diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.xml')
| -rw-r--r-- | en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.xml | 1587 |
1 files changed, 692 insertions, 895 deletions
diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.xml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.xml index 886c6b2f43..49a32f3954 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.xml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.xml @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?> -<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook XML V4.5-Based Extension//EN" - "../../../share/xml/freebsd45.dtd" [ +<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook XML V5.0-Based Extension//EN" + "../../../share/xml/freebsd50.dtd" [ <!ENTITY bibliography SYSTEM "../../../share/xml/bibliography.xml"> <!ENTITY rel.numbranch "3"> <!-- number of branches that follow in this list --> <!ENTITY rel.head "<emphasis xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>10-CURRENT</emphasis>"> @@ -18,13 +18,12 @@ <!ENTITY rel2.relengdate "August 2009"> <!ENTITY rel2.packages "packages-8-stable"> ]> - -<book lang='en'> - <bookinfo> - <title>Frequently Asked Questions for &os; +<book xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="5.0" xml:lang="en"> + <info><title>Frequently Asked Questions for &os; &rel2.relx;, and &rel.relx;</title> + - <corpauthor>The &os; Documentation Project</corpauthor> + <author><orgname>The &os; Documentation Project</orgname></author> <copyright> <year>1995</year> @@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ &legalnotice; - <legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks"> + <legalnotice xml:id="trademarks" role="trademarks"> &tm-attrib.freebsd; &tm-attrib.adobe; &tm-attrib.ibm; @@ -76,30 +75,26 @@ &a.doc;.</para> <para>The latest version of - this document is always available from the <ulink - url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/index.html">&os; website</ulink>. - It may also be downloaded as one large <ulink - url="book.html">HTML</ulink> file with HTTP or as a variety - of other formats from the <ulink - url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/">&os; FTP - server</ulink>.</para> + this document is always available from the <link xlink:href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/index.html">&os; website</link>. + It may also be downloaded as one large <link xlink:href="book.html">HTML</link> file with HTTP or as a variety + of other formats from the <link xlink:href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/">&os; FTP + server</link>.</para> </abstract> - </bookinfo> + </info> - <chapter id="introduction"> + <chapter xml:id="introduction"> <title>Introduction</title> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="what-is-FreeBSD"> + <question xml:id="what-is-FreeBSD"> <para>What is &os;?</para> </question> <answer> <para>&os; is a modern operating system for desktops, laptops, servers, and embedded systems with - support for a large number of <ulink - url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/platforms/">platforms</ulink>.</para> + support for a large number of <link xlink:href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/platforms/">platforms</link>.</para> <para>It is based on U.C. Berkeley's <quote>4.4BSD-Lite</quote> release, with some @@ -115,13 +110,12 @@ recreation.</para> <para>For more detailed information on &os;, please see the - <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/index.html">&os; Handbook</ulink>.</para> + <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/index.html">&os; Handbook</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="FreeBSD-goals"> + <question xml:id="FreeBSD-goals"> <para>What is the goal of the &os; Project?</para> </question> @@ -135,15 +129,14 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="bsd-license-restrictions"> + <question xml:id="bsd-license-restrictions"> <para>Does the &os; license have any restrictions?</para> </question> <answer> <para>Yes. Those restrictions do not control how you use the code, merely how you treat the &os; Project itself. If you - have serious license concerns, read the actual <ulink - url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/copyright/freebsd-license.html">license</ulink>. + have serious license concerns, read the actual <link xlink:href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/copyright/freebsd-license.html">license</link>. For the simply curious, the license can be summarized like this.</para> @@ -176,23 +169,20 @@ support.</para> <para>Code in our source tree which falls under the - <ulink - url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/copyright/COPYING">GNU General Public License (GPL)</ulink> - or <ulink - url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/copyright/COPYING.LIB">GNU Library General Public License (LGPL)</ulink> + <link xlink:href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/copyright/COPYING">GNU General Public License (GPL)</link> + or <link xlink:href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/copyright/COPYING.LIB">GNU Library General Public License (LGPL)</link> comes with slightly more strings attached, though at least on the side of enforced access rather than the usual opposite. Due to the additional complexities that can evolve in the commercial use of GPL software, we do, however, endeavor to replace such software with submissions - under the more relaxed <ulink - url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/copyright/freebsd-license.html">&os; license</ulink> + under the more relaxed <link xlink:href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/copyright/freebsd-license.html">&os; license</link> whenever possible.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="replace-current-OS"> + <question xml:id="replace-current-OS"> <para>Can &os; replace my current operating system?</para> </question> @@ -208,8 +198,7 @@ readers, graphics programs, programming environments, network servers, and just about everything else you might want. Most of these applications can be managed through the - <ulink - url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/">Ports Collection</ulink>.</para> + <link xlink:href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/">Ports Collection</link>.</para> <para>If you need to use an application that is only available on one operating system, you simply cannot replace that @@ -226,19 +215,17 @@ environment, you already know most of what you need to. If your background is in graphic-driven operating systems such as &windows; and &macos;, you may be interested in using - <ulink - url="http://www.pcbsd.org/">PC-BSD</ulink>, a &os; based + <link xlink:href="http://www.pcbsd.org/">PC-BSD</link>, a &os; based distribution, instead. If you have not used &unix; before expect to invest additional time learning the &unix; way of doing things. - This FAQ and the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/index.html">&os; Handbook</ulink> + This FAQ and the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/index.html">&os; Handbook</link> are excellent places to start.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="why-called-FreeBSD"> + <question xml:id="why-called-FreeBSD"> <para>Why is it called &os;?</para> </question> @@ -274,7 +261,7 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="differences-to-other-bsds"> + <question xml:id="differences-to-other-bsds"> <para>What are the differences between &os; and NetBSD, OpenBSD, and other open source BSD operating systems?</para> </question> @@ -282,8 +269,7 @@ <answer> <para>James Howard wrote a good explanation of the history and differences between the various projects, - called <ulink - url="http://www.freebsdworld.gr/freebsd/bsd-family-tree.html">The BSD Family Tree</ulink> + called <link xlink:href="http://www.freebsdworld.gr/freebsd/bsd-family-tree.html">The BSD Family Tree</link> which goes a fair way to answering this question. Some of the information is out of date, but the history portion in particular remains accurate.</para> @@ -319,7 +305,7 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="latest-version"> + <question xml:id="latest-version"> <para>What is the latest version of &os;?</para> </question> @@ -341,12 +327,10 @@ <quote>legacy</quote> branch and most current work will only become a part of &rel.stable; and &rel2.stable;.--></para> - <para>Version <ulink - url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/i386/&rel.current;-RELEASE/">&rel.current;</ulink> + <para>Version <link xlink:href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/i386/&rel.current;-RELEASE/">&rel.current;</link> is the latest release from the &rel.stable; branch; it was released in &rel.current.date;. Version - <ulink - url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/&rel2.current;-RELEASE/">&rel2.current;</ulink> + <link xlink:href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/&rel2.current;-RELEASE/">&rel2.current;</link> is the latest release from the &rel2.stable; branch; it was released in &rel2.current.date;.</para> @@ -360,37 +344,30 @@ volatility (relative to <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis>, that is).</para> - <para>Releases are made <link - linkend="release-freq">every few months</link>. While + <para>Releases are made <link linkend="release-freq">every few months</link>. While many people stay more up-to-date with the &os; sources (see - the questions on <link - linkend="current">&os.current;</link> and <link - linkend="stable">&os.stable;</link>) than that, doing so + the questions on <link linkend="current">&os.current;</link> and <link linkend="stable">&os.stable;</link>) than that, doing so is more of a commitment, as the sources are a moving target.</para> <para>More information on &os; releases can be found on the - <ulink - url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/releng/index.html#release-build">Release Engineering page</ulink> + <link xlink:href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/releng/index.html#release-build">Release Engineering page</link> and in &man.release.7;.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="current"> + <question xml:id="current"> <para>What is <emphasis>&os;-CURRENT</emphasis>?</para> </question> <answer> - <para><ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/current-stable.html#current">&os.current;</ulink> + <para><link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/current-stable.html#current">&os.current;</link> is the development version of the operating system, which will in due course become the new &os.stable; branch. As such, it is really only of interest to developers working on - the system and die-hard hobbyists. See the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/current-stable.html#current">relevant section</ulink> - in the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/index.html">Handbook</ulink> for + the system and die-hard hobbyists. See the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/current-stable.html#current">relevant section</link> + in the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/index.html">Handbook</link> for details on running <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis>.</para> <para>If you are not familiar with &os; @@ -400,8 +377,7 @@ People that use &os.current; are expected to be able to analyze, debug, and report problems.</para> - <para>&os; <ulink - url="&url.base;/snapshots/">snapshot</ulink> + <para>&os; <link xlink:href="&url.base;/snapshots/">snapshot</link> releases are made based on the current state of the <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> and <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis> branches. The goals behind @@ -442,8 +418,7 @@ to stick to full releases, or use the <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis> snapshots.</para> - <para>Snapshot releases are directly available from <ulink - url="&url.base;/snapshots/">snapshot</ulink>.</para> + <para>Snapshot releases are directly available from <link xlink:href="&url.base;/snapshots/">snapshot</link>.</para> <para>Official snapshots are generated on a regular basis for all actively developed branches.</para> @@ -451,17 +426,15 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="stable"> + <question xml:id="stable"> <para>What is the <emphasis>&os;-STABLE</emphasis> concept?</para> </question> <answer> <para>Back when &os; 2.0.5 was released, &os; development - branched in two. One branch was named <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/current-stable.html#stable">-STABLE</ulink>, - one <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/current-stable.html#current">-CURRENT</ulink>. + branched in two. One branch was named <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/current-stable.html#stable">-STABLE</link>, + one <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/current-stable.html#current">-CURRENT</link>. <emphasis>&os;-STABLE</emphasis> is intended for Internet Service Providers and other commercial enterprises for whom sudden shifts or experimental features are quite @@ -470,11 +443,9 @@ <emphasis>&os;-CURRENT</emphasis>, on the other hand, has been one unbroken line since 2.0 was released, leading towards &rel.current;-RELEASE and beyond. For more detailed - information on branches see <quote><ulink - url="&url.articles.releng;/release-proc.html#rel-branch">&os; Release Engineering: Creating the Release Branch</ulink></quote>, + information on branches see <quote><link xlink:href="&url.articles.releng;/release-proc.html#rel-branch">&os; Release Engineering: Creating the Release Branch</link></quote>, the status of the branches and the upcoming release schedule - can be found on the <ulink - url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/releng">Release Engineering Information</ulink> page.</para> + can be found on the <link xlink:href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/releng">Release Engineering Information</link> page.</para> <para>&rel.current;-STABLE is the actively developed <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis> branch. The latest release on @@ -483,14 +454,13 @@ <para>The &rel.head; branch is the actively developed <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> branch toward the next - generation of &os;. See <link - linkend="current">What is &os;-CURRENT?</link> for more + generation of &os;. See <link linkend="current">What is &os;-CURRENT?</link> for more information on this branch.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="release-freq"> + <question xml:id="release-freq"> <para>When are &os; releases made?</para> </question> @@ -509,8 +479,7 @@ <para>More information on the release engineering process (including a schedule of upcoming releases) can be found on - the <ulink - url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/releng/index.html">release engineering</ulink> + the <link xlink:href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/releng/index.html">release engineering</link> pages on the &os; Web site.</para> <para>For people who need or want a little more excitement, @@ -519,18 +488,16 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="responsible"> + <question xml:id="responsible"> <para>Who is responsible for &os;?</para> </question> <answer> <para>The key decisions concerning the &os; project, such as the overall direction of the project and who is allowed to - add code to the source tree, are made by a <ulink - url="&url.base;/administration.html#t-core">core team</ulink> of + add code to the source tree, are made by a <link xlink:href="&url.base;/administration.html#t-core">core team</link> of 9 people. There is a much larger team of more than 350 - <ulink - url="&url.articles.contributors;/article.html#staff-committers">committers</ulink> + <link xlink:href="&url.articles.contributors;/article.html#staff-committers">committers</link> who are authorized to make changes directly to the &os; source tree.</para> @@ -542,92 +509,80 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="where-get"> + <question xml:id="where-get"> <para>Where can I get &os;?