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diff --git a/FAQ/install.sgml b/FAQ/install.sgml deleted file mode 100644 index aa0b197126..0000000000 --- a/FAQ/install.sgml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,700 +0,0 @@ -<!-- $Id: install.sgml,v 1.14 1999-01-26 21:27:30 billf Exp $ --> -<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project --> - - <sect> - <heading>Installation<label id="install"></heading> - - <sect1> - <heading>Which file do I download to get FreeBSD?</heading> - - <p>You generally need just one floppy image, the <em>floppies/boot.flp - </em> file, which you image-copy onto a 1.44MB floppy and then boot from - in order to download the rest (and the installation will manage your - TCP/IP connection, deal with tapes, CDROMs, floppies, DOS - partitions, whatever's necessary to get the rest of the bits - installed). - - <p>If you need to download the distributions yourself (for a DOS - filesystem install, for instance), below are some recommendations - for distributions to grab: - - <itemize> - <item> bin/<newline> - <item> manpages/<newline> - <item> compat*/<newline> - <item> doc/ <newline> - <item> src/ssys.* <newline> - </itemize> - - <p>Full instructions on this procedure and a little bit more about - installation issues in general can be found in the <url - url="../handbook/install.html" - name="Handbook entry on installing FreeBSD."> - - <sect1> - <heading>Help! The boot floppy image will not fit on a single floppy! - </heading> - <p>A 3.5 inch (1.44MB) floppy can accomodate 1474560 bytes of data. - The boot image is exactly 1474560 bytes in size. - <p>Common mistakes when preparing the boot floppy are: - <itemize> - <item>Not downloading the floppy image in <tt>binary</tt> mode when - using <tt>FTP</tt>. - <p>Some FTP clients default their transfer mode to <tt>ascii</tt> - and attempt to change any end-of-line characters received to match - the conventions used by the client's system. - This will almost invariably corrupt the boot image. Check the - size of the downloaded boot image: if it is not <em>exactly</em> - that on the server, then the download process is suspect. - <p>To workaround: type <tt>binary</tt> at the FTP command prompt - after getting connected to the server and before starting the - download of the image. - <item>Using the DOS <tt>copy</tt> command (or equivalent GUI tool) to - transfer the boot image to floppy. - <p>Programs like <tt>copy</tt> will not work as the boot - image has been created to be booted into directly. The image has - the complete content of the floppy, track for track, and is not - meant to be placed on the floppy as a regular file. - You have to transfer it to the floppy ``raw'', using the - low-level tools (e.g. <tt>fdimage</tt> or <tt>rawrite</tt>) - described in the <url url="../handbook/install.html" - name="installation guide to FreeBSD">. - </itemize> - - <sect1> - <heading>Where are the instructions for installing FreeBSD?</heading> - - <p>Installation instructions can be found in the - <url url="../handbook/install.html" - name="Handbook entry on installing FreeBSD."> - - <sect1> - <heading>What do I need in order to run FreeBSD?</heading> - - <p>You'll need a 386 or better PC, with 5 MB or more of RAM and at - least 60 MB of hard disk space. It can run with a low end MDA - graphics card but to run X11R6, a VGA or better video card is needed. - - <p>See also the section on <ref id="hardware" - name="Hardware compatibility"> - - <sect1> - <heading>I have only 4 MB of RAM. Can I install FreeBSD?</heading> - - <p>FreeBSD 2.1.7 was the last version of FreeBSD that could be installed - on a 4MB system. Newer versions of FreeBSD, like 2.2, need at least 5MB - to install on a new system. - - <p>All versions of FreeBSD, including 3.0, will RUN in 4MB of ram, they - just can't run the installation program in 4MB. You can add - extra memory for the install process, if you like, and then - after the system is up and running, go back to 4MB. Or you could - always just swap your disk into a system which has >4MB, install onto - it and then swap it back. - - <p>There are also situations in which FreeBSD 2.1.7 will not install - in 4 MB. To be exact: it does not install with 640 kB base + 3 MB - extended memory. If your motherboard can remap some of the ``lost'' - memory out of the 640kB to 1MB region, then you may still be able - to get FreeBSD 2.1.7 up. - - <p>Try to go into your BIOS setup and look for a ``remap'' option. - Enable it. You may also have to disable ROM shadowing. - - <p>It may be easier to get 4 more MB just for the install. Build a - custom kernel with only the options you need and then get the 4 - MB out again. - - <p>You may also install 2.0.5 and then upgrade your system to 2.1.7 - with the ``upgrade'' option of the 2.1.7 installation program. - - <p>After the installation, if you build a custom kernel, it will run - in 4 MB. Someone has even succeeded in booting with 2 MB (the - system was almost unusable though :-)) - - <sect1> - <heading> - How can I make my own custom install floppy? - </heading> - - <p>Currently there's no way to *just* make a custom install floppy. - You have to cut a whole new release, which will include your install - floppy. There's some code in <tt>/usr/src/release/floppies/Makefile</tt> - that's supposed to let you *just* make those floppies, but it's not - really gelled yet. - - <p>To make a custom release, follow the instructions <ref id="custrel" - name="here">. - - <sect1> - <heading>Can I have more than one operating system on my PC?</heading> - - <p>Have a look at <url url="../tutorials/multios/multios.html" - name="The multi-OS page."> - - <sect1> - <heading>Can Windows 95 co-exist with FreeBSD?</heading> - - <p>Install Windows 95 first, after that FreeBSD. FreeBSD's boot - manager will then manage to boot Win95 and FreeBSD. If you - install Windows 95 second, it will boorishly overwrite your - boot manager without even asking. If that happens, see - the next section. - - <sect1> - <heading> - Windows 95 killed my boot manager! How do I get it back? - </heading> - - <p>You can reinstall the boot manager FreeBSD comes with in one of - two ways: - - <itemize> - <item>Running DOS, go into the tools/ directory of your FreeBSD - distribution and look for <bf>bootinst.exe</bf>. You run it like so: - - <p><bf>bootinst.exe boot.bin</bf> - - <p>and the boot manager will be reinstalled. - - <item>Boot the FreeBSD boot floppy again and go to the Custom - installation menu item. Choose Partition. Select the drive which - used to contain your boot manager (likely the first one) and when you - come to the partition editor for it, as the very first thing (e.g. - do not make any changes) select (W)rite. This will ask for - confirmation, say yes, and when you get the Boot Manager selection - prompt, be sure to select "Boot Manager." - This will re-write the boot manager to disk. Now quit out of the - installation menu and reboot off the hard disk as normal. - </itemize> - - <sect1> - <heading>Can I install on a disk with bad blocks?</heading> - - <p>FreeBSD's bad block (the <htmlurl - url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?bad144" name="bad144"> - command) handling is still not 100% (to put it charitably) and - it must unfortunately be said that if you've got an IDE or ESDI drive - with lots of bad blocks, then FreeBSD is probably not for you! - That said, it does work on thousands of IDE based systems, so - you'd do well to try it first before simply giving up. - - <p>If you have a SCSI drive with bad blocks, see <ref id="awre" - name="this answer">. - - <sect1> - <heading>Strange things happen when I boot the install floppy!</heading> - - <p>If you're seeing things like the machine grinding to a halt or - spontaneously rebooting when you try to boot the install floppy, - here are three questions to ask yourself:- - - <enum> - <item>Did you use a new, freshly-formatted, error-free floppy - (preferably a brand-new one straight out of the box, as - opposed to the magazine coverdisk that's been lying under - the bed for the last three years)? - - <item>Did you download the floppy image in binary (or image) mode? - (don't be embarrassed, even the best of us have accidentally - downloaded a binary file in ASCII mode at least once!) - - <item>If you're using one of these new-fangled operating systems - like Windows95 or Windows NT, did you shut it down and restart - the system in plain, honest DOS? It seems these OS's can - interfere with programs that write directly to hardware, which - the disk creation program does; even running it inside a DOS - shell in the GUI can cause this problem. - </enum> - - <p>There have also been reports of Netscape causing problems when - downloading the boot floppy, so it's probably best to use a different - FTP client if you can. - - <sect1> - <heading>Help! I can't install from tape!