Revert this document - it didn't build (I should have checked) and I don't

have time to mess with it right now.

1 files changed, 71 insertions, 1087 deletions

diff --git a/handbook/hw.sgml b/handbook/hw.sgml
index 353e575df9..123da52b74 100644
--- a/handbook/hw.sgml
+++ b/handbook/hw.sgml
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-<!DOCTYPE linuxdoc PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD linuxdoc//EN">
-
-<!-- $Id: hw.sgml,v 1.28 1996-07-03 00:42:40 jkh Exp $ -->
+<!-- $Id: hw.sgml,v 1.29 1996-07-03 01:40:29 jkh Exp $ -->
 <!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
 
 <!-- 
-<!DOCTYPE linuxdoc PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD linuxdoc//EN"> -->
- 
+<!DOCTYPE linuxdoc PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD linuxdoc//EN">
+-->
+
 <chapt><heading>PC Hardware compatibility<label id="hw"></heading>
 
   <p>Issues of hardware compatibility are among the most
@@ -24,15 +23,52 @@
     department, we depend on you, the user, for much of the
     information contained in this catalog.  If you have direct
     experience of hardware that does or does not work with
-    FreeBSD, please let us know by sending e-mail to
+    FreeBSD, please let us know by sending email to
     <tt>doc@freebsd.org</tt>.  Questions about supported hardware
-    should be directed to <tt>questions@freebsd.org</tt> (see
+    should be directed to the &a.questions (see
     <ref id="eresources:mail" name="Mailing Lists"> for more
     information).  When submitting information or asking a
     question, please remember to specify exactly what version of
     FreeBSD you are using and include as many details of your
     hardware as possible.
 
+
+<sect><heading>FreeBSD on Laptop computers</heading>
+
+<p>Because laptop computers operate under a unique set of constraints,
+   they often behave differently or require more specialized knowledge
+   than their desktop and deskside PC siblings.  This section attempts to
+   list the most useful (and current) laptop specific information on the
+   net.
+
+<itemize>
+  <item>Tatsumi Hosokawa's <htmlurl
+    url="http://www.mt.cs.keio.ac.jp/person/hosokawa/freebsd-pcmcia/"
+    name="PCCARD driver"> page.
+
+    <p><htmlurl url="mailto:hosokawa@mt.cs.keio.ac.jp"
+    name="Tatsumi Hosokawa"> and the BSD Nomads have created a
+    complete subsystem for dealing with PCCARD (PCMCIA) peripherals,
+    from modems to ethernet cards to SCSI adaptors.  Much of this work
+    is now part of FreeBSD <htmlurl url="current.html" name="2.2-current">,
+    though more up-to-date experimental code snapshots may be found on
+    this page.
+  </item>
+
+  <item>Here is <htmlurl url="mailto:edwin.kremer@cs.ruu.nl"
+    name="Edwin Kremer's"> report on using FreeBSD with his 
+  <htmlurl url="http://www.cs.ruu.nl/people/edwin/FreeBSD/"
+    name="Toshiba Satellite Pro 410CDT Notebook">.
+
+  <item>FreeBSD on the <htmlurl url="http://www.kfu.com/~nsayer/zenith/"
+    name="Zenith Z-NoteFlex Laptop">
+
+    <p>Nick tells us about life with what he deems to be the ideal laptop
+    for FreeBSD.
+  </item>
+</itemize>
+</sect>
+
 <sect><heading>Sample Configurations<label id="hw:configs"></heading>
 <p>The following list of sample hardware configurations by no means
 constitutes an endorsement of a given hardware vendor or product by
@@ -43,7 +79,7 @@ Slippery when wet.  Beware of dog.
 
  <sect1><heading>Jordan's Picks</heading>
     <p>I have had fairly good luck building workstation and server
-    configurations with the following components.  I can't guarantee that
+    configurations with the following components.  I cannot guarantee that
     you will too, nor that any of the companies here will remain "best buys"
     forever.  I will try, when I can, to keep this list up-to-date but
     cannot obviously guarantee that it will be at any given time.
@@ -53,19 +89,19 @@ Slippery when wet.  Beware of dog.
     <htmlurl url="http://asustek.asus.com.tw/FTP/ASUS/Info/Spec/pi-p55tp4xe.txt"
      name="P55TP4XE">
     motherboard appears to be a good choice for mid-to-high range Pentium
-    server and workstation systems.  If you're really looking for performance,
-    be also sure to get the <htmlurl url="http://asustek.asus.com.tw/Products/TB/mem-0002.html" name="pipelined burst cache module">.  I feel that it's worth
-    the extra cost.  If you're looking for a 486 class motherboard, you might
+    server and workstation systems.  If you are really looking for performance,
+    be also sure to get the <htmlurl url="http://asustek.asus.com.tw/Products/TB/mem-0002.html" name="pipelined burst cache module">.  I feel that it is worth
+    the extra cost.  If you are looking for a 486 class motherboard, you might
     also investigate ASUS's <htmlurl url="http://asustek.asus.com.tw/FTP/ASUS/Info/Spec/pvi-486sp3.txt" name="486SP3G"> offering.
 
-    NOTE:  The Intel <htmlurl url="http://asustek.asus.com.tw/Products/TB/triton-intro.html" name="Triton"> chip-set based motherboards do not offer memory
+    NOTE:  The Intel <htmlurl url="http://asustek.asus.com.tw/Products/TB/triton-intro.html" name="Triton"> chipset based motherboards do not offer memory
     parity logic, making it almost impossible to detect when a memory error
     has occurred.  Those wishing to build highly fault-tolerant systems may
     therefore want to wait for Intel's newest generation of motherboards
-    based on the Orion chip-set or investigate ASUS's SiS chip-set based
+    based on the Orion chipset or investigate ASUS's SiS chipset based
     motherboard, the <htmlurl url="http://asustek.asus.com.tw/FTP/ASUS/Info/Spec/pi-p55sp4.txt" name="P55SP4">.  I have no personal experience with this
-    motherboard and have heard mixed reports - some say it's a fine MB, others
-    say that it's measurably slower than the Triton.  The only undisputed
+    motherboard and have heard mixed reports - some say it is a fine MB, others
+    say that it is measurably slower than the Triton.  The only undisputed
     advantage it offers is being available <em>now</em>. 
 
   <sect2><heading>Disk Controllers</heading>
@@ -76,7 +112,7 @@ Slippery when wet.  Beware of dog.
     1542CF for ISA, Buslogic Bt747c for EISA and Adaptec 2940 for PCI.
 
   <sect2><heading>Disk drives</heading>
-    <p>In this particular game of Russian roulette, I'll make few specific
+    <p>In this particular game of Russian roulette, I will make few specific
     recommendations except to say "SCSI over IDE whenever you can afford it."
     Even in small desktop configurations, SCSI often makes more sense since it
     allows you to easily migrate drives from server to desktop as falling drive
@@ -85,17 +121,17 @@ Slippery when wet.  Beware of dog.
     food chain!
 
     <p>I do not currently see SCSI WIDE drives as a necessary expense unless
-    you're putting together an NFS or NEWS server that will be doing a lot
+    you are putting together an NFS or NEWS server that will be doing a lot
     of multiuser disk I/O.  
 
   <sect2><heading>CDROM drives</heading>
     <p>My SCSI preferences extend to SCSI CDROM drives as well, and the
     <htmlurl url="http://www.toshiba.com" name="Toshiba"> XM-3501B (now
     released in a caddy-less model called the XM-5401B) drive has always
-    performed well for me.  Generally speaking, most SCSI CDROM drives I've 
-    seen have been of pretty solid construction (probably because they don't 
+    performed well for me.  Generally speaking, most SCSI CDROM drives I have 
+    seen have been of pretty solid construction (probably because they do not
     occupy the lower end of the market, due to their higher price) and you
-    probably won't go wrong with an HP or NEC SCSI CDROM drive either.
+    probably will not go wrong with an HP or NEC SCSI CDROM drive either.
 
