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Diffstat (limited to 'en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/new-users/article.xml')
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1 files changed, 90 insertions, 100 deletions
diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/new-users/article.xml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/new-users/article.xml index d298a80c6d..2caedf67e1 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/new-users/article.xml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/new-users/article.xml @@ -1,29 +1,21 @@ <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?> -<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook XML V4.5-Based Extension//EN" - "../../../share/xml/freebsd45.dtd"> - +<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook XML V5.0-Based Extension//EN" + "../../../share/xml/freebsd50.dtd"> <!-- $FreeBSD$ --> <!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project --> - -<article lang='en'> - <articleinfo> - <title>For People New to Both FreeBSD and &unix;</title> +<article xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="5.0" xml:lang="en"> + <info><title>For People New to Both FreeBSD and &unix;</title> + <authorgroup> - <author> - <firstname>Annelise</firstname> - - <surname>Anderson</surname> - - <affiliation> + <author><personname><firstname>Annelise</firstname><surname>Anderson</surname></personname><affiliation> <address><email>andrsn@andrsn.stanford.edu</email></address> - </affiliation> - </author> + </affiliation></author> </authorgroup> - <pubdate>August 15, 1997</pubdate> + <pubdate>1997-08-15</pubdate> - <legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks"> + <legalnotice xml:id="trademarks" role="trademarks"> &tm-attrib.freebsd; &tm-attrib.ibm; &tm-attrib.microsoft; @@ -42,21 +34,21 @@ (you)—and you are probably pretty good with DOS/&windows; or &os2;.</para> </abstract> - </articleinfo> + </info> - <sect1 id="in-and-out"> + <sect1 xml:id="in-and-out"> <title>Logging in and Getting Out</title> - <para>Log in (when you see <prompt >login:</prompt>) as a user you - created during installation or as <username>root</username>. + <para>Log in (when you see <prompt>login:</prompt>) as a user you + created during installation or as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>. (Your FreeBSD installation will already have an account for - <username>root</username>; who can go anywhere and do anything, including deleting + <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>; who can go anywhere and do anything, including deleting essential files, so be careful!) The symbols &prompt.user; and &prompt.root; in the following stand for the prompt (yours may be different), with &prompt.user; indicating an ordinary user - and &prompt.root; indicating <username>root</username>.</para> + and &prompt.root; indicating <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>.</para> - <para>To log out (and get a new <prompt >login:</prompt> prompt) + <para>To log out (and get a new <prompt>login:</prompt> prompt) type</para> <informalexample> @@ -94,11 +86,11 @@ do not want to have to reinstall this thing, do you?</para> </sect1> - <sect1 id="adding-a-user"> + <sect1 xml:id="adding-a-user"> <title>Adding A User with Root Privileges</title> <para>If you did not create any users when you installed the system - and are thus logged in as <username>root</username>, you should probably create a + and are thus logged in as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, you should probably create a user now with</para> <informalexample> @@ -112,39 +104,39 @@ enter to accept each default. These defaults are saved in <filename>/etc/adduser.conf</filename>, an editable file.</para> - <para>Suppose you create a user <username>jack</username> with - full name <emphasis>Jack Benimble</emphasis>. Give <username>jack</username> a + <para>Suppose you create a user <systemitem class="username">jack</systemitem> with + full name <emphasis>Jack Benimble</emphasis>. Give <systemitem class="username">jack</systemitem> a password if security (even kids around who might pound on the keyboard) is an issue. When it asks you if you want to invite - <username>jack</username> into other groups, type <groupname>wheel</groupname></para> + <systemitem class="username">jack</systemitem> into other groups, type <systemitem class="groupname">wheel</systemitem></para> <informalexample> <screen>Login group is ``jack''. Invite jack into other groups: <userinput>wheel</userinput></screen> </informalexample> <para>This will make it possible to log in as - <username>jack</username> and use the &man.su.1; - command to become <username>root</username>. Then you will not get scolded any more for - logging in as <username>root</username>.