “Yes you can use this”
+
+0:42:42.289,0:42:44.939
+and that's what they were paying a 1000 dollars for
+
+0:42:44.939,0:42:48.239
+and the lawyers of course got paid something
+like a hundred dollars for every one of
+
+0:42:48.239,0:42:50.790
+these that they signed because of the overhead
+
+0:42:50.790,0:42:51.650
+et cetera
+
+0:42:51.650,0:42:54.349
+they thought this was the cat's pyjamas
+
+0:42:54.349,0:42:57.499
+you know maybe the campus was making a lot of
+money but their office was doing just fine Thank
+
+0:42:57.499,0:42:59.009
+you very much!
+
+0:42:59.009,0:43:01.409
+so
+
+0:43:01.409,0:43:03.420
+Uh at any rate oh
+
+0:43:03.420,0:43:04.440
+That one was
+
+0:43:04.440,0:43:06.059
+widely successful
+
+0:43:06.059,0:43:08.309
+and so there was pressure and Keith
+
+0:43:08.309,0:43:12.369
+would come inside uh someone today wants VI or somebody
+wants this is or somebody
+
+0:43:12.369,0:43:13.589
+wants that
+
+0:43:13.589,0:43:16.289
+and you know we really ought to do this and uh
+
+0:43:16.289,0:43:19.440
+you know how about figuring out other parts of the
+kernel.
+
+0:43:19.440,0:43:20.559
+Mike and I would
+
+0:43:20.559,0:43:24.929
+Michael and I would look at the each other we
+look at Keith it’s like yah yah all right.
+
+0:43:24.929,0:43:28.989
+Uh what you figured out you know I mean
+You know all entire of the C library and all
+
+0:43:28.989,0:43:29.819
+this and that
+0:43:29.819,0:43:31.760
+so we got to the conferences and
+
+0:43:31.760,0:43:32.859
+Keith is
+
+0:43:32.859,0:43:36.809
+putting up you know these huge list of utilities
+you’ll rewrite this utility and get your name
+
+0:43:36.809,0:43:37.729
+in lights.
+
+0:43:37.729,0:43:40.869
+and uh you know and uh
+
+0:43:40.869,0:43:43.939
+So he would get this stuff sent in to him
+
+0:43:43.939,0:43:48.529
+and he would almost always just take a
+bash it in Keith normal form which
+
+0:43:48.529,0:43:54.139
+usually did look a lot like what he got but
+he started from clean so that
+
+0:43:54.139,0:43:55.119
+Was uh
+
+0:43:55.119,0:43:59.229
+you know good and you know it was sort of easy
+ you know that first someone sends in cat in.
+
+0:43:59.229,0:44:01.450
+you know someone like really go ho hog and
+
+0:44:01.450,0:44:04.849
+does that all options to LS
+
+0:44:04.849,0:44:07.629
+this is in the days before GNU software
+you know
+
+0:44:07.629,0:44:10.119
+lots of options were invoked
+
+0:44:10.119,0:44:13.079
+Uh and then
+
+0:44:13.079,0:44:15.239
+one day uh
+
+0:44:15.239,0:44:16.759
+Keith comes into to report
+
+0:44:16.759,0:44:18.470
+that somebody is redoing
+
+0:44:18.470,0:44:20.449
+the TRaw family
+
+0:44:20.449,0:44:24.099
+and this is when Mike and I look at each
+sort of gulp
+
+0:44:24.099,0:44:28.190
+because the next question out of
+Keith’s mouth is ""How’s that kernel coming guys?""