   <sect2><heading>Tape drives</heading>
    <p>I've had pretty good luck with both
@@ -105,7 +141,7 @@ Slippery when wet.  Beware of dog.
    <htmlurl url="http://www-dmo.external.hp.com:80/tape/_cpb0001.htm" 
    name="4mm (DAT)"> drives from <htmlurl url="http://www.hp.com" name="HP">.
    
-   <p>For backup purposes, I'd have to give the higher recommendation to the
+   <p>For backup purposes, I would have to give the higher recommendation to the
    Exabyte due to the more robust nature (and higher storage capacity) of
    8mm tape.
 
@@ -115,7 +151,7 @@ Slippery when wet.  Beware of dog.
     can heartily recommend the <htmlurl url="http://www.matrox.com/"
     name="Matrox"> <htmlurl url="http://www.matrox.com/mgaweb/brochure.htm"
     name="Millenium"> card.  If free X servers are more to your
-    liking, you certainly can't go wrong with one of <htmlurl url="http://www.nine.com/" name="Number 9's"> cards - their S3 Vision 868 and 968 based cards 
+    liking, you certainly cannot go wrong with one of <htmlurl url="http://www.nine.com/" name="Number 9's"> cards - their S3 Vision 868 and 968 based cards 
     (the 9FX series) are pretty fast cards as well, and are supported by
     <htmlurl url="http://www.xfree86.org" name="XFree86">'s S3 server.
 
@@ -124,7 +160,7 @@ Slippery when wet.  Beware of dog.
     name="Sony Multiscan 17SE monitors">, as have I with 
     the Viewsonic offering in the same (trinitron) tube.  For larger than
     17", all I can recommend at the time of this writing is to not spend
-    any less than U.S. &dollar;2,500 for a 21" monitor if that's what you really
+    any less than U.S. &dollar;2,500 for a 21" monitor if that is what you really
     need.  There are good monitors available in the >=20" range and there
     are also cheap monitors in the >=20" range.  Unfortunately, none are
     both cheap and good!
@@ -138,7 +174,7 @@ Slippery when wet.  Beware of dog.
     will generally work as well.
 
    <sect2><heading>Serial</heading>
-    <p>If you're looking for high-speed serial networking solutions, then
+    <p>If you are looking for high-speed serial networking solutions, then
     <htmlurl url="http://www.dgii.com/" name="Digi International">
     makes the <htmlurl url="http://www.dgii.com/prodprofiles/profiles-prices/digiprofiles/digispecs/sync570.html" name="SYNC/570"> series, with drivers now in
     FreeBSD-current. <htmlurl url="http://www.etinc.com"
@@ -149,9 +185,9 @@ Slippery when wet.  Beware of dog.
     said that FreeBSD's support for <htmlurl url="http://www.cyclades.com/"
     name="Cyclades">'s products is probably the tightest, primarily as a result
     of that company's committment to making sure that we are adequately supplied
-    with evaluation boards and technical specs.  I've heard that the Cyclom-16Ye
-    offers the best price/performance, though I've not checked the prices lately.
-    Other multiport cards I've heard good things about are the BOCA and AST
+    with evaluation boards and technical specs.  I have heard that the Cyclom-16Ye
+    offers the best price/performance, though I have not checked the prices lately.
+    Other multiport cards I have heard good things about are the BOCA and AST
     cards, and <htmlurl url="http://www.stallion.com/" name="Stallion
     Technologies"> apparently offers an unofficial driver for their 
     cards at <htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.stallion.com/drivers/unsupported/freebsd/stalbsd-0.0.4.tar.gz" name="this"> location.
@@ -160,12 +196,12 @@ Slippery when wet.  Beware of dog.
     <p>I currently use the <htmlurl url="http://www.gravis.com/" name="Gravis">
     Ultrasound MAX due to its high sound quality and full-duplex audio
     capabilities (dual DMA channels).  Support for Windows NT and OS/2 is
-    fairly anemic, however, so I'm not sure that I can recommend it as an
+    fairly anemic, however, so I am not sure that I can recommend it as an
     all-around card for a machine that will be running both FreeBSD and NT
     or OS/2.  In such a scenario, I might recommend the <htmlurl url="http://www.creaf.com/" name="Creative Labs"> AWE32 instead.
 
    <sect2><heading>Video</heading>
-   <p>For video capture, there's really only once choice - the
+   <p>For video capture, there is really only once choice - the
    <htmlurl url="http://www.matrox.com/" name="Matrox">
    <htmlurl url="http://www.matrox.com/imgweb/meteor.htm" name="Meteor">
    card.  FreeBSD also supports the older video spigot card from
@@ -226,8 +262,8 @@ Slippery when wet.  Beware of dog.
 		parity checking.  Workaround for parity issue.
 		Wait for Triton-II.
 
-	      <tag>Triton-II:</tag> Unknown, not yet shipping.
-
+	      <tag>Triton-II:</tag> No known problems.  This chipset
+		appears to be a winner for everyone so far.
 	    </descrip>
 	  </p>
 
@@ -243,6 +279,7 @@ Slippery when wet.  Beware of dog.
 
 	&uart;
 	&sio;
+	&cy;
 