</heading> - - <p>If you are installing 2.1.7R from tape, you must create the tape - using a tar blocksize of 10 (5120 bytes). The default tar - blocksize is 20 (10240 bytes), and tapes created using this - default size cannot be used to install 2.1.7R; with these tapes, - you will get an error that complains about the record size being - too big. - - <sect1> - <heading>Connect two FreeBSD boxes over a parallel line (PLIP) - </heading> - - <p>Get a laplink cable. Make sure both computer have a kernel - with lpt driver support. - - <verb> - $ dmesg | grep lp - lpt0 at 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on isa - lpt0: Interrupt-driven port - lp0: TCP/IP capable interface - </verb> - - <p>Plug in the laplink cable into the parallel interface. - - <p>Configure the network interface parameters for lp0 on both - sites as root. For example, if you want connect the host max - with moritz - - <verb> - max <-----> moritz -IP Address 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 - </verb> - - on max start - <verb> - # ifconfig lp0 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 - </verb> - -on moritz start - - <verb> - # ifconfig lp0 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.1 - </verb> - - <P>Thats all! Please read also the manpages lp(4) and - lpt(4). - - <P>You should also add the hosts to /etc/hosts - - <verb> - 127.0.0.1 localhost.my.domain localhost - 10.0.0.1 max.my.domain max - 10.0.0.2 moritz.my.domain moritz - </verb> - - <P>To check if it works do: - - on max: - -<verb> -$ ifconfig lp0 -lp0: flags=8851<UP,POINTOPOINT,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 - inet 10.0.0.1 --> 10.0.0.2 netmask 0xff000000 -</verb> - -<verb> -$ netstat -r -Routing tables - -Internet: -Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire -moritz max UH 4 127592 lp0 -</verb> - -<verb> -$ ping -c 4 moritz -PING moritz (10.0.0.2): 56 data bytes -64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=2.774 ms -64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=2.530 ms -64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=2.556 ms -64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=2.714 ms - ---- moritz ping statistics --- -4 packets transmitted, 4 packets received, 0% packet loss -round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 2.530/2.643/2.774/0.103 ms -</verb> - - <sect1> - <heading> - Can I install on my laptop over PLIP (Parallel Line IP)? - </heading> - - <p>Connect the two computers using a Laplink parallel cable to use - this feature: - - <verb> - +----------------------------------------+ - |A-name A-End B-End Descr. Port/Bit | - +----------------------------------------+ - |DATA0 2 15 Data 0/0x01 | - |-ERROR 15 2 1/0x08 | - +----------------------------------------+ - |DATA1 3 13 Data 0/0x02 | - |+SLCT 13 3 1/0x10 | - +----------------------------------------+ - |DATA2 4 12 Data 0/0x04 | - |+PE 12 4 1/0x20 | - +----------------------------------------+ - |DATA3 5 10 Strobe 0/0x08 | - |-ACK 10 5 1/0x40 | - +----------------------------------------+ - |DATA4 6 11 Data 0/0x10 | - |BUSY 11 6 1/0x80 | - +----------------------------------------+ - |GND 18-25 18-25 GND - | - +----------------------------------------+ - </verb> - - <p>See also <ref id="pao" name="this note"> on the Mobile Computing page. - - <sect1> - <heading> - Which geometry should I use for a disk drive?<label id="geometry"> - </heading> - - <p>(By the "geometry" of a disk, we mean the number of cylinders, - heads and sectors/track on a disk - I'll refer to this as - C/H/S for convenience. This is how the PC's BIOS works out - which area on a disk to read/write from). - - <p>This seems to cause a lot of confusion for some reason. First - of all, the <tt /physical/ geometry of a SCSI drive is totally - irrelevant, as FreeBSD works in term of disk blocks. In fact, there - is no such thing as "the" physical geometry, as the sector density - varies across the disk - what manufacturers claim is the "true" - physical geometry is usually the geometry that they've worked out - results in the least wasted space. For IDE disks, FreeBSD does - work in terms of C/H/S, but all modern drives will convert this - into block references internally as well. - - <p>All that matters is the <tt /logical/ geometry - the answer that the - BIOS gets when it asks "what is your geometry?" and then uses to access - the disk. As FreeBSD uses the BIOS when booting, it's very important - to get this right. In particular, if you have more than one operating - system on a disk, they must all agree on the geometry, otherwise you - will have serious problems booting! - - <p>For SCSI disks, the geometry to use depends on whether extended - translation support is turned on in your controller (this is - often referred to as "support for DOS disks >1GB" or something - similar). If it's turned off, then use N cylinders, 64 heads - and 32 sectors/track, where 'N' is