Rework the Storage chapter a bit. Move information on tapes to the lower

part of the chapter.

PR:	41244

1 files changed, 214 insertions, 214 deletions

diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/disks/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/disks/chapter.sgml
index 6c55f86262..89d197ee3a 100644
--- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/disks/chapter.sgml
+++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/disks/chapter.sgml
@@ -1429,223 +1429,12 @@ sh MAKEDEV ccd0</programlisting>
       </para>
     </sect2>
   </sect1>
-
-  <sect1 id="backups-tapebackups">
-    <title>Tape Backup Media</title>
-    
-    <indexterm><primary>tape media</primary></indexterm>
-    <para>The major tape media are the 4mm, 8mm, QIC, mini-cartridge and
-      DLT.</para>
-    
-    <sect2 id="backups-tapebackups-4mm">
-      <title>4mm (DDS: Digital Data Storage)</title>
-
-      <indexterm>
-        <primary>tape media</primary>
-	<secondary>DDS (4mm) tapes</secondary>
-      </indexterm>
-      <indexterm>
-        <primary>tape media</primary>
-	<secondary>QIC tapes</secondary>
-      </indexterm>
-      <para>4mm tapes are replacing QIC as the workstation backup media of
-	choice.  This trend accelerated greatly when Conner purchased Archive,
-	a leading manufacturer of QIC drives, and then stopped production of
-	QIC drives.  4mm drives are small and quiet but do not have the
-	reputation for reliability that is enjoyed by 8mm drives.  The
-	cartridges are less expensive and smaller (3 x 2 x 0.5 inches, 76 x 51
-	x 12 mm) than 8mm cartridges.  4mm, like 8mm, has comparatively short
-	head life for the same reason, both use helical scan.</para>
-
-      <para>Data throughput on these drives starts ~150kB/s, peaking at ~500kB/s.
-	Data capacity starts at 1.3 GB and ends at 2.0 GB.  Hardware
-	compression, available with most of these drives, approximately
-	doubles the capacity.  Multi-drive tape library units can have 6
-	drives in a single cabinet with automatic tape changing.  Library
-	capacities reach 240 GB.</para>
-
-      <para>The DDS-3 standard now supports tape capacities up to 12 GB (or
-	24 GB compressed).</para>
-
-      <para>4mm drives, like 8mm drives, use helical-scan.  All the benefits
-	and drawbacks of helical-scan apply to both 4mm and 8mm drives.</para>
-
-      <para>Tapes should be retired from use after 2,000 passes or 100 full
-	backups.</para>
-    </sect2>
-    
-    <sect2 id="backups-tapebackups-8mm">
-      <title>8mm (Exabyte)</title>
-      <indexterm>
-        <primary>tape media</primary>
-	<secondary>Exabyte (8mm) tapes</secondary>
-      </indexterm>
-
-      <para>8mm tapes are the most common SCSI tape drives; they are the best
-	choice of exchanging tapes.  Nearly every site has an Exabyte 2 GB 8mm
-	tape drive.  8mm drives are reliable, convenient and quiet. Cartridges
-	are inexpensive and small (4.8 x 3.3 x 0.6 inches; 122 x 84 x 15 mm).
