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authorNik Clayton <nik@FreeBSD.org>2001-08-21 23:42:44 +0000
committerNik Clayton <nik@FreeBSD.org>2001-08-21 23:42:44 +0000
commit09772d9161b1ef3767774cf63069eb49de1d280d (patch)
tree06f2c35c180f04d0782ff490ce20a8d9c091bc37 /en_US.ISO8859-1
parentcd53ebd94e4145d356c9d13eed55192541ebfdf8 (diff)
downloaddoc-09772d9161b1ef3767774cf63069eb49de1d280d.tar.gz
doc-09772d9161b1ef3767774cf63069eb49de1d280d.zip
Add in a reference to disk-layout.eps, replacing the ASCII art for non-text
users. Add much more information about the process of labelling a slice to create partitions.
Notes
Notes: svn path=/head/; revision=10424
Diffstat (limited to 'en_US.ISO8859-1')
-rw-r--r--en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml405
1 files changed, 301 insertions, 104 deletions
diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml
index 19d4f8e850..65d968d7ec 100644
--- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml
+++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
<!--
The FreeBSD Documentation Project
- $FreeBSD: doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml,v 1.93 2001/08/17 23:21:42 nik Exp $
+ $FreeBSD: doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml,v 1.94 2001/08/20 21:46:50 nik Exp $
-->
<chapter id="install">
@@ -1493,7 +1493,13 @@ Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
hierarchy, and <literal>f</literal> for the
<filename>/usr</filename> directory hierarchy.</para>
- <literallayout class="monospaced">.-----------------. --. --.
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="install/disk-layout" format="EPS">
+ </imageobject>
+
+ <textobject>
+ <literallayout class="monospaced">.-----------------. --. --.
| | | |
| DOS / Windows | | | Partition c, no
: : > First slice, ad0s1 > filesystem, all
@@ -1519,6 +1525,12 @@ Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
| | | | |
| | --' | |
`-----------------' --' --'</literallayout>
+ </textobject>
+
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Conceptual model of a disk</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
</example>
</sect2>
@@ -1738,7 +1750,178 @@ Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
</sect2>
<sect2 id="disklabeleditor">
- <title>Initial Disklabel Screen</title>
+ <title>Creating Partitions using
+ <application>Disklabel</application></title>
+
+ <para>You must now create some partitions inside each slice that you
+ have just created. Remember that each partition is lettered, from
+ <literal>a</literal> through to <literal>h</literal>, and that
+ partitions <literal>b</literal>, <literal>c</literal>, and
+ <literal>d</literal> have conventional meanings that you should adhere
+ to.</para>
+
+ <para>Certain applications can benefit from particular partition
+ schemes, especially if you are laying out partitions across more than
+ one disk. However, for this, your first FreeBSD installation, you do
+ not need to give too much thought to how you partition the disk. It
+ is more important that you install FreeBSD and start learning how to
+ use it. You can always re-install FreeBSD to change your partition
+ scheme when you are more familiar with the operating system.</para>
+
+ <para>This scheme features four partitions&mdash;one for swap space, and
+ three for filesystems.</para>
+
+ <table frame="none">
+ <title>Partition Layout for First Disk</title>
+
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Partition</entry>
+
+ <entry>Filesystem</entry>
+
+ <entry>Size</entry>
+
+ <entry>Description</entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>a</literal></entry>
+
+ <entry><filename>/</filename></entry>
+
+ <entry>64MB</entry>
+
+ <entry>This is the root file system. Every other filesystem
+ will be mounted somewhere under this one. 64MB is a
+ reasonable size for this filesystem. You will not be storing
+ too much data on it, as a regular FreeBSD install will put
+ about 40MB of data here. The remaining space is for temporary
+ data, and also leaves expansion space if future versions of
+ FreeBSD need more space in <filename>/</filename></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>b</literal></entry>
+
+ <entry>N/A</entry>
+
+ <entry>2-3 x RAM</entry>
+
+ <entry><para>The system's swap space is kept on this partition.
+ Choosing the right amount of swap space can be a bit of an
+ art. A good rule of thumb is that you should have two or
+ three times the amount of RAM as swap space. So if you have
+ 64MB of RAM then you should between 128MB and 196MB of swap.
