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diff --git a/documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.po b/documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.po new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..614d5c4a67 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.po @@ -0,0 +1,2364 @@ +# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE +# Copyright (C) YEAR The FreeBSD Project +# This file is distributed under the same license as the FreeBSD Documentation package. +# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. +# +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: FreeBSD Documentation VERSION\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2024-01-17 20:35-0300\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" +"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" +"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n" +"Language: \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#. type: YAML Front Matter: description +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "In FreeBSD, the GEOM framework permits access and control to classes, such as Master Boot Records and BSD labels, through the use of providers, or the disk devices in /dev." +msgstr "" + +#. type: YAML Front Matter: part +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Part III. System Administration" +msgstr "" + +#. type: YAML Front Matter: title +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Chapter 21. GEOM: Modular Disk Transformation Framework" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title = +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:14 +#, no-wrap +msgid "GEOM: Modular Disk Transformation Framework" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:52 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Synopsis" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:56 +msgid "" +"In FreeBSD, the GEOM framework permits access and control to classes, such " +"as Master Boot Records and BSD labels, through the use of providers, or the " +"disk devices in [.filename]#/dev#. By supporting various software RAID " +"configurations, GEOM transparently provides access to the operating system " +"and operating system utilities." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:60 +msgid "" +"This chapter covers the use of disks under the GEOM framework in FreeBSD. " +"This includes the major RAID control utilities which use the framework for " +"configuration. This chapter is not a definitive guide to RAID " +"configurations and only GEOM-supported RAID classifications are discussed." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:62 +msgid "After reading this chapter, you will know:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:64 +msgid "What type of RAID support is available through GEOM." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:65 +msgid "" +"How to use the base utilities to configure, maintain, and manipulate the " +"various RAID levels." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:66 +msgid "" +"How to mirror, stripe, encrypt, and remotely connect disk devices through " +"GEOM." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:67 +msgid "How to troubleshoot disks attached to the GEOM framework." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:69 +msgid "Before reading this chapter, you should:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:71 +msgid "" +"Understand how FreeBSD treats disk devices (crossref:disks[disks,Storage])." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:72 +msgid "" +"Know how to configure and install a new kernel (crossref:" +"kernelconfig[kernelconfig,Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel])." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:74 +#, no-wrap +msgid "RAID0 - Striping" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:79 +msgid "" +"Striping combines several disk drives into a single volume. Striping can be " +"performed through the use of hardware RAID controllers. The GEOM disk " +"subsystem provides software support for disk striping, also known as RAID0, " +"without the need for a RAID disk controller." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:83 +msgid "" +"In RAID0, data is split into blocks that are written across all the drives " +"in the array. As seen in the following illustration, instead of having to " +"wait on the system to write 256k to one disk, RAID0 can simultaneously write " +"64k to each of the four disks in the array, offering superior I/O " +"performance. This performance can be enhanced further by using multiple " +"disk controllers." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image' +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:84 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Disk Striping Illustration" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Target for macro image +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:84 +#, no-wrap +msgid "striping.png" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:87 +msgid "" +"Each disk in a RAID0 stripe must be of the same size, since I/O requests are " +"interleaved to read or write to multiple disks in parallel." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:93 +msgid "" +"RAID0 does _not_ provide any redundancy. This means that if one disk in the " +"array fails, all of the data on the disks is lost. If the data is " +"important, implement a backup strategy that regularly saves backups to a " +"remote system or device." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:97 +msgid "" +"The process for creating a software, GEOM-based RAID0 on a FreeBSD system " +"using commodity disks is as follows. Once the stripe is created, refer to " +"man:gstripe[8] for more information on how to control an existing stripe." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block * 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:101 +#, no-wrap +msgid "*Procedure: Creating a Stripe of Unformatted ATA Disks*\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block * 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:103 +msgid "Load the [.filename]#geom_stripe.ko# module:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:107 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# kldload geom_stripe\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:110 +msgid "" +"Ensure that a suitable mount point exists. If this volume will become a root " +"partition, then temporarily use another mount point such as [.filename]#/" +"mnt#." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:111 +msgid "" +"Determine the device names for the disks which will be striped, and create " +"the new stripe device. For example, to stripe two unused and unpartitioned " +"ATA disks with device names of [.filename]#/dev/ad2# and [.filename]#/dev/" +"ad3#:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:118 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# gstripe label -v st0 /dev/ad2 /dev/ad3\n" +"Metadata value stored on /dev/ad2.\n" +"Metadata value stored on /dev/ad3.\n" +"Done.\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:121 +msgid "" +"Write a standard label, also known as a partition table, on the new volume " +"and install the default bootstrap code:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:125 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# bsdlabel -wB /dev/stripe/st0\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:128 +msgid "" +"This process should create two other devices in [.filename]#/dev/stripe# in " +"addition to [.filename]#st0#. Those include [.filename]#st0a# and [." +"filename]#st0c#. At this point, a UFS file system can be created on [." +"filename]#st0a# using `newfs`:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:132 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# newfs -U /dev/stripe/st0a\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:136 +msgid "" +"Many numbers will glide across the screen, and after a few seconds, the " +"process will be complete. The volume has been created and is ready to be " +"mounted." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:137 +msgid "To manually mount the created disk stripe:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:141 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# mount /dev/stripe/st0a /mnt\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:144 +msgid "" +"To mount this striped file system automatically during the boot process, " +"place the volume information in [.filename]#/etc/fstab#. In this example, a " +"permanent mount point, named [.filename]#stripe#, is created:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:150 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# mkdir /stripe\n" +"# echo \"/dev/stripe/st0a /stripe ufs rw 2 2\" \\\n" +">> /etc/fstab\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:153 +msgid "" +"The [.filename]#geom_stripe.ko# module must also be automatically loaded " +"during system initialization, by adding a line to [.filename]#/boot/loader." +"conf#:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:157 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# echo 'geom_stripe_load=\"YES\"' >> /boot/loader.conf\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:161 +#, no-wrap +msgid "RAID1 - Mirroring" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block * 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:168 +msgid "" +"RAID1, or _mirroring_, is the technique of writing the same data to more " +"than one disk drive. Mirrors are usually used to guard against data loss " +"due to drive failure. Each drive in a mirror contains an identical copy of " +"the data. When an individual drive fails, the mirror continues to work, " +"providing data from the drives that are still functioning. The computer " +"keeps running, and the administrator has time to replace the failed drive " +"without user interruption." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block * 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:173 +msgid "" +"Two common situations are illustrated in these examples. The first creates " +"a mirror out of two new drives and uses it as a replacement for an existing " +"single drive. The second example creates a mirror on a single new drive, " +"copies the old drive's data to it, then inserts the old drive into the " +"mirror. While this procedure is slightly more complicated, it only requires " +"one new drive." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block * 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:178 +msgid "" +"Traditionally, the two drives in a mirror are identical in model and " +"capacity, but man:gmirror[8] does not require that. Mirrors created with " +"dissimilar drives will have a capacity equal to that of the smallest drive " +"in the mirror. Extra space on larger drives will be unused. Drives " +"inserted into the mirror later must have at least as much capacity as the " +"smallest drive already in the mirror." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:182 +msgid "" +"The mirroring procedures shown here are non-destructive, but as with any " +"major disk operation, make a full backup first." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:188 +msgid "" +"While man:dump[8] is used in these procedures to copy file systems, it does " +"not work on file systems with soft updates journaling. See man:tunefs[8] " +"for information on detecting and disabling soft updates journaling." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title === +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:191 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Metadata Issues" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:196 +msgid "" +"Many disk systems store metadata at the end of each disk. Old metadata " +"should be erased before reusing the disk for a mirror. Most problems are " +"caused by two particular types of leftover metadata: GPT partition tables " +"and old metadata from a previous mirror." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:199 +msgid "" +"GPT metadata can be erased with man:gpart[8]. This example erases both " +"primary and backup GPT partition tables from disk [.filename]#ada8#:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:203 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# gpart destroy -F ada8\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:207 +msgid "" +"A disk can be removed from an active mirror and the metadata erased in one " +"step using man:gmirror[8]. Here, the example disk [.filename]#ada8# is " +"removed from the active mirror [.filename]#gm4#:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:211 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# gmirror remove gm4 ada8\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:214 +msgid "" +"If the mirror is not running, but old mirror metadata is still on the disk, " +"use `gmirror clear` to remove it:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:218 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# gmirror clear ada8\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:223 +msgid "" +"man:gmirror[8] stores one block of metadata at the end of the disk. As GPT " +"partition schemes also store metadata at the end of the disk, mirroring " +"entire GPT disks with man:gmirror[8] is not recommended. MBR partitioning " +"is used here because it only stores a partition table at the start of the " +"disk and does not conflict with the mirror metadata." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title === +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:225 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Creating a Mirror with Two New Disks" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:230 +msgid "" +"In this example, FreeBSD has already been installed on a single disk, [." +"filename]#ada0#. Two new disks, [.filename]#ada1# and [.filename]#ada2#, " +"have been connected to the system. A new mirror will be created on these " +"two disks and used to replace the old single disk." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:233 +msgid "" +"The [.filename]#geom_mirror.ko# kernel module must either be built into the " +"kernel or loaded at boot- or run-time. Manually load the kernel module now:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:237 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:359 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# gmirror load\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:240 +msgid "Create the mirror with the two new drives:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:244 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# gmirror label -v gm0 /dev/ada1 /dev/ada2\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:248 +msgid "" +"[.filename]#gm0# is a user-chosen device name assigned to the new mirror. " +"After the mirror has been started, this device name appears in [.filename]#/" +"dev/mirror/#." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:252 +msgid "" +"MBR and bsdlabel partition tables can now be created on the mirror with man:" +"gpart[8]. This example uses a traditional file system layout, with " +"partitions for [.filename]#/#, swap, [.filename]#/var#, [.filename]#/tmp#, " +"and [.filename]#/usr#. A single [.filename]#/# and a swap partition will " +"also work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:254 +msgid "" +"Partitions on the mirror do not have to be the same size as those on the " +"existing disk, but they must be large enough to hold all the data already " +"present on [.filename]#ada0#." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:264 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# gpart create -s MBR mirror/gm0\n" +"# gpart add -t freebsd -a 4k mirror/gm0\n" +"# gpart show mirror/gm0\n" +"=> 63 156301423 mirror/gm0 MBR (74G)\n" +" 63 63 - free - (31k)\n" +" 126 156301299 1 freebsd (74G)\n" +" 156301425 61 - free - (30k)\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:283 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# gpart create -s BSD mirror/gm0s1\n" +"# gpart add -t freebsd-ufs -a 4k -s 2g mirror/gm0s1\n" +"# gpart add -t freebsd-swap -a 4k -s 4g mirror/gm0s1\n" +"# gpart add -t freebsd-ufs -a 4k -s 2g mirror/gm0s1\n" +"# gpart add -t freebsd-ufs -a 4k -s 1g mirror/gm0s1\n" +"# gpart add -t freebsd-ufs -a 4k mirror/gm0s1\n" +"# gpart show mirror/gm0s1\n" +"=> 0 156301299 mirror/gm0s1 BSD (74G)\n" +" 0 2 - free - (1.0k)\n" +" 2 4194304 1 freebsd-ufs (2.0G)\n" +" 4194306 8388608 2 freebsd-swap (4.0G)\n" +" 12582914 4194304 4 freebsd-ufs (2.0G)\n" +" 16777218 2097152 5 freebsd-ufs (1.0G)\n" +" 18874370 137426928 6 freebsd-ufs (65G)\n" +" 156301298 1 - free - (512B)\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:286 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:504 +msgid "" +"Make the mirror bootable by installing bootcode in the MBR and bsdlabel and " +"setting the active slice:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:292 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:510 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# gpart bootcode -b /boot/mbr mirror/gm0\n" +"# gpart set -a active -i 1 mirror/gm0\n" +"# gpart bootcode -b /boot/boot mirror/gm0s1\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:295 +msgid "Format the file systems on the new mirror, enabling soft-updates." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:302 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# newfs -U /dev/mirror/gm0s1a\n" +"# newfs -U /dev/mirror/gm0s1d\n" +"# newfs -U /dev/mirror/gm0s1e\n" +"# newfs -U /dev/mirror/gm0s1f\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:305 +msgid "" +"File systems from the original [.filename]#ada0# disk can now be copied onto " +"the mirror with man:dump[8] and man:restore[8]." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:316 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# mount /dev/mirror/gm0s1a /mnt\n" +"# dump -C16 -b64 -0aL -f - / | (cd /mnt && restore -rf -)\n" +"# mount /dev/mirror/gm0s1d /mnt/var\n" +"# mount /dev/mirror/gm0s1e /mnt/tmp\n" +"# mount /dev/mirror/gm0s1f /mnt/usr\n" +"# dump -C16 -b64 -0aL -f - /var | (cd /mnt/var && restore -rf -)\n" +"# dump -C16 -b64 -0aL -f - /tmp | (cd /mnt/tmp && restore -rf -)\n" +"# dump -C16 -b64 -0aL -f - /usr | (cd /mnt/usr && restore -rf -)\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:319 +msgid "" +"Edit [.filename]#/mnt/etc/fstab# to point to the new mirror file systems:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:328 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# Device\t\tMountpoint\tFStype\tOptions\tDump\tPass#\n" +"/dev/mirror/gm0s1a\t/\t\tufs\trw\t1\t1\n" +"/dev/mirror/gm0s1b\tnone\t\tswap\tsw\t0\t0\n" +"/dev/mirror/gm0s1d\t/var\t\tufs\trw\t2\t2\n" +"/dev/mirror/gm0s1e\t/tmp\t\tufs\trw\t2\t2\n" +"/dev/mirror/gm0s1f\t/usr\t\tufs\trw\t2\t2\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:331 +msgid "" +"If the [.filename]#geom_mirror.ko# kernel module has not been built into the " +"kernel, [.filename]#/mnt/boot/loader.conf# is edited to load the module at " +"boot:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:335 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:538 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:651 +#, no-wrap +msgid "geom_mirror_load=\"YES\"\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:340 +msgid "" +"Reboot the system to test the new mirror and verify that all data has been " +"copied. The BIOS will see the mirror as two individual drives rather than a " +"mirror. Since the drives are identical, it does not matter which is " +"selected to boot." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:343 +msgid "" +"See <<gmirror-troubleshooting>> if there are problems booting. Powering " +"down and disconnecting the original [.filename]#ada0# disk will allow it to " +"be kept as an offline backup." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:345 +msgid "In use, the mirror will behave just like the original single drive." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title === +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:347 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Creating a Mirror with an Existing Drive" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:353 +msgid "" +"In this example, FreeBSD has already been installed on a single disk, [." +"filename]#ada0#. A new disk, [.filename]#ada1#, has been connected to the " +"system. A one-disk mirror will be created on the new disk, the existing " +"system copied onto it, and then the old disk will be inserted into the " +"mirror. This slightly complex procedure is required because `gmirror` needs " +"to put a 512-byte block of metadata at the end of each disk, and the " +"existing [.filename]#ada0# has usually had all of its space already " +"allocated." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:355 +msgid "Load the [.filename]#geom_mirror.ko# kernel module:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:362 +msgid "Check the media size of the original disk with `diskinfo`:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:369 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# diskinfo -v ada0 | head -n3\n" +"/dev/ada0\n" +" 512 # sectorsize\n" +" 1000204821504 # mediasize in bytes (931G)\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:376 +msgid "" +"Create a mirror on the new disk. To make certain that the mirror capacity " +"is not any larger than the original [.filename]#ada0# drive, man:gnop[8] is " +"used to create a fake drive of the same size. This drive does not store any " +"data, but is used only to limit the size of the mirror. When man:gmirror[8] " +"creates the mirror, it will restrict the capacity to the size of [." +"filename]#gzero.nop#, even if the new [.filename]#ada1# drive has more " +"space. Note that the _1000204821504_ in the second line is equal to [." +"filename]#ada0#'s media size as shown by `diskinfo` above." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:383 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# geom zero load\n" +"# gnop create -s 1000204821504 gzero\n" +"# gmirror label -v gm0 gzero.nop ada1\n" +"# gmirror forget gm0\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:388 +msgid "" +"Since [.filename]#gzero.nop# does not store any data, the mirror does not " +"see it as connected. The mirror is told to \"forget\" unconnected " +"components, removing references to [.filename]#gzero.nop#. The result is a " +"mirror device containing only a single disk, [.filename]#ada1#." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:392 +msgid "" +"After creating [.filename]#gm0#, view the partition table on [." +"filename]#ada0#. This output is from a 1 TB drive. If there is some " +"unallocated space at the end of the drive, the contents may be copied " +"directly from [.filename]#ada0# to the new mirror." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:394 +msgid "" +"However, if the output shows that all of the space on the disk is allocated, " +"as in the following listing, there is no space available for the 512-byte " +"mirror metadata at the end of the disk." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:400 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# gpart show ada0\n" +"=> 63 1953525105 ada0 MBR (931G)\n" +" 63 1953525105 1 freebsd [active] (931G)\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:404 +msgid "" +"In this case, the partition table must be edited to reduce the capacity by " +"one sector on [.filename]#mirror/gm0#. The procedure will be explained " +"later." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:406 +msgid "" +"In either case, partition tables on the primary disk should be first copied " +"using `gpart backup` and `gpart restore`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:411 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# gpart backup ada0 > table.ada0\n" +"# gpart backup ada0s1 > table.ada0s1\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:415 +msgid "" +"These commands create two files, [.filename]#table.ada0# and [." +"filename]#table.ada0s1#. This example is from a 1 TB drive:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:421 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# cat table.ada0\n" +"MBR 4\n" +"1 freebsd 63 1953525105 [active]\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:433 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# cat table.ada0s1\n" +"BSD 8\n" +"1 freebsd-ufs 0 4194304\n" +"2 freebsd-swap 4194304 33554432\n" +"4 freebsd-ufs 37748736 50331648\n" +"5 freebsd-ufs 88080384 41943040\n" +"6 freebsd-ufs 130023424 838860800\n" +"7 freebsd-ufs 968884224 984640881\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:438 +msgid "" +"If no free space is shown at the end of the disk, the size of both the slice " +"and the last partition must be reduced by one sector. Edit the two files, " +"reducing the size of both the slice and last partition by one. These are " +"the last numbers in each listing." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:444 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# cat table.ada0\n" +"MBR 4\n" +"1 freebsd 63 1953525104 [active]\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:456 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# cat table.ada0s1\n" +"BSD 8\n" +"1 freebsd-ufs 0 4194304\n" +"2 freebsd-swap 4194304 33554432\n" +"4 freebsd-ufs 37748736 50331648\n" +"5 freebsd-ufs 88080384 41943040\n" +"6 freebsd-ufs 130023424 838860800\n" +"7 freebsd-ufs 968884224 984640880\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:459 +msgid "" +"If at least one sector was unallocated at the end of the disk, these two " +"files can be used without modification." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:461 +msgid "Now restore the partition table into [.filename]#mirror/gm0#:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:466 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# gpart restore mirror/gm0 < table.ada0\n" +"# gpart restore mirror/gm0s1 < table.ada0s1\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:470 +msgid "" +"Check the partition table with `gpart show`. This example has [." +"filename]#gm0s1a# for [.filename]#/#, [.filename]#gm0s1d# for [.filename]#/" +"var#, [.filename]#gm0s1e# for [.filename]#/usr#, [.filename]#gm0s1f# for [." +"filename]#/data1#, and [.filename]#gm0s1g# for [.filename]#/data2#." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:477 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# gpart show mirror/gm0\n" +"=> 63 1953525104 mirror/gm0 MBR (931G)\n" +" 63 1953525042 1 freebsd [active] (931G)\n" +" 1953525105 62 - free - (31k)\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:487 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# gpart show mirror/gm0s1\n" +"=> 0 1953525042 mirror/gm0s1 BSD (931G)\n" +" 0 2097152 1 freebsd-ufs (1.0G)\n" +" 2097152 16777216 2 freebsd-swap (8.0G)\n" +" 18874368 41943040 4 freebsd-ufs (20G)\n" +" 60817408 20971520 5 freebsd-ufs (10G)\n" +" 81788928 629145600 6 freebsd-ufs (300G)\n" +" 710934528 1242590514 7 freebsd-ufs (592G)\n" +" 1953525042 63 - free - (31k)\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:490 +msgid "" +"Both the slice and the last partition must have at least one free block at " +"the end of the disk." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:493 +msgid "" +"Create file systems on these new partitions. The number of partitions will " +"vary to match the original disk, [.filename]#ada0#." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:501 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# newfs -U /dev/mirror/gm0s1a\n" +"# newfs -U /dev/mirror/gm0s1d\n" +"# newfs -U /dev/mirror/gm0s1e\n" +"# newfs -U /dev/mirror/gm0s1f\n" +"# newfs -U /dev/mirror/gm0s1g\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:514 +msgid "" +"Adjust [.filename]#/etc/fstab# to use the new partitions on the mirror. " +"Back up this file first by copying it to [.filename]#/etc/fstab.orig#." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:518 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.orig\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:521 +msgid "" +"Edit [.filename]#/etc/fstab#, replacing [.filename]#/dev/ada0# with [." +"filename]#mirror/gm0#." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:531 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# Device\t\tMountpoint\tFStype\tOptions\tDump\tPass#\n" +"/dev/mirror/gm0s1a\t/\t\tufs\trw\t1\t1\n" +"/dev/mirror/gm0s1b\tnone\t\tswap\tsw\t0\t0\n" +"/dev/mirror/gm0s1d\t/var\t\tufs\trw\t2\t2\n" +"/dev/mirror/gm0s1e\t/usr\t\tufs\trw\t2\t2\n" +"/dev/mirror/gm0s1f\t/data1\t\tufs\trw\t2\t2\n" +"/dev/mirror/gm0s1g\t/data2\t\tufs\trw\t2\t2\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:534 +msgid "" +"If the [.filename]#geom_mirror.ko# kernel module has not been built into the " +"kernel, edit [.filename]#/boot/loader.conf# to load it at boot:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:542 +msgid "" +"File systems from the original disk can now be copied onto the mirror with " +"man:dump[8] and man:restore[8]. Each file system dumped with `dump -L` will " +"create a snapshot first, which can take some time." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:555 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# mount /dev/mirror/gm0s1a /mnt\n" +"# dump -C16 -b64 -0aL -f - / | (cd /mnt && restore -rf -)\n" +"# mount /dev/mirror/gm0s1d /mnt/var\n" +"# mount /dev/mirror/gm0s1e /mnt/usr\n" +"# mount /dev/mirror/gm0s1f /mnt/data1\n" +"# mount /dev/mirror/gm0s1g /mnt/data2\n" +"# dump -C16 -b64 -0aL -f - /usr | (cd /mnt/usr && restore -rf -)\n" +"# dump -C16 -b64 -0aL -f - /var | (cd /mnt/var && restore -rf -)\n" +"# dump -C16 -b64 -0aL -f - /data1 | (cd /mnt/data1 && restore -rf -)\n" +"# dump -C16 -b64 -0aL -f - /data2 | (cd /mnt/data2 && restore -rf -)\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:560 +msgid "" +"Restart the system, booting from [.filename]#ada1#. If everything is " +"working, the system will boot from [.filename]#mirror/gm0#, which now " +"contains the same data as [.filename]#ada0# had previously. See <<gmirror-" +"troubleshooting>> if there are problems booting." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:562 +msgid "" +"At this point, the mirror still consists of only the single [." +"filename]#ada1# disk." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:564 +msgid "" +"After booting from [.filename]#mirror/gm0# successfully, the final step is " +"inserting [.filename]#ada0# into the mirror." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:570 +msgid "" +"When [.filename]#ada0# is inserted into the mirror, its former contents will " +"be overwritten by data from the mirror. Make certain that [." +"filename]#mirror/gm0# has the same contents as [.filename]#ada0# before " +"adding [.filename]#ada0# to the mirror. If the contents previously copied " +"by man:dump[8] and man:restore[8] are not identical to what was on [." +"filename]#ada0#, revert [.filename]#/etc/fstab# to mount the file systems on " +"[.filename]#ada0#, reboot, and start the whole procedure again." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:576 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# gmirror insert gm0 ada0\n" +"GEOM_MIRROR: Device gm0: rebuilding provider ada0\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:580 +msgid "" +"Synchronization between the two disks will start immediately. Use `gmirror " +"status` to view the progress." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:587 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# gmirror status\n" +" Name Status Components\n" +"mirror/gm0 DEGRADED ada1 (ACTIVE)\n" +" ada0 (SYNCHRONIZING, 64%)\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:590 +msgid "After a while, synchronization will finish." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:598 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"GEOM_MIRROR: Device gm0: rebuilding provider ada0 finished.\n" +"# gmirror status\n" +" Name Status Components\n" +"mirror/gm0 COMPLETE ada1 (ACTIVE)\n" +" ada0 (ACTIVE)\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:602 +msgid "" +"[.filename]#mirror/gm0# now consists of the two disks [.filename]#ada0# and " +"[.filename]#ada1#, and the contents are automatically synchronized with each " +"other. In use, [.filename]#mirror/gm0# will behave just like the original " +"single drive." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title === +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:604 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Troubleshooting" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:608 +msgid "" +"If the system no longer boots, BIOS settings may have to be changed to boot " +"from one of the new mirrored drives. Either mirror drive can be used for " +"booting, as they contain identical data." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:610 +msgid "" +"If the boot stops with this message, something is wrong with the mirror " +"device:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:614 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Mounting from ufs:/dev/mirror/gm0s1a failed with error 19.\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:618 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"Loader variables:\n" +" vfs.root.mountfrom=ufs:/dev/mirror/gm0s1a\n" +" vfs.root.mountfrom.options=rw\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:623 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"Manual root filesystem specification:\n" +" <fstype>:<device> [options]\n" +" Mount <device> using filesystem <fstype>\n" +" and with the specified (optional) option list.\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:628 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +" e.g. ufs:/dev/da0s1a\n" +" zfs:tank\n" +" cd9660:/dev/acd0 ro\n" +" (which is equivalent to: mount -t cd9660 -o ro /dev/acd0 /)\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:632 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +" ? List valid disk boot devices\n" +" . Yield 1 second (for background tasks)\n" +" <empty line> Abort manual input\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:634 +#, no-wrap +msgid "mountroot>\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:639 +msgid "" +"Forgetting to load the [.filename]#geom_mirror.ko# module in [.filename]#/" +"boot/loader.conf# can cause this problem. To fix it, boot from a FreeBSD " +"installation media and choose `Shell` at the first prompt. Then load the " +"mirror module and mount the mirror device:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:644 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# gmirror load\n" +"# mount /dev/mirror/gm0s1a /mnt\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:647 +msgid "" +"Edit [.filename]#/mnt/boot/loader.conf#, adding a line to load the mirror " +"module:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:654 +msgid "Save the file and reboot." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:660 +msgid "" +"Other problems that cause `error 19` require more effort to fix. Although " +"the system should boot from [.filename]#ada0#, another prompt to select a " +"shell will appear if [.filename]#/etc/fstab# is incorrect. Enter `ufs:/dev/" +"ada0s1a` at the boot loader prompt and press kbd:[Enter]. Undo the edits in " +"[.filename]#/etc/fstab# then mount the file systems from the original disk " +"([.filename]#ada0#) instead of the mirror. Reboot the system and try the " +"procedure again." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:666 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"Enter full pathname of shell or RETURN for /bin/sh:\n" +"# cp /etc/fstab.orig /etc/fstab\n" +"# reboot\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title === +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:668 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Recovering from Disk Failure" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:672 +msgid "" +"The benefit of disk mirroring is that an individual disk can fail without " +"causing the mirror to lose any data. In the above example, if [." +"filename]#ada0# fails, the mirror will continue to work, providing data from " +"the remaining working drive, [.filename]#ada1#." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:676 +msgid "" +"To replace the failed drive, shut down the system and physically replace the " +"failed drive with a new drive of equal or greater capacity. Manufacturers " +"use somewhat arbitrary values when rating drives in gigabytes, and the only " +"way to really be sure is to compare the total count of sectors shown by " +"`diskinfo -v`. A drive with larger capacity than the mirror will work, " +"although the extra space on the new drive will not be used." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:679 +msgid "" +"After the computer is powered back up, the mirror will be running in a " +"\"degraded\" mode with only one drive. The mirror is told to forget drives " +"that are not currently connected:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:683 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# gmirror forget gm0\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:687 +msgid "" +"Any old metadata should be cleared from the replacement disk using the " +"instructions in <<geom-mirror-metadata>>. Then the replacement disk, [." +"filename]#ada4# for this example, is inserted into the mirror:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:691 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# gmirror insert gm0 /dev/ada4\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:696 +msgid "" +"Resynchronization begins when the new drive is inserted into the mirror. " +"This process of copying mirror data to a new drive can take a while. " +"Performance of the mirror will be greatly reduced during the copy, so " +"inserting new drives is best done when there is low demand on the computer." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:699 +msgid "" +"Progress can be monitored with `gmirror status`, which shows drives that are " +"being synchronized and the percentage of completion. During " +"resynchronization, the status will be `DEGRADED`, changing to `COMPLETE` " +"when the process is finished." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:701 +#, no-wrap +msgid "RAID3 - Byte-level Striping with Dedicated Parity" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:709 +msgid "" +"RAID3 is a method used to combine several disk drives into a single volume " +"with a dedicated parity disk. In a RAID3 system, data is split up into a " +"number of bytes that are written across all the drives in the array except " +"for one disk which acts as a dedicated parity disk. This means that disk " +"reads from a RAID3 implementation access all disks in the array. " +"Performance can be enhanced by using multiple disk controllers. The RAID3 " +"array provides a fault tolerance of 1 drive, while providing a capacity of 1 " +"- 1/n times the total capacity of all drives in the array, where n is the " +"number of hard drives in the array. Such a configuration is mostly suitable " +"for storing data of larger sizes such as multimedia files." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:713 +msgid "" +"At least 3 physical hard drives are required to build a RAID3 array. Each " +"disk must be of the same size, since I/O requests are interleaved to read or " +"write to multiple disks in parallel. Also, due to the nature of RAID3, the " +"number of drives must be equal to 3, 5, 9, 17, and so on, or 2^n + 1." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:715 +msgid "" +"This section demonstrates how to create a software RAID3 on a FreeBSD system." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:719 +msgid "" +"While it is theoretically possible to boot from a RAID3 array on FreeBSD, " +"that configuration is uncommon and is not advised." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title === +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:721 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Creating a Dedicated RAID3 Array" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:725 +msgid "" +"In FreeBSD, support for RAID3 is implemented by the man:graid3[8] GEOM " +"class. Creating a dedicated RAID3 array on FreeBSD requires the following " +"steps." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:728 +msgid "" +"First, load the [.filename]#geom_raid3.ko# kernel module by issuing one of " +"the following commands:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:732 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# graid3 load\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:735 +msgid "or:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:739 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# kldload geom_raid3\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:742 +msgid "" +"Ensure that a suitable mount point exists. This command creates a new " +"directory to use as the mount point:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:746 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# mkdir /multimedia\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:749 +msgid "" +"Determine the device names for the disks which will be added to the array, " +"and create the new RAID3 device. The final device listed will act as the " +"dedicated parity disk. This example uses three unpartitioned ATA drives: [." +"filename]#ada1# and [.filename]#ada2# for data, and [.filename]#ada3# for " +"parity." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:757 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# graid3 label -v gr0 /dev/ada1 /dev/ada2 /dev/ada3\n" +"Metadata value stored on /dev/ada1.\n" +"Metadata value stored on /dev/ada2.\n" +"Metadata value stored on /dev/ada3.\n" +"Done.\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:760 +msgid "" +"Partition the newly created [.filename]#gr0# device and put a UFS file " +"system on it:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:766 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# gpart create -s GPT /dev/raid3/gr0\n" +"# gpart add -t freebsd-ufs /dev/raid3/gr0\n" +"# newfs -j /dev/raid3/gr0p1\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:770 +msgid "" +"Many numbers will glide across the screen, and after a bit of time, the " +"process will be complete. The volume has been created and is ready to be " +"mounted:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:774 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# mount /dev/raid3/gr0p1 /multimedia/\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:777 +msgid "The RAID3 array is now ready to use." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:779 +msgid "" +"Additional configuration is needed to retain this setup across system " +"reboots." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:782 +msgid "" +"The [.filename]#geom_raid3.ko# module must be loaded before the array can be " +"mounted. To automatically load the kernel module during system " +"initialization, add the following line to [.filename]#/boot/loader.conf#:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:786 +#, no-wrap +msgid "geom_raid3_load=\"YES\"\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:789 +msgid "" +"The following volume information must be added to [.filename]#/etc/fstab# in " +"order to automatically mount the array's file system during the system boot " +"process:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:793 +#, no-wrap +msgid "/dev/raid3/gr0p1\t/multimedia\tufs\trw\t2\t2\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:796 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Software RAID Devices" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:801 +msgid "" +"Some motherboards and expansion cards add some simple hardware, usually just " +"a ROM, that allows the computer to boot from a RAID array. After booting, " +"access to the RAID array is handled by software running on the computer's " +"main processor. This \"hardware-assisted software RAID\" gives RAID arrays " +"that are not dependent on any particular operating system, and which are " +"functional even before an operating system is loaded." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:804 +msgid "" +"Several levels of RAID are supported, depending on the hardware in use. See " +"man:graid[8] for a complete list." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:807 +msgid "" +"man:graid[8] requires the [.filename]#geom_raid.ko# kernel module, which is " +"included in the [.filename]#GENERIC# kernel starting with FreeBSD 9.1. If " +"needed, it can be loaded manually with `graid load`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title === +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:809 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Creating an Array" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:814 +msgid "" +"Software RAID devices often have a menu that can be entered by pressing " +"special keys when the computer is booting. The menu can be used to create " +"and delete RAID arrays. man:graid[8] can also create arrays directly from " +"the command line." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:818 +msgid "" +"`graid label` is used to create a new array. The motherboard used for this " +"example has an Intel software RAID chipset, so the Intel metadata format is " +"specified. The new array is given a label of [.filename]#gm0#, it is a " +"mirror (RAID1), and uses drives [.filename]#ada0# and [.filename]#ada1#." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:823 +msgid "" +"Some space on the drives will be overwritten when they are made into a new " +"array. Back up existing data first!" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:837 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# graid label Intel gm0 RAID1 ada0 ada1\n" +"GEOM_RAID: Intel-a29ea104: Array Intel-a29ea104 created.\n" +"GEOM_RAID: Intel-a29ea104: Disk ada0 state changed from NONE to ACTIVE.\n" +"GEOM_RAID: Intel-a29ea104: Subdisk gm0:0-ada0 state changed from NONE to ACTIVE.