the capacity of the disk in - MB. For example, a 2GB disk should pretend to have 2048 cylinders, - 64 heads and 32 sectors/track. - - <p>If it <tt /is/ turned on (it's often supplied this way to get around - certain limitations in MSDOS) and the disk capacity is more than 1GB, - use M cylinders, 63 sectors per track (*not* 64), and 255 heads, where - 'M' is the disk capacity in MB divided by 7.844238 (!). So our - example 2GB drive would have 261 cylinders, 63 sectors per track and - 255 heads. - - <p>If you are not sure about this, or FreeBSD fails to detect the - geometry correctly during installation, the simplest way around - this is usually to create a small DOS partition on the disk. The - correct geometry should then be detected (and you can always remove - the DOS partition in the partition editor if you don't want to keep - it, or leave it around for programming network cards and the like). - - <p>Alternatively, there is a freely available utility distributed with - FreeBSD called ``<tt/pfdisk.exe/'' (located in the <tt>tools</tt> - subdirectory on the FreeBSD CDROM or on the various FreeBSD - ftp sites) which can be used to work out what geometry the other - operating systems on the disk are using. You can then enter this - geometry in the partition editor. - - <sect1> - <heading>Any restrictions on how I divide the disk up?</heading> - - <p>Yes. You must make sure that your root partition is below 1024 - cylinders so the BIOS can boot the kernel from it. (Note that this - is a limitation in the PC's BIOS, not FreeBSD). - - <p>For a SCSI drive, this will normally imply that the root partition - will be in the first 1024MB (or in the first 4096MB if extended - translation is turned on - see previous question). For IDE, the - corresponding figure is 504MB. - - <sect1> - <heading> - What about disk managers? Or, I have a large drive! - </heading> - - <p>FreeBSD recognizes the Ontrack Disk Manager and makes allowances - for it. Other disk managers are not supported. - - <p>If you just want to use the disk with FreeBSD you don't need a - disk manager. Just configure the disk for as much space as the - BIOS can deal with (usually 504 megabytes), and FreeBSD - should figure out how much space you really have. If you're using - an old disk with an MFM controller, you may need to explicitly - tell FreeBSD how many cylinders to use. - - <p>If you want to use the disk with FreeBSD and another operating - system, you may be able to do without a disk manager: just make sure - the the FreeBSD boot partition and the slice for the other - operating system are in the first 1024 cylinders. If you're - reasonably careful, a 20 megabyte boot partition should be plenty. - - <sect1> - <heading> - When I boot FreeBSD I get ``Missing Operating System'' - <label id="missing_os"> - </heading> - - <p>This is classically a case of FreeBSD and DOS or some other OS - conflicting over their ideas of disk <ref id="geometry" - name="geometry."> You will have to reinstall FreeBSD, but obeying the - instructions given above will almost always get you going. - - <sect1> - <heading>I can't get past the boot manager's `F?' prompt.</heading> - - <p>This is another symptom of the problem described in the preceding - question. Your BIOS geometry and FreeBSD geometry settings do - not agree! If your controller or BIOS supports cylinder - translation (often marked as ``>1GB drive support''), try - toggling its setting and reinstalling FreeBSD. - - <sect1> - <heading> - I have >16MB of RAM. Will this cause any problems?<label id="bigram"> - </heading> - - <p>Apart from performance issues, no. FreeBSD 2.X comes with bounce - buffers which allow your bus mastering controller access to greater - than 16MB. (Note that this should only be required if you are using - ISA devices, although one or two broken EISA and VLB devices may - need it as well). - - <p>Also look at the section on <ref id="reallybigram" - name=">64M machines"> if you have that much memory, - or if you're using a Compaq or other BIOS that lies about - the available memory. - - <sect1> - <heading>Do I need to install the complete sources?