+ You should also have at least 64MB of swap, so if you have
+ less than 32MB of RAM in your computer then set the swap
+ amount to 64MB.</para><para>If you have more than one disk then you can put swap
+ space on each disk. FreeBSD will then use each disk for
+ swap, which effectively speeds up the act of swapping. In
+ this case, calculate the total amount of swap you need
+ (e.g., 128MB), and then divide this by the number of disks
+ you have (e.g., two disks) to give the amount of swap you
+ should put on each disk, in this example, 64MB of swap per
+ disk.</para></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>e</literal></entry>
+
+ <entry><filename>/var</filename></entry>
+
+ <entry>50MB</entry>
+
+ <entry>The <filename>/var</filename> directory contains variable
+ length files; log files, and other administrative files. Many
+ of these files are read-from or written-to extensively during
+ FreeBSD's day-to-day running. Putting these files on another
+ filesystem allows FreeBSD to optimise the access of these
+ files without affecting other files in other directories that
+ do not have the same access pattern.</entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>f</literal></entry>
+
+ <entry><filename>/usr</filename></entry>
+
+ <entry>Rest of disk</entry>
+
+ <entry>All your other files will typically be stored in
+ <filename>/usr</filename>, and its subdirectories.</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+
+ <para>If you will be installing FreeBSD on to more than one disk then
+ you must also create partitions in the other slices that you
+ configured. The easiest way to do this is to create two partitions on
+ each disk, one for the swap space, and one for a filesystem.</para>
+
+ <table frame="none">
+ <title>Partition Layout for Subsequent Disks</title>
+
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Partition</entry>
+
+ <entry>Filesystem</entry>
+
+ <entry>Size</entry>
+
+ <entry>Description</entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>b</literal></entry>
+
+ <entry>N/A</entry>
+
+ <entry>See description</entry>
+
+ <entry>As already discussed, you can split swap space across
+ each disk. Even though the <literal>a</literal> partition is
+ free, convention dictates that swap space stays on the
+ <literal>b</literal> partition.</entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>e</literal></entry>
+
+ <entry>/disk<replaceable>n</replaceable></entry>
+
+ <entry>Rest of disk</entry>
+
+ <entry>The rest of the disk is taken up with one big partition.
+ This could easily be put on the <literal>a</literal>
+ partition, instead of the <literal>e</literal> partition.
+ However, convention says that the <literal>a</literal>
+ partition on a slice is reserved for the filesystem that will
+ be the root (<filename>/</filename>) filesystem. You do not
+ have to follow this convention, but
+ <application>Sysinstall</application> does, so following it
+ yourself makes the installation slightly cleaner. You can
+ choose to mount this filesystem anywhere; this example
+ suggests that you mount them as directories
+ <filename>/disk<replaceable>n</replaceable></filename>, where
+ <replaceable>n</replaceable> is a number that changes for each
+ disk. But you can use another scheme if you prefer.</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+
+ <para>Having chosen your partition layout you can now create it using
+ <application>Sysinstall</application>. You will see this
+ message.</para>
<screen> Message
Now, you need to create BSD partitions inside of the fdisk
@@ -1748,12 +1931,30 @@ Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
more specific needs or just don't care for the layout chosen by
(A)uto, press F1 for more information on manual layout.
- [ OK ]
+ [ OK ] </screen>
- [ Press enter to continue ]</screen>
+ <para>Press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to start the FreeBSD partition
+ editor, called <application>Disklabel</application>.</para>
+
+ <para><xref linkend="sysinstall-label"> shows the display when you first
+ start <application>Disklabel</application>. The display is divided in
+ to three sections.</para>
- <para>There are no partitions shown when you first enter the
- editor.</para>
+ <para>The first few lines show the name of the disk you are currently
+ working on, and the slice that contains the partitions you are
+ creating (at this point <application>Disklabel</application> calls
+ this the <literal>Partition name</literal> rather than slice name).
+ This display also shows the amount of free space within the slice;
+ that is, space that was set aside in the slice, but that has not yet
+ been assigned to a partition.</para>
+
+ <para>The middle of the display shows the partitions that have been
+ created, the name of the filesystem that each partition contains,
+ their size, and some options pertaining to the creation of the
+ filesystem.</para>
+
+ <para>The bottom third of the screen shows the keystrokes that are valid
+ in <application>Disklabel</application>.</para>
<figure id="sysinstall-label">
<title>Sysinstall Disklabel Editor</title>
@@ -1765,16 +1966,13 @@ Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
</mediaobject>
</figure>
- <para>Pressing <keycap>F1</keycap> will give instructions for using
- the DiskLabel Editor. Press <keycap>Q</keycap> to continue.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 id="partitionauto">
- <title>Auto Defaults for Partitions</title>
-
- <para>Pressing <keycap>A</keycap> displayed the suggested disklabels
- for this particular disk size. If a small hard disk is being used,
- the default values may be appropriate.</para>
+ <para><application>Disklabel</application> can automatically create
+ partitions for you, and assign them default sizes. Try this now, by
+ Pressing <keycap>A</keycap>. You will see a display similar to that
+ shown in <xref linkend="sysinstall-label2">. Depending on the size of
+ the disk you are using the defaults may or may not be appropriate.