\n" +"GEOM_RAID: Intel-a29ea104: Disk ada1 state changed from NONE to ACTIVE.\n" +"GEOM_RAID: Intel-a29ea104: Subdisk gm0:1-ada1 state changed from NONE to ACTIVE.\n" +"GEOM_RAID: Intel-a29ea104: Array started.\n" +"GEOM_RAID: Intel-a29ea104: Volume gm0 state changed from STARTING to OPTIMAL.\n" +"Intel-a29ea104 created\n" +"GEOM_RAID: Intel-a29ea104: Provider raid/r0 for volume gm0 created.\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:840 +msgid "A status check shows the new mirror is ready for use:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:847 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1023 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# graid status\n" +" Name Status Components\n" +"raid/r0 OPTIMAL ada0 (ACTIVE (ACTIVE))\n" +" ada1 (ACTIVE (ACTIVE))\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:852 +msgid "" +"The array device appears in [.filename]#/dev/raid/#. The first array is " +"called [.filename]#r0#. Additional arrays, if present, will be [." +"filename]#r1#, [.filename]#r2#, and so on." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:856 +msgid "" +"The BIOS menu on some of these devices can create arrays with special " +"characters in their names. To avoid problems with those special characters, " +"arrays are given simple numbered names like [.filename]#r0#. To show the " +"actual labels, like [.filename]#gm0# in the example above, use man:sysctl[8]:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:860 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# sysctl kern.geom.raid.name_format=1\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title === +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:863 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Multiple Volumes" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:869 +msgid "" +"Some software RAID devices support more than one _volume_ on an array. " +"Volumes work like partitions, allowing space on the physical drives to be " +"split and used in different ways. For example, Intel software RAID devices " +"support two volumes. This example creates a 40 G mirror for safely storing " +"the operating system, followed by a 20 G RAID0 (stripe) volume for fast " +"temporary storage:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:874 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# graid label -S 40G Intel gm0 RAID1 ada0 ada1\n" +"# graid add -S 20G gm0 RAID0\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:878 +msgid "" +"Volumes appear as additional [.filename]#rX# entries in [.filename]#/dev/" +"raid/#. An array with two volumes will show [.filename]#r0# and [." +"filename]#r1#." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:880 +msgid "" +"See man:graid[8] for the number of volumes supported by different software " +"RAID devices." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title === +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:882 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Converting a Single Drive to a Mirror" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:886 +msgid "" +"Under certain specific conditions, it is possible to convert an existing " +"single drive to a man:graid[8] array without reformatting. To avoid data " +"loss during the conversion, the existing drive must meet these minimum " +"requirements:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:888 +msgid "" +"The drive must be partitioned with the MBR partitioning scheme. GPT or other " +"partitioning schemes with metadata at the end of the drive will be " +"overwritten and corrupted by the man:graid[8] metadata." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:889 +msgid "" +"There must be enough unpartitioned and unused space at the end of the drive " +"to hold the man:graid[8] metadata. This metadata varies in size, but the " +"largest occupies 64 M, so at least that much free space is recommended." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:892 +msgid "" +"If the drive meets these requirements, start by making a full backup. Then " +"create a single-drive mirror with that drive:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:896 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# graid label Intel gm0 RAID1 ada0 NONE\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:900 +msgid "" +"man:graid[8] metadata was written to the end of the drive in the unused " +"space. A second drive can now be inserted into the mirror:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:904 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# graid insert raid/r0 ada1\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:908 +msgid "" +"Data from the original drive will immediately begin to be copied to the " +"second drive. The mirror will operate in degraded status until the copy is " +"complete." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title === +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:910 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Inserting New Drives into the Array" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:915 +msgid "" +"Drives can be inserted into an array as replacements for drives that have " +"failed or are missing. If there are no failed or missing drives, the new " +"drive becomes a spare. For example, inserting a new drive into a working " +"two-drive mirror results in a two-drive mirror with one spare drive, not a " +"three-drive mirror." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:918 +msgid "" +"In the example mirror array, data immediately begins to be copied to the " +"newly-inserted drive. Any existing information on the new drive will be " +"overwritten." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:926 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# graid insert raid/r0 ada1\n" +"GEOM_RAID: Intel-a29ea104: Disk ada1 state changed from NONE to ACTIVE.\n" +"GEOM_RAID: Intel-a29ea104: Subdisk gm0:1-ada1 state changed from NONE to NEW.\n" +"GEOM_RAID: Intel-a29ea104: Subdisk gm0:1-ada1 state changed from NEW to REBUILD.\n" +"GEOM_RAID: Intel-a29ea104: Subdisk gm0:1-ada1 rebuild start at 0.\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title === +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:929 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Removing Drives from the Array" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:932 +msgid "" +"Individual drives can be permanently removed from a from an array and their " +"metadata erased:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:939 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# graid remove raid/r0 ada1\n" +"GEOM_RAID: Intel-a29ea104: Disk ada1 state changed from ACTIVE to OFFLINE.\n" +"GEOM_RAID: Intel-a29ea104: Subdisk gm0:1-[unknown] state changed from ACTIVE to NONE.\n" +"GEOM_RAID: Intel-a29ea104: Volume gm0 state changed from OPTIMAL to DEGRADED.\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title === +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:942 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Stopping the Array" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:946 +msgid "" +"An array can be stopped without removing metadata from the drives. The " +"array will be restarted when the system is booted." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:950 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# graid stop raid/r0\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title === +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:953 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Checking Array Status" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:957 +msgid "" +"Array status can be checked at any time. After a drive was added to the " +"mirror in the example above, data is being copied from the original drive to " +"the new drive:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:964 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# graid status\n" +" Name Status Components\n" +"raid/r0 DEGRADED ada0 (ACTIVE (ACTIVE))\n" +" ada1 (ACTIVE (REBUILD 28%))\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:968 +msgid "" +"Some types of arrays, like `RAID0` or `CONCAT`, may not be shown in the " +"status report if disks have failed. To see these partially-failed arrays, " +"add `-ga`:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:974 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# graid status -ga\n" +" Name Status Components\n" +"Intel-e2d07d9a BROKEN ada6 (ACTIVE (ACTIVE))\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title === +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:977 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Deleting Arrays" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:981 +msgid "" +"Arrays are destroyed by deleting all of the volumes from them. When the " +"last volume present is deleted, the array is stopped and metadata is removed " +"from the drives:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:985 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1030 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# graid delete raid/r0\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title === +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:988 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Deleting Unexpected Arrays" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:993 +msgid "" +"Drives may unexpectedly contain man:graid[8] metadata, either from previous " +"use or manufacturer testing. man:graid[8] will detect these drives and " +"create an array, interfering with access to the individual drive. To remove " +"the unwanted metadata:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:996 +msgid "" +"Boot the system. At the boot menu, select `2` for the loader prompt. Enter:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1001 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"OK set kern.geom.raid.enable=0\n" +"OK boot\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1004 +msgid "The system will boot with man:graid[8] disabled." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1005 +msgid "Back up all data on the affected drive." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1006 +msgid "As a workaround, man:graid[8] array detection can be disabled by adding" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1010 +#, no-wrap +msgid "kern.geom.raid.enable=0\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1013 +msgid "to [.filename]#/boot/loader.conf#." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1016 +msgid "" +"To permanently remove the man:graid[8] metadata from the affected drive, " +"boot a FreeBSD installation CD-ROM or memory stick, and select `Shell`. Use " +"`status` to find the name of the array, typically `raid/r0`:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1026 +msgid "Delete the volume by name:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1034 +msgid "" +"If there is more than one volume shown, repeat the process for each volume. " +"After the last array has been deleted, the volume will be destroyed." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1037 +msgid "" +"Reboot and verify data, restoring from backup if necessary. After the " +"metadata has been removed, the `kern.geom.raid.enable=0` entry in [." +"filename]#/boot/loader.conf# can also be removed." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1039 +#, no-wrap +msgid "GEOM Gate Network" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1044 +msgid "" +"GEOM provides a simple mechanism for providing remote access to devices such " +"as disks, CDs, and file systems through the use of the GEOM Gate network " +"daemon, ggated. The system with the device runs the server daemon which " +"handles requests made by clients using ggatec. The devices should not " +"contain any sensitive data as the connection between the client and the " +"server is not encrypted." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1048 +msgid "" +"Similar to NFS, which is discussed in crossref:network-servers[network-nfs," +"\"Network File System (NFS)\"], ggated is configured using an exports file. " +"This file specifies which systems are permitted to access the exported " +"resources and what level of access they are offered. For example, to give " +"the client `192.168.1.5` read and write access to the fourth slice on the " +"first SCSI disk, create [.filename]#/etc/gg.exports# with this line:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1052 +#, no-wrap +msgid "192.168.1.5 RW /dev/da0s4d\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1056 +msgid "" +"Before exporting the device, ensure it is not currently mounted. Then, " +"start ggated:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1060 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# ggated\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1064 +msgid "" +"Several options are available for specifying an alternate listening port or " +"changing the default location of the exports file. Refer to man:ggated[8] " +"for details." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1069 +msgid "" +"To access the exported device on the client machine, first use `ggatec` to " +"specify the IP address of the server and the device name of the exported " +"device. If successful, this command will display a `ggate` device name to " +"mount. Mount that specified device name on a free mount point. This " +"example connects to the [.filename]#/dev/da0s4d# partition on `192.168.1.1`, " +"then mounts [.filename]#/dev/ggate0# on [.filename]#/mnt#:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1075 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# ggatec create -o rw 192.168.1.1 /dev/da0s4d\n" +"ggate0\n" +"# mount /dev/ggate0 /mnt\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1079 +msgid "" +"The device on the server may now be accessed through [.filename]#/mnt# on " +"the client. For more details about `ggatec` and a few usage examples, refer " +"to man:ggatec[8]." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1084 +msgid "" +"The mount will fail if the device is currently mounted on either the server " +"or any other client on the network. If simultaneous access is needed to " +"network resources, use NFS instead." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1087 +msgid "" +"When the device is no longer needed, unmount it with `umount` so that the " +"resource is available to other clients." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1089 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Labeling Disk Devices" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1095 +msgid "" +"During system initialization, the FreeBSD kernel creates device nodes as " +"devices are found. This method of probing for devices raises some issues. " +"For instance, what if a new disk device is added via USB? It is likely that " +"a flash device may be handed the device name of [.filename]#da0# and the " +"original [.filename]#da0# shifted to [.filename]#da1#. This will cause " +"issues mounting file systems if they are listed in [.filename]#/etc/fstab# " +"which may also prevent the system from booting." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1100 +msgid "" +"One solution is to chain SCSI devices in order so a new device added to the " +"SCSI card will be issued unused device numbers. But what about USB devices " +"which may replace the primary SCSI disk? This happens because USB devices " +"are usually probed before the SCSI card. One solution is to only insert " +"these devices after the system has been booted. Another method is to use " +"only a single ATA drive and never list the SCSI devices in [.filename]#/etc/" +"fstab#." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1104 +msgid "" +"A better solution is to use `glabel` to label the disk devices and use the " +"labels in [.filename]#/etc/fstab#. Since `glabel` stores the label in the " +"last sector of a given provider, the label will remain persistent across " +"reboots. By using this label as a device, the file-system may always be " +"mounted regardless of what device node it is accessed through." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1109 +msgid "" +"`glabel` can create both transient and permanent labels. Only permanent " +"labels are consistent across reboots. Refer to man:glabel[8] for more " +"information on the differences between labels." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title === +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1111 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Label Types and Examples" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1119 +msgid "" +"Permanent labels can be a generic or a file system label. Permanent file " +"system labels can be created with man:tunefs[8] or man:newfs[8]. These " +"types of labels are created in a sub-directory of [.filename]#/dev#, and " +"will be named according to the file system type. For example, UFS2 file " +"system labels will be created in [.filename]#/dev/ufs#. Generic permanent " +"labels can be created with `glabel label`. These are not file system " +"specific and will be created in [.filename]#/dev/label#." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1123 +msgid "" +"Temporary labels are destroyed at the next reboot. These labels are created " +"in [.filename]#/dev/label# and are suited to experimentation. A temporary " +"label can be created using `glabel create`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1125 +msgid "" +"To create a permanent label for a UFS2 file system without destroying any " +"data, issue the following command:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1129 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# tunefs -L home /dev/da3\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1132 +msgid "" +"A label should now exist in [.filename]#/dev/ufs# which may be added to [." +"filename]#/etc/fstab#:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1136 +#, no-wrap +msgid "/dev/ufs/home\t\t/home ufs rw 2 2\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1141 +msgid "The file system must not be mounted while attempting to run `tunefs`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1144 +msgid "Now the file system may be mounted:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1148 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# mount /home\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1151 +msgid "" +"From this point on, so long as the [.filename]#geom_label.ko# kernel module " +"is loaded at boot with [.filename]#/boot/loader.conf# or the `GEOM_LABEL` " +"kernel option is present, the device node may change without any ill effect " +"on the system." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1154 +msgid "" +"File systems may also be created with a default label by using the `-L` flag " +"with `newfs`. Refer to man:newfs[8] for more information." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1156 +msgid "The following command can be used to destroy the label:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1160 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# glabel destroy home\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1163 +msgid "The following example shows how to label the partitions of a boot disk." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Block title +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1164 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Labeling Partitions on the Boot Disk" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1170 +msgid "" +"By permanently labeling the partitions on the boot disk, the system should " +"be able to continue to boot normally, even if the disk is moved to another " +"controller or transferred to a different system. For this example, it is " +"assumed that a single ATA disk is used, which is currently recognized by the " +"system as [.filename]#ad0#. It is also assumed that the standard FreeBSD " +"partition scheme is used, with [.filename]#/#, [.filename]#/var#, [." +"filename]#/usr# and [.filename]#/tmp#, as well as a swap partition." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1173 +msgid "" +"Reboot the system, and at the man:loader[8] prompt, press kbd:[4] to boot " +"into single user mode. Then enter the following commands:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1187 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# glabel label rootfs /dev/ad0s1a\n" +"GEOM_LABEL: Label for provider /dev/ad0s1a is label/rootfs\n" +"# glabel label var /dev/ad0s1d\n" +"GEOM_LABEL: Label for provider /dev/ad0s1d is label/var\n" +"# glabel label usr /dev/ad0s1f\n" +"GEOM_LABEL: Label for provider /dev/ad0s1f is label/usr\n" +"# glabel label tmp /dev/ad0s1e\n" +"GEOM_LABEL: Label for provider /dev/ad0s1e is label/tmp\n" +"# glabel label swap /dev/ad0s1b\n" +"GEOM_LABEL: Label for provider /dev/ad0s1b is label/swap\n" +"# exit\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1192 +msgid "" +"The system will continue with multi-user boot. After the boot completes, " +"edit [.filename]#/etc/fstab# and replace the conventional device names, with " +"their respective labels. The final [.filename]#/etc/fstab# will look like " +"this:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1201 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# Device Mountpoint FStype Options Dump Pass#\n" +"/dev/label/swap none swap sw 0 0\n" +"/dev/label/rootfs / ufs rw 1 1\n" +"/dev/label/tmp /tmp ufs rw 2 2\n" +"/dev/label/usr /usr ufs rw 2 2\n" +"/dev/label/var /var ufs rw 2 2\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1205 +msgid "" +"The system can now be rebooted. If everything went well, it will come up " +"normally and `mount` will show:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1214 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# mount\n" +"/dev/label/rootfs on / (ufs, local)\n" +"devfs on /dev (devfs, local)\n" +"/dev/label/tmp on /tmp (ufs, local, soft-updates)\n" +"/dev/label/usr on /usr (ufs, local, soft-updates)\n" +"/dev/label/var on /var (ufs, local, soft-updates)\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1222 +msgid "" +"The man:glabel[8] class supports a label type for UFS file systems, based on " +"the unique file system id, `ufsid`. These labels may be found in [." +"filename]#/dev/ufsid# and are created automatically during system startup. " +"It is possible to use `ufsid` labels to mount partitions using [.filename]#/" +"etc/fstab#. Use `glabel status` to receive a list of file systems and their " +"corresponding `ufsid` labels:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1229 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"% glabel status\n" +" Name Status Components\n" +"ufsid/486b6fc38d330916 N/A ad4s1d\n" +"ufsid/486b6fc16926168e N/A ad4s1f\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1233 +msgid "" +"In the above example, [.filename]#ad4s1d# represents [.filename]#/var#, " +"while [.filename]#ad4s1f# represents [.filename]#/usr#. Using the `ufsid` " +"values shown, these partitions may now be mounted with the following entries " +"in [.filename]#/etc/fstab#:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1238 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"/dev/ufsid/486b6fc38d330916 /var ufs rw 2 2\n" +"/dev/ufsid/486b6fc16926168e /usr ufs rw 2 2\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1241 +msgid "" +"Any partitions with `ufsid` labels can be mounted in this way, eliminating " +"the need to manually create permanent labels, while still enjoying the " +"benefits of device name independent mounting." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1243 +#, no-wrap +msgid "UFS Journaling Through GEOM" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1249 +msgid "" +"Support for journals on UFS file systems is available on FreeBSD. The " +"implementation is provided through the GEOM subsystem and is configured " +"using `gjournal`. Unlike other file system journaling implementations, the " +"`gjournal` method is block based and not implemented as part of the file " +"system. It is a GEOM extension." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1252 +msgid "" +"Journaling stores a log of file system transactions, such as changes that " +"make up a complete disk write operation, before meta-data and file writes " +"are committed to the disk. This transaction log can later be replayed to " +"redo file system transactions, preventing file system inconsistencies." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1257 +msgid "" +"This method provides another mechanism to protect against data loss and " +"inconsistencies of the file system. Unlike Soft Updates, which tracks and " +"enforces meta-data updates, and snapshots, which create an image of the file " +"system, a log is stored in disk space specifically for this task. For " +"better performance, the journal may be stored on another disk. In this " +"configuration, the journal provider or storage device should be listed after " +"the device to enable journaling on." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1260 +msgid "" +"The [.filename]#GENERIC# kernel provides support for `gjournal`. To " +"automatically load the [.filename]#geom_journal.ko# kernel module at boot " +"time, add the following line to [.filename]#/boot/loader.conf#:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1264 +#, no-wrap +msgid "geom_journal_load=\"YES\"\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1267 +msgid "" +"If a custom kernel is used, ensure the following line is in the kernel " +"configuration file:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1271 +#, no-wrap +msgid "options\tGEOM_JOURNAL\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1275 +msgid "" +"Once the module is loaded, a journal can be created on a new file system " +"using the following steps. In this example, [.filename]#da4# is a new SCSI " +"disk:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1280 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# gjournal load\n" +"# gjournal label /dev/da4\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1283 +msgid "" +"This will load the module and create a [.filename]#/dev/da4.journal# device " +"node on [.filename]#/dev/da4#." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1285 +msgid "" +"A UFS file system may now be created on the journaled device, then mounted " +"on an existing mount point:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1290 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# newfs -O 2 -J /dev/da4.journal\n" +"# mount /dev/da4.journal /mnt\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1296 +msgid "" +"In the case of several slices, a journal will be created for each individual " +"slice. For instance, if [.filename]#ad4s1# and [.filename]#ad4s2# are both " +"slices, then `gjournal` will create [.filename]#ad4s1.journal# and [." +"filename]#ad4s2.journal#." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1302 +msgid "" +"Journaling may also be enabled on current file systems by using `tunefs`. " +"However, _always_ make a backup before attempting to alter an existing file " +"system. In most cases, `gjournal` will fail if it is unable to create the " +"journal, but this does not protect against data loss incurred as a result of " +"misusing `tunefs`. Refer to man:gjournal[8] and man:tunefs[8] for more " +"information about these commands." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/geom/_index.adoc:1304 +msgid "" +"It is possible to journal the boot disk of a FreeBSD system. Refer to the " +"article extref:{gjournal-desktop}[Implementing UFS Journaling on a Desktop " +"PC] for detailed instructions." +msgstr "" |