 <sect1><heading>* Parallel ports</heading>
 <sect1><heading>* Modems</heading>
@@ -254,1067 +291,14 @@ Slippery when wet.  Beware of dog.
 <sect><heading>Storage Devices<label id="hw:storage"></heading>
 &esdi;
 &scsi;
-
-<sect1><heading>* Disk/tape controllers
-	<label id="hw:storage:controllers"></heading>
+<sect1><heading>* Disk/tape controllers</heading>
   <sect2><heading>* SCSI</heading>
   <sect2><heading>* IDE</heading>
   <sect2><heading>* Floppy</heading>
-
 <sect1><heading>* Hard drives</heading>
-<sect1><heading> Tape drives</heading>
-	  <p><em>Contributed by &j.bresler;.<newline>2 July 1996.</em></p>
-  <sect2><heading> General tape access commands</heading>
-	<p><tt>mt(1)</tt> provides generic access to the tape
-drives.  Some of the more common commands are <tt>rewind</tt>,
-<tt>erase</tt>, and <tt>status</tt>.  See the <tt>mt(1)</tt>
-manual page for a detailed description.
-
-  <sect2><heading> Controller Interfaces</heading>
-	<p>There are several different interfaces that support
-tape drives.  The interfaces are SCSI, IDE, Floppy and Parallel
-Port.  A wide variety of tape drives are available for these
-interfaces.  Controllers are discussed in
-	 <ref id="hw:storage:controllers" name="Disk/tape controllers">
-
-  <sect2><heading> SCSI drives</heading>
-       <p>The <tt>st(4)</tt> driver provides support for 8mm
-	(Exabyte), 4mm (DAT: Digital Audio Tape), QIC (Quarter-Inch
-	Cartridge), DLT (Digital Linear Tape), QIC Minicartridge
-	and 9-track (remember the big reels that you see spinning
-	in Hollywood computer rooms) tape drives. See the
-	<tt>st(4)</tt> manual page for a detailed description. 
-
-	<p>The drives listed below are currently being used by
-members of the FreeBSD community.  They are not the only drives
-that will work with FreeBSD.  They just happen to be the ones
-that we use.
-
-     <sect3><heading> 4mm (DAT: Digital Audio Tape)</heading>
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:python" name="Archive Python"
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:exb2501" name="Exabyte 2501"
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:hp1533a" name="HP C1533A">
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:hp1534a" name="HP C1534A">
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:hp35450a" name="HP 35450A">
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:hp35470a" name="HP 35470A">
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:hp35480a" name="HP 35480A">
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:sdt5000"  name="SDT-5000">
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:wangtek6200" name="Wangtek 6200"
-
-     <sect3><heading> 8mm (Exabyte)</heading>
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:exb8200" name="EXB-8200">
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:exb8500" name="EXB-8500">
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:exb8505" name="EXB-8505">
-
-     <sect3><heading> QIC (Quarter-Inch Cartridge)</heading>
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:anaconda" name="Archive Ananconda 2750"
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:viper60" name="Archive Viper 60"
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:viper150" name="Archive Viper 150"
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:viper2525" name="Archive Viper 2525"
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:tandberg3600" name="Tandberg TDC 3600"
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:tandberg3620" name="Tandberg TDC 3620"
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:tandberg4222" name="Tandberg TDC 4222"
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:wangtek5525es" name="Wangtek 5525ES"
-     <sect3><heading> DLT (Digital Linear Tape)</heading>
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:dectz87" name="Digital TZ87"
-     <sect3><heading> Mini-Cartridge</heading>
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:ctms3200" name="Conner CTMS 3200"
-     <sect3><heading> Autoloaders/Changers</heading>
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:hp1553a" name="Hewlett-Packard HP
-C1553A Autoloading DDS2">
-	
-  <sect2><heading>* IDE drives</heading>
-  <sect2><heading> Floppy drives</heading>
-	<p><ref id="hw:storage:conner420r" name="Conner 420R"
-  <sect2><heading>* Parallel port drives</heading>
-  <sect2><heading> Detailed Information </heading>
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:anaconda">
-Archive Ananconda 2750</heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is "ARCHIVE
-ANCDA 2750 28077 -003 type 1 removable SCSI 2"
-	<p>This is a QIC tape drive.
-	<p>Native capacity is 1.35GB when using QIC-1350 tapes.
-This drive will read and write QIC-150 (DC6150), QIC-250
-(DC6250), and QIC-525 (DC6525) tapes as well.
-	<p>Data transfer rate is 350kB/s using <tt>dump(8)</tt>.
-Rates of 530kB/s have been reported when using <ref
-id="hw:storage:amanda" name="Amanda">
-	<p>Production of this drive has been discontinued.
-	<p>The SCSI bus connector on this tape drive is reversed
-from that on most other SCSI devices.  Make sure that you have
-enough SCSI cable to twist the cable one-half turn before and
-after the Archive Anaconda tape drive, or turn your other SCSI
-devices upside-down.
-	<p>Two kernel code changes are required to use this
-drive.  This drive will not work as delivered.
-	<p>If you have a SCSI-2 controller, short jumper 6.
-Otherwise, the drive behaves are a SCSI-1 device.  When operating
-as a SCSI-1 device, this drive, "locks" the SCSI bus during some
-tape operations, including: fsf, rewind, and rewoffl.
-	<p>If you are using the NCR SCSI controllers, patch the
-file /usr/src/sys/pci/ncr.c (as shown below).  Build and install
-a new kernel.
-
-<tscreen><verb>
-*** 4831,4835 ****
-                };
-  
-!               if (np->latetime>4) {
-                        /*
-                        **      Although we tried to wake it up,
---- 4831,4836 ----
-                };
-  
-!               if (np->latetime>1200) {
-                        /*
-                        **      Although we tried to wake it up,
-
-</verb></tscreen>
-	<p>Reported by: Jonathan M. Bresler jmb@FreeBSD.ORG
-
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:python">
-Archive Python</heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is "ARCHIVE
-Python 28454-XXX4ASB" "type 1 removable SCSI 2" "density code
-0x8c, 512-byte blocks"
-	<p>This is a DDS-1 tape drive.
-	<p>Native capacity is 2.5GB on 90m tapes.
-	<p>Data transfer rate is XXX.
-	<p>This drive was repackaged by Sun Microsystems as model 411.
-	<p>Reported by: Bob Bishop rb@gid.co.uk
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:viper60">
-Archive Viper 60</heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is "ARCHIVE
-VIPER 60 21116 -007" "type 1 removable SCSI 1"
-	<p>This is a QIC tape drive.
-	<p>Native capacity is 60MB.
-	<p>Data transfer rate is XXX.
-	<p>Production of this drive has been discontinued.
-	<p>Reported by: Philippe Regnauld regnauld@hsc.fr
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:viper150">
-Archive Viper 150</heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is "ARCHIVE
-VIPER 150 21531 -004" "Archive Viper 150 is a known rogue" "type
-1 removable SCSI 1".  A multitude of firmware revisions exist
-for this drive. Your drive may report different numbers (e.g
-"21247 -005".
-	<p>This is a QIC tape drive.
-	<p>Native capacity is 150/250MB.  Both 150MB (DC6150)
-and 250MB (DC6250) tapes have the recording format.  The 250MB
-tapes are approximately 67% longer than the 150MB tapes.  This
-drive can read 120MB tapes as well.  It can not write 120MB tapes.
-	<p>Data transfer rate is 100kB/s
-	<p>This drive reads and writes DC6150 (6150MB) and DC6250
-(250MB) tapes.
-	<p>This drives quirks are known and pre-compiled into the
-scsi tape device driver (<tt>st(4)</tt>).
-	<p>Under FreeBSD 2.2-current, use <tt>mt blocksize
-512</tt> to set the blocksize.  (The particular drive had
-firmware revision 21247 -005.  Other firmware revisions may
-behave differently) Previous versions of FreeBSD did not have