-	One downside of 8mm tape is relatively short head and tape life due to
-	the high rate of relative motion of the tape across the heads.</para>
-
-      <para>Data throughput ranges from ~250kB/s to ~500kB/s.  Data sizes start
-	at 300 MB and go up to 7 GB.  Hardware compression, available with
-	most of these drives, approximately doubles the capacity.  These
-	drives are available as single units or multi-drive tape libraries
-	with 6 drives and 120 tapes in a single cabinet.  Tapes are changed
-	automatically by the unit.  Library capacities reach 840+ GB.</para>
-
-      <para>The Exabyte <quote>Mammoth</quote> model supports 12 GB on one tape
-	(24 GB with compression) and costs approximately twice as much as
-	conventional tape drives.</para>
-
-      <para>Data is recorded onto the tape using helical-scan, the heads are
-	positioned at an angle to the media (approximately 6 degrees).  The
-	tape wraps around 270 degrees of the spool that holds the heads.  The
-	spool spins while the tape slides over the spool.  The result is a
-	high density of data and closely packed tracks that angle across the
-	tape from one edge to the other.</para>
-    </sect2>
-    
-    <sect2 id="backups-tapebackups-qic">
-      <title>QIC</title>
-      <indexterm>
-        <primary>tape media</primary>
-	<secondary>QIC-150</secondary>
-      </indexterm>            
-
-      <para>QIC-150 tapes and drives are, perhaps, the most common tape drive
-	and media around.  QIC tape drives are the least expensive "serious"
-	backup drives.  The downside is the cost of media.  QIC tapes are
-	expensive compared to 8mm or 4mm tapes, up to 5 times the price per GB
-	data storage.  But, if your needs can be satisfied with a half-dozen
-	tapes, QIC may be the correct choice.  QIC is the
-	<emphasis>most</emphasis> common tape drive.  Every site has a QIC
-	drive of some density or another.  Therein lies the rub, QIC has a
-	large number of densities on physically similar (sometimes identical)
-	tapes.  QIC drives are not quiet.  These drives audibly seek before
-	they begin to record data and are clearly audible whenever reading,
-	writing or seeking.  QIC tapes measure (6 x 4 x 0.7 inches; 15.2 x
-	10.2 x 1.7 mm).  <link
-	  linkend="backups-tapebackups-mini">Mini-cartridges</link>, which
-	also use 1/4" wide tape are discussed separately.  Tape libraries and
-	changers are not available.</para>
-
-      <para>Data throughput ranges from ~150kB/s to ~500kB/s.  Data capacity
-	ranges from 40 MB to 15 GB.  Hardware compression is available on many
-	of the newer QIC drives.  QIC drives are less frequently installed;
-	they are being supplanted by DAT drives.</para>
-
-      <para>Data is recorded onto the tape in tracks.  The tracks run along
-	the long axis of the tape media from one end to the other.  The number
-	of tracks, and therefore the width of a track, varies with the tape's
-	capacity.  Most if not all newer drives provide backward-compatibility
-	at least for reading (but often also for writing).  QIC has a good
-	reputation regarding the safety of the data (the mechanics are simpler
-	and more robust than for helical scan drives).</para>
-
-      <para>Tapes should be retired from use after 5,000 backups.</para>
-    </sect2>
-
-    <sect2 id="backups-tapebackups-mini">
-      <title>XXX* Mini-Cartridge</title>
-      
-      <para></para>
-    </sect2>
-    
-    <sect2 id="backups-tapebackups-dlt">
-      <title>DLT</title>
-      <indexterm>
-        <primary>tape media</primary>
-	<secondary>DLT</secondary>
-      </indexterm>            
-
-      <para>DLT has the fastest data transfer rate of all the drive types
-	listed here.  The 1/2" (12.5mm) tape is contained in a single spool
-	cartridge (4 x 4 x 1 inches; 100 x 100 x 25 mm).  The cartridge has a
-	swinging gate along one entire side of the cartridge.  The drive
-	mechanism opens this gate to extract the tape leader.  The tape leader
-	has an oval hole in it which the drive uses to "hook" the tape.  The
-	take-up spool is located inside the tape drive.  All the other tape
-	cartridges listed here (9 track tapes are the only exception) have
-	both the supply and take-up spools located inside the tape cartridge
-	itself.</para>
-
-      <para>Data throughput is approximately 1.5MB/s, three times the throughput of
-	4mm, 8mm, or QIC tape drives.  Data capacities range from 10 GB to 20 GB
-	for a single drive.  Drives are available in both multi-tape changers
-	and multi-tape, multi-drive tape libraries containing from 5 to 900
-	tapes over 1 to 20 drives, providing from 50 GB to 9 TB of
-	storage.</para>
-
-      <para>With compression, DLT Type IV format supports up to 70 GB
-	capacity.</para>
-
-      <para>Data is recorded onto the tape in tracks parallel to the direction
-	of travel (just like QIC tapes).  Two tracks are written at once.