</para> + <systemitem class="username">jack</systemitem> and use the &man.su.1; + command to become <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>. Then you will not get scolded any more for + logging in as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>.</para> <para>You can quit <command>adduser</command> any time by typing <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>C</keycap></keycombo>, and at the end you will have a chance to approve your new user or simply type <keycap>n</keycap> for no. You might want to create - a second new user so that when you edit <username>jack</username>'s login + a second new user so that when you edit <systemitem class="username">jack</systemitem>'s login files, you will have a hot spare in case something goes wrong.</para> <para>Once you have done this, use <command>exit</command> to get - back to a login prompt and log in as <username>jack</username>. + back to a login prompt and log in as <systemitem class="username">jack</systemitem>. In general, it is a good idea to do as much work as possible as an ordinary user who does not have the power—and - risk—of <username>root</username>.</para> + risk—of <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>.</para> <para>If you already created a user and you want the user to be - able to <command>su</command> to <username>root</username>, you can log in as <username>root</username> - and edit the file <filename>/etc/group</filename>, adding <username>jack</username> - to the first line (the group <groupname>wheel</groupname>). But + able to <command>su</command> to <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, you can log in as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> + and edit the file <filename>/etc/group</filename>, adding <systemitem class="username">jack</systemitem> + to the first line (the group <systemitem class="groupname">wheel</systemitem>). But first you need to practice &man.vi.1;, the text editor—or use the simpler text editor, &man.ee.1;, installed on recent versions of FreeBSD.</para> @@ -153,7 +145,7 @@ command.</para> </sect1> - <sect1 id="looking-around"> + <sect1 xml:id="looking-around"> <title>Looking Around</title> <para>Logged in as an ordinary user, look around and try out some @@ -189,7 +181,7 @@ </varlistentry> <varlistentry> - <term><command>ls <option>-F</option></command></term> + <term><command>ls -F</command></term> <listitem> <para>Lists the files in the current directory with a @@ -200,7 +192,7 @@ </varlistentry> <varlistentry> - <term><command>ls <option>-l</option></command></term> + <term><command>ls -l</command></term> <listitem> <para>Lists the files in long format—size, date, @@ -209,11 +201,11 @@ </varlistentry> <varlistentry> - <term><command>ls <option>-a</option></command></term> + <term><command>ls -a</command></term> <listitem> <para>Lists hidden <quote>dot</quote> files with the others. - If you are <username>root</username>, the <quote>dot</quote> files show up + If you are <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, the <quote>dot</quote> files show up without the <option>-a</option> switch.</para> </listitem> </varlistentry> @@ -223,13 +215,13 @@ <listitem> <para>Changes directories. <command>cd - <parameter>..</parameter></command> backs up one level; + ..</command> backs up one level; note the space after <command>cd</command>. <command>cd - <parameter>/usr/local</parameter></command> goes there. - <command>cd <parameter>~</parameter></command> goes to the + /usr/local</command> goes there. + <command>cd ~</command> goes to the home directory of the person logged in—e.g., <filename>/usr/home/jack</filename>. Try <command>cd - <parameter>/cdrom</parameter></command>, and then + /cdrom</command>, and then <command>ls</command>, to find out if your CDROM is mounted and working.</para> </listitem> @@ -237,20 +229,20 @@ <varlistentry> <term><command>view - <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command></term> + filename</command></term> <listitem> <para>Lets you look at a file (named <replaceable>filename</replaceable>) without changing it. Try <command>view - <parameter>/etc/fstab</parameter></command>. + /etc/fstab</command>. Type <command>:q</command> to quit.</para> </listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><command>cat - <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command></term> + filename</command></term> <listitem> <para>Displays <replaceable>filename</replaceable> on @@ -261,9 +253,9 @@ <keycap>ScrollLock</keycap> again to quit scrolling. You might want to try <command>cat</command> on some of the dot files in your home directory—<command>cat - <parameter>.cshrc</parameter></command>, <command>cat - <parameter>.login</parameter></command>, <command>cat - <parameter>.profile</parameter></command>.