-this problem.
-	<p>Production of this drive has been discontinued.
-	<p>Reported by: Pedro A M Vazquez vazquez@IQM.Unicamp.BR
-	<p>             Mike Smith msmith@atrad.adelaide.edu.au
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:viper2525">
-Archive Viper 2525</heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is "ARCHIVE
-VIPER 2525 25462 -011" "type 1 removable SCSI 1"
-	<p>This is a QIC tape drive.
-	<p>Native capacity is 525MB.
-	<p>Data transfer rate is 180kB/s at 90 inches/sec.
-	<p>The drive reads QIC-525, QIC-150, QIC-120 and QIC-24 tapes.
-Writes QIC-525, QIC-150, and QIC-120.
-	<p>Firmware revisions prior to "25462 -011" are bug
-ridden and will not function properly.
-	<p>Production of this drive has been discontinued.
-	<p>Reported by: Hellmuth Michaelis hm@kts.org
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:conner420r">
-Conner 420R</heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is "Conner tape".
-	<p>This is a floppy controller, minicartridge tape drive.
-	<p>Native capacity is XXXX
-	<p>Data transfer rate is XXX
-	<p>The drive uses QIC-80 tape cartridges.
-	<p>Reported by: Mark Hannon mark@seeware.DIALix.oz.au
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:ctms3200">
-Conner CTMS 3200</heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is "CONNER
-CTMS  3200 7.00" "type 1 removable SCSI 2".
-	<p>This is a minicartridge tape drive.
-	<p>Native capacity is XXXX
-	<p>Data transfer rate is XXX
-	<p>The drive uses QIC-3080 tape cartridges.
-	<p>Reported by: Thomas S. Traylor tst@titan.cs.mci.com
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:dectz87">
-	<htmlurl
-url="http://www.digital.com/info/Customer-Update/931206004.txt.html"
-name="DEC TZ87"></heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is "DEC
-TZ87 (C) DEC 9206" "type 1 removable SCSI 2" "density code 0x19"
-	<p>This is a DLT tape drive.
-	<p>Native capacity is 10GB.
-	<p>This drive supports hardware data compression.
-	<p>Data transfer rate is 1.2MB/s.
-	<p>This drive is identical to the Quantum DLT2000.  The
-drive firmware can be set to emulate several well-known drives,
-including an Exabyte 8mm drive.
-	<p>Reported by: Wilko Bulte wilko@yedi.iaf.nl
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:exb2501">
-	<htmlurl
-url="http://www.Exabyte.COM:80/Products/Minicartridge/2501/Rfeatures.html"
-name="Exabyte EXB-2501"></heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is ""
-	<p>This is a mini-cartridge tape drive.
-	<p>Native capacity is 1GB when using MC3000XL minicartridges.
-	<p>Data transfer rate is XXX
-	<p>This drive can read and write DC2300 (550MB), DC2750
-(750MB), MC3000 (750MB), and MC3000XL (1GB) minicartridges.
-	<p>WARNING: This drive does not meet the SCSI-2
-specifications.  The drive locks up completely in response to a
-SCSI MODE_SELECT command unless there is a formatted tape in the
-drive.  Before using this drive, set the tape blocksize with
-<tt>mt -f /dev/st0ctl.0 blocksize 1024</tt>.  Before using a
-minicartridge for the first time, the minicartridge must be
-formated. FreeBSD 2.1.0-RELEASE and earlier: <tt>/sbin/scsi -f
-/dev/rst0.ctl -s 600 -c "4 0 0 0 0 0"</tt> (alternatively, fetch
-a copy of the <tt>scsiformat</tt> shell script from FreeBSD
-2.2). FreeBSD 2.2 and later: <tt>/sbin/scsiformat -q -w
-/dev/rst0.ctl</tt>
-	<p>Reported by: Bob Beaulieu ez@eztravel.com
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:exb8200"> Exabyte
-EXB-8200</heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is "EXABYTE
-EXB-8200 252X" "type 1 removable SCSI 1"
-	<p>This is an 8mm tape drive.
-	<p>Native capacity is 2.3GB.  
-	<p>Data transfer rate is 270kB/s.
-	<p>This drive is fairly slow in responding to the SCSI
-bus during boot.  A custom kernel may be required (set SCSI_DELAY
-to 10 seconds). 
-	<p>There are a large number of firmware configurations
-for this drive, some have been customized to a particular
-vendor's hardware.  The firmware can be changed via EPROM
-replacement.
-	<p>Production of this drive has been discontinued.
-	<p>Reported by: Mike Smith msmith@atrad.adelaide.edu.au
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:exb8500">
-Exabyte EXB-8500</heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is "EXABYTE
-EXB-8500-85Qanx0 0415" "type 1 removable SCSI 2"
-	<p>This is an 8mm tape drive.
-	<p>Native capacity is 5GB.  
-	<p>Data transfer rate is 300kB/s.
-	<p>Reported by: Greg Lehey grog@lemis.de
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:exb8505">
-	<htmlurl
-url="http://www.Exabyte.COM:80/Products/8mm/8505XL/Rfeatures.html"
-name="Exabyte EXB-8505"></Heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is "EXABYTE
-EXB-85058SQANXR1 05B0" "type 1 removable SCSI 2"
-	<p>This is an 8mm tape drive.
-	<p>Native capacity is 2GB.  
-	<p>The drive supports hardware data compression.
-	<p>Data transfer rate is 300kB/s.
-	<p>Reported by: Glen Foster gfoster@gfoster.com
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:hp1533a">
-Hewlett-Packard HP C1533A</heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is "HP
-C1533A 9503" "type 1 removable SCSI 2".
-	<p>This is a DDS-2 tape drive.  DDS-2 means hardware data
-compression and narrower tracks for increased data capacity.
-	<p>Native capacity is 4GB when using 120m tapes.  This drive
-supports hardware data compression.
-	<p>Data transfer rate is 510kB/s.
-	<p>This drive is used in Hewlett-Packard's SureStore
-6000eU and 6000i tape drives and C1533A DDS-2 DAT drive.
-	<p>The drive has a block of 8 dip switches.  The proper
-settings for FreeBSD are: 1 ON; 2 ON; 3 OFF; 4 ON; 5 ON; 6 ON; 7
-ON; 8 ON.
-<tscreen><verb>
-switch	1	2	Result
-	ON	ON	Compression enabled at power-on, with host control
-	ON	OFF	Compression enabled at power-on, no host
-control
-	OFF	ON	Compression disabled at power-on; the
-host is allowed to control compression
-	OFF	OFF	Compression disabled at power-on, no host
-control
-</verb></tscreen>
-	<p>Switch 3 controls MRS (Media Recognition System).  MRS
-tapes have stripes on the transparent leader.  These identify the
-tape as DDS (Digital Data Storage) grade media.  Tapes
-that do not have the stripes will be treated as write-protected.
-Switch 3 OFF enables MRS.  Switch 3 ON disables MRS.
-	<p><em>Warning:</em> Quality control on these drives
-varies greatly.  One FreeBSD core-team member has returned 2 of
-these drives.  Neither lasted more than 5 months.
-	<p>Reported by: Stefan Esser se@ZPR.Uni-Koeln.DE
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:hp1534a">
-Hewlett-Packard HP 1534A</heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is "HP
-HP35470A T503" type 1 removable SCSI 2" "Sequential-Access
-density code 0x13, variable blocks".
-	<p>This is a DDS-1 tape drive.  DDS-1 is the original DAT
-tape format.
-	<p>Native capacity is 2GB when using 90m tapes.
-	<p>Data transfer rate is 183kB/s.
-	<p>The same mechanism is used in Hewlett-Packard's
-SureStore <htmlurl url="http://www.dmo.hp.com/tape/sst2000.htm"
-name="2000i"> tape drive, C35470A DDS format DAT drive, C1534A DDS
-format DAT drive and HP C1536A DDS format DAT drive.
-	<p>The HP C1534A DDS format DAT drive has two indicator
-lights, one green and one amber.  The green one indicates tape
-action: slow flash during load, steady when loaded, fast flash
-during read/write operations.  The amber one indicates warnings:
-slow flash when cleaning is required or tape is nearing the end
-of its useful life, steady indicates an hard fault.  (factory
-service required?)
-	<p>Reported by Gary Crutcher gcrutchr@nightflight.com
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:hp1553a">
-Hewlett-Packard HP C1553A Autoloading DDS2</heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is "".
-	<p>This is a DDS-2 tape drive.  DDS-2 means hardware data
-compression and narrower tracks for increased data capacity.
-	<p>Native capacity is 24GB when using 120m tapes.  This
-drive supports hardware data compression.
-	<p>Data transfer rate is 510kB/s (native).
-	<p>This drive is used in Hewlett-Packard's SureStore
-<htmlurl url="http://www.dmo.hp.com/tape/sst12000.htm"