</heading> - - <p>In general, no. However, we would strongly recommend that you - install, at a minimum, the ``<tt/base/'' source kit, which - includes several of the files mentioned here, and the - ``<tt/sys/'' (kernel) source kit, which includes sources for the - kernel. There is nothing in the system which requires the - presence of the sources to operate, however, except for the - kernel-configuration program - <htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?config" - name="config">. With the exception - of the kernel sources, our build structure is set up so that you - can read-only mount the sources from elsewhere via NFS and still - be able to make new binaries. (Because of the kernel-source - restriction, we recommend that you not mount this on - <tt>/usr/src</tt> directly, but rather in some other location - with appropriate symbolic links to duplicate the top-level - structure of the source tree.) - - <p>Having the sources on-line and knowing how to build a system with - them will make it much easier for you to upgrade to future - releases of FreeBSD. - - <p>To actually select a subset of the sources, use the Custom - menu item when you are in the Distributions menu of the - system installation tool. The <tt>src/install.sh</tt> script - will also install partial pieces of the source distribution, - depending on the arguments you pass it. - - <sect1> - <heading>Do I need to build a kernel?</heading> - - <p>Building a new kernel was originally pretty much a required - step in a FreeBSD installation, but more recent releases have - benefited from the introduction of a much friendlier kernel - configuration tool. When at the FreeBSD boot prompt (boot:), - use the "-c" flag and you will be dropped into a visual - configuration screen which allows you to configure the kernel's - settings for most common ISA cards. - - <p>It's still recommended that you eventually build a new - kernel containing just the drivers that you need, just to save a - bit of RAM, but it's no longer a strict requirement for most - systems. - - <sect1> - <heading>I live outside the US. Can I use DES encryption?</heading> - - <p>If it is not absolutely imperative that you use DES style - encryption, you can use FreeBSD's default encryption for even - <bf/better/ security, and with no export restrictions. FreeBSD - 2.0's password default scrambler is now <bf/MD5/-based, and is - more CPU-intensive to crack with an automated password cracker - than DES, and allows longer passwords as well. The only reason - for not using the <bf/MD5/-based crypt today would be to use the - the same password entries on FreeBSD and non-FreeBSD systems. - - <p>Since the DES encryption algorithm cannot legally be exported - from the US, non-US users should not download this software (as - part of the <tt/secrdist/ from US FTP sites. - - <p>There is however a replacement libcrypt available, based on - sources written in Australia by David Burren. This code is now - available on some non-US FreeBSD mirror sites. Sources for the - unencumbered libcrypt, and binaries of the programs which use it, - can be obtained from the following FTP sites: - - <descrip> - <tag/South Africa/ - <tt>ftp://ftp.internat.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD</tt><newline> - <tt>ftp://storm.sea.uct.ac.za/pub/FreeBSD</tt> - - <tag/Brazil/ - <tt>ftp://ftp.iqm.unicamp.br/pub/FreeBSD</tt> - - <tag/Finland/ - <tt>ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/unix/FreeBSD/eurocrypt</tt> - </descrip> - - <p>The non-US <tt/securedist/ can be used as a direct replacement - for the encumbered US <tt/securedist/. This <tt/securedist/ - package is installed the same way as the US package (see - installation notes for details). If you are going to install DES - encryption, you should do so as soon as possible, before - installing other software. - - <p>Non-US users should please not download any encryption software - from the USA. This can get the maintainers of the sites from - which the software is downloaded into severe legal difficulties. - - <p>A non-US distribution of Kerberos is also being developed, and - current versions can generally be obtained by anonymous FTP from - <tt>braae.ru.ac.za</tt>. - - <p>There is also a <ref id="mailing" name="mailing list"> for the - discussion of non-US encryption software. For more information, send - an email message with a single line saying ``<tt/help/'' in the body - of your message to - - <tt><majordomo@braae.ru.ac.za></tt>. - - <sect1> - <heading>The boot floppy starts but hangs at the ``Probing Devices...'' - screen.</heading> - - <p>If you have a IDE Zip or Jaz drive installed, remove it and try again. - The boot floppy can get confused by the drives. - After the system is installed you can reconnect the drive. Hopefully - this will be fixed in a later release. - - <sect1> - <heading>I get a ``panic: cant mount root'' error when rebooting the system after installation.