+
+0:44:28.190,0:44:32.299
+We can't go to the UNIX conferences and say rewrite
+the kernel to get your name in lights you know
+
+0:44:32.299,0:44:36.400
+so we actually have to like go through and
+figure out what's
+
+0:44:36.400,0:44:39.130
+Berkeley and what's not Berkeley and
+
+0:44:39.130,0:44:40.499
+segregate stuff out uh
+
+0:44:40.499,0:44:43.459
+A long story but eventually we get
+
+0:44:43.459,0:44:45.599
+something we feel that was clean
+
+0:44:45.599,0:44:47.929
+and uh so
+
+0:44:47.929,0:44:51.699
+we go back to the lawyers and say we
+got this little update to the networking tape
+
+0:44:51.699,0:44:52.989
+that we'd like to do
+
+0:44:52.989,0:44:59.079
+uh that uh we're going to call it networking
+release 2 Net 2 and
+
+0:44:59.079,0:45:00.470
+so actually
+
+0:45:00.470,0:45:04.599
+we do sort of come on and explain it is practically
+the entire system and
+
+0:45:04.599,0:45:07.759
+lots of stuff happens but they finally sign
+off on it
+
+0:45:07.759,0:45:09.469
+and we put it out there
+
+0:45:09.469,0:45:14.519
+and it's out there for good half a year before
+BSDi
+
+0:45:14.519,0:45:17.499
+sort of fills in the missing bits and starts selling
+it
+
+0:45:17.499,0:45:19.650
+they you know
+
+0:45:19.650,0:45:21.439
+engineers are
+
+0:45:21.439,0:45:23.230
+not really that good at
+
+0:45:23.230,0:45:25.419
+marketing and so
+
+0:45:25.419,0:45:28.859
+in particular they think that the sort of
+cutesy things like
+
+0:45:28.859,0:45:32.729
+having your phone number being 1800
+itsUNIX
+
+0:45:32.729,0:45:38.759
+and adds to save a ninety nine percent of the
+price of a AT&T charges for source code
+
+0:45:38.759,0:45:40.439
+Uh are cute
+
+0:45:40.439,0:45:41.670
+But it really irritates
+
+0:45:41.670,0:45:44.759
+the piss out of AT&T
+
+0:45:44.759,0:45:46.270
+And so they sue us
+
+0:45:46.270,0:45:49.319
+imagine that why they sue BSDi
+
+0:45:49.319,0:45:53.509
+and BSDi is what added only these 6
+files and you know all the rest came from Berkeley.
+
+0:45:53.509,0:45:57.129
+So we would be happy to talk about any of
+the six files you’d like to
+
+0:45:57.129,0:45:59.530
+uh but otherwise you know forget it
+
+0:45:59.530,0:46:01.009
+and the judge agrees
+
+0:46:01.009,0:46:04.539
+because they don't have any problem about
+those six files and so
+
+0:46:04.539,0:46:07.769
+there's no choice but to sue the University
+
+0:46:07.769,0:46:09.259
+and uh
+
+0:46:09.259,0:46:11.160
+that’s another long story in which I did
+
+0:46:11.160,0:46:12.629
+become an expert witness
+
+0:46:12.629,0:46:14.390
+which is actually proven
+
+0:46:14.390,0:46:18.809
+to be a relatively lucrative thing because
+being an expert witness
+
+0:46:18.809,0:46:20.039
+it's something that you
+
+0:46:20.039,0:46:24.669
+it's really hard to break into that because
+one wants to hire someone hasn't done it before
+
+0:46:24.669,0:46:28.359
+and it turns out that it really didn't
+matter how much you know, do
+
+0:46:28.359,0:46:33.829
+you have a PhD because if you have PhD by definition
+you must know you're talking about
+
+0:46:33.829,0:46:34.859
+I'm not making this up.
+
+0:46:34.859,0:46:36.219
+and number two is
+
+0:46:36.219,0:46:40.839
+How you speak in public then you know especially
+people harassing you, well I've had ten thousand
+
+0:46:40.839,0:46:41.830
+students you know
+
+0:46:41.830,0:46:45.309
+there's not a question that a graduate student
+has never asked me that I hadn't dealed with,
+
+0:46:45.309,0:46:51.309
+and lawyer is not up to a graduate student.
+
+0:46:51.309,0:46:53.219
+So I did pretty well that score too
+
+0:46:53.219,0:46:55.129
+uh and so
+
+0:46:55.129,0:46:57.599
+because I that they were forced to use me
+ in this case.