+ This does not matter, as you do not have to accept the
+ defaults.</para>
<figure id="sysinstall-label2">
<title>Sysinstall Disklabel Editor With Auto Defaults</title>
@@ -1785,106 +1983,105 @@ Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
</figure>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2 id="partitionchange">
- <title>Creating Custom Partitions</title>
-
- <para>Write down the auto defaults for all the file systems (/,
- swap, /var, /usr). Using the arrow keys, select the first
- partition ( / ) and press <keycap>D</keycap> to delete the
- partition. Delete all the partitions in the same manner.</para>
-
- <para>It is easiest to create the partitions in the same order
- shown by the auto default.</para>
-
- <sect3>
- <title>Example Custom Partition</title>
-
- <para>To create the root partition, first press <keycap>C</keycap>
- and a dialog box will appear showing the total
- space available in blocks :</para>
-
- <figure id="sysinstall-label-add">
- <title>Free Space For Root Partition</title>
-
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="install/disklabel-root1" format="PNG">
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </figure>
-
- <para>This example will set the root partition to 100M. First, delete
- the entry using the <keycap>BACKSPACE</keycap> and enter the desired
- value :</para>
-
- <figure id="sysinstall-label-add2">
- <title>Edit Root Partition Size</title>
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="install/disklabel-root2" format="PNG">
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </figure>
+ <para>To delete the suggested partitions, and replace them with your
+ own, use the arrow keys to select the first partition, and press
+ <keycap>D</keycap> to delete it. Repeat this to delete all the
+ suggested partitions.</para>
- <para>With [OK] highlighted, then press <keycap>Enter</keycap>. The
- following dialog box will display :</para>
+ <para>To create the first partition (<literal>a</literal>, mounted as
+ <filename>/</filename>), make sure the disk information at the top of
+ the screen is selected, and press <keycap>C</keycap>. A dialog box
+ will appear prompting you for the size of the new partition (as shown
+ in <xref linkend="sysinstall-label-add">). You can enter the size as
+ the number of disk blocks you want to use, or, more usefully, as a
+ number followed by either <literal>M</literal> for megabytes,
+ <literal>G</literal> for gigabytes, or <literal>C</literal> for
+ cylinders.</para>
- <figure id="sysinstall-label-type">
- <title>Choose The Root Partition Type</title>
+ <figure id="sysinstall-label-add">
+ <title>Free Space For Root Partition</title>
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="install/disklabel-fs" format="PNG">
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </figure>
-
- <para>The root partition needs to be a file system. With "FS"
- and [OK] highlighted, press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="install/disklabel-root1" format="PNG">
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
- <para>The next dialog box to appear is to enter the mount
- point for the root partition. Enter "/" for the root partition
- mount point. With the [OK] highlighted, press
- <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
+ <para>The default size shown will create a partition that takes up the
+ rest of the slice. If you are using the partition sizes described
+ earlier then delete the existing figure using
+ <keycap>Backspace</keycap>, and then type in
+ <userinput>64M</userinput>, as shown in
+ <xref linkend="sysinstall-label-add2">. Then press
+ <guibutton>OK</guibutton>.</para>
+
+ <figure id="sysinstall-label-add2">
+ <title>Edit Root Partition Size</title>
- <figure id="sysinstall-label-mount">
- <title>Choose The Root Mount Point</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="install/disklabel-root2" format="PNG">
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="install/disklabel-root3" format="PNG">
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </figure>
+ <para>Having chosen the partition's size you will then asked whether
+ this partition will contain a filesystem or swap space. The dialog
+ box is shown in <xref linkend="sysinstall-label-type">. This first
+ partition will contain a filesystem, so check that
+ <guimenuitem>FS</guimenuitem> is selected and then press
+ <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
- <para>The swap, /var and /usr partitions are created in the
- same way. Be sure to choose "swap" as the filesystem type
- for the swap partition.</para>
+ <figure id="sysinstall-label-type">
+ <title>Choose The Root Partition Type</title>
+
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="install/disklabel-fs" format="PNG">
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>Finally, because you are creating a filesystem, you must tell
+ <application>Disklabel</application> where the filesystem is to be
+ mounted. The dialog box is shown in
+ <xref linkend="sysinstall-label-mount">. The root filesystem's mount
+ point is <filename>/</filename>, so type <userinput>/</userinput>, and
+ then press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
- <para>Generally the swap
- value is twice the amount of RAM in the system. For this
- system, the "swap" partition will be set to 516M.</para>
+ <figure id="sysinstall-label-mount">
+ <title>Choose The Root Mount Point</title>
- <para>The "/var" partition will be set to 100M and the "/usr"
- partition will get the remaining amount of disk space.</para>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="install/disklabel-root3" format="PNG">
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
- <para>Your final FreeBSD DiskLabel Editor screen will appear similar
- although your values chosen may be different. Press
- <keycap>Q</keycap> to finish.</para>
+ <para>The display will then update to show you the newly created
+ partition. You should repeat this procedure for the other
+ partitions. When you create the swap partition you will not be
+ prompted for the filesystem mount point, as swap partitions are never
+ mounted. When you create the final partition,
+ <filename>/usr</filename>, you can leave the suggested size as is, to
+ use the rest of the slice.</para>
- <figure id="sysinstall-label4">
- <title>Sysinstall Disklabel Editor</title>
+ <para>Your final FreeBSD DiskLabel Editor screen will appear similar to
+ <xref linkend="sysinstall-label4">, although your values chosen may
+ be different. Press <keycap>Q</keycap> to finish.</para>
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="install/disklabel-ed2" format="PNG">
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </figure>
- </sect3>
+ <figure id="sysinstall-label4">
+ <title>Sysinstall Disklabel Editor</title>
+
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="install/disklabel-ed2" format="PNG">
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
</sect2>
</sect1>