</heading> - - <p>This error comes from confusion between the boot block's and the - kernel's understanding of the disk devices. The error usually - manifests on two-disk IDE systems, with the hard disks arranged as the - master or single device on separate IDE controllers, with FreeBSD - installed on the secondary IDE controller. The boot blocks think - the system is installed on wd1 (the second BIOS disk) while the kernel - assigns the first disk on the secondary controller device wd2. After - the device probing, the kernel tries to mount what the boot blocks - think is the boot disk, wd1, while it is really wd2, and fails. - - <p>To fix the problem, do one of the following: - - <enum> - <item>At the Boot: prompt, enter - <tt>1:wd(2,a)kernel</tt> and press Enter. If the system starts, then - run the command -<verb> -echo "1:wd(2,a)kernel" > /boot.config -</verb> - to make it the default boot string. - <item>Move the FreeBSD disk onto the primary IDE controller, so the - hard disks are consecutive. - <item><url url="../handbook/kernelconfig.html" name="Rebuild your kernel,"> - modify the wd configuration lines to read: - -<verb> -controller wdc0 at isa? port "IO_WD1" bio irq 14 vector wdintr -disk wd0 at wdc0 drive 0 -# disk wd1 at wdc0 drive 1 # comment out this line - -controller wdc1 at isa? port "IO_WD2" bio irq 15 vector wdintr -disk wd1 at wdc1 drive 0 # change from wd2 to wd1 -disk wd2 at wdc1 drive 1 # change from wd3 to wd2 -</verb> - - Install the new kernel. - If you moved your disks and wish to restore the previous - configuration, replace the disks in the desired configuration and reboot. - Your system should boot successfully. - - </enum> - - <sect1> - <heading>What are the limits for memory?</heading> - - <p>For memory, the (theoretical) limit is 4 gigabytes. One gigabyte - has been tested; you generally can't buy i386 PCs that can support - much more than that. - - <sect1> - <heading>What are the limits for ffs filesystems?</heading> - - <p>For ffs filesystems, the maximum theoretical limit is 8 terabytes - (2G blocks), or 16TB for the default block size of 8K. - In practice, there is a soft limit of 1 terabyte, but with modifications - filesystems with 4 terabytes are possible (and exist). - - <p>The maximum size of a single ffs file is approximately 1G blocks - (4TB) if the block size is 4K. - - <verb> - maxfilesize - ---------------------------------- - 2.2.7 3.0 -fs block size -stable -current works should-work -------------- ------- -------- ----- ----------- -4K 4T-1 4T-1 4T-1 4+T -8K 32+G 8T-1 32+G 16T-1 -16K 128+G 16T-1 128+G 32T-1 -32K 512+G 32T-1 512+G 64T-1 -64K 2048+G 64T-1 2048+G 128T-1 - </verb> - - <p>When the fs block size is 4K, triple indirect blocks work and - everything should be limited by the maximum fs block number that can - be represented using triple indirect blocks (approx. 1K^3 + 1K^2 + - 1K), but everything is limited by a (wrong) limit of 1G-1 on fs block - numbers. The limit on fs block numbers should be 2G-1. There are - some bugs for fs block numbers near 2G-1, but such block numbers are - unreachable when the fs block size is 4K. - - <p>For block sizes of 8K and larger, everything should be limited - by the 2G-1 limit on fs block numbers, but is actually limited by the - 1G-1 limit on fs block numbers, except under -stable triple indirect - blocks are unreachable, so the limit is the maxiumum fs block number - that can be represented using double indirect blocks - (approx. (blocksize/4)^2 + (blocksize/4)), and under -current - exceeding this limit may cause problems. Using the correct limit of - 2G-1 blocks does cause problems. - - <sect1> - <heading>How can I put 1TB files on my floppy?</heading> - - <p>I keep several virtual ones on floppies :-). The maxiumum - file size is not closely related to the maximum disk size. The - maximum disk size is 1TB. It is a feature that the file size can be - larger than the disk size. - - <p>The following example creates a file of size 8T-1 using a - whole 32K of disk space (3 indirect blocks and 1 data block) on a - small root partition. The dd command requires a dd that works with - large files. - -<verb> -ttyv0:bde@alphplex:/tmp/q> cat foo -df . -dd if=/dev/zero of=z bs=1 seek=`echo 2^43 - 2 | bc` count=1 -ls -l z -du z -df . -ttyv0:bde@alphplex:/tmp/q> sh foo -Filesystem 1024-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on -/dev/sd0a 64479 27702 31619 47% / -1+0 records in -1+0 records out -1 bytes transferred in 0.000187 secs (5346 bytes/sec) --rw-r--r-- 1 bde bin 8796093022207 Sep 7 16:04 z -32 z -Filesystem 1024-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on -/dev/sd0a 64479 27734 31587 47% / -ttyv0:bde@alphplex:/tmp/q> exit -</verb> - -<p>Bruce Evans, September 1998 - </sect> - |