</para> </question> <answer> <para>Every significant release of &os; is available via - anonymous FTP from the <ulink - url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/"> &os; FTP site</ulink>:</para> + anonymous FTP from the <link xlink:href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/"> &os; FTP site</link>:</para> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <para>The latest &rel.stable; release, &rel.current;-RELEASE - can be found in the <ulink - url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/i386/&rel.current;-RELEASE/">&rel.current;-RELEASE directory</ulink>.</para> + can be found in the <link xlink:href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/i386/&rel.current;-RELEASE/">&rel.current;-RELEASE directory</link>.</para> </listitem> <listitem> - <para><ulink url="&url.base;/snapshots/"> Snapshot</ulink> - releases are made monthly for the <link - linkend="current">-CURRENT</link> and <link - linkend="stable">-STABLE</link> branch, these being of + <para><link xlink:href="&url.base;/snapshots/"> Snapshot</link> + releases are made monthly for the <link linkend="current">-CURRENT</link> and <link linkend="stable">-STABLE</link> branch, these being of service purely to bleeding-edge testers and developers.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>The latest &rel2.stable; release, &rel2.current;-RELEASE - can be found in the <ulink - url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/&rel2.current;-RELEASE/">&rel2.current;-RELEASE directory</ulink>.</para> + can be found in the <link xlink:href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/&rel2.current;-RELEASE/">&rel2.current;-RELEASE directory</link>.</para> </listitem> </itemizedlist> <para>Information about obtaining &os; on CD, DVD, and other - media can be found in <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/mirrors.html">the Handbook</ulink>.</para> + media can be found in <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/mirrors.html">the Handbook</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="access-pr"> + <question xml:id="access-pr"> <para>How do I access the Problem Report database?</para> </question> <answer> <para>The Problem Report database of all user change requests - may be queried by using our web-based PR <ulink - url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/query-pr.cgi?query">query</ulink> + may be queried by using our web-based PR <link xlink:href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/query-pr.cgi?query">query</link> interface.</para> <para>The &man.send-pr.1; command can be used to submit problem reports and change requests via electronic mail. - Alternatively, the <ulink - url="http://www.freebsd.org/send-pr.html">web-based problem report submission interface</ulink> + Alternatively, the <link xlink:href="http://www.freebsd.org/send-pr.html">web-based problem report submission interface</link> can be used to submit problem reports through a web browser.</para> - <para>Before submitting a problem report, please read <ulink - url="&url.articles.problem-reports;/article.html">Writing &os; Problem Reports</ulink>, + <para>Before submitting a problem report, please read <link xlink:href="&url.articles.problem-reports;/article.html">Writing &os; Problem Reports</link>, an article on how to write good problem reports.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> </qandaset> </chapter> - <chapter id="support"> + <chapter xml:id="support"> <title>Documentation and Support</title> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="books"> + <question xml:id="books"> <para>What good books are there about &os;?</para> </question> <answer> <para>The project produces a wide range of documentation, - available online from this link: <ulink - url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/docs.html"></ulink>. In addition, <link - linkend="bibliography">the Bibliography</link> at the end of this - FAQ, and <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/bibliography.html">the one in the Handbook</ulink> + available online from this link: <uri xlink:href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/docs.html">http://www.FreeBSD.org/docs.html</uri>. In addition, <link linkend="bibliography">the Bibliography</link> at the end of this + FAQ, and <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/bibliography.html">the one in the Handbook</link> reference other recommended books.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="doc-formats"> + <question xml:id="doc-formats"> <para>Is the documentation available in other formats, such as plain text (ASCII), or &postscript;?</para> </question> @@ -635,8 +590,7 @@ <answer> <para>Yes. The documentation is available in a number of different formats and compression schemes on the &os; FTP - site, in the <ulink - url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/">/pub/FreeBSD/doc/</ulink> + site, in the <link xlink:href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/">/pub/FreeBSD/doc/</link> directory.</para> <para>The documentation is categorized in a number of @@ -651,7 +605,7 @@ <listitem> <para>The document's language and encoding. These are based on the locale names you will find under - <filename class="directory">/usr/share/locale</filename> on your &os; + <filename>/usr/share/locale</filename> on your &os; system. The current languages and encodings that we have for documentation are as follows:</para> @@ -862,10 +816,8 @@ <note> <para>Page numbers are not automatically updated when - loading Rich Text Format into Word. Press <keycombo - action="simul"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>A</keycap></keycombo>, - <keycombo - action="simul"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>End</keycap></keycombo>, + loading Rich Text Format into Word. Press <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>A</keycap></keycombo>, + <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>End</keycap></keycombo>, <keycap>F9</keycap> after loading the document, to update the page numbers.</para> </note> @@ -886,7 +838,7 @@ <listitem> <para>All the other formats generate one file, called - <filename><replaceable>type</replaceable>.<replaceable>format</replaceable></filename> + <filename>type.format</filename> (i.e., <filename>article.pdf</filename>, <filename>book.html</filename>, and so on).</para> @@ -899,7 +851,7 @@ <para>So the &postscript; version of the Handbook, compressed using <literal>bzip2</literal> will be stored in a file called <filename>book.ps.bz2</filename> in the - <filename class="directory">handbook/</filename> directory.</para> + <filename>handbook/</filename> directory.</para> </listitem> </orderedlist> </listitem> @@ -932,21 +884,19 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="mailing"> + <question xml:id="mailing"> <para>Where do I find info on the &os; mailing lists? What &os; news groups are available?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>You can find full information in the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/eresources.html#eresources-mail">Handbook entry on mailing-lists</ulink> - and the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/eresources-news.html">Handbook entry on newsgroups</ulink>.</para> + <para>You can find full information in the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/eresources.html#eresources-mail">Handbook entry on mailing-lists</link> + and the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/eresources-news.html">Handbook entry on newsgroups</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="irc"> + <question xml:id="irc"> <para>Are there &os; IRC (Internet Relay Chat) channels?</para> </question> @@ -957,16 +907,14 @@ <itemizedlist> <listitem> - <para>Channel <literal>#FreeBSDhelp</literal> on <ulink - url="http://www.efnet.org/index.php">EFNet</ulink> is + <para>Channel <literal>#FreeBSDhelp</literal> on <link xlink:href="http://www.efnet.org/index.php">EFNet</link> is a channel dedicated to helping &os; users. They are much more sympathetic to questions than <literal>#FreeBSD</literal> is.</para> </listitem> <listitem> - <para>Channel <literal>#FreeBSD</literal> on <ulink - url="http://freenode.net/">Freenode</ulink> is a + <para>Channel <literal>#FreeBSD</literal> on <link xlink:href="http://freenode.net/">Freenode</link> is a general help channel with many users at any time. The conversations have been known to run off-topic for a while, but priority is given to users with &os; @@ -978,45 +926,41 @@ If you would like to speak in your native language, try to ask the question in English and then relocate to another channel - <literal>##freebsd-<replaceable>lang</replaceable></literal> + <literal>##freebsd-lang</literal> as appropriate.</para> </listitem> <listitem> - <para>Channel <literal>#FreeBSD</literal> on <ulink - url="http://www.dal.net/">DALNET</ulink> is available at - <hostid>irc.dal.net</hostid> in the US and - <hostid>irc.eu.dal.net</hostid> in Europe.</para> + <para>Channel <literal>#FreeBSD</literal> on <link xlink:href="http://www.dal.net/">DALNET</link> is available at + <systemitem>irc.dal.net</systemitem> in the US and + <systemitem>irc.eu.dal.net</systemitem> in Europe.</para> </listitem> <listitem> - <para>Channel <literal>#FreeBSD</literal> on <ulink - url="http://www.undernet.org/">UNDERNET</ulink> is - available at <hostid>us.undernet.org</hostid> in the US - and <hostid>eu.undernet.org</hostid> in Europe. Since + <para>Channel <literal>#FreeBSD</literal> on <link xlink:href="http://www.undernet.org/">UNDERNET</link> is + available at <systemitem>us.undernet.org</systemitem> in the US + and <systemitem>eu.undernet.org</systemitem> in Europe. Since it is a help channel, be prepared to read the documents you are referred to.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Channel <literal>#FreeBSD</literal> on - <ulink url="http://www.rusnet.org.ru/">RUSNET</ulink> + <link xlink:href="http://www.rusnet.org.ru/">RUSNET</link> is a russian-language oriented channel dedicated to helping &os; users. This is also good place for non-technical discussions.</para> </listitem> <listitem> - <para>Channel <literal>#bsdchat</literal> on <ulink - url="http://freenode.net/">Freenode</ulink> is a + <para>Channel <literal>#bsdchat</literal> on <link xlink:href="http://freenode.net/">Freenode</link> is a Traditional-Chinese (UTF-8 encoding) language oriented channel dedicated to helping &os; users. This is also good place for non-technical discussions.</para> </listitem> </itemizedlist> - <para>The &os; wiki has a <ulink - url="http://wiki.freebsd.org/IrcChannels">good list</ulink> + <para>The &os; wiki has a <link xlink:href="http://wiki.freebsd.org/IrcChannels">good list</link> of IRC channels.</para> <para>Each of these channels are distinct and are not @@ -1031,34 +975,29 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="forums"> + <question xml:id="forums"> <para>Are there any web based forums to discuss &os;?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>The official &os; forums are located at <ulink - url="http://forums.FreeBSD.org/">http://forums.FreeBSD.org/</ulink>.</para> + <para>The official &os; forums are located at <link xlink:href="http://forums.FreeBSD.org/">http://forums.FreeBSD.org/</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="training"> + <question xml:id="training"> <para>Where can I get commercial &os; training and support?</para> </question> <answer> - <para><ulink - url="http://www.ixsystems.com">iXsystems, Inc.</ulink>, - parent company of the <ulink - url="http://www.freebsdmall.com/">&os; Mall</ulink>, - provides commercial &os; and PC-BSD software <ulink - url="http://www.ixsystems.com/bsdsupport">support</ulink>, + <para><link xlink:href="http://www.ixsystems.com">iXsystems, Inc.</link>, + parent company of the <link xlink:href="http://www.freebsdmall.com/">&os; Mall</link>, + provides commercial &os; and PC-BSD software <link xlink:href="http://www.ixsystems.com/bsdsupport">support</link>, in addition to &os; development and tuning solutions.</para> <para>BSD Certification Group, Inc. provides system administration certifications for DragonFly BSD, &os;, NetBSD, - OpenBSD. If you are interested in them, visit <ulink - url="http://www.BSDCertification.org">their site</ulink>.</para> + OpenBSD. If you are interested in them, visit <link xlink:href="http://www.BSDCertification.org">their site</link>.</para> <para>Any other organizations providing training and support should contact the Project to be listed here.</para> @@ -1067,23 +1006,19 @@ </qandaset> </chapter> - <chapter id="install"> - <chapterinfo> - <author> - <firstname>Nik</firstname> - <surname>Clayton</surname> - <affiliation> + <chapter xml:id="install"> + <info><title>Installation</title> + <author><personname><firstname>Nik</firstname><surname>Clayton</surname></personname><affiliation> <address><email>nik@FreeBSD.org</email></address> - </affiliation> - </author> - </chapterinfo> + </affiliation></author> + </info> - <title>Installation</title> + <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="which-architecture"> + <question xml:id="which-architecture"> <para>Which platform should I download? I have a 64 bit capable &intel; CPU, but I only see <literal>amd64</literal>.</para> @@ -1102,13 +1037,13 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="floppy-download"> + <question xml:id="floppy-download"> <para>Which file do I download to get &os;?</para> </question> <answer> <para>On the - <ulink url="http://www.freebsd.org/where.html">Getting &os;</ulink> + <link xlink:href="http://www.freebsd.org/where.html">Getting &os;</link> page select <literal>[iso]</literal> next to the architecture you want to use.</para> @@ -1163,13 +1098,12 @@ <para>Full instructions on this procedure and a little bit more about installation issues in general can be found in - the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/install.html">Handbook entry on installing &os;</ulink>.</para> + the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/install.html">Handbook entry on installing &os;</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="floppy-image-too-large"> + <question xml:id="floppy-image-too-large"> <para>What do I do if the images do not fit on a single disk?</para> </question> @@ -1212,29 +1146,26 @@ on the floppy as a regular file. You have to transfer it to the floppy <quote>raw</quote>, using the low-level tools (e.g., <command>fdimage</command> or - <command>rawrite</command>) described in the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/install.html">installation guide to &os;</ulink>.</para> + <command>rawrite</command>) described in the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/install.html">installation guide to &os;</link>.</para> </listitem> </itemizedlist> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="install-instructions-location"> + <question xml:id="install-instructions-location"> <para>Where are the instructions for installing &os;?</para> </question> <answer> <para>Installation instructions for versions since - &os; 9.0 can be found at <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/bsdinstall.html">Handbook entry on installing &os;</ulink>. - Older instructions can be found in the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/install.html">legacy entry on installing &os;</ulink>.</para> + &os; 9.0 can be found at <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/bsdinstall.html">Handbook entry on installing &os;</link>. + Older instructions can be found in the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/install.html">legacy entry on installing &os;</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="need-to-run"> + <question xml:id="need-to-run"> <para>What do I need to run &os;?</para> </question> @@ -1248,21 +1179,20 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="custom-boot-floppy"> + <question xml:id="custom-boot-floppy"> <para>How can I make my own custom release or install disk?</para> </question> <answer> <para>Customized &os; installation media can be created by building a custom release. Follow the instructions in the - <ulink - url="&url.articles.releng;/article.html">Release Engineering</ulink> + <link xlink:href="&url.articles.releng;/article.html">Release Engineering</link> article.