-name="12000e"> tape drive.
-	<p>The drive has two selectors on the rear panel.  The
-selector closer to the fan is SCSI id.  The other selector should
-be set to 7.
-	<p>There are four internal switches.  These should be
-set: 1 ON; 2 ON; 3 ON; 4 OFF.
-	<p>At present the kernel drivers do not automatically
-change tapes at the end of a volume.  This shell script can be
-used to change tapes:
-
-<tscreen><verb>
-#!/bin/sh
-PATH="/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin"; export PATH
-
-usage()
-{
-      echo "Usage: dds_changer [123456ne] raw-device-name
-      echo "1..6 = Select cartridge"
-      echo "next cartridge"
-      echo "eject magazine"
-      exit 2
-}
-
-if [ $# -ne 2 ] ; then
-    usage
-fi
-
-cdb3=0
-cdb4=0
-cdb5=0
-
-case $1 in
-     [123456])
-       cdb3=$1
-       cdb4=1
-       ;;
-     n)
-       ;;
-     e)
-       cdb5=0x80
-       ;;
-     ?)
-       usage
-       ;;
-esac
-
-scsi -f $2 -s 100 -c "1b 0 0 $cdb3 $cdb4 $cdb5"
-</verb></tscreen>
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:hp35450a">
-Hewlett-Packard HP 35450A</heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is "HP
-HP35450A -A C620" "type 1 removable SCSI 2" "Sequential-Access
-density code 0x13"
-	<p>This is a DDS-1 tape drive.  DDS-1 is the original DAT
-tape format.
-	<p>Native capacity is 1.2GB.
-	<p>Data transfer rate is 160kB/s.
-	<p>Reported by: mark thompson mark.a.thompson@pobox.com
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:hp35470a">
-Hewlett-Packard HP 35470A</heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is "HP
-HP35470A 9 09" type 1 removable SCSI 2"
-	<p>This is a DDS-1 tape drive.  DDS-1 is the original DAT
-tape format.
-	<p>Native capacity is 2GB when using 90m tapes.
-	<p>Data transfer rate is 183kB/s.
-	<p>The same mechanism is used in Hewlett-Packard's
-SureStore <htmlurl url="http://www.dmo.hp.com/tape/sst2000.htm"
-name="2000i"> tape drive, C35470A DDS format DAT drive, C1534A
-DDS format DAT drive, and HP C1536A DDS format DAT drive.
-	<p><em>Warning:</em> Quality control on these drives
-varies greatly.  One FreeBSD core-team member has returned 5 of
-these drives.  None lasted more than 9 months.
-	<p>Reported by: David Dawes dawes@rf900.physics.usyd.edu.au (9 09)
-
-	<Sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:hp35480a">
-Hewlett-Packard HP 35480A</heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is "HP
-HP35480A 1009" "type 1 removable SCSI 2" "Sequential-Access
-density code 0x13".
-	<p>This is a DDS-DC tape drive.  DDS-DC is DDS-1 with
-hardware data compression.  DDS-1 is the original DAT tape
-format.
-	<p>Native capacity is 2GB when using 90m tapes.  This
-drive supports hardware data compression
-	<p>Data transfer rate is 183kB/s.
-	<p>This drive is used in Hewlett-Packard's SureStore
-<htmlurl url="http://www.dmo.hp.com/tape/sst5000.htm" name=
-"5000eU"> and <htmlurl
-url="http://www.dmo.hp.com/tape/sst5000.htm" name="5000i"> tape
-drives and C35480A DDS format DAT drive..
-	<p>This drive will occasionally hang during a tape eject
-operation (<tt>mt offline</tt>).  Pressing the front panel button
-will eject the tape and bring the tape drive back to life.
-	<p>WARNING: HP 35480-03110 only.  On at least two
-occasions this tape drive when used with FreeBSD 2.1.0, an IBM
-Server 320 and an 2940W SCSI controller resulted in all SCSI disk
-partitions being lost.  The problem has not be analyzed or
-resolved at this time.
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:sdt5000">
-	<htmlurl
-url="http://www.sel.sony.com/SEL/ccpg/storage/tape/t5000.html"
-name="Sony SDT-5000"</heading>
-	<p>There are at least two significantly different models: one is
-a DDS-1 and the other DDS-2.  The DDS-1 version is "SDT-5000 3.02".  The
-DDS-2 version is "SONY SDT-5000 327M".  The DDS-2 version has a
-1MB cache.  This cache is able to keep the tape streaming in almost any
-circumstances. 
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is "SONY
-SDT-5000 3.02" "type 1 removable SCSI 2" "Sequential-Access
-density code 0x13"
-	<p>Native capacity is 4GB when using 120m tapes.  This
-drive supports hardware data compression.
-	<p>Data transfer rate is depends upon the model or
-	the drive.  The rate is 630kB/s for the "SONY SDT-5000 327M"
-	while compressing the data.  For the "SONY SDT-5000 3.02", the
-	data transfer rate is 225kB/s.
-	<p>In order to get this drive to stream, set the
-blocksize to 512 bytes (<tt>mt blocksize 512</tt>) reported by
-Kenneth Merry ken@ulc199.residence.gatech.edu"
-	<p>"SONY SDT-5000 327M" information reported by Charles Henrich
-	henrich@msu.edu
-	<p>Reported by: Jean-Marc Zucconi jmz@cabri.obs-besancon.fr
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:tandberg3600">
-Tandberg TDC 3600</heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is
-"TANDBERG  TDC 3600 =08:" "type 1 removable SCSI 2"
-	<p>This is a QIC tape drive.
-	<p>Native capacity is 250MB.
-	<p>This drive has quirks which are known and work around
-code is present in the scsi tape device driver (<tt>st(4)</tt>).
-Upgrading the firmware to XXX version will fix the quirks and
-provide SCSI 2 capabilities.
-	<p>Data transfer rate is 80kB/s.
-	<p>IBM and Emerald units will not work.  Replacing the
-firmware EPROM of these units will solve the problem.
-	<p>Reported by: Michael Smith msmith@atrad.adelaide.edu.au
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:tandberg3620">
-Tandberg TDC 3620</heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is
-"XXX" "XXX"
-	<p>This is a QIC tape drive.
-	<p>Native capacity is MB.  XXX ???
-	<p>Data transfer rate is XXXkB/s.
-	<p>Reported by: J"org Wunsch joerg_wunsch@uriah.heep.sax.de
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:tandberg4222">
-Tandberg TDC 4222</heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is
-"TANDBERG  TDC 4222 =07" "type 1 removable SCSI 2"
-	<p>This is a QIC tape drive.
-	<p>Native capacity is 1.5GB.  The drive will read all
-cartridges from the 60 MB (DC600A) upwards, and write 150 MB
-(DC6150) upwards.
-	<p>This drives quirks are known and pre-compiled into the
-scsi tape device driver (<tt>st(4)</tt>) beginning with FreeBSD
-2.2-current.  For previous versions of FreeBSD, use <tt>mt</tt>
-to read one block from the tape, rewind the tape, and then
-execute the backup program (<tt>mt fsr 1; mt rewind; dump ...</tt>)
-	<p>Data transfer rate is 600kB/s.
-	<p>Reported by: J"org Wunsch joerg_wunsch@uriah.heep.sax.de
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:wangtek5525es">
-Wangtek 5525ES</heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is "WANGTEK
-5525ES SCSI REV7 3R1" "type 1 removable SCSI 1" "density code 0x11, 1024-byte
-blocks"
-	<p>This is a QIC tape drive.
-	<p>Native capacity is 525MB.
-	<p>Data transfer rate is 180kB/s.
-	<p>The drive reads 60, 120, 150, and 525MB tapes.  The
-drive will not write 60MB (DC600 cartridge) tapes.  In order to
-overwrite 120 and 150 tapes reliably, first erase (<tt>mt
-erase</tt>) the tape.  120 and 150 tapes used a wider track
-(fewer tracks per tape) than 525MB tapes. The "extra" width of
-the previous tracks is not overwritten, as a result the new data
-lies in a band surrounded on both sides by the previous data
-unless the tape have been erased.
-	<p>This drives quirks are known and pre-compiled into the
-scsi tape device driver (<tt>st(4)</tt>).
-	<p>Other firmware revisions that are known to work are: M75D
-	<p>Reported by: Marc van Kempen marc@bowtie.nl  "REV73R1"
-                        Andrew Gordon Andrew.Gordon@net-tel.co.uk "M75D"
-
-	<sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:wangtek6200">
-Wangtek 6200</heading>
-	<p>The boot message identifier for this drive is "WANGTEK
-6200-HS 4B18" "type 1 removable SCSI 2" "Sequential-Access density code 0x13"
-	<p>This is a DDS-1 tape drive.
-	<p>Native capacity is 2GB using 90m tapes.
-	<p>Data transfer rate is 150kB/s.
-	<p>Reported by: Tony Kimball alk@Think.COM
-
-  <sect2><heading>* Problem drives</heading>
-
+<sect1><heading>* Tape drives</heading>
 <sect1><heading>* CD-ROM drives</heading>
 <sect1><heading>* Other</heading>
 