+
+0:46:57.599,0:47:00.080
+And but I did ran after then
+
+0:47:00.080,0:47:03.879
+the lawyer the outside lawyer that the Berkeley
+got me to do some other stuff and
+
+0:47:03.879,0:47:08.800
+one thing leads to another so today I am uh
+an expert in the
+
+0:47:08.800,0:47:12.989
+network compliance vs SUN microsystem
+lawsuit vs ZFS lawsuit
+
+0:47:12.989,0:47:14.439
+which is uh
+
+0:47:14.439,0:47:17.739
+an interesting story that you can ask over
+beer
+
+0:47:17.739,0:47:18.679
+At any rate
+
+0:47:18.679,0:47:21.629
+we eventually win the the lawsuit
+
+0:47:21.629,0:47:26.089
+And uh and we don't win it we settle the
+lawsuit excuse me I have to use proper terminology
+
+0:47:26.089,0:47:27.029
+here.
+
+0:47:27.029,0:47:28.750
+We have to agree
+
+0:47:28.750,0:47:32.999
+that networking release 2 did in fact have
+things in it that infringed
+
+0:47:32.999,0:47:34.490
+uh and
+
+0:47:34.490,0:47:35.999
+however
+
+0:47:35.999,0:47:40.329
+Uh the things that infringe were sufficiently
+minor that with some
+
+0:47:40.329,0:47:40.730
+changes
+
+0:47:40.730,0:47:42.039
+uh we can
+
+0:47:42.039,0:47:43.370
+get something that's clean
+
+0:47:43.370,0:47:45.959
+ we agreed that we will re-release
+
+0:47:45.959,0:47:50.890
+we'd do new release that has all these
+changes made in it as 4.4 BSD lite.
+
+0:47:50.890,0:47:54.449
+So it’s 4.4 BSD which is the whole
+thing complete with AT&T stuff and the
+
+0:47:54.449,0:47:56.059
+AT&T licenses
+
+0:47:56.059,0:47:57.580
+and for 4.4 BSD lite
+
+0:47:57.580,0:48:00.979
+which is got the stuff, the AT&T stuff stripped out
+of it.
+
+0:48:00.979,0:48:04.869
+And AT&T really thought they’d won big-time
+because all these people had been using the
+
+0:48:04.869,0:48:05.509
+Net 2.
+
+0:48:05.509,0:48:08.909
+They're going to be forced to throw it out
+because we’re not allowed to tell what the changes
+
+0:48:08.909,0:48:09.640
+were
+
+0:48:09.640,0:48:12.729
+and have to start all over again
+
+0:48:12.729,0:48:14.929
+from lite
+
+0:48:14.929,0:48:19.339
+And the Bill Jolitz in particular just never did that
+and so that's why this distribution got hammered
+
+0:48:19.339,0:48:22.150
+FreeBSD had to do it
+
+0:48:22.150,0:48:24.329
+the netBSD folks had to do it uh
+
+0:48:24.329,0:48:26.289
+and it was a huge amount of work but they
+did it
+
+0:48:26.289,0:48:30.489
+and it was great because we got two more years
+worth of our technology out
+
+0:48:30.489,0:48:32.959
+at any rate, that,
+
+0:48:32.959,0:48:36.289
+we actually did one more incremental sort of the
+release, like 2
+
+0:48:36.289,0:48:39.510
+I would just fix some of the most egregious
+bugs
+
+0:48:39.510,0:48:43.309
+that’s what all happened was we got all these people
+who bought this BSD lite licenses
+
+0:48:43.309,0:48:46.519
+Because they wanted to pay the
+thousand dollars to get the piece of paper
+
+0:48:46.519,0:48:46.940
+saying
+
+0:48:46.940,0:48:48.899
+and this one's fine too
+
+0:48:48.899,0:48:49.640
+and uh
+
+0:48:49.640,0:48:52.819
+so we had a chunk of money and so Keith
+and I just sort of worked
+
+0:48:52.819,0:48:54.689
+through that money
+
+0:48:54.689,0:48:56.329
+and it's just spend it
+
+0:48:56.329,0:48:58.640
+essentially doing bug fixes and stuff on lite
+
+0:48:58.640,0:49:00.839
+And finally released when the money ran out then
+
+0:49:00.839,0:49:03.769
+we left the university and that was the last release
+
+0:49:03.769,0:49:05.679
+Uh from from Berkeley
+
+0:49:05.679,0:49:12.679
+and that is the end of my story
+So any questions?