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="windows-coexist"> + <question xml:id="windows-coexist"> <para>Can &windows; co-exist with &os;?</para> </question> @@ -1277,7 +1207,7 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="bootmanager-restore"> + <question xml:id="bootmanager-restore"> <para>Another operating system destroyed my Boot Manager. How do I get it back?</para> </question> @@ -1301,7 +1231,7 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="no-install-cdrom"> + <question xml:id="no-install-cdrom"> <para>I booted from my ATAPI CD-ROM, but the install program says no CD-ROM is found. Where did it go?</para> </question> @@ -1325,15 +1255,14 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="need-complete-sources"> + <question xml:id="need-complete-sources"> <para>Do I need to install the source?</para> </question> <answer> <para>In general, no. There is nothing in the base system which requires the presence of the source to - operate. Some ports, like <filename - role="package">sysutils/lsof</filename>, will not build + operate. Some ports, like <package>sysutils/lsof</package>, will not build unless the source is installed. In particular, if the port builds a kernel module or directly operates on kernel structures, the source must be installed.</para> @@ -1341,7 +1270,7 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="need-kernel"> + <question xml:id="need-kernel"> <para>Do I need to build a kernel?</para> </question> @@ -1359,7 +1288,7 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="password-encryption"> + <question xml:id="password-encryption"> <para>Should I use DES, Blowfish, or MD5 passwords and how do I specify which form my users receive?</para> </question> @@ -1387,15 +1316,14 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="memory-limits"> + <question xml:id="memory-limits"> <para>What are the limits for memory?</para> </question> <answer> <para>Memory limits depend on the platform used. On a standard &i386; install, the limit is 4 GB but more - memory can be supported through &man.pae.4;. See <link - linkend="memory-i386-over-4gb">instructions for using 4 GB or more memory on &i386;</link>.</para> + memory can be supported through &man.pae.4;. See <link linkend="memory-i386-over-4gb">instructions for using 4 GB or more memory on &i386;</link>.</para> <para>&os;/pc98 has a limit of 4 GB memory, and PAE can not be used with it. Other architectures supported by &os; @@ -1405,7 +1333,7 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ffs-limits"> + <question xml:id="ffs-limits"> <para>What are the limits for FFS file systems?</para> </question> @@ -1500,7 +1428,7 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="archsw-readin-failed-error"> + <question xml:id="archsw-readin-failed-error"> <para>Why do I get an error message, <errorname>readin failed</errorname> after compiling and booting a new kernel?</para> @@ -1508,8 +1436,8 @@ <answer> <para>Because your world and kernel are out of sync. This is - not supported. Be sure you use <command>make <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget></command> - and <command>make <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget></command> + not supported. Be sure you use <command>make buildworld</command> + and <command>make buildkernel</command> to update your kernel.</para> <para>You can boot by specifying the kernel directly at the @@ -1519,7 +1447,7 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="general-configuration-tool"> + <question xml:id="general-configuration-tool"> <para>Is there a tool to perform post-installation configuration tasks?</para> </question> @@ -1529,21 +1457,21 @@ <varname>WITH_BSDCONFIG</varname> in <filename>/etc/src.conf</filename>. Users of &rel.relx; and higher may also install - <filename role="package">sysutils/bsdconfig</filename>.</para> + <package>sysutils/bsdconfig</package>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> </qandaset> </chapter> - <chapter id="hardware"> + <chapter xml:id="hardware"> <title>Hardware Compatibility</title> - <sect1 id="compatibility-general"> + <sect1 xml:id="compatibility-general"> <title>General</title> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="which-hardware-to-get"> + <question xml:id="which-hardware-to-get"> <para>I want to get a piece of hardware for my &os; system. Which model/brand/type is best?</para> </question> @@ -1553,12 +1481,9 @@ lists. Since hardware changes so quickly, however, we expect this. We <emphasis>still</emphasis> strongly recommend that you read through the Hardware Notes - for &os; <ulink - url="&rel.current.hardware;">&rel.current;</ulink> or - <ulink - url="&rel2.current.hardware;">&rel2.current;</ulink> and - search the mailing list <ulink - url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/search/#mailinglists">archives</ulink> + for &os; <link xlink:href="&rel.current.hardware;">&rel.current;</link> or + <link xlink:href="&rel2.current.hardware;">&rel2.current;</link> and + search the mailing list <link xlink:href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/search/#mailinglists">archives</link> before asking about the latest and greatest hardware. Chances are a discussion about the type of hardware you are looking for took place just last week.</para> @@ -1571,7 +1496,7 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="memory-upper-limitation"> + <question xml:id="memory-upper-limitation"> <para>Does &os; support more than 4 GB of memory (RAM)? More than 16 GB? More than 48 GB?</para> </question> @@ -1590,7 +1515,7 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="memory-i386-over-4gb"> + <question xml:id="memory-i386-over-4gb"> <para>Why does &os; report less than 4 GB memory when installed on an &i386; machine?</para> </question> @@ -1648,12 +1573,12 @@ </qandaset> </sect1> - <sect1 id="compatibility-processors"> + <sect1 xml:id="compatibility-processors"> <title>Architectures and Processors</title> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="architectures"> + <question xml:id="architectures"> <para>Does &os; support architectures other than the x86?</para> </question> @@ -1664,18 +1589,16 @@ fully supported. Tiers 2 and 3 are supported on an if-possible basis. A full explanation of the tier system is available in the - <ulink - url="&url.articles.committers-guide;/archs.html">Committer's Guide.</ulink></para> + <link xlink:href="&url.articles.committers-guide;/archs.html">Committer's Guide.</link></para> <para>A complete list of supported architectures can be found on the - <ulink - url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/platforms/">platforms page.</ulink></para> + <link xlink:href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/platforms/">platforms page.</link></para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="smp-support"> + <question xml:id="smp-support"> <para>Does &os; support Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP)?</para> </question> @@ -1694,7 +1617,7 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="microcode"> + <question xml:id="microcode"> <para>What is microcode? How do I install &intel; CPU microcode updates?</para> </question> @@ -1704,7 +1627,7 @@ implementating hardware level instructions. This allows for CPU bugs to be fixed without replacing the on board chip.</para> - <para>Install <filename role="package">sysutils/devcpu-data</filename>, + <para>Install <package>sysutils/devcpu-data</package>, then add:</para> <programlisting>microcode_update_enable="YES"</programlisting> @@ -1714,12 +1637,12 @@ </qandaset> </sect1> - <sect1 id="compatibility-drives"> + <sect1 xml:id="compatibility-drives"> <title>Hard Drives, Tape Drives, and CD and DVD Drives</title> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="supported-hard-drives"> + <question xml:id="supported-hard-drives"> <para>What kind of hard drives does &os; support?</para> </question> @@ -1734,20 +1657,19 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="supported-scsi-controllers"> + <question xml:id="supported-scsi-controllers"> <para>Which SCSI or SAS controllers are supported?</para> </question> <answer> <para>See the complete list in the Hardware Notes for &os; - <ulink url="&rel.current.hardware;">&rel.current;</ulink> - or <ulink - url="&rel2.current.hardware;">&rel2.current;</ulink>.</para> + <link xlink:href="&rel.current.hardware;">&rel.current;</link> + or <link xlink:href="&rel2.current.hardware;">&rel2.current;</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="tape-support"> + <question xml:id="tape-support"> <para>What types of tape drives are supported?</para> </question> @@ -1757,7 +1679,7 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="tape-changer-support"> + <question xml:id="tape-changer-support"> <para>Does &os; support tape changers?</para> </question> @@ -1777,7 +1699,7 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="supported-cdrom-drives"> + <question xml:id="supported-cdrom-drives"> <para>Which CD-ROM drives are supported by &os;?</para> </question> @@ -1789,7 +1711,7 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="supported-cdrw-drives"> + <question xml:id="supported-cdrw-drives"> <para>Which CD-RW drives are supported by &os;?</para> </question> @@ -1800,19 +1722,19 @@ <para>&os; also supports any SCSI CD-R or CD-RW drives. Install and use <command>cdrecord</command> from the ports or packages system, and make sure that you - have the <devicename>pass</devicename> device compiled in + have the <filename>pass</filename> device compiled in your kernel.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> </qandaset> </sect1> - <sect1 id="compatibility-kbd-mice"> + <sect1 xml:id="compatibility-kbd-mice"> <title>Keyboards and Mice</title> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="moused"> + <question xml:id="moused"> <para>Is it possible to use a mouse in any way outside the X Window system?</para> </question> @@ -1824,7 +1746,7 @@ &man.moused.8;, and turn on the mouse pointer in the virtual console:</para> - <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>moused -p /dev/<replaceable>xxxx</replaceable> -t <replaceable>yyyy</replaceable></userinput> + <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>moused -p /dev/xxxx -t yyyy</userinput> &prompt.root; <userinput>vidcontrol -m on</userinput></screen> <para>Where <replaceable>xxxx</replaceable> is the mouse @@ -1848,14 +1770,13 @@ <para>When the mouse daemon is running, access to the mouse must be coordinated between the mouse daemon and other - programs such as X Windows. Refer to the FAQ <link - linkend="x-and-moused">Why does my mouse not work with X?</link> + programs such as X Windows. Refer to the FAQ <link linkend="x-and-moused">Why does my mouse not work with X?</link> for more details on this issue.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="text-mode-cut-paste"> + <question xml:id="text-mode-cut-paste"> <para>How do I cut and paste text with a mouse in the text console?</para> </question> @@ -1881,7 +1802,7 @@ </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="mouse-wheel-buttons"> + <question xml:id="mouse-wheel-buttons"> <para>My mouse has a fancy wheel and buttons. Can I use them in &os;?</para> </question> @@ -1895,13 +1816,12 @@ two, or three button mouse.</para> <para>For the possible usage of wheels in the X Window - environment, refer to <link - linkend="x-and-wheel">that section</link>.</para> + environment, refer to <link linkend="x-and-wheel">that section</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="keyboard-delete-key"> + <question xml:id="keyboard-delete-key"> <para>How do I use my delete key in <command>sh</command> and <command>csh</command>?</para> </question> @@ -1921,19 +1841,18 @@ bind ^[[3~ ed-delete-next-char # for xterm</programlisting> <programlisting>bindkey ^? delete-char # for console bindkey ^[[3~ delete-char # for xterm</programlisting> - <para>For more information, see <ulink - url="http://www.ibb.net/~anne/keyboard.html">this page</ulink>.</para> + <para>For more information, see <link xlink:href="http://www.ibb.net/~anne/keyboard.html">this page</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> </qandaset> </sect1> - <sect1 id="compatibility-other"> + <sect1 xml:id="compatibility-other"> <title>Other Hardware</title> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="es1370-silent-pcm"> + <question xml:id="es1370-silent-pcm"> <para>Workarounds for no sound from my &man.pcm.4; sound card?</para> </question> @@ -1948,7 +1867,7 @@ bindkey ^[[3~ delete-char # for xterm</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="power-management-support"> + <question xml:id="power-management-support"> <para>Does &os; support power management on my laptop?</para> </question> @@ -1963,12 +1882,12 @@ bindkey ^[[3~ delete-char # for xterm</programlisting> </sect1> </chapter> - <chapter id="troubleshoot"> + <chapter xml:id="troubleshoot"> <title>Troubleshooting</title> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="pae"> + <question xml:id="pae"> <para>Why is &os; finding the wrong amount of memory on &i386; hardware?</para> </question> @@ -1995,8 +1914,7 @@ bindkey ^[[3~ delete-char # for xterm</programlisting> <para>On a 32-bit version of &os;, the memory appears lost, since it will be remapped above 4 GB, which a 32-bit kernel is unable to access. In this case, the - solution is to build a PAE enabled kernel. See <link - linkend="memory-limits">the entry on memory limits</link> + solution is to build a PAE enabled kernel. See <link linkend="memory-limits">the entry on memory limits</link> and <link linkend="memory-upper-limitation">about different memory limits on different platforms</link> for more information.</para> @@ -2012,7 +1930,7 @@ bindkey ^[[3~ delete-char # for xterm</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="signal11"> + <question xml:id="signal11"> <para>Why do my programs occasionally die with <errorname>Signal 11</errorname> errors?</para> </question> @@ -2049,11 +1967,11 @@ bindkey ^[[3~ delete-char # for xterm</programlisting> that the compiler is carrying out changes each time.</para> <para>For example, suppose you are running - <command>make <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget></command>, + <command>make buildworld</command>, and the compile fails while trying to compile <filename>ls.c</filename> into <filename>ls.o</filename>. If you then run - <command>make <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget></command> + <command>make buildworld</command> again, and the compile fails in the same place then this is a broken build — try updating your sources and try again. If the compile fails elsewhere then this is almost @@ -2134,13 +2052,12 @@ bindkey ^[[3~ delete-char # for xterm</programlisting> you have just found a bug in &os;, and you should follow the instructions to send a problem report.</para> - <para>There is an extensive FAQ on this at <ulink - url="http://www.bitwizard.nl/sig11/">the SIG11 problem FAQ</ulink>.</para> + <para>There is an extensive FAQ on this at <link xlink:href="http://www.bitwizard.nl/sig11/">the SIG11 problem FAQ</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="trap-12-panic"> + <question xml:id="trap-12-panic"> <para>My system crashes with either <errorname>Fatal trap 12: page fault in kernel mode</errorname>, or <errorname>panic:</errorname>, and spits out a bunch of @@ -2151,8 +2068,7 @@ bindkey ^[[3~ delete-char # for xterm</programlisting> <para>The &os; developers are very interested in these errors, but need some more information than just the error you see. Copy your full crash message. Then consult the - FAQ section on <link - linkend="kernel-panic-troubleshooting">kernel panics</link>, + FAQ section on <link linkend="kernel-panic-troubleshooting">kernel panics</link>, build a debugging kernel, and get a backtrace. This might sound difficult, but you do not need any programming skills; you just have to follow the instructions.</para> @@ -2160,7 +2076,7 @@ bindkey ^[[3~ delete-char # for xterm</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="proc-table-full"> + <question xml:id="proc-table-full"> <para>Why do I get the error <errorname>maxproc limit exceeded by uid %i, please see tuning(7) and login.conf(5)</errorname>?