-	Read/write head lifetimes are relatively long; once the tape stops
-	moving, there is no relative motion between the heads and the
-	tape.</para>
-    </sect2>
-
-    <sect2>
-      <title id="backups-tapebackups-ait">AIT</title>
-      <indexterm>
-        <primary>tape media</primary>
-	<secondary>AIT</secondary>
-      </indexterm>
-
-      <para>AIT is a new format from Sony, and can hold up to 50 GB (with
-	compression) per tape.  The tapes contain memory chips which retain an 
-	index of the tape's contents.  This index can be rapidly read by the
-	tape drive to determine the position of files on the tape, instead of
-	the several minutes that would be required for other tapes.  Software
-	such as SAMS:Alexandria can operate forty or more AIT tape libraries,
-	communicating directly with the tape's memory chip to display the
-	contents on screen, determine what files were backed up to which
-	tape, locate the correct tape, load it, and restore the data from the
-	tape.</para>
-
-      <para>Libraries like this cost in the region of $20,000, pricing them a
-	little out of the hobbyist market.</para>
-    </sect2>
-    
-    <sect2>
-      <title>Using a New Tape for the First Time</title>
-      
-      <para>The first time that you try to read or write a new, completely
-	blank tape, the operation will fail.  The console messages should be
-	similar to:</para>
-      
-      <screen>sa0(ncr1:4:0): NOT READY asc:4,1
-sa0(ncr1:4:0):  Logical unit is in process of becoming ready</screen>
-      
-      <para>The tape does not contain an Identifier Block (block number 0).
-	All QIC tape drives since the adoption of QIC-525 standard write an
-	Identifier Block to the tape.  There are two solutions:</para>
-      
-      <para><command>mt fsf 1</command> causes the tape drive to write an
-	Identifier Block to the tape.</para>
-      
-      <para>Use the front panel button to eject the tape.</para>
-      
-      <para>Re-insert the tape and <command>dump</command> data to the tape.</para>
-      
-      <para><command>dump</command> will report <literal>DUMP: End of tape
-	  detected</literal> and the console will show: <literal>HARDWARE
-	  FAILURE info:280 asc:80,96</literal>.</para>
-      
-      <para>rewind the tape using: <command>mt rewind</command>.</para>
-      
-      <para>Subsequent tape operations are successful.</para>
-    </sect2>
-  </sect1>
   
-  <sect1 id="backup-programs">
+  <sect1 id="backup-basics">
     <title>Backup Programs</title>
-    <indexterm><primary>backup software</primary></indexterm>
+    <indexterm><primary>backup software and basics</primary></indexterm>
 
-    <para>The three major programs are
+    <para>The three major backup programs are
 	&man.dump.8;,
 	&man.tar.1;,
       and
@@ -2411,6 +2200,217 @@ echo "The floppy has been unmounted and is now ready."]]></programlisting>
 	restore it, even if you have not asked it to!</para>
     </sect2>
   </sect1>
+  
+    <sect1 id="backups-tapebackups">
+    <title>Tape Backup Media</title>
+
+    <indexterm><primary>tape media</primary></indexterm>
+    <para>The major tape media are the 4mm, 8mm, QIC, mini-cartridge and
+      DLT.</para>
+
+    <sect2 id="backups-tapebackups-4mm">
+      <title>4mm (DDS: Digital Data Storage)</title>
+
+      <indexterm>
+        <primary>tape media</primary>
+	<secondary>DDS (4mm) tapes</secondary>
+      </indexterm>
+      <indexterm>
+        <primary>tape media</primary>
+	<secondary>QIC tapes</secondary>
+      </indexterm>
+      <para>4mm tapes are replacing QIC as the workstation backup media of
+	choice.  This trend accelerated greatly when Conner purchased Archive,
+	a leading manufacturer of QIC drives, and then stopped production of
+	QIC drives.  4mm drives are small and quiet but do not have the
+	reputation for reliability that is enjoyed by 8mm drives.  The
+	cartridges are less expensive and smaller (3 x 2 x 0.5 inches, 76 x 51
+	x 12 mm) than 8mm cartridges.  4mm, like 8mm, has comparatively short
+	head life for the same reason, both use helical scan.</para>
+
+      <para>Data throughput on these drives starts ~150kB/s, peaking at ~500kB/s.