</para> + .cshrc</command>, <command>cat + .login</command>, <command>cat + .profile</command>.</para> </listitem> </varlistentry> </variablelist> @@ -277,7 +269,7 @@ <filename>/etc/csh.cshrc</filename>.</para> </sect1> - <sect1 id="getting-help"> + <sect1 xml:id="getting-help"> <title>Getting Help and Information</title> <para>Here are some useful sources of help. @@ -288,7 +280,7 @@ <variablelist> <varlistentry> <term><command>apropos - <replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term> + text</command></term> <listitem> <para>Everything containing string @@ -299,12 +291,12 @@ <varlistentry> <term><command>man - <replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term> + text</command></term> <listitem> <para>The manual page for <replaceable>text</replaceable>. The major source of documentation for &unix; systems. - <command>man <parameter>ls</parameter></command> will tell + <command>man ls</command> will tell you all the ways to use the <command>ls</command> command. Press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to move through text, <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>B</keycap></keycombo> @@ -318,7 +310,7 @@ <varlistentry> <term><command>which - <replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term> + text</command></term> <listitem> <para>Tells you where in the user's path the command @@ -328,7 +320,7 @@ <varlistentry> <term><command>locate - <replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term> + text</command></term> <listitem> <para>All the paths where the string @@ -338,7 +330,7 @@ <varlistentry> <term><command>whatis - <replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term> + text</command></term> <listitem> <para>Tells you what the command @@ -350,7 +342,7 @@ <varlistentry> <term><command>whereis - <replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term> + text</command></term> <listitem> <para>Finds the file <replaceable>text</replaceable>, giving @@ -368,7 +360,7 @@ <command>script</command>. <command>more</command> lets you read a page at a time as it does in DOS, e.g., <command>ls -l | more</command> or <command>more - <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command>. The + filename</command>. The <literal>*</literal> works as a wildcard—e.g., <command>ls w*</command> will show you files beginning with <literal>w</literal>.</para> @@ -378,7 +370,7 @@ on a database that is rebuilt weekly. If your machine is not going to be left on over the weekend (and running FreeBSD), you might want to run the commands for daily, weekly, and monthly - maintenance now and then. Run them as <username>root</username> and, for now, give each one + maintenance now and then. Run them as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> and, for now, give each one time to finish before you start the next one.</para> <informalexample> @@ -404,7 +396,7 @@ <para>Running such commands is part of system administration—and as a single user of a &unix; system, you are your own system administrator. Virtually everything you - need to be <username>root</username> to do is system administration. Such + need to be <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to do is system administration. Such responsibilities are not covered very well even in those big fat books on &unix;, which seem to devote a lot of space to pulling down menus in windows managers. You might want to get one of @@ -417,12 +409,12 @@ ISBN 0-596-00343-9). I used Nemeth.</para> </sect1> - <sect1 id="editing-text"> + <sect1 xml:id="editing-text"> <title>Editing Text</title> <para>To configure your system, you need to edit text files. Most of them will be in the <filename>/etc</filename> directory; and - you will need to <command>su</command> to <username>root</username> to be able to + you will need to <command>su</command> to <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to be able to change them. You can use the easy <command>ee</command>, but in the long run the text editor <command>vi</command> is worth learning. There is an excellent tutorial on vi in @@ -465,7 +457,7 @@ <para>To edit a file, type</para> <informalexample> - <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>vi <replaceable>filename</replaceable></userinput></screen> + <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>vi filename</userinput></screen> </informalexample> <para>Move through the text with the arrow keys. @@ -538,11 +530,11 @@ </varlistentry> <varlistentry> - <term><command>/<replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term> + <term><command>/text</command></term> <listitem> <para>to move the cursor to <replaceable>text</replaceable>; - <command>/<keycap>Enter</keycap></command> (the enter key) + <command>/Enter</command> (the enter key) to find the next instance of <replaceable>text</replaceable>.