</para> @@ -2178,8 +2094,7 @@ bindkey ^[[3~ delete-char # for xterm</programlisting> maximum number of processes.</para> <para>To adjust your <varname>kern.maxusers</varname> value, - see the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/configtuning-kernel-limits.html#kern-maxfiles">File/Process Limits</ulink> + see the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/configtuning-kernel-limits.html#kern-maxfiles">File/Process Limits</link> section of the Handbook. (While that section refers to open files, the same limits apply to processes.)</para> @@ -2200,7 +2115,7 @@ bindkey ^[[3~ delete-char # for xterm</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="mail-loopback"> + <question xml:id="mail-loopback"> <para>Why does <application>sendmail</application> give me an error reading <errorname>mail loops back to myself</errorname>?</para> @@ -2208,13 +2123,12 @@ bindkey ^[[3~ delete-char # for xterm</programlisting> <answer> <para>You can find a detailed answer for this question in the - <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/mail-trouble.html#q26.5.2.">Handbook</ulink>.</para> + <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/mail-trouble.html#q26.5.2.">Handbook</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="remote-fullscreen"> + <question xml:id="remote-fullscreen"> <para>Why do full screen applications on remote machines misbehave?</para> </question> @@ -2269,7 +2183,7 @@ bindkey ^[[3~ delete-char # for xterm</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="connection-delay"> + <question xml:id="connection-delay"> <para>Why does it take so long to connect to my computer via <command>ssh</command> or <command>telnet</command>?</para> </question> @@ -2309,7 +2223,7 @@ bindkey ^[[3~ delete-char # for xterm</programlisting> for more information. If this is on the global Internet, the problem may be that your server's resolver is not functioning correctly. To check, try to look up another - host — say, <hostid>www.yahoo.com</hostid>. If it + host — say, <systemitem>www.yahoo.com</systemitem>. If it does not work, that is your problem.</para> <para>Following a fresh install of &os;, it is also possible @@ -2329,7 +2243,7 @@ bindkey ^[[3~ delete-char # for xterm</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="file-table-full"> + <question xml:id="file-table-full"> <para>Why does <errorname>file: table is full</errorname> show up repeatedly in &man.dmesg.8;?</para> </question> @@ -2337,17 +2251,15 @@ bindkey ^[[3~ delete-char # for xterm</programlisting> <answer> <para>This error message indicates you have exhausted the number of available file descriptors on your system. Please - see the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/configtuning-kernel-limits.html#kern-maxfiles">kern.maxfiles</ulink> - section of the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/configtuning-kernel-limits.html">Tuning Kernel Limits</ulink> + see the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/configtuning-kernel-limits.html#kern-maxfiles">kern.maxfiles</link> + section of the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/configtuning-kernel-limits.html">Tuning Kernel Limits</link> section of the Handbook for a discussion and solution.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="computer-clock-skew"> + <question xml:id="computer-clock-skew"> <para>Why does the clock on my computer keep incorrect time?</para> </question> @@ -2403,7 +2315,7 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="indefinite-wait-buffer"> + <question xml:id="indefinite-wait-buffer"> <para>What does the error <errorname>swap_pager: indefinite wait buffer:</errorname> mean?</para> </question> @@ -2422,7 +2334,7 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="lock-order-reversal"> + <question xml:id="lock-order-reversal"> <para>What is a <errorname>lock order reversal</errorname>?</para> </question> @@ -2464,7 +2376,7 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="called-with-non-sleepable-locks-held"> + <question xml:id="called-with-non-sleepable-locks-held"> <para>What does <errorname>Called ... with the following non-sleepable locks held</errorname> mean?</para> </question> @@ -2500,9 +2412,9 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="touch-not-found"> + <question xml:id="touch-not-found"> <para>Why does - <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget>/<maketarget>installworld</maketarget> + <buildtarget>buildworld</buildtarget>/<buildtarget>installworld</buildtarget> die with the message <errorname>touch: not found</errorname>?</para> </question> @@ -2519,18 +2431,17 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> </qandaset> </chapter> - <chapter id="applications"> + <chapter xml:id="applications"> <title>User Applications</title> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="user-apps"> + <question xml:id="user-apps"> <para>So, where are all the user applications?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>Please take a look at <ulink - url="&url.base;/ports/index.html">the ports page</ulink> + <para>Please take a look at <link xlink:href="&url.base;/ports/index.html">the ports page</link> for info on software packages ported to &os;. The list currently tops &os.numports; and is growing daily, so come back to check often or subscribe to the &a.announce; for @@ -2540,7 +2451,7 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> &rel2.relx;, and &rel.relx; branches. Each time a &os; release is made, a snapshot of the ports tree at the time of - release in also included in the <filename class="directory">ports/</filename> + release in also included in the <filename>ports/</filename> directory.</para> <para>We also support the concept of a <quote>package</quote>, @@ -2555,7 +2466,7 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> you are interested in installing. Package files can usually be identified by their <filename>.tbz</filename> suffix and CD-ROM distribution people will have a - <filename class="directory">packages/All</filename> directory on their CD + <filename>packages/All</filename> directory on their CD which contains such files. They can also be downloaded over the net for various versions of &os; at the following locations:</para> @@ -2565,8 +2476,7 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> <term>for &rel2.relx; -RELEASE/&rel2.stable;</term> <listitem> - <para><ulink - url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/&rel2.packages;/">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/&rel2.packages;</ulink></para> + <para><link xlink:href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/&rel2.packages;/">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/&rel2.packages;</link></para> </listitem> </varlistentry> @@ -2574,8 +2484,7 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> <term>for &rel.relx; -RELEASE/&rel.stable;</term> <listitem> - <para><ulink - url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/&rel.packages;/">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/&rel.packages;</ulink></para> + <para><link xlink:href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/&rel.packages;/">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/&rel.packages;</link></para> </listitem> </varlistentry> </variablelist> @@ -2585,14 +2494,13 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> <para>Note that all ports may not be available as packages since new ones are constantly being added. It is always a good idea to check back periodically to see which packages - are available at the <ulink - url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/">ftp.FreeBSD.org</ulink> + are available at the <link xlink:href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/">ftp.FreeBSD.org</link> master site.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="how-do-download-ports-tree"> + <question xml:id="how-do-download-ports-tree"> <para>How do I download the Ports tree? Should I be using SVN?</para> </question> @@ -2621,18 +2529,17 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="java"> + <question xml:id="java"> <para>Does &os; support &java;?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>Yes. Please see <ulink - url="&url.base;/java/index.html">http://www.FreeBSD.org/java/</ulink>.</para> + <para>Yes. Please see <link xlink:href="&url.base;/java/index.html">http://www.FreeBSD.org/java/</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ports-4x"> + <question xml:id="ports-4x"> <para>Why can I not build this port on my &rel2.relx; -, or &rel.relx; -STABLE machine?</para> @@ -2642,8 +2549,7 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> <para>If you are running a &os; version that lags significantly behind <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> or <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis>, you may need to update your - Ports Collection; see the <ulink - url="&url.books.porters-handbook;/keeping-up.html">Keeping Up</ulink> + Ports Collection; see the <link xlink:href="&url.books.porters-handbook;/keeping-up.html">Keeping Up</link> section of the Porter's Handbook for further information on how to do this. If you are up to date, then someone might have committed a change to the port which works for @@ -2657,9 +2563,9 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="make-index"> + <question xml:id="make-index"> <para>I just tried to build <filename>INDEX</filename> using - <command>make <maketarget>index</maketarget></command>, and + <command>make index</command>, and it failed. Why?</para> </question> @@ -2672,8 +2578,8 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> <para>There are rare cases where <filename>INDEX</filename> will not build due to odd cases involving - <makevar>WITH_<replaceable>*</replaceable></makevar> or - <makevar>WITHOUT_<replaceable>*</replaceable></makevar> + <varname>WITH_<replaceable>*</replaceable></varname> or + <varname>WITHOUT_<replaceable>*</replaceable></varname> variables being set in <filename>make.conf</filename>. If you suspect that this is the case, please try to make <filename>INDEX</filename> with those make variables turned @@ -2682,7 +2588,7 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ports-update"> + <question xml:id="ports-update"> <para>I updated the sources, now how do I update my installed ports?</para> </question> @@ -2691,14 +2597,13 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> <para>&os; does not include a port upgrading tool, but it does have some tools to make the upgrade process somewhat easier. You can also install additional tools to simplify port - handling, see the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/ports-using.html">Upgrading Ports</ulink> + handling, see the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/ports-using.html">Upgrading Ports</link> section in the &os; Handbook.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ports-major-upgrade"> + <question xml:id="ports-major-upgrade"> <para>Do I need to recompile every port each time I perform a major version update?</para> </question> @@ -2716,14 +2621,13 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> the older versions may fail to start or, in other cases, fail to function properly.</para> - <para>For more information, see <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/updating-upgrading-freebsdupdate.html#freebsdupdate-upgrade">the section on upgrades</ulink> + <para>For more information, see <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/updating-upgrading-freebsdupdate.html#freebsdupdate-upgrade">the section on upgrades</link> in the &os; Handbook.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ports-minor-upgrade"> + <question xml:id="ports-minor-upgrade"> <para>Do I need to recompile every port each time I perform a minor version update?</para> </question> @@ -2738,7 +2642,7 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="minimal-sh"> + <question xml:id="minimal-sh"> <para>Why is <command>/bin/sh</command> so minimal? Why does &os; not use <command>bash</command> or another shell?</para> @@ -2770,43 +2674,39 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> compare for yourself the memory utilization of all these shells by looking at the <quote>VSZ</quote> and <quote>RSS</quote> columns in a <command>ps - <option>-u</option></command> listing.)</para> + -u</command> listing.)</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="midi-sound-files"> + <question xml:id="midi-sound-files"> <para>How do I create audio CDs from my MIDI files?</para> </question> <answer> <para>To create audio CDs from MIDI files, first install - <filename role="package">audio/timidity++</filename> from + <package>audio/timidity++</package> from ports then install manually the GUS patches set by Eric A. - Welsh, available at <ulink - url="http://alleg.sourceforge.net/digmid.html"></ulink>. + Welsh, available at <uri xlink:href="http://alleg.sourceforge.net/digmid.html">http://alleg.sourceforge.net/digmid.html</uri>. After <application>TiMidity++</application> has been installed properly, MIDI files may be converted to WAV files with the following command line:</para> - <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>timidity -Ow -s 44100 -o <replaceable>/tmp/juke/01.wav</replaceable> <replaceable>01.mid</replaceable></userinput></screen> + <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>timidity -Ow -s 44100 -o /tmp/juke/01.wav 01.mid</userinput></screen> <para>The WAV files can then be converted to other formats or - burned onto audio CDs, as described in the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/creating-cds.html">&os; Handbook</ulink>.</para> + burned onto audio CDs, as described in the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/creating-cds.html">&os; Handbook</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="officesuite"> + <question xml:id="officesuite"> <para>Where can I get an Office Suite for &os;?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>The open-source <application><ulink - url="http://www.openoffice.org">Apache OpenOffice</ulink></application> - and <application><ulink - url="http://www.libreoffice.org">LibreOffice</ulink></application> + <para>The open-source <application>Apache OpenOffice</application> + and <application>LibreOffice</application> office suites work natively on &os;.</para> <para>&os; also includes a variety of text editors, @@ -2816,7 +2716,7 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="convert-back-from-pkgng"> + <question xml:id="convert-back-from-pkgng"> <para>How can I convert from pkgng to the old package tools?</para> </question> @@ -2837,25 +2737,24 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> </qandaset> </chapter> - <chapter id="kernelconfig"> + <chapter xml:id="kernelconfig"> <title>Kernel Configuration</title> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="make-kernel"> + <question xml:id="make-kernel"> <para>I would like to customize my kernel. Is it difficult?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>Not at all! Check out the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/kernelconfig.html">kernel config section of the Handbook</ulink>.</para> + <para>Not at all! Check out the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/kernelconfig.html">kernel config section of the Handbook</link>.</para> <note> <para>The new <filename>kernel</filename> will be installed - to the <filename class="directory">/boot/kernel</filename> directory along + to the <filename>/boot/kernel</filename> directory along with its modules, while the old kernel and its modules - will be moved to the <filename class="directory">/boot/kernel.old</filename> + will be moved to the <filename>/boot/kernel.old</filename> directory, so if you make a mistake the next time you play with your configuration you can boot the previous version of your kernel.</para> @@ -2864,7 +2763,7 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="why-kernel-big"> + <question xml:id="why-kernel-big"> <para>Why is my kernel so big?</para> </question> @@ -2874,14 +2773,13 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> Kernels built in debug mode contain many symbols in separate files that are used for debugging, thus greatly increasing the size of - <filename class="directory">/boot/kernel/</filename>. + <filename>/boot/kernel/</filename>. Note that there will be little or no performance loss from running a debug kernel, and it is useful to keep one around in case of a system panic.