+	Data capacity starts at 1.3 GB and ends at 2.0 GB.  Hardware
+	compression, available with most of these drives, approximately
+	doubles the capacity.  Multi-drive tape library units can have 6
+	drives in a single cabinet with automatic tape changing.  Library
+	capacities reach 240 GB.</para>
+
+      <para>The DDS-3 standard now supports tape capacities up to 12 GB (or
+	24 GB compressed).</para>
+
+      <para>4mm drives, like 8mm drives, use helical-scan.  All the benefits
+	and drawbacks of helical-scan apply to both 4mm and 8mm drives.</para>
+
+      <para>Tapes should be retired from use after 2,000 passes or 100 full
+	backups.</para>
+    </sect2>
+
+    <sect2 id="backups-tapebackups-8mm">
+      <title>8mm (Exabyte)</title>
+      <indexterm>
+        <primary>tape media</primary>
+	<secondary>Exabyte (8mm) tapes</secondary>
+      </indexterm>
+
+      <para>8mm tapes are the most common SCSI tape drives; they are the best
+	choice of exchanging tapes.  Nearly every site has an Exabyte 2 GB 8mm
+	tape drive.  8mm drives are reliable, convenient and quiet. Cartridges
+	are inexpensive and small (4.8 x 3.3 x 0.6 inches; 122 x 84 x 15 mm).
+	One downside of 8mm tape is relatively short head and tape life due to
+	the high rate of relative motion of the tape across the heads.</para>
+
+      <para>Data throughput ranges from ~250kB/s to ~500kB/s.  Data sizes start
+	at 300 MB and go up to 7 GB.  Hardware compression, available with
+	most of these drives, approximately doubles the capacity.  These
+	drives are available as single units or multi-drive tape libraries
+	with 6 drives and 120 tapes in a single cabinet.  Tapes are changed
+	automatically by the unit.  Library capacities reach 840+ GB.</para>
+
+      <para>The Exabyte <quote>Mammoth</quote> model supports 12 GB on one tape
+	(24 GB with compression) and costs approximately twice as much as
+	conventional tape drives.</para>
+
+      <para>Data is recorded onto the tape using helical-scan, the heads are
+	positioned at an angle to the media (approximately 6 degrees).  The
+	tape wraps around 270 degrees of the spool that holds the heads.  The
+	spool spins while the tape slides over the spool.  The result is a
+	high density of data and closely packed tracks that angle across the
+	tape from one edge to the other.</para>
+    </sect2>
+
+    <sect2 id="backups-tapebackups-qic">
+      <title>QIC</title>
+      <indexterm>
+        <primary>tape media</primary>
+	<secondary>QIC-150</secondary>
+      </indexterm>
+
+      <para>QIC-150 tapes and drives are, perhaps, the most common tape drive
+	and media around.  QIC tape drives are the least expensive "serious"
+	backup drives.  The downside is the cost of media.  QIC tapes are
+	expensive compared to 8mm or 4mm tapes, up to 5 times the price per GB
+	data storage.  But, if your needs can be satisfied with a half-dozen
+	tapes, QIC may be the correct choice.  QIC is the
+	<emphasis>most</emphasis> common tape drive.  Every site has a QIC
+	drive of some density or another.  Therein lies the rub, QIC has a
+	large number of densities on physically similar (sometimes identical)
+	tapes.  QIC drives are not quiet.  These drives audibly seek before
+	they begin to record data and are clearly audible whenever reading,
+	writing or seeking.  QIC tapes measure (6 x 4 x 0.7 inches; 15.2 x
+	10.2 x 1.7 mm).  <link
+	  linkend="backups-tapebackups-mini">Mini-cartridges</link>, which
+	also use 1/4" wide tape are discussed separately.  Tape libraries and
+	changers are not available.</para>
+
+      <para>Data throughput ranges from ~150kB/s to ~500kB/s.  Data capacity
+	ranges from 40 MB to 15 GB.  Hardware compression is available on many
+	of the newer QIC drives.  QIC drives are less frequently installed;
+	they are being supplanted by DAT drives.</para>
+
+      <para>Data is recorded onto the tape in tracks.  The tracks run along
+	the long axis of the tape media from one end to the other.  The number
+	of tracks, and therefore the width of a track, varies with the tape's
+	capacity.  Most if not all newer drives provide backward-compatibility
+	at least for reading (but often also for writing).  QIC has a good