</para> </listitem> @@ -557,7 +549,7 @@ </varlistentry> <varlistentry> - <term><command><replaceable>n</replaceable>G</command></term> + <term><command>nG</command></term> <listitem> <para>to go to line <replaceable>n</replaceable> in the @@ -587,7 +579,7 @@ <para>Practice with <command>vi</command> in your home directory by creating a new file with <command>vi - <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command> and adding and + filename</command> and adding and deleting text, saving the file, and calling it up again. <command>vi</command> delivers some surprises because it is really quite complex, and sometimes you will inadvertently issue a @@ -601,9 +593,9 @@ <command>:w</command>) when you need to.</para> <para>Now you can <command>cd</command> to - <filename>/etc</filename>, <command>su</command> to <username>root</username>, use + <filename>/etc</filename>, <command>su</command> to <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, use <command>vi</command> to edit the file - <filename>/etc/group</filename>, and add a user to <groupname>wheel</groupname> so the + <filename>/etc/group</filename>, and add a user to <systemitem class="groupname">wheel</systemitem> so the user has root privileges. Just add a comma and the user's login name to the end of the first line in the file, press <keycap>Esc</keycap>, and use <command>:wq</command> to write @@ -611,7 +603,7 @@ put a space after the comma, did you?)</para> </sect1> - <sect1 id="printing-files-from-dos"> + <sect1 xml:id="printing-files-from-dos"> <title>Printing Files from DOS</title> <para>At this point you probably do not have the printer working, @@ -628,7 +620,7 @@ <para>will remove formatting codes and send the manual page to the <filename>chmod.txt</filename> file instead of showing it on your screen. Now put a dos-formatted diskette in your floppy - drive <devicename>a</devicename>, <command>su</command> to <username>root</username>, and type</para> + drive <filename>a</filename>, <command>su</command> to <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, and type</para> <informalexample> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/sbin/mount -t msdosfs /dev/fd0 /mnt</userinput></screen> @@ -637,7 +629,7 @@ <para>to mount the floppy drive on <filename>/mnt</filename>.</para> - <para>Now (you no longer need to be <username>root</username>, and you can type + <para>Now (you no longer need to be <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, and you can type <command>exit</command> to get back to being user jack) you can go to the directory where you created <filename>chmod.txt</filename> and copy the file to the floppy @@ -666,7 +658,7 @@ what do I do?</quote>—people will want to know what <command>dmesg</command> has to say.</para> - <para>You can now unmount the floppy drive (as <username>root</username>) to get the + <para>You can now unmount the floppy drive (as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>) to get the disk out with</para> <informalexample> @@ -688,18 +680,17 @@ <filename>/var/spool/output</filename>. If your printer is on <hardware>lpt0</hardware> (what DOS calls <hardware>LPT1</hardware>), you may only need to go to - <filename>/var/spool/output</filename> and (as <username>root</username>) create the + <filename>/var/spool/output</filename> and (as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>) create the directory <filename>lpd</filename> by typing: <command>mkdir lpd</command>, if it does not already exist. Then the printer should respond if it is turned on when the system is booted, and <command>lp</command> or <command>lpr</command> should send a file to the printer. Whether or not the file actually prints - depends on configuring it, which is covered in the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/index.html">FreeBSD - handbook.</ulink></para> + depends on configuring it, which is covered in the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/index.html">FreeBSD + handbook.</link></para> </sect1> - <sect1 id="other-useful-commands"> + <sect1 xml:id="other-useful-commands"> <title>Other Useful Commands</title> <variablelist> @@ -721,7 +712,7 @@ </varlistentry> <varlistentry> - <term><command>rm <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command></term> + <term><command>rm filename</command></term> <listitem> <para>remove <replaceable>filename</replaceable>.