-<sect1><heading>* Adding and reconfiguring disks</heading>
-<sect1><heading> Tapes and backups<label id="hw:storage:tapebackups"></heading>
-  <sect2><heading>* What about backups to floppies?</heading>
-  <sect2><heading> Tape Media</heading>
-     <sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:tapebackups:4mm">
- 4mm (DDS: Digital Data Storage)</heading>
-<!--gen-->
-	<p>4mm tapes are replacing QIC as the workstation backup
-media of choice.  This trend accelerated greatly when Conner
-purchased Archive, a leading manufacturer of QIC drives, and then
-stopped production of QIC drives.  4mm drives are small and quiet
-but do not have the reputation for reliability that is enjoyed by 8mm drives.
-The cartridges are less expensive and smaller (3 x 2 x 0.5
-inches, 76 x 51 x 12 mm) than 8mm cartridges.  4mm, like 8mm, has
-comparatively short head life for the same reason, both use
-helical scan.
-
-<!--spec-->
-	<p>Data thruput on these drives starts ~150kB/s, peaking
-at ~500kB/s.  Data capacity starts at 1.3 GB and ends at 2.0 GB.
-Hardware compression, available with most of these drives,
-approximately doubles the capacity.  Multi-drive tape library
-units can have 6 drives in a single cabinet with automatic tape
-changing.  Library capacities reach 240 GB.
-
-<!--tech-->
-	<p>4mm drives, like 8mm drives, use helical-scan.  All
-the benefits and drawbacks of helical-scan apply to both 4mm and
-8mm drives.
-
-	<p>Tapes should be retired from use after 2,000 passes or
-100 full backups.
-
-     <sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:tapebackups:8mm">
-8mm (Exabyte)</heading>
-
-<!--gen-->
-	<p>8mm tapes are the most common SCSI tape drives; they
-are the best choice of exchanging tapes.  Nearly every site has
-an exabyte 2 GB 8mm tape drive.  8mm drives are reliable,
-convienent and quiet.  Cartidges are inexpensive and small (4.8 x
-3.3 x 0.6 inches; 122 x 84 x 15 mm).  One downside of 8mm tape is
-relatively short head and tape life due to the high rate of
-relative motion of the tape accross the heads.
-
-<!--spec-->
- 	<p>Data thruput ranges from ~250kB/s to ~500kB/s.  Data
-sizes start at 300 MB and go up to 7 GB.  Hardware compression,
-available with most of these drives, approximately doubles the
-capacity.  These drives are available as single units or
-multi-drive tape libraries with 6 drives and 120 tapes in a
-single cabinet.  Tapes are changed automatically by the unit.
-Library capacities reach 840+ GB.
-
-<!--tech-->
-	<p>Data is recorded onto the tape using helical-scan, the
-heads are positioned at an angle to the media (approximately 6
-degrees).  The tape wraps around 270 degrees of the spool that
-holds the heads.  The spool spins while the tape slides over the
-spool.  The result is a high density of data and closely packed
-tracks that angle accross the tape from one edge to the other.
- 
-
-     <sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:tapebackups:qic">
-QIC</heading>
-<!--gen-->
-	<p>QIC-150 tapes and drives are, perhaps, the most common
-tape drive and media around.  QIC tape drives are the least
-expensive "serious" backup drives.  The downside is the cost of
-media.  QIC tapes are expensive compared to 8mm or 4mm tapes, up
-to 5 times the price per GB data storage.  But, if your needs can
-be satisified with a half-dozen tapes.  QIC may be the correct
-choice.  QIC is the <em>most</em> common tape drive.  Every site
-has a QIC drive of some density or another.  Therein lies the
-rub, QIC has a large number of densities on physically similar
-(sometimes identical) tapes. QIC drives are not quiet.  These
-drives audibly seek before they begin to record data and are
-clearly audible whenever reading, writing or seeking.  QIC tapes
-measure (6 x 4 x 0.7 inches; 15.2 x 10.2 x 1.7 mm). <ref
-id="hw:storage:tapebackups:mini" name="Mini-cartridges">, which also
-use 1/4" wide tape are discussed separately.  Tape libraries and
-changers are not available.
-
-<!--spec-->
-	<p>Data thruput ranges from ~150kB/s to ~500kB/s.  Data
-capacity ranges from 40 MB to 15 GB.  Hardware compression is
-available on many of the newer QIC drives.  QIC drives are less
-frequently installed; they are being supplanted by DAT drives.
-
-<!--tech-->
-	<p>Data is recorded onto the tape in tracks.  The tracks
-run along the long axis of the tape media from one end to the
-other.  The number of tracks, and therefore the width of a track,
-varies with the tape's capacity.
-
-	<p>Tapes should be retired from use after 5,000 backups.
-
-     <sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:tapebackups:mini">
-* Mini-Cartridge</heading>
-
-     <sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:tapebackups:dlt">
-DLT</heading>
-<!--gen-->
-	<p>DLT has the faster data transfer rate of all the drive
-types listed here.  The 1/2" (12.5mm) tape is contained in a
-single spool cartridge (4 x 4 x 1 inches; 100 x 100 x 25 mm). The
-cartridge has a swinging gate along one entire side of the
-cartridge.  The drive mechanism opens this gate to extract the
-tape leader.  The tape leader has an oval hole in it which the
-drive uses to "hook" the tape.  The take-up spool is located
-inside the tape drive.  All the other tape cartridges listed here
-(9 track tapes are the only exception) have both the supply and
-take-up spools located inside the tape cartridge itself.
-
-<!--spec-->
-	Data thruput is approximately 1.5MB/s, three times the
-thruput of 4mm, 8mm, or QIC tape drives.  Data capacities range
-from 10GB to 20GB for a single drives.  Drive are available in
-both multi-tape changers and multi-tape, multi-drive tape
-libraries containing from 5 to 900 tapes over 1 to 20 drives,
-providing from 50GB to 9TB of storage.
-
-<!--tech-->
-	Data is recorded onto the tape in tracks parallel to the
-direction of travel (just like QIC tapes). Two tracks are written
-at once.  Read/write head lifetimes are relatively long; once the
-tape stops moving, there is no relative motion between the heads
-and the tape.
-
-  <sect2><heading> Using a new tape for the first time</heading>
-	<p>The first time that you try to read or write a new,
-completely blank tape, the operation will fail.  The console
-messages should be similar to:
-<tscreen><verb>
-        st0(ncr1:4:0): NOT READY asc:4,1
-        st0(ncr1:4:0):  Logical unit is in process of becoming ready
-</verb></tscreen>
-
-The tape does not contain an Identifier Block (block number
-0). All QIC tape drives since the adoption of QIC-525 standard
-write an Identifier Block to the tape.  There are two
-solutions: 
-	<p><tt>mt fsf 1</tt> causes the tape drive to write an
-Identifier Block to the tape.
-	<p>Use the front panel button to eject the tape.
-	<p>Re-insert the tape and <tt>dump(8)</tt> data to the
-tape.
-	<p><tt>dump(8)</tt> will report <tt>DUMP: End of tape
-detected</tt> and the console will show: <tt>HARDWARE FAILURE