+	reputation regarding the safety of the data (the mechanics are simpler
+	and more robust than for helical scan drives).</para>
+
+      <para>Tapes should be retired from use after 5,000 backups.</para>
+    </sect2>
+
+    <sect2 id="backups-tapebackups-mini">
+      <title>XXX* Mini-Cartridge</title>
+
+      <para></para>
+    </sect2>
+
+    <sect2 id="backups-tapebackups-dlt">
+      <title>DLT</title>
+      <indexterm>
+        <primary>tape media</primary>
+	<secondary>DLT</secondary>
+      </indexterm>
+
+      <para>DLT has the fastest data transfer rate of all the drive types
+	listed here.  The 1/2" (12.5mm) tape is contained in a single spool
+	cartridge (4 x 4 x 1 inches; 100 x 100 x 25 mm).  The cartridge has a
+	swinging gate along one entire side of the cartridge.  The drive
+	mechanism opens this gate to extract the tape leader.  The tape leader
+	has an oval hole in it which the drive uses to "hook" the tape.  The
+	take-up spool is located inside the tape drive.  All the other tape
+	cartridges listed here (9 track tapes are the only exception) have
+	both the supply and take-up spools located inside the tape cartridge
+	itself.</para>
+
+      <para>Data throughput is approximately 1.5MB/s, three times the throughput of
+	4mm, 8mm, or QIC tape drives.  Data capacities range from 10 GB to 20 GB
+	for a single drive.  Drives are available in both multi-tape changers
+	and multi-tape, multi-drive tape libraries containing from 5 to 900
+	tapes over 1 to 20 drives, providing from 50 GB to 9 TB of
+	storage.</para>
+
+      <para>With compression, DLT Type IV format supports up to 70 GB
+	capacity.</para>
+
+      <para>Data is recorded onto the tape in tracks parallel to the direction
+	of travel (just like QIC tapes).  Two tracks are written at once.
+	Read/write head lifetimes are relatively long; once the tape stops
+	moving, there is no relative motion between the heads and the
+	tape.</para>
+    </sect2>
+
+    <sect2>
+      <title id="backups-tapebackups-ait">AIT</title>
+      <indexterm>
+        <primary>tape media</primary>
+	<secondary>AIT</secondary>
+      </indexterm>
+
+      <para>AIT is a new format from Sony, and can hold up to 50 GB (with
+	compression) per tape.  The tapes contain memory chips which retain an
+	index of the tape's contents.  This index can be rapidly read by the
+	tape drive to determine the position of files on the tape, instead of
+	the several minutes that would be required for other tapes.  Software
+	such as SAMS:Alexandria can operate forty or more AIT tape libraries,
+	communicating directly with the tape's memory chip to display the
+	contents on screen, determine what files were backed up to which
+	tape, locate the correct tape, load it, and restore the data from the
+	tape.</para>
+
+      <para>Libraries like this cost in the region of $20,000, pricing them a
+	little out of the hobbyist market.</para>
+    </sect2>
+
+    <sect2>
+      <title>Using a New Tape for the First Time</title>
+
+      <para>The first time that you try to read or write a new, completely
+	blank tape, the operation will fail.  The console messages should be
+	similar to:</para>
+
+      <screen>sa0(ncr1:4:0): NOT READY asc:4,1
+sa0(ncr1:4:0):  Logical unit is in process of becoming ready</screen>
+
+      <para>The tape does not contain an Identifier Block (block number 0).
+	All QIC tape drives since the adoption of QIC-525 standard write an
+	Identifier Block to the tape.  There are two solutions:</para>
+
+      <para><command>mt fsf 1</command> causes the tape drive to write an
+	Identifier Block to the tape.</para>
+      
+      <para>Use the front panel button to eject the tape.</para>
+
+      <para>Re-insert the tape and <command>dump</command> data to the tape.</para>
+      
+      <para><command>dump</command> will report <literal>DUMP: End of tape
+	  detected</literal> and the console will show: <literal>HARDWARE
+	  FAILURE info:280 asc:80,96</literal>.</para>
+
+      <para>rewind the tape using: <command>mt rewind</command>.</para>
+
+      <para>Subsequent tape operations are successful.</para>
+    </sect2>
+  </sect1>
 </chapter>
 
 <!--