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diff --git a/en/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml b/en/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml deleted file mode 100644 index 574ee8a3f7..0000000000 --- a/en/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,150 +0,0 @@ - <chapter id="basics"> - <title>Unix Basics</title> - - - <sect1 id="basics-man"> - <title>The Online Manual</title> - - <para>The most comprehensive documentation on FreeBSD is in the form - of <emphasis>man pages</emphasis>. Nearly every program on the - system comes with a short reference manual explaining the basic - operation and various arguments. These manuals can be view with the - <command>man</command> - command. Use of the <command>man</command> command is simple:</para> - - <informalexample> - <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man <replaceable>command</replaceable></userinput> - </screen> - </informalexample> - - <para><replaceable>command</replaceable> is - the name of the command you wish to learn about. For example, to - learn more about <command>ls</command> command type:</para> - <informalexample> - <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man ls</userinput></screen> - </informalexample> - - <para>The online manual is divided up into numbered sections:</para> - - <orderedlist> - - <listitem> - <para>User commands</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para>System calls and error numbers</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para>Functions in the C libraries</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para>Device drivers</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para>File formats</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para>Games and other diversions</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para>Miscellaneous information</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para>System maintenance and operation commands</para> - </listitem> - - </orderedlist> - - <para>In some cases, the same topic may appear in more than - one section of the on-line manual. For example, there is a - <command>chmod</command> - user command and a <function>chmod()</function> system call. In - this case, you can tell the <command>man</command> command which one you want by - specifying the section:</para> - - <informalexample> - <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man 1 chmod</userinput></screen> - </informalexample> - - <para>This will display the manual page for the user - command <command>chmod</command>. References to a - particular section of the on-line manual are traditionally placed in - parenthesis in written documentation, so <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> refers to the - <command>chmod</command> - user command and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> refers to the - system call.</para> - - <para>This is fine if you know the name of the command and simply wish - to know how to use it, but what if you cannot recall the command - name? You can use <command>man</command> to search for keywords in the - command <emphasis>descriptions</emphasis> by using the - <option>-k</option> switch:</para> - - <informalexample> - <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man -k mail</userinput></screen> - </informalexample> - - <para>With this command you will be presented with a - list of commands that have the keyword “mail” in their descriptions. - This is actually functionally equivalent to using the <command>apropos</command> - command.</para> - - <para>So, you are looking at all those fancy commands in - <filename>/usr/bin</filename> but do not even have the faintest idea - what most of them actually do? Simply do a - - <informalexample> - <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/bin; man -f *</userinput></screen> - </informalexample> - - or - - <informalexample> - <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/bin; whatis *</userinput></screen> - </informalexample> which does the same thing.</para> - - </sect1> - - <sect1 id="basics-info"> - <title>GNU Info Files</title> - - <para>FreeBSD includes many applications and utilities produced by the - Free Software Foundation (FSF). In addition to man pages, these - programs come with more extensive hypertext documents called - “info” files which can be viewed with the - <command>info</command> command or, if you installed - <command>emacs</command>, the info mode of <command>emacs</command>.</para> - - <para>To use the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>info</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command, simply type:</para> - - <informalexample> - <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>info</userinput></screen> - </informalexample> - - <para>For a brief introduction, type <userinput>h</userinput>. For a quick - command reference, type <userinput>?</userinput>.</para> - - </sect1> - </chapter> - - -<!-- - Local Variables: - mode: sgml - sgml-declaration: "../chapter.decl" - sgml-indent-data: t - sgml-omittag: nil - sgml-shorttag: nil - sgml-always-quote-attributes: t - sgml-minimize-attributes: max - sgml-parent-document: ("../handbook.sgml" "part" "chapter") - End: ---> - |