</para> <para>However, if you are running low on disk space, there - are different options to reduce the size of <filename - class="directory">/boot/kernel/</filename>.</para> + are different options to reduce the size of <filename>/boot/kernel/</filename>.</para> <para>If you do not want the symbol files to be installed, make sure you have the following line present in @@ -2930,7 +2828,7 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> <xref linkend="make-kernel"/> for more information.</para> <para>To put any of these options into effect you will have - to <ulink url="&url.books.handbook;/kernelconfig-building.html">build and install</ulink> + to <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/kernelconfig-building.html">build and install</link> your new kernel.</para> <para>Most kernels (<filename>/boot/kernel/kernel</filename>) @@ -2939,7 +2837,7 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="generic-kernel-build-failure"> + <question xml:id="generic-kernel-build-failure"> <para>Why does every kernel I try to build fail to compile, even <filename>GENERIC</filename>?</para> </question> @@ -2951,8 +2849,8 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <para>You are not using the - <command>make <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget></command> and - <command>make <maketarget>installkernel</maketarget></command> + <command>make buildkernel</command> and + <command>make installkernel</command> targets, and your source tree is different from the one used to build the currently running system (e.g., you are compiling &rel.current;-RELEASE on a @@ -2965,21 +2863,20 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> <listitem> <para>You are using the - <command>make <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget></command> + <command>make buildkernel</command> and - <command>make <maketarget>installkernel</maketarget></command> + <command>make installkernel</command> targets, but you failed to assert the completion of the - <command>make <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget></command> + <command>make buildworld</command> target. The - <command>make <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget></command> + <command>make buildkernel</command> target relies on files generated by the - <command>make <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget></command> + <command>make buildworld</command> target to complete its job correctly.</para> </listitem> <listitem> - <para>Even if you are trying to build <link - linkend="stable">&os;-STABLE</link>, it is possible that + <para>Even if you are trying to build <link linkend="stable">&os;-STABLE</link>, it is possible that you fetched the source tree at a time when it was either being modified, or broken for other reasons; only releases are absolutely guaranteed to be buildable, @@ -2994,7 +2891,7 @@ kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254</screen> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="scheduler-in-use"> + <question xml:id="scheduler-in-use"> <para>How can I verify which scheduler is in use on a running system?</para> </question> @@ -3010,7 +2907,7 @@ kern.sched.name: ULE</screen> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="scheduler-kern-quantum"> + <question xml:id="scheduler-kern-quantum"> <para>What is <varname>kern.sched.quantum</varname>?</para> </question> @@ -3023,24 +2920,23 @@ kern.sched.name: ULE</screen> </qandaset> </chapter> - <chapter id="disks"> + <chapter xml:id="disks"> <title>Disks, File Systems, and Boot Loaders</title> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="adding-disks"> + <question xml:id="adding-disks"> <para>How can I add my new hard disk to my &os; system?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>See the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/disks-adding.html">Adding Disks</ulink> + <para>See the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/disks-adding.html">Adding Disks</link> section in the &os; Handbook.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="new-huge-disk"> + <question xml:id="new-huge-disk"> <para>How do I move my system over to my huge new disk?</para> </question> @@ -3064,7 +2960,7 @@ kern.sched.name: ULE</screen> <para>Now you have the new disk set up, and are ready to move the data. Unfortunately, you cannot just blindly copy the data. Things like device files (in - <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>), flags, and links tend to screw + <filename>/dev</filename>), flags, and links tend to screw that up. You need to use tools that understand these things, which means &man.dump.8;. Although it is suggested that you move the data in single user mode, it is not @@ -3099,41 +2995,41 @@ kern.sched.name: ULE</screen> </procedure> <para>For example, if you are going to move root to - <devicename>/dev/<replaceable>ada1s1a</replaceable></devicename>, - with <filename class="directory"><replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></filename> as + <filename>/dev/ada1s1a</filename>, + with <filename>/mnt</filename> as the temporary mount point, it is:</para> - <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs /dev/<replaceable>ada1s1a</replaceable></userinput> -&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/<replaceable>ada1s1a</replaceable> <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput> -&prompt.root; <userinput>cd <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput> + <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs /dev/ada1s1a</userinput> +&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/ada1s1a /mnt</userinput> +&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /mnt</userinput> &prompt.root; <userinput>dump 0af - / | restore rf -</userinput></screen> <para>Rearranging your partitions with <command>dump</command> takes a bit more work. To merge a partition like - <filename class="directory">/var</filename> into its parent, create the new + <filename>/var</filename> into its parent, create the new partition large enough for both, move the parent partition as described above, then move the child partition into the empty directory that the first move created:</para> - <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs /dev/<replaceable>ada1s1a</replaceable></userinput> -&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/<replaceable>ada1s1a</replaceable> <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput> -&prompt.root; <userinput>cd <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput> + <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs /dev/ada1s1a</userinput> +&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/ada1s1a /mnt</userinput> +&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /mnt</userinput> &prompt.root; <userinput>dump 0af - / | restore rf -</userinput> &prompt.root; <userinput>cd var</userinput> &prompt.root; <userinput>dump 0af - /var | restore rf -</userinput></screen> <para>To split a directory from its parent, say putting - <filename class="directory">/var</filename> on its own partition when it was + <filename>/var</filename> on its own partition when it was not before, create both partitions, then mount the child partition on the appropriate directory in the temporary mount point, then move the old single partition:</para> - <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs /dev/<replaceable>ada1s1a</replaceable></userinput> -&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs /dev/<replaceable>ada1s1d</replaceable></userinput> -&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/<replaceable>ada1s1a</replaceable> <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput> -&prompt.root; <userinput>mkdir <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable>/var</userinput> -&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/<replaceable>ada1s1d</replaceable> <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable>/var</userinput> -&prompt.root; <userinput>cd <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput> + <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs /dev/ada1s1a</userinput> +&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs /dev/ada1s1d</userinput> +&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/ada1s1a /mnt</userinput> +&prompt.root; <userinput>mkdir /mnt/var</userinput> +&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/ada1s1d /mnt/var</userinput> +&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /mnt</userinput> &prompt.root; <userinput>dump 0af - / | restore rf -</userinput></screen> <para>You might prefer &man.cpio.1;, &man.pax.1;, &man.tar.1; @@ -3144,9 +3040,9 @@ kern.sched.name: ULE</screen> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="safe-softupdates"> + <question xml:id="safe-softupdates"> <para>Which partitions can safely use Soft Updates? I have - heard that Soft Updates on <filename class="directory">/</filename> can cause + heard that Soft Updates on <filename>/</filename> can cause problems. What about Journaled Soft Updates?</para> </question> @@ -3196,13 +3092,13 @@ kern.sched.name: ULE</screen> tolerate this much risk, do not use Soft Updates on the root file system!</para> - <para><filename class="directory">/</filename> is traditionally one of the + <para><filename>/</filename> is traditionally one of the smallest partitions. If you put the - <filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> directory on - <filename class="directory">/</filename> and you have a busy - <filename class="directory">/tmp</filename>, you might see intermittent space - problems. Symlinking <filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> to - <filename class="directory">/var/tmp</filename> will solve this + <filename>/tmp</filename> directory on + <filename>/</filename> and you have a busy + <filename>/tmp</filename>, you might see intermittent space + problems. Symlinking <filename>/tmp</filename> to + <filename>/var/tmp</filename> will solve this problem.</para> <para>Finally, &man.dump.8; does not work in live mode (-L) @@ -3212,7 +3108,7 @@ kern.sched.name: ULE</screen> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="mount-foreign-fs"> + <question xml:id="mount-foreign-fs"> <para>Can I mount other foreign file systems under &os;?</para> </question> @@ -3248,9 +3144,8 @@ kern.sched.name: ULE</screen> <listitem> <para>FUSE based NTFS support is available as a port - (<filename role="package">sysutils/fusefs-ntfs</filename>). - For more information see <ulink - url="http://www.tuxera.com/community/ntfs-3g-manual/"><application>ntfs-3g</application></ulink>.</para> + (<package>sysutils/fusefs-ntfs</package>). + For more information see <link xlink:href="http://www.tuxera.com/community/ntfs-3g-manual/"><application>ntfs-3g</application></link>.</para> </listitem> </varlistentry> @@ -3278,14 +3173,13 @@ kern.sched.name: ULE</screen> <para>&os; also supports network file systems such as NFS (see &man.mount.nfs.8;), NetWare (see &man.mount.nwfs.8;), and Microsoft-style SMB file systems (see &man.mount.smbfs.8;). - You can find ports based on FUSE (<filename - role="package">sysutils/fusefs-kmod</filename>) for many + You can find ports based on FUSE (<package>sysutils/fusefs-kmod</package>) for many other file systems.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="mount-dos"> + <question xml:id="mount-dos"> <para>How do I mount a secondary DOS partition?</para> </question> @@ -3295,27 +3189,26 @@ kern.sched.name: ULE</screen> example, if you have an <quote>E</quote> partition as the second DOS partition on the second SCSI drive, there will be a device file for <quote>slice 5</quote> in - <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>, so simply mount it:</para> + <filename>/dev</filename>, so simply mount it:</para> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -t msdosfs /dev/da1s5 /dos/e</userinput></screen> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="crypto-file-system"> + <question xml:id="crypto-file-system"> <para>Is there a cryptographic file system for &os;?</para> </question> <answer> <para>Yes. You can use either &man.gbde.8; or &man.geli.8;, - see the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/disks-encrypting.html">Encrypting Disk Partitions</ulink> + see the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/disks-encrypting.html">Encrypting Disk Partitions</link> section of the &os; Handbook.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="nt-bootloader"> + <question xml:id="nt-bootloader"> <para>How can I use the &windowsnt; loader to boot &os;?</para> </question> @@ -3372,7 +3265,7 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="lilo-bootloader"> + <question xml:id="lilo-bootloader"> <para>How do I boot &os; and &linux; from LILO?</para> </question> @@ -3390,9 +3283,9 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> label=&os;</programlisting> <para>(the above assumes that your &os; slice is known to - &linux; as <devicename>/dev/hda2</devicename>; tailor to + &linux; as <filename>/dev/hda2</filename>; tailor to suit your setup). Then, run <command>lilo</command> as - <username>root</username> and you should be done.</para> + <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> and you should be done.</para> <para>If &os; resides on another disk, you need to add <literal>loader=/boot/chain.b</literal> to the LILO entry. @@ -3414,15 +3307,14 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> <para>You can configure &man.boot.8; to automatically do this for you at boot time.</para> - <para>The <ulink - url="http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Linux+FreeBSD.html">&linux;+&os; mini-HOWTO</ulink> + <para>The <link xlink:href="http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Linux+FreeBSD.html">&linux;+&os; mini-HOWTO</link> is a good reference for &os; and &linux; interoperability issues.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="grub-loader"> + <question xml:id="grub-loader"> <para>How do I boot &os; and &linux; using GRUB?</para> </question> @@ -3447,7 +3339,7 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="booteasy-loader"> + <question xml:id="booteasy-loader"> <para>How do I boot &os; and &linux; using <application>BootEasy?</application></para> </question> @@ -3466,7 +3358,7 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="changing-bootprompt"> + <question xml:id="changing-bootprompt"> <para>How do I change the boot prompt from <literal>???</literal> to something more meaningful?</para> </question> @@ -3474,13 +3366,13 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> <answer> <para>You can not do that with the standard boot manager without rewriting it. There are a number of other boot - managers in the <filename class="directory">sysutils</filename> ports category + managers in the <filename>sysutils</filename> ports category that provide this functionality.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="removable-drives"> + <question xml:id="removable-drives"> <para>I have a new removable drive, how do I use it?</para> </question> @@ -3521,22 +3413,20 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="mount-cd-superblock"> + <question xml:id="mount-cd-superblock"> <para>Why do I get <errorname>Incorrect super block</errorname> when mounting a CD-ROM?</para> </question> <answer> <para>You have to tell &man.mount.8; the type of the device - that you want to mount. This is described in the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/creating-cds.html"> Handbook section on optical media</ulink>, - specifically the section <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/creating-cds.html#mounting-cd">Using Data CDs</ulink>.</para> + that you want to mount. This is described in the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/creating-cds.html"> Handbook section on optical media</link>, + specifically the section <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/creating-cds.html#mounting-cd">Using Data CDs</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="cdrom-not-configured"> + <question xml:id="cdrom-not-configured"> <para>Why do I get <errorname>Device not configured</errorname> when mounting a CD-ROM?