+Uh .. Yes
+
+
+0:49:20.069,0:49:21.929
+Sorry.. uh VM system
+
+
+0:49:21.929,0:49:25.359
+VM system yes.
+
+0:49:25.359,0:49:30.579
+So the VM system was actually sort of an interesting
+story uh..
+
+0:49:30.579,0:49:33.759
+Actually both VM and NFS were interesting
+Stories.
+
+0:49:33.759,0:49:36.890
+The VM system uh
+
+0:49:36.890,0:49:41.160
+one of our attitudes was that why always come
+up with a good idea when you can steal a better
+
+0:49:41.160,0:49:42.759
+one and
+
+0:49:42.759,0:49:46.369
+you know it's just a lot of work to write
+a VM system this uh
+
+0:49:46.369,0:49:47.579
+you know that BSD folks
+
+0:49:47.579,0:49:48.599
+clearly know
+
+0:49:48.599,0:49:49.530
+and
+
+0:49:49.530,0:49:50.889
+uh so
+
+0:49:50.889,0:49:54.539
+we looked around to see if there's anything
+that we could use
+
+0:49:54.539,0:49:57.969
+rather than have to write it from the scratch
+ourselves, and
+
+0:49:57.969,0:50:01.689
+ evaluated two different things. One
+was
+
+0:50:01.689,0:50:04.759
+uh the the stuff that SUN had done
+
+0:50:04.759,0:50:10.109
+and the other was the stuff that had been done at
+Carnegie Mellon under the Mach thing and
+
+0:50:10.109,0:50:14.069
+Uh they've done a whole lot of very good work
+on the VM system we didn't really agree with
+
+0:50:14.069,0:50:18.179
+the micro-kernel principle but we liked
+the VM system
+
+0:50:18.179,0:50:21.589
+and so we talked to SUN about potentially
+
+0:50:21.589,0:50:23.479
+Contributing uh
+
+0:50:23.479,0:50:27.159
+chunk of their VM system we talked to them
+about contributing a chunk of their
+
+0:50:27.159,0:50:27.949
+VFS stuff.
+0:50:27.949,0:50:31.649
+We knew that we couldn’t get NFS from them but
+
+0:50:31.649,0:50:32.659
+they they you know
+
+0:50:32.659,0:50:36.809
+the folks at SUN sorts of in engineering were too
+enthusiastic about it and percolated it all the way
+
+0:50:36.809,0:50:39.459
+up to the Scott McNealy, he was the CEO at that
+time
+
+0:50:39.459,0:50:42.979
+and even Scott McNealy was pretty enthusiastic about
+giving the stuff to Berkeley.
+
+0:50:42.979,0:50:45.239
+you know as long as SUN would get credit for
+it
+
+0:50:45.239,0:50:47.140
+And uh
+
+0:50:47.140,0:50:51.549
+so it really got to the point where it
+is needed to be signed off by the the SUN
+
+0:50:51.549,0:50:52.429
+lawyers
+
+0:50:52.429,0:50:58.919
+and so they sent it off to them and after that SUN
+lawyers came back and said,
+
+0:50:58.919,0:51:03.199
+“Well you know your stock holders could accuse you of
+giving away company property
+
+0:51:03.199,0:51:07.309
+and and sue you in court and we really don't
+recommend that you do this.”
+
+0:51:07.309,0:51:08.380
+and so
+
+0:51:08.380,0:51:09.999
+that the very last minute it was ..
+
+0:51:09.999,0:51:12.779
+We couldn't get any of that stuff from SUN.
+
+0:51:12.779,0:51:14.699
+So we ended up
+
+0:51:14.699,0:51:17.859
+adopting this stuff from Mach
+the Mach VM system
+
+0:51:17.859,0:51:18.699
+and
+
+0:51:18.699,0:51:22.369
+so it fell to myself to take that and
+
+0:51:22.369,0:51:24.669
+figure out essentially how to plug it in.
+
+0:51:24.669,0:51:27.140
+and the problem was the old VM system
+
+0:51:27.140,0:51:32.259
+was very portable provided you were porting
+into something that looked a lot like a VAX.