-info:280 asc:80,96</tt>
-	<p>rewind the tape using: <tt>mt rewind</tt>
-	
-	<p>Subsequent tape operations are successful.
-
-  <sect2><heading> Backup Programs</heading>
-	<p>The three major programs are <tt>dump(8)</tt>,
-<tt>tar(1)</tt>, and <tt>cpio(1)</tt>.
-
-     <sect3><heading> Dump and Restore</heading>
-<!--gen-->
-	<p><tt>dump(8)</tt> and <tt>restore(8)</tt> are the
-traditional Unix backup programs.  They operate on the drive as a
-collection of disk blocks, below the abstractions of files, links
-and directories that are created by the filesystems.
-<tt>dump(8)</tt> backs up devices, entire filesystems, not parts
-of a filesystem and not directory trees that span more than one
-filesystem, using either soft links <tt>ln(1)</tt> or mounting
-one filesystem onto another.  <tt>dump(8)</tt> does not write
-files and directories to tape, but rather writes the data blocks
-that are the building blocks of files and directories.
-<tt>dump(8)</tt> has quirks that remain from its early days in
-Version 6 of ATT Unix (circa 1975).  The default parameters are
-suitable for 9-track tapes (6250 bpi), not the high-density media
-available today (up to 62,182 ftpi).  These defaults must be
-overridden on the command line to utilize the capacity of current
-tape drives.
-
-	<p><tt>rdump(8)</tt> and <tt>rrestore(8)</tt> backup data
-accross the network to a tape drive attached to another computer.
-Both programs rely upon <tt>rcmd(3)</tt> and <tt>ruserok(3)</tt>
-to access the remote tape drive.  Therefore, the user performing
-the backup must have <tt>rhosts</tt> access to the remote
-computer.  The arguments to <tt>rdump(8)</tt> and
-<tt>rrestore(8)</tt> must suitable to use on the remote computer.
-(e.g. When <tt>rdump</tt>'ing from a FreeBSD computer to an
-Exabyte tape drive connected to a Sun called komodo, use: <tt>/sbin/rdump
-0dsbfu 54000 13000 126 komodo:/dev/nrst8 /dev/rsd0a 2>&1</tt>)
-Beware:  there are security implications to allowing
-<tt>rhosts</tt> commands.  Evaluate your situation carefully.
-
-
-
-     <sect3><heading> Tar</heading>
-<!--gen-->
-	<p><tt>tar(1)</tt> also dates back to Version 6 of ATT
-Unix (circa 1975).  <tt>tar(1)</tt> operates in cooperation with
-the filesystem; <tt>tar(1)</tt> writes files and directories to
-tape.  <tt>tar(1)</tt> does not support the full range of options
-that are available from <tt>cpio(1)</tt>, but <tt>tar(1)</tt>
-does not require the unusual command pipeline that
-<tt>cpio(1)</tt> uses.  
-
-	<p><tt>tar(1)</tt> does not support backups accross the
-network.  You can use a pipeline and <tt>rsh(1)</tt> to send the
-data to a remote tape drive. (XXX add an example command)
-
-     <sect3><heading> Cpio</heading>
-<!--gen-->
-	<p><tt>cpio(1)</tt> is the original Unix file interchange
-tape program for magnetic media.  <tt>cpio(1)</tt> has options (among
-many others) to perform byte-swapping, write a number of
-different archives format, and pipe the data to other programs.
-This last feature makes <tt>cpio(1)</tt> and excellent choice for
-installation media.  <tt>cpio(1)</tt> does not know how to walk
-the directory tree and a list of files must be provided thru <tt>STDIN</tt>.
-
-	<p><tt>cpio(1)</tt> does not support backups accross the
-network.  You can use a pipeline and <tt>rsh(1)</tt> to send the
-data to a remote tape drive. (XXX add an example command)
-
-     <sect3><heading><label id="hw:storage:amanda"><htmlurl
-url="http://www.freebsd.org/ports/misc.html#amanda-2.2.6.5"
-name="Amanda"></heading>
-	<p>Amanda (Advanced Maryland Network Disk Archiver) is a
-client/server backup system, rather than a single program.  An
-Amanda server will backup to a single tape drive any number of
-computers that have Amanda clients and network communications
-with the Amanda server.  A common problem at locations with a
-number of large disks is the length of time required to backup to
-data directly to tape exceeds the amount of time available for
-the task.  Amanda solves this problem.  Amanda can use a "holding
-disk" to backup several filesystems at the same time.  Amanda
-creates "archive sets": a group of tapes used over a period of
-time to create full backups of all the filesystems listed in
-Amanda's configuration file.  The "archive set" also contains
-nightly incremental (or differential) backups of all the
-filesystems.  Restoring a damaged filesystem requires the most
-recent full backup and the incremental backups.
-
-	<p>The configuration file provides fine control backups
-and the network traffic that Amanda generates.  Amanda will use
-any of the above backup programs to write the data to tape.
-Amanda is available as either a port or a package, it is not
-installed by default.
-
-     <sect3><heading> Do nothing</heading>
-	<p>"Do nothing" is not a computer program, but it is the
-most widely used backup strategy.  There are no initial costs.
-There is no backup schedule to follow.  Just say no.  If
-something happens to your data, grin and bear it!
-
-	<p>If your time and your data is worth little to nothing,
-then "Do nothing" is the most suitable backup program for your
-computer.  But beware, Unix is a useful tool, you may find that
-within six months you have a collection of files that are
-valuable to you.
-
-	<p>"Do nothing" is the correct backup method for
-<tt>/usr/obj</tt> and other directory trees that can be exactly
-recreated by your computer.  An example is the files that
-comprise these handbook pages-they have been generated from
-<tt>SGML</tt> input files.  Creating backups of these
-<tt>HTML</tt> files is not necessary.  The <tt>SGML</tt> source
-files are backed up regularly.
-
-     <sect3><heading> Which Backup Program is Best?</heading>
-	<p><tt>dump(8)</tt> <em>Period.</em> Elizabeth D. Zwicky
-torture tested all the backup programs discussed here.  The clear
-choice for preserving all your data and all the peculiarities of
-Unix filesystems is <tt>dump(8)</tt>.  Elizabeth created
-filesystems containing a large variety of unusual conditions (and
-some not so unusual ones) and tested each program by do a backup
-and restore of that filesystems.  The peculiarities included:
-files with holes, files with holes and a block of nulls, files
-with funny characters in their names, unreadable and unwriteable
-files, devices, files that change size during the backup, files
-that are created/deleted during the backup and more.  She
-presented the results at LISA V in Oct. 1991.
-
-  <sect2><heading>Emergency Restore Procedure</heading>
-     <sect3><heading> Before the Disaster</heading>
-	<p>There are only four steps that you need to perform in
-preparation for any disaster that may occur.  
-
-	<p>First, print the disklabel from each of your disks
-(<tt>e.g. disklabel sd0 | lpr</tt>), your filesystem table
-(<tt>/etc/fstab</tt>) and all boot messages, two copies of each.
-
-	<p>Second, determine the boot and fixit floppies