</para> </question> @@ -3544,15 +3434,14 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> <answer> <para>This generally means that there is no CD-ROM in the CD-ROM drive, or the drive is not visible on the bus. - Please see the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/creating-cds.html#mounting-cd">Using Data CDs</ulink> + Please see the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/creating-cds.html#mounting-cd">Using Data CDs</link> section of the Handbook for a detailed discussion of this issue.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="cdrom-unicode-filenames"> + <question xml:id="cdrom-unicode-filenames"> <para>Why do all non-English characters in filenames show up as <quote>?</quote> on my CDs when mounted in &os;?</para> </question> @@ -3561,15 +3450,13 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> <para>Your CD-ROM probably uses the <quote>Joliet</quote> extension for storing information about files and directories. This is discussed in the Handbook chapter on - <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/creating-cds.html">creating and using CD-ROMs</ulink>, - specifically the section on <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/creating-cds.html#mounting-cd">Using Data CD-ROMs</ulink>.</para> + <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/creating-cds.html">creating and using CD-ROMs</link>, + specifically the section on <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/creating-cds.html#mounting-cd">Using Data CD-ROMs</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="burncd-isofs"> + <question xml:id="burncd-isofs"> <para>I burned a CD under &os; and now I can not read it under any other operating system. Why?</para> </question> @@ -3577,29 +3464,25 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> <answer> <para>You most likely burned a raw file to your CD, rather than creating an ISO 9660 file system. Take a look at - the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/creating-cds.html">Handbook chapter on creating CD-ROMs</ulink>, - particularly the section on <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/creating-cds.html#rawdata-cd">burning raw data CDs</ulink>.</para> + the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/creating-cds.html">Handbook chapter on creating CD-ROMs</link>, + particularly the section on <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/creating-cds.html#rawdata-cd">burning raw data CDs</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="copy-cd"> + <question xml:id="copy-cd"> <para>How can I create an image of a data CD?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>This is discussed in the Handbook section on <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/creating-cds.html#imaging-cd">duplicating data CDs</ulink>. - For more on working with CD-ROMs, see the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/creating-cds.html">Creating CDs Section</ulink> + <para>This is discussed in the Handbook section on <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/creating-cds.html#imaging-cd">duplicating data CDs</link>. + For more on working with CD-ROMs, see the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/creating-cds.html">Creating CDs Section</link> in the Storage chapter in the Handbook.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="mount-audio-CD"> + <question xml:id="mount-audio-CD"> <para>Why can I not <command>mount</command> an audio CD?</para> </question> @@ -3610,13 +3493,12 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> argument</errorname>. This is because <command>mount</command> only works on file systems. Audio CDs do not have file systems; they just have data. You need - a program that reads audio CDs, such as the <filename - role="package">audio/xmcd</filename> port.</para> + a program that reads audio CDs, such as the <package>audio/xmcd</package> port.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="multi-session-CD"> + <question xml:id="multi-session-CD"> <para>How do I <command>mount</command> a multi-session CD?</para> </question> @@ -3631,20 +3513,20 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="user-floppymount"> + <question xml:id="user-floppymount"> <para>How do I let ordinary users mount CD-ROMs, DVDs, USB drives, and other removable media?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>As <username>root</username> set the sysctl variable + <para>As <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> set the sysctl variable <varname>vfs.usermount</varname> to <literal>1</literal>.</para> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>sysctl vfs.usermount=1</userinput></screen> <para>To make this persist across reboots, add the line - <literal><varname>vfs.usermount</varname>=1</literal> to + <literal>vfs.usermount=1</literal> to <filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename> so that it is reset at system boot time.</para> @@ -3663,17 +3545,16 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> <para>All users can now mount devices they could read onto a directory that they own:</para> - <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>mkdir <replaceable>~/my-mount-point</replaceable></userinput> -&prompt.user; <userinput>mount -t msdosfs /dev/da0<replaceable>~/my-mount-point</replaceable></userinput></screen> + <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>mkdir ~/my-mount-point</userinput> +&prompt.user; <userinput>mount -t msdosfs /dev/da0~/my-mount-point</userinput></screen> <para>Unmounting the device is simple:</para> - <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>umount <replaceable>~/my-mount-point</replaceable></userinput></screen> + <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>umount ~/my-mount-point</userinput></screen> <para>Enabling <varname>vfs.usermount</varname>, however, has negative security implications. A better way to access - &ms-dos; formatted media is to use the <filename - role="package">emulators/mtools</filename> package in the + &ms-dos; formatted media is to use the <package>emulators/mtools</package> package in the Ports Collection.</para> <note> @@ -3684,7 +3565,7 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="du-vs-df"> + <question xml:id="du-vs-df"> <para>The <command>du</command> and <command>df</command> commands show different amounts of disk space available. What is going on?</para> @@ -3724,7 +3605,7 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> <para>This situation is common on web servers. Many people set up a &os; web server and forget to rotate the log files. - The access log fills up <filename class="directory">/var</filename>. The new + The access log fills up <filename>/var</filename>. The new administrator deletes the file, but the system still complains that the partition is full. Stopping and restarting the web server program would free the file, @@ -3738,21 +3619,19 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="add-swap-space"> + <question xml:id="add-swap-space"> <para>How can I add more swap space?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>In the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/config-tuning.html">Configuration and Tuning</ulink> - section of the Handbook, you will find a <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/adding-swap-space.html">section</ulink> + <para>In the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/config-tuning.html">Configuration and Tuning</link> + section of the Handbook, you will find a <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/adding-swap-space.html">section</link> describing how to do this.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="manufacturer-disk-size"> + <question xml:id="manufacturer-disk-size"> <para>Why does &os; see my disk as smaller than the manufacturer says it is?</para> </question> @@ -3764,14 +3643,13 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> example, &os;'s boot messages will report a disk that supposedly has 80 GB as holding 76,319 MB.</para> - <para>Also note that &os; will (by default) <link - linkend="disk-more-than-full">reserve</link> 8% of the disk + <para>Also note that &os; will (by default) <link linkend="disk-more-than-full">reserve</link> 8% of the disk space.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="disk-more-than-full"> + <question xml:id="disk-more-than-full"> <para>How is it possible for a partition to be more than 100% full?</para> </question> @@ -3779,7 +3657,7 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> <answer> <para>A portion of each UFS partition (8%, by default) is reserved for use by the operating system and the - <username>root</username> user. &man.df.1; does not count + <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user. &man.df.1; does not count that space when calculating the <literal>Capacity</literal> column, so it can exceed 100%. Also, you will notice that the <literal>Blocks</literal> column is always greater than @@ -3793,12 +3671,12 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> </qandaentry> </qandaset> - <sect1 id="all-about-zfs"> + <sect1 xml:id="all-about-zfs"> <title>ZFS</title> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="how-much-ram-for-zfs"> + <question xml:id="how-much-ram-for-zfs"> <para>What is the minimum amount of RAM one should have to run ZFS?</para> </question> @@ -3810,7 +3688,7 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="what-is-zil"> + <question xml:id="what-is-zil"> <para>What is the ZIL and when does it get used?</para> </question> @@ -3832,7 +3710,7 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="need-ssd-for-zil"> + <question xml:id="need-ssd-for-zil"> <para>Do I need a SSD for ZIL?</para> </question> @@ -3847,7 +3725,7 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="what-is-l2arc"> + <question xml:id="what-is-l2arc"> <para>What is the L2ARC?</para> </question> @@ -3869,7 +3747,7 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="should-enable-dedup"> + <question xml:id="should-enable-dedup"> <para>Is enabling deduplication advisable?</para> </question> @@ -3894,7 +3772,7 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="zpool-fully-full"> + <question xml:id="zpool-fully-full"> <para>I can not delete or create files on my ZFS pool. How can I fix this?</para> </question> @@ -3906,7 +3784,7 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> to a usable state, truncate a file you want to delete.</para> - <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>truncate -s 0 <replaceable>unimportant-file</replaceable></userinput></screen> + <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>truncate -s 0 unimportant-file</userinput></screen> <para>File truncation works because a new transaction is not started, new spare blocks are created instead.</para> @@ -3920,13 +3798,13 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="zfs-ssd-trim"> + <question xml:id="zfs-ssd-trim"> <para>Does ZFS support TRIM for Solid State Drives?</para> </question> <answer> <para>ZFS TRIM support was added to &os; 10-CURRENT - with revision r<svnref>240868</svnref>. ZFS TRIM + with revision r<revnumber>240868</revnumber>. ZFS TRIM support is not yet available on the -STABLE branches.</para> @@ -3947,12 +3825,12 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> </sect1> </chapter> - <chapter id="admin"> + <chapter xml:id="admin"> <title>System Administration</title> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="startup-config-files"> + <question xml:id="startup-config-files"> <para>Where are the system start-up configuration files?</para> </question> @@ -3961,8 +3839,8 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> <para>The primary configuration file is <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename> (see &man.rc.conf.5;). System startup scripts such as - <filename class="directory">/etc/rc</filename> and - <filename class="directory">/etc/rc.d</filename> (see &man.rc.8;) just include + <filename>/etc/rc</filename> and + <filename>/etc/rc.d</filename> (see &man.rc.8;) just include this file. <emphasis>Do not edit this file!</emphasis> Instead, if there is any entry in <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename> that you want to @@ -3976,14 +3854,14 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo 'named_enable="YES"' >> /etc/rc.conf</userinput></screen> <para>To start up local services, place shell scripts in the - <filename class="directory">/usr/local/etc/rc.d</filename> directory. These + <filename>/usr/local/etc/rc.d</filename> directory. These shell scripts should be set executable, the default file mode is <literal>555</literal>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="adding-users"> + <question xml:id="adding-users"> <para>How do I add a user easily?</para> </question> @@ -3997,7 +3875,7 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="root-not-found-cron-errors"> + <question xml:id="root-not-found-cron-errors"> <para>Why do I keep getting messages like <errorname>root: not found</errorname> after editing <filename>/etc/crontab</filename></para> @@ -4028,7 +3906,7 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> <para>If you want something to be run once per day, week, or month, it is probably better to add shell scripts - <filename class="directory">/usr/local/etc/periodic</filename>, and let the + <filename>/usr/local/etc/periodic</filename>, and let the &man.periodic.8; command run from the system <command>cron</command> schedule it with the other periodic system tasks.</para> @@ -4036,8 +3914,8 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> <para>The actual reason for the error is that the system crontab has an extra field, specifying which user to run the command as. In the default system crontab provided with - &os;, this is <username>root</username> for all entries. - When this crontab is used as the <username>root</username> + &os;, this is <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> for all entries. + When this crontab is used as the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user's crontab (which is <emphasis>not</emphasis> the same as the system crontab), &man.cron.8; assumes the string <literal>root</literal> is the first word of the command to @@ -4046,39 +3924,39 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="su-wheel-group"> + <question xml:id="su-wheel-group"> <para>Why do I get the error, <errorname>you are not in the correct group to su root</errorname> when I try to - <command>su</command> to <username>root</username>?</para> + <command>su</command> to <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>?</para> </question> <answer> <para>This is a security feature. To - <command>su</command> to <username>root</username> (or any + <command>su</command> to <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> (or any other account with superuser privileges), you must be in the - <groupname>wheel</groupname> group. If this feature were + <systemitem class="groupname">wheel</systemitem> group. If this feature were not there, anybody with an account on a system who also - found out <username>root</username>'s password would be able + found out <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>'s password would be able to gain superuser level access to the system. With this feature, this is not strictly true; &man.su.1; will prevent them from even trying to enter the password if they are not - in <groupname>wheel</groupname>.</para> + in <systemitem class="groupname">wheel</systemitem>.</para> <para>To allow someone to <command>su</command> to - <username>root</username>, simply put them in the - <groupname>wheel</groupname> group. Use &man.pw.8; + <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, simply put them in the + <systemitem class="groupname">wheel</systemitem> group. Use &man.pw.8; for this purpose.</para> - <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pw groupmod wheel -m <replaceable>lisa</replaceable></userinput></screen> + <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pw groupmod wheel -m lisa</userinput></screen> <para>The above example will add user - <username>lisa</username> to the group - <groupname>wheel</groupname>.