+
+0:51:32.259,0:51:37.429
+because it came down to uh you know the that the
+basic page data structure was the VAX
+
+0:51:37.429,0:51:38.979
+page data structure.
+
+0:51:38.979,0:51:40.590
+and so when people would port it.
+
+0:51:40.590,0:51:44.440
+If they have something with the page data structure
+to look different they wouldn't take it from
+
+0:51:44.440,0:51:48.360
+the VAX and they'd shuffle the bits around and put
+it in the right order and then dropped it into
+
+0:51:48.360,0:51:50.829
+the whatever that architecture was
+
+0:51:50.829,0:51:55.509
+a page table. So it worked pretty well for porting
+into the Motorola uh because the
+
+0:51:55.509,0:51:57.959
+MMU network was a lot like the VAX
+uh
+
+0:51:57.959,0:52:01.899
+and some other machines but in other ways it
+just really didn't cut it at all
+
+0:52:01.899,0:52:06.130
+whereas the VM had been done by
+the the folks at CMU.
+
+0:52:06.130,0:52:09.389
+In Mach was uh you know
+
+0:52:09.389,0:52:11.059
+very elegantly designed
+
+0:52:11.059,0:52:13.150
+uh and in fact
+
+0:52:13.150,0:52:14.740
+it had in some ways
+
+0:52:14.740,0:52:18.980
+too many bells and whistles and too many options
+and because a lot of sort of dead ends they
+
+0:52:18.980,0:52:21.189
+just sort of left hanging there
+
+0:52:21.189,0:52:22.589
+Uh but uh
+
+0:52:22.589,0:52:26.200
+the structure itself was nicely done about it was
+about 90% machine independent code
+
+0:52:26.200,0:52:28.459
+10 % machine dependent code so that
+
+0:52:28.459,0:52:30.119
+a well defined interface.
+
+0:52:30.119,0:52:32.239
+the PMAC interface.
+
+0:52:32.239,0:52:34.359
+and so got that put in and of course we
+
+0:52:34.359,0:52:40.019
+did it onto the the Berkeley MMAP Interface
+rather than what they did
+
+0:52:40.019,0:52:42.700
+with uh ports and so on
+
+0:52:42.700,0:52:43.160
+Uh and
+
+0:52:43.160,0:52:48.210
+So I got that together sort in the that
+the 4.3 phase I didn’t talk about there were
+
+0:52:48.210,0:52:51.130
+two releases between 4.3 and 4.4
+4.3
+
+0:52:51.130,0:52:53.789
+Tahoe and 4.3 Reno and
+
+0:52:53.789,0:52:56.689
+the first of them having the VM and the
+
+0:52:56.689,0:52:58.099
+second one having the NFS in it.
+
+0:52:58.099,0:52:59.759
+And uh
+
+0:52:59.759,0:53:01.499
+so
+
+0:53:01.499,0:53:05.529
+that got put out and then luckily people would feel
+sort of look at it and said well you know
+
+0:53:05.529,0:53:07.709
+this really needs like a lot of work
+
+0:53:07.709,0:53:11.699
+so Mike Hibler, at the University of Utah did a tremendous
+amount of the clean up in it.
+
+0:53:11.699,0:53:16.489
+and then later actually after we release
+lite BSD in agreement
+
+0:53:16.489,0:53:18.719
+David Greenman did a whole lot more work on it.
+
+0:53:18.719,0:53:22.069
+really were just throwing tons of shit out
+that shouldn’t have been at first place.
+
+0:53:22.069,0:53:26.559
+I had this whole notion of an external user
+driven pager which was nice but the cost
+
+0:53:26.559,0:53:30.129
+of all the extra context switching other
+things that would happen on pagefault was sort of
+
+0:53:30.129,0:53:32.549
+a killer uh
+
+0:53:32.549,0:53:39.479
+And so at any rate that's that's how the the
+VM system got in there.
+
+0:53:39.479,0:53:40.420
+Any more questions?
+
+0:53:40.420,0:53:45.349
+See I can take like five minutes to answer
+one question.
+
+0:53:45.349,0:53:45.599
+All right ! Well Thank You very much.