</para> @@ -729,7 +720,7 @@ </varlistentry> <varlistentry> - <term><command>rm -R <replaceable>dir</replaceable></command></term> + <term><command>rm -R dir</command></term> <listitem> <para>removes a directory <replaceable>dir</replaceable> and all @@ -754,7 +745,7 @@ <term><command>passwd</command></term> <listitem> - <para>to change user's password (or <username>root</username>'s password)</para> + <para>to change user's password (or <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>'s password)</para> </listitem> </varlistentry> @@ -772,7 +763,7 @@ with</para> <informalexample> - <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>find /usr -name "<replaceable>filename</replaceable>"</userinput></screen> + <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>find /usr -name "filename"</userinput></screen> </informalexample> <para>You can use <literal>*</literal> as a wildcard in @@ -789,18 +780,17 @@ There is also a lot of &unix; information on the Internet.</para> </sect1> - <sect1 id="next-steps"> + <sect1 xml:id="next-steps"> <title>Next Steps</title> <para>You should now have the tools you need to get around and edit files, so you can get everything up and running. There is a great deal of information in the FreeBSD handbook (which is - probably on your hard drive) and <ulink - url="&url.base;/index.html">FreeBSD's web site</ulink>. A + probably on your hard drive) and <link xlink:href="&url.base;/index.html">FreeBSD's web site</link>. A wide variety of packages and ports are on the CDROM as well as the web site. The handbook tells you more about how to use them (get the package if it exists, with <command>pkg_add - /cdrom/packages/All/<replaceable>packagename</replaceable></command>, + /cdrom/packages/All/packagename</command>, where <replaceable>packagename</replaceable> is the filename of the package). The CDROM has lists of the packages and ports with brief descriptions in @@ -880,7 +870,7 @@ space after the slash.)</para> </sect1> - <sect1 id="your-working-environment"> + <sect1 xml:id="your-working-environment"> <title>Your Working Environment</title> <para>Your shell is the most important part of your working @@ -920,7 +910,7 @@ </step> <step> - <para>As <username>root</username>, edit <filename>/etc/shells</filename>, adding a + <para>As <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, edit <filename>/etc/shells</filename>, adding a line in the file for the new shell, in this case <filename>/usr/local/bin/tcsh</filename>, and save the file. (Some ports may do this for you.)</para> @@ -935,13 +925,13 @@ </procedure> <note> - <para>It can be dangerous to change <username>root</username>'s shell to something + <para>It can be dangerous to change <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>'s shell to something other than <command>sh</command> or <command>csh</command> on early versions of FreeBSD and many other versions of &unix;; you may not have a working shell when the system puts you into single user mode. The solution is to use <command>su - -m</command> to become <username>root</username>, which will give you the - <command>tcsh</command> as <username>root</username>, because the shell is part of + -m</command> to become <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, which will give you the + <command>tcsh</command> as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, because the shell is part of the environment. You can make this permanent by adding it to your <filename>.tcshrc</filename> file as an alias with:</para> <programlisting>alias su su -m</programlisting> @@ -962,8 +952,8 @@ for <command>tcsh</command>, but here is a line to put in your <filename>.tcshrc</filename> that will tell you how many commands you have typed, what time it is, and what directory you - are in. It also produces a <literal>></literal> if you are an - ordinary user and a <literal>#</literal> if you are <username>root</username>, but + are in. It also produces a <literal>></literal> if you are an + ordinary user and a <literal>#</literal> if you are <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, but tsch will do that in any case:</para> <para>set prompt = "%h %t %~ %# "</para> @@ -984,10 +974,10 @@ vt100</command>.</para> </sect1> - <sect1 id="other"> + <sect1 xml:id="other"> <title>Other</title> - <para>As <username>root</username>, you can unmount the CDROM with + <para>As <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, you can unmount the CDROM with <command>/sbin/umount /cdrom</command>, take it out of the drive, insert another one, and mount it with <command>/sbin/mount_cd9660 /dev/cd0a /cdrom</command> assuming @@ -1007,7 +997,7 @@ <command>man lndir</command>.</para> </sect1> - <sect1 id="comments-welcome"> + <sect1 xml:id="comments-welcome"> <title>Comments Welcome</title> <para>If you use this guide I would be interested in knowing where it |