</para> + <systemitem class="username">lisa</systemitem> to the group + <systemitem class="groupname">wheel</systemitem>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="rcconf-readonly"> + <question xml:id="rcconf-readonly"> <para>I made a mistake in <filename>rc.conf</filename>, or another startup file, and now I cannot edit it because the file system is read-only. What should I do?</para> @@ -4115,13 +3993,12 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="printer-setup"> + <question xml:id="printer-setup"> <para>Why am I having trouble setting up my printer?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>See the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/printing.html">Handbook entry on printing</ulink>. + <para>See the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/printing.html">Handbook entry on printing</link>. It should cover most of your problem.</para> <para>Some printers require a host-based driver to do any kind @@ -4129,27 +4006,25 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> not natively supported by &os;. If your printer does not work in DOS or &windows;, it is probably a WinPrinter. Your only hope of getting one of these to work is to check if the - <filename role="package">print/pnm2ppa</filename> port + <package>print/pnm2ppa</package> port supports it.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="keyboard-mappings"> + <question xml:id="keyboard-mappings"> <para>How can I correct the keyboard mappings for my system?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>Please see the Handbook section on <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/using-localization.html">using localization</ulink>, - specifically the section on <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/using-localization.html#setting-console">console setup</ulink>.</para> + <para>Please see the Handbook section on <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/using-localization.html">using localization</link>, + specifically the section on <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/using-localization.html#setting-console">console setup</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="user-quotas"> + <question xml:id="user-quotas"> <para>Why can I not get user quotas to work properly?</para> </question> @@ -4163,14 +4038,13 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> <programlisting>options QUOTA</programlisting> - <para>Please read the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/quotas.html">Handbook entry on quotas</ulink> + <para>Please read the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/quotas.html">Handbook entry on quotas</link> for full details.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Do not turn on quotas on - <filename class="directory">/</filename>.</para> + <filename>/</filename>.</para> </listitem> <listitem> @@ -4189,13 +4063,13 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> <tbody> <row> - <entry><filename class="directory">/usr</filename></entry> + <entry><filename>/usr</filename></entry> <entry><filename>/usr/admin/quotas</filename></entry> </row> <row> - <entry><filename class="directory">/home</filename></entry> + <entry><filename>/home</filename></entry> <entry><filename>/home/admin/quotas</filename></entry> </row> @@ -4214,7 +4088,7 @@ C:\="DOS"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="sysv-ipc"> + <question xml:id="sysv-ipc"> <para>Does &os; support System V IPC primitives?</para> </question> @@ -4237,23 +4111,20 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="sendmail-alternative"> + <question xml:id="sendmail-alternative"> <para>What other mail-server software can I use instead of <application>sendmail</application>?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>The <ulink - url="http://www.sendmail.org/"><application>sendmail</application></ulink> + <para>The <link xlink:href="http://www.sendmail.org/"><application>sendmail</application></link> server is the default mail-server software for &os;, but you can easily replace it with one of the other MTA (for instance, an MTA installed from the ports).</para> <para>There are various alternative MTAs in the ports tree - already, with <filename role="package">mail/exim</filename>, - <filename role="package">mail/postfix</filename>, <filename - role="package">mail/qmail</filename>, and <filename - role="package">mail/zmailer</filename> being some of the + already, with <package>mail/exim</package>, + <package>mail/postfix</package>, <package>mail/qmail</package>, and <package>mail/zmailer</package> being some of the most popular choices.</para> <para>Diversity is nice, and the fact that you have many @@ -4269,8 +4140,8 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="forgot-root-pw"> - <para>I have forgotten the <username>root</username> password! + <question xml:id="forgot-root-pw"> + <para>I have forgotten the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> password! What do I do?</para> </question> @@ -4284,12 +4155,12 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> to remount your root file system read/write, then run <command>mount -a</command> to remount all the file systems. Run <command>passwd root</command> to change the - <username>root</username> password then run &man.exit.1; to + <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> password then run &man.exit.1; to continue booting.</para> <note> <para>If you are still prompted to give the - <username>root</username> password when entering the + <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> password when entering the Single User mode, it means that the console has been marked as <literal>insecure</literal> in <filename>/etc/ttys</filename>. In this case it will be @@ -4309,16 +4180,14 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> encrypted and it is impossible to mount them without the access keys. Your chances depend on the chosen implementation. For more information see the section - about encrypted disks in the &os; <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/disks-encrypting.html">Handbook</ulink>.</para> + about encrypted disks in the &os; <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/disks-encrypting.html">Handbook</link>.</para> </note> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="CAD-reboot"> - <para>How do I keep <keycombo - action="simul"><keycap>Control</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Delete</keycap></keycombo> + <question xml:id="CAD-reboot"> + <para>How do I keep <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Control</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Delete</keycap></keycombo> from rebooting the system?</para> </question> @@ -4344,14 +4213,14 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="dos-to-unix-txt"> + <question xml:id="dos-to-unix-txt"> <para>How do I reformat DOS text files to &unix; ones?</para> </question> <answer> <para>Use this &man.perl.1; command:</para> - <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>perl -i.bak -npe 's/\r\n/\n/g' <replaceable>file(s)</replaceable></userinput></screen> + <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>perl -i.bak -npe 's/\r\n/\n/g' file(s)</userinput></screen> <para>where <replaceable>file(s)</replaceable> is one or more files to process. The modification is done in-place, with the @@ -4360,7 +4229,7 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> <para>Alternatively you can use the &man.tr.1; command:</para> - <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>tr -d '\r' < <replaceable>dos-text-file</replaceable> > <replaceable>unix-file</replaceable></userinput></screen> + <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>tr -d '\r' < dos-text-file > unix-file</userinput></screen> <para><replaceable>dos-text-file</replaceable> is the file containing DOS text while @@ -4369,14 +4238,14 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> <command>perl</command>.</para> <para>Yet another way to reformat DOS text files is to use the - <filename role="package">converters/dosunix</filename> port + <package>converters/dosunix</package> port from the Ports Collection. Consult its documentation about the details.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="kill-by-name"> + <question xml:id="kill-by-name"> <para>How do I kill processes by name?</para> </question> @@ -4386,7 +4255,7 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="reread-rc"> + <question xml:id="reread-rc"> <para>How do I re-read <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> and re-start <filename>/etc/rc</filename> without a reboot?</para> @@ -4407,7 +4276,7 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="release-candidate"> + <question xml:id="release-candidate"> <para>I tried to update my system to the latest <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis>, but got <emphasis>-BETA<replaceable>x</replaceable></emphasis>, @@ -4427,8 +4296,7 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> <para>Long answer: &os; derives its releases from one of two places. Major, dot-zero, releases, such as 9.0-RELEASE are branched from the head of the development - stream, commonly referred to as <link - linkend="current">-CURRENT</link>. Minor releases, such as + stream, commonly referred to as <link linkend="current">-CURRENT</link>. Minor releases, such as 6.3-RELEASE or 5.2-RELEASE, have been snapshots of the active <link linkend="stable">-STABLE</link> branch. Starting with 4.3-RELEASE, each release also now has its own @@ -4454,14 +4322,13 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> 6.3-STABLE.</para> <para>For more information on version numbers and the various - Subversion branches, refer to the <ulink - url="&url.articles.releng;/article.html">Release Engineering</ulink> + Subversion branches, refer to the <link xlink:href="&url.articles.releng;/article.html">Release Engineering</link> article.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="kernel-chflag-failure"> + <question xml:id="kernel-chflag-failure"> <para>I tried to install a new kernel, and the &man.chflags.1; failed. How do I get around this?</para> </question> @@ -4489,7 +4356,7 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="kernel-securelevel-time"> + <question xml:id="kernel-securelevel-time"> <para>I cannot change the time on my system by more than one second! How do I get around this?</para> </question> @@ -4517,7 +4384,7 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="statd-mem-leak"> + <question xml:id="statd-mem-leak"> <para>Why is <command>rpc.statd</command> using 256 MB of memory?</para> </question> @@ -4531,7 +4398,7 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> off things like &man.top.1; and &man.ps.1;.</para> <para>&man.rpc.statd.8; maps its status file (resident on - <filename class="directory">/var</filename>) into its address space; to save + <filename>/var</filename>) into its address space; to save worrying about remapping it later when it needs to grow, it maps it with a generous size. This is very evident from the source code, where one can see that the length argument to @@ -4542,7 +4409,7 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="unsetting-schg"> + <question xml:id="unsetting-schg"> <para>Why can I not unset the <literal>schg</literal> file flag?</para> </question> @@ -4557,7 +4424,7 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ssh-shosts"> + <question xml:id="ssh-shosts"> <para>Why does <application>SSH</application> authentication through <filename>.shosts</filename> not work by default in recent versions of &os;?</para> @@ -4567,14 +4434,14 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> <para>The reason why <filename>.shosts</filename> authentication does not work by default in more recent versions of &os; is because &man.ssh.1; is not installed - suid <username>root</username> by default. To + suid <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> by default. To <quote>fix</quote> this, you can do one of the following:</para> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <para>As a permanent fix, set - <makevar>ENABLE_SUID_SSH</makevar> to + <varname>ENABLE_SUID_SSH</varname> to <literal>true</literal> in <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename> then rebuild and reinstall &man.ssh.1;.</para> @@ -4585,14 +4452,14 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> <filename>/usr/bin/ssh</filename> to <literal>4555</literal> by running <command>chmod 4555 /usr/bin/ssh</command> as - <username>root</username>.</para> + <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>.</para> </listitem> </itemizedlist> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="vnlru"> + <question xml:id="vnlru"> <para>What is <literal>vnlru</literal>?</para> </question> @@ -4606,7 +4473,7 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="top-memory-states"> + <question xml:id="top-memory-states"> <para>What do the various memory states displayed by <command>top</command> mean?</para> </question> @@ -4674,7 +4541,7 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="free-memory-amount"> + <question xml:id="free-memory-amount"> <para>How much free memory is available?</para> </question> @@ -4697,16 +4564,16 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="var-empty"> - <para>What is <filename class="directory">/var/empty</filename>? I can not + <question xml:id="var-empty"> + <para>What is <filename>/var/empty</filename>? I can not delete it!</para> </question> <answer> - <para><filename class="directory">/var/empty</filename> is a directory that the + <para><filename>/var/empty</filename> is a directory that the &man.sshd.8; program uses when performing privilege separation. - The <filename class="directory">/var/empty</filename> directory is empty, owned by - <username>root</username> and has the <literal>schg</literal> + The <filename>/var/empty</filename> directory is empty, owned by + <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> and has the <literal>schg</literal> flag set.</para> <para>Although it is not recommended to delete this directory, to @@ -4718,7 +4585,7 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="newsyslog-expectations"> + <question xml:id="newsyslog-expectations"> <para>I just changed <filename>/etc/newsyslog.conf</filename>. How can I check if it does what I expect?</para> @@ -4733,7 +4600,7 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="timezone"> + <question xml:id="timezone"> <para>My time is wrong, how can I change the timezone?</para> </question> @@ -4745,12 +4612,12 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> </qandaset> </chapter> - <chapter id="x"> + <chapter xml:id="x"> <title>The X Window System and Virtual Consoles</title> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="whatis-X"> + <question xml:id="whatis-X"> <para>What is the X Window System?</para> </question> @@ -4758,9 +4625,8 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> <para>The X Window System (commonly <literal>X11</literal>) is the most widely available windowing system capable of running on &unix; or &unix; like systems, including &os;. - <ulink url= "http://www.x.org/wiki/">The X.Org Foundation</ulink> - administers the <ulink - url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System_core_protocol">X protocol standards</ulink>, + <link xlink:href="http://www.x.org/wiki/">The X.Org Foundation</link> + administers the <link xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System_core_protocol">X protocol standards</link>, with the current reference implementation, version 11 release &xorg.version;, so you will often see references shortened to <literal>X11</literal>.</para> @@ -4773,19 +4639,18 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="running-X"> + <question xml:id="running-X"> <para>I want to run &xorg;, how do I go about it?</para> </question> <answer> <para>To install &xorg; do one of the following:</para> - <para>Use the <filename role="package">x11/xorg</filename> + <para>Use the <package>x11/xorg</package> meta-port, which builds and installs every &xorg; component.