-(boot.flp and fixit.flp) have all your devices.  The easiest way
-to check is to reboot your machine with the boot floppy in the
-floppy drive and check the boot messages.  If all your devices
-are listed and functional, skip on to step three.
-
-	<p>Otherwise, you have to create two custom bootable
-floppies which has a kernel that can mount your all of your disks
-and access your tape drive.  These floppies must contain:
-<tt>fdisk(8)</tt>, <tt>disklabel(8)</tt>, <tt>newfs(8)</tt>,
-<tt>mount(8)</tt>, and whichever backup program you use.  These
-programs must be statically linked.  If you use <tt>dump(8)</tt>,
-the floppy must contain <tt>restore(8)</tt>.
-
-	<p>Third, create backup tapes regularly.
-Any changes that you make after your last backup may be
-irretrievably lost.  Write-protect the backup tapes.
-
-	<p>Fourth, test the floppies (either boot.flp and
-fixit.flp or the two custom bootable floppies you made in step
-two.)  and backup tapes.  Make notes of the procedure.  Store
-these notes with the bootable floppy, the printouts and the
-backup tapes.  You will be so distraught when restoring that the
-notes may prevent you from destroying your backup tapes (How?  In
-place of <tt>tar xvf /dev/rst0</tt>, you might accidently type
-<tt> tar cvf /dev/rst0</tt> and over-write your backup tape).
-
-	<p>For an added measure of security, make bootable
-floppies and two backup tapes each time.  Store one of each at a
-remote location.  A remote location is NOT the basement of the
-same office building. A number of firms in the World Trade Center
-learned this lesson the hard way.  A remote location should be
-physically separated from your computers and disk drives by a
-significant distance.
-
-	<p>An example script for creating a bootable floppy:
-<tscreen><verb>
-#!/bin/sh
-#
-# create a restore floppy
-#
-# format the floppy
-#
-PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
-
-fdformat -q fd0
-if [ $? -ne 0 ]
-then
-        echo "Bad floppy, please use a new one"
-        exit 1
-fi
-
-# place boot blocks on the floppy
-#
-disklabel -w -B -b /usr/mdec/fdboot -s /usr/mdec/bootfd /dev/rfd0c fd1440
-
-#
-# newfs the one and only partition
-#
-newfs -t 2 -u 18 -l 1 -c 40 -i 5120 -m 5 -o space /dev/rfd0a
-
-#
-# mount the new floppy
-#
-mount /dev/fd0a /mnt
-
-#
-# create required directories 
-#
-mkdir /mnt/dev
-mkdir /mnt/bin
-mkdir /mnt/sbin
-mkdir /mnt/etc
-mkdir /mnt/root
-mkdir /mnt/mnt			# for the root partition
-mkdir /mnt/tmp
-mkdir /mnt/var
-
-#
-# populate the directories
-#
-if [ ! -x /sys/compile/MINI/kernel ] 
-then
-	cat << EOM
-The MINI kernel does not exist, please create one.
-Here is an example config file:
-#
-# MINI -- A kernel to get FreeBSD on onto a disk.
-#
-machine		"i386"
-cpu		"I486_CPU"
-ident		MINI
-maxusers	5
-
-options		INET			# needed for _tcp _icmpstat _ipstat
-					#            _udpstat _tcpstat _udb
-options		FFS			#Berkeley Fast File System
-options		"FAT_CURSOR"		#block cursor in syscons or pccons
-options		"SCSI_DELAY=15"		#Be pessimistic about Joe SCSI device
-options		"NCONS=2"		#1 virtual consoles
-options		USERCONFIG		#Allow user configuration with -c XXX
-
-config		kernel	root on sd0 swap on sd0 and sd1 dumps on sd0
-
-controller	isa0
-controller	pci0
-
-controller	fdc0	at isa? port "IO_FD1" bio irq 6 drq 2 vector fdintr
-disk		fd0	at fdc0 drive 0
-
-controller	ncr0
-
-controller	scbus0
-
-device		sc0	at isa? port "IO_KBD" tty irq 1 vector scintr
-device		npx0	at isa? port "IO_NPX" irq 13 vector npxintr
-
-device		sd0
-device		sd1
-device		sd2
-
-device		st0
-
-pseudo-device	loop		# required by INET
-pseudo-device	gzip		# Exec gzipped a.out's
-EOM
-	exit 1
-fi
-
-cp -f /sys/compile/MINI/kernel /mnt
-
-gzip -c -best /sbin/init > /mnt/sbin/init
-gzip -c -best /sbin/fsck > /mnt/sbin/fsck
-gzip -c -best /sbin/mount > /mnt/sbin/mount
-gzip -c -best /sbin/halt > /mnt/sbin/halt
-gzip -c -best /sbin/restore > /mnt/sbin/restore
-
-gzip -c -best /bin/sh > /mnt/bin/sh
-gzip -c -best /bin/sync > /mnt/bin/sync
-
-cp /root/.profile /mnt/root
-
-cp -f /dev/MAKEDEV /mnt/dev
-chmod 755 /mnt/dev/MAKEDEV
-
-chmod 500 /mnt/sbin/init
-chmod 555 /mnt/sbin/fsck /mnt/sbin/mount /mnt/sbin/halt
-chmod 555 /mnt/bin/sh /mnt/bin/sync
-chmod 6555 /mnt/sbin/restore
-
-#
-# create the devices nodes 
-#
-cd /mnt/dev
-./MAKEDEV std
-./MAKEDEV sd0
-./MAKEDEV sd1
-./MAKEDEV sd2
-./MAKEDEV st0
-./MAKEDEV pty0
-cd /
-
-#
-# create minimum filesystem table
-#
-cat > /mnt/etc/fstab <<EOM
-/dev/fd0a	/	ufs	rw 1 1
-EOM
-
-#
-# create minimum passwd file
-#
-cat > /mnt/etc/passwd <<EOM
-root:*:0:0:Charlie &:/root:/bin/sh
-EOM
-
-cat > /mnt/etc/master.passwd <<EOM
-root::0:0::0:0:Charlie &:/root:/bin/sh
-EOM
-
-chmod 600 /mnt/etc/master.passwd
-chmod 644 /mnt/etc/passwd
-/usr/sbin/pwd_mkdb -d/mnt/etc /mnt/etc/master.passwd
-
-#
-# umount the floppy and inform the user
-#
-/sbin/umount /mnt
-</verb></tscreen>
-
-     <sect3><heading>After the Disaster</heading>
-	<p>The key question is: did your hardware survive?  You
-have been doing regular backups so there is no need to worry
-about the software.
-
-	<p>If the hardware has been damaged.  First, replace
-those parts that have been damaged.
-
-	<p>If your hardware is okay, check your floppies.  If you
-are using a custom boot floppy, boot single-user (type "-s" at
-the "boot:" prompt).  If you are using the boot.flp and fixit.flp
-floppies, keep reading.  insert the boot.flp floppy in the floppy
-drive and boot the computer.  The original install menu is
-displayed on the screen.  Select the "fixit XXX" option.  Insert
-the fixit.flp when prompted.  <tt>restore</tt> and the other
-programs that you need are located in <tt>/mnt2/stand</tt>. Skip
-the following paragraph.
-
-	<p>Recover each filesystem separately.
-
-	<p>Try to <tt>mount(8) (e.g. mount /dev/sd0a /mnt) </tt>
-the root partition of your first disk.  If the disklabel was
-damaged, use <tt>disklabel(8)</tt> to re-partition and label the
-disk to match the label that your printed and saved.  Use
-<tt>newfs(8)</tt> to re-create the filesystems.  Re-mount the
-root partition of the floppy read-write ("<tt>mount -u -o rw
-/mnt</tt>").  Use your backup program and backup tapes to recover
-the data for this filesystem (e.g. <tt>restore vrf
-/dev/st0</tt>).  Unmount the filesystem (e.g. <tt>umount
-/mnt</tt>) Repeat for each filesystem that was damaged.
-
-	<p>Once your system is running, backup your data onto new
-tapes.  Whatever caused the crash or data loss may strike again.
-An another hour spent now, may save you from further distress later.
-
-     <sect3><heading>* I did not prepare for the Disaster, What Now?</heading>
-<sect1><heading>* Serial ports</heading>
-<sect1><heading>* Sound cards</heading>
+<sect><heading>* Other<label id="hw:other"></heading>
 <sect1><heading>* PCMCIA</heading>
-<sect1><heading>* Other<label id="hw:other"></heading>
-