</para> - <para>Use <filename - role="package">x11/xorg-minimal</filename>, which builds + <para>Use <package>x11/xorg-minimal</package>, which builds and installs only the necessary &xorg; components.</para> <para>Install &xorg; from &os; packages:</para> @@ -4797,14 +4662,13 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> <screen><userinput>&prompt.root; pkg install xorg</userinput></screen> <para>After the installation of &xorg;, follow - the instructions from the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/x-config.html">X11 Configuration</ulink> section of + the instructions from the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/x-config.html">X11 Configuration</link> section of the &os; Handbook.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="running-X-securelevels"> + <question xml:id="running-X-securelevels"> <para>I <emphasis>tried</emphasis> to run X, but I get a <errorname>No devices detected.</errorname> error when I type @@ -4832,7 +4696,7 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="x-and-moused"> + <question xml:id="x-and-moused"> <para>Why does my mouse not work with X?</para> </question> @@ -4841,12 +4705,11 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> driver), you can configure &os; to support a mouse pointer on each virtual screen. To avoid conflicting with X, &man.syscons.4; supports a virtual device called - <devicename>/dev/sysmouse</devicename>. All mouse events + <filename>/dev/sysmouse</filename>. All mouse events received from the real mouse device are written to the &man.sysmouse.4; device via &man.moused.8;. To use your mouse on one or more virtual consoles, - <emphasis>and</emphasis> use X, see <xref - linkend="moused" remap="another section"/> and set up + <emphasis>and</emphasis> use X, see <xref linkend="moused" remap="another section"/> and set up &man.moused.8;.</para> <para>Then edit <filename>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</filename> and @@ -4867,9 +4730,9 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> <programlisting>Option "AutoAddDevices" "false"</programlisting> <para>Some people prefer to use - <devicename>/dev/mouse</devicename> under X. To make this - work, <devicename>/dev/mouse</devicename> should be linked - to <devicename>/dev/sysmouse</devicename> (see + <filename>/dev/mouse</filename> under X. To make this + work, <filename>/dev/mouse</filename> should be linked + to <filename>/dev/sysmouse</filename> (see &man.sysmouse.4;) by adding the following line to <filename>/etc/devfs.conf</filename> (see &man.devfs.conf.5;):</para> @@ -4878,14 +4741,14 @@ options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging</programlisting> <para>This link can be created by restarting &man.devfs.5; with the following command (as - <username>root</username>):</para> + <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>):</para> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>service devfs restart</userinput></screen> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="x-and-wheel"> + <question xml:id="x-and-wheel"> <para>My mouse has a fancy wheel. Can I use it in X?</para> </question> @@ -4926,7 +4789,7 @@ EndSection</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="x-and-synaptic"> + <question xml:id="x-and-synaptic"> <para>My laptop has a Synaptics touchpad. Can I use it in X?</para> </question> @@ -4965,7 +4828,7 @@ EndSection</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="no-remote-x11"> + <question xml:id="no-remote-x11"> <para>How do I use remote X displays?</para> </question> @@ -4982,7 +4845,7 @@ EndSection</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="virtual-console"> + <question xml:id="virtual-console"> <para>What is a virtual console and how do I make more?</para> </question> @@ -5000,28 +4863,23 @@ EndSection</programlisting> <para>At some point, you will probably wish to start another session, perhaps to look at documentation for a program you are running or to read your mail while waiting for an FTP - transfer to finish. Just do <keycombo - action="simul"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo> + transfer to finish. Just do <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo> (hold down <keycap>Alt</keycap> and press <keycap>F2</keycap>), and you will find a login prompt waiting for you on the second <quote>virtual console</quote>! When you want to go back to the original - session, do <keycombo - action="simul"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo>.</para> + session, do <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo>.</para> <para>The default &os; installation has eight virtual consoles - enabled. <keycombo - action="simul"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo>, - <keycombo - action="simul"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo>, - <keycombo - action="simul"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F3</keycap></keycombo>, + enabled. <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo>, + <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo>, + <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F3</keycap></keycombo>, and so on will switch between these virtual consoles.</para> <para>To enable more of them, edit <filename>/etc/ttys</filename> (see &man.ttys.5;) and add - entries for <devicename>ttyv8</devicename> to - <devicename>ttyvc</devicename> after the comment on + entries for <filename>ttyv8</filename> to + <filename>ttyvc</filename> after the comment on <quote>Virtual terminals</quote>:</para> <programlisting># Edit the existing entry for ttyv8 in /etc/ttys and change @@ -5078,7 +4936,7 @@ ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" xterm off secure</programlisting> <para>Next, the easiest (and cleanest) way to activate the virtual consoles is to reboot. However, if you really do not want to reboot, you can just shut down the X Window - system and execute (as <username>root</username>):</para> + system and execute (as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>):</para> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>kill -HUP 1</userinput></screen> @@ -5090,20 +4948,17 @@ ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" xterm off secure</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="vty-from-x"> + <question xml:id="vty-from-x"> <para>How do I access the virtual consoles from X?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>Use <keycombo - action="simul"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F<replaceable>n</replaceable></keycap></keycombo> - to switch back to a virtual console. <keycombo - action="simul"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo> + <para>Use <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F<replaceable>n</replaceable></keycap></keycombo> + to switch back to a virtual console. <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo> would return you to the first virtual console.</para> <para>Once you are back to a text console, you can then use - <keycombo - action="simul"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F<replaceable>n</replaceable></keycap></keycombo> + <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F<replaceable>n</replaceable></keycap></keycombo> as normal to move between them.</para> <para>To return to the X session, you must switch to the @@ -5112,14 +4967,13 @@ ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" xterm off secure</programlisting> the X session will attach to the next unused virtual console, not the text console from which it was invoked. If you have eight active virtual terminals then X will be - running on the ninth, and you would use <keycombo - action="simul"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F9</keycap></keycombo> + running on the ninth, and you would use <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F9</keycap></keycombo> to return.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="xdm-boot"> + <question xml:id="xdm-boot"> <para>How do I start <application>XDM</application> on boot?</para> </question> @@ -5132,7 +4986,7 @@ ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" xterm off secure</programlisting> <command>xdm</command> from <filename>rc.local</filename> (see &man.rc.8;) or from an <filename>X</filename> script in - <filename class="directory">/usr/local/etc/rc.d</filename>. Both are equally + <filename>/usr/local/etc/rc.d</filename>. Both are equally valid, and one may work in situations where the other does not. In both cases the result is the same: X will pop up a graphical login prompt.</para> @@ -5163,14 +5017,14 @@ ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" xterm off secure</programlisting> <programlisting>:0 local /usr/local/bin/X vt4</programlisting> <para>The above example will direct the X server to run in - <devicename>/dev/ttyv3</devicename>. Note the number is + <filename>/dev/ttyv3</filename>. Note the number is offset by one. The X server counts the vty from one, whereas the &os; kernel numbers the vty from zero.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="xconsole-failure"> + <question xml:id="xconsole-failure"> <para>Why do I get <errorname>Couldn't open console</errorname> when I run <command>xconsole</command>?</para> @@ -5179,7 +5033,7 @@ ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" xterm off secure</programlisting> <answer> <para>If you start <application>X</application> with <command>startx</command>, the permissions on - <devicename>/dev/console</devicename> will + <filename>/dev/console</filename> will <emphasis>not</emphasis> get changed, resulting in things like <command>xterm -C</command> and <command>xconsole</command> not working.</para> @@ -5198,13 +5052,13 @@ ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" xterm off secure</programlisting> <programlisting>/dev/ttyv0 0600 /dev/console</programlisting> <para>It will ensure that whomever logs in on - <devicename>/dev/ttyv0</devicename> will own the + <filename>/dev/ttyv0</filename> will own the console.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ps2-x"> + <question xml:id="ps2-x"> <para>Why does my PS/2 mouse misbehave under X?</para> </question> @@ -5234,7 +5088,7 @@ ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" xterm off secure</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="mouse-button-reverse"> + <question xml:id="mouse-button-reverse"> <para>How do I reverse the mouse buttons?</para> </question> @@ -5249,21 +5103,20 @@ ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" xterm off secure</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="install-splash"> + <question xml:id="install-splash"> <para>How do I install a splash screen and where do I find them?</para> </question> <answer> <para>The detailed answer for this question can be found in - the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/boot-blocks.html#boot-splash">Boot Time Splash Screens</ulink> + the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/boot-blocks.html#boot-splash">Boot Time Splash Screens</link> section of the &os; Handbook.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="windows-keys"> + <question xml:id="windows-keys"> <para>Can I use the <keycap>Windows</keycap> keys on my keyboard in X?</para> </question> @@ -5325,8 +5178,7 @@ ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" xterm off secure</programlisting> keycode 116 = F14 keycode 117 = F15</programlisting> - <para>If you use the <filename - role="package">x11-wm/fvwm2</filename> port, for example, + <para>If you use the <package>x11-wm/fvwm2</package> port, for example, you could map the keys so that <keycap>F13</keycap> iconifies (or de-iconifies) the window the cursor is in, <keycap>F14</keycap> brings the window the cursor is in to @@ -5347,7 +5199,7 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="x-3d-acceleration"> + <question xml:id="x-3d-acceleration"> <para>How can I get 3D hardware acceleration for &opengl;?</para> </question> @@ -5362,34 +5214,31 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <para>The latest versions of nVidia cards are supported by - the <filename role="package">x11/nvidia-driver</filename> + the <package>x11/nvidia-driver</package> port.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>nVidia cards like the GeForce2 MX/3/4 series are supported by the 96XX series of drivers, available - in the <filename - role="package">x11/nvidia-driver-96xx</filename> + in the <package>x11/nvidia-driver-96xx</package> port.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Even older cards, like GeForce and RIVA TNT are supported by the 71XX series of drivers, available in - the <filename - role="package">x11/nvidia-driver-71xx</filename> + the <package>x11/nvidia-driver-71xx</package> port.</para> </listitem> </itemizedlist> <para>nVidia provides detailed information on which card is supported by which driver - on their web site: <ulink - url="http://www.nvidia.com/object/IO_32667.html"></ulink>.</para> + on their web site: <uri xlink:href="http://www.nvidia.com/object/IO_32667.html">http://www.nvidia.com/object/IO_32667.html</uri>.</para> <para>For Matrox G200/G400, check the - <filename role="package">x11-servers/mga_hal</filename> + <package>x11-servers/mga_hal</package> port.</para> <para>For ATI Rage 128 and Radeon see @@ -5399,12 +5248,12 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> </qandaset> </chapter> - <chapter id="networking"> + <chapter xml:id="networking"> <title>Networking</title> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="diskless-booting"> + <question xml:id="diskless-booting"> <para>Where can I get information on <quote>diskless booting</quote>?</para> </question> @@ -5413,27 +5262,24 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> <para><quote>Diskless booting</quote> means that the &os; box is booted over a network, and reads the necessary files from a server instead of its hard disk. For full - details, please read <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/network-diskless.html">the Handbook entry on diskless booting</ulink>.</para> + details, please read <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/network-diskless.html">the Handbook entry on diskless booting</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="router"> + <question xml:id="router"> <para>Can a &os; box be used as a dedicated network router?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>Yes. Please see the Handbook entry on <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/advanced-networking.html">advanced networking</ulink>, - specifically the section on <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/network-routing.html">routing and gateways</ulink>.</para> + <para>Yes. Please see the Handbook entry on <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/advanced-networking.html">advanced networking</link>, + specifically the section on <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/network-routing.html">routing and gateways</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="win95-connection"> + <question xml:id="win95-connection"> <para>Can I connect my &windows; box to the Internet via &os;?</para> </question> @@ -5454,19 +5300,17 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. For more information, please see the &man.ppp.8; manual page or - the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/userppp.html">Handbook entry on user PPP</ulink>.</para> + the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/userppp.html">Handbook entry on user PPP</link>.</para> <para>If you are using kernel-mode PPP or have an Ethernet connection to the Internet, you need to use &man.natd.8;. - Please look at the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/network-natd.html">natd</ulink> + Please look at the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/network-natd.html">natd</link> section of the Handbook for a tutorial.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="slip-ppp-support"> + <question xml:id="slip-ppp-support"> <para>Does &os; support PPP?</para> </question> @@ -5475,29 +5319,26 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> incoming and outgoing connections.</para> <para>For more information on how to use this, please see the - <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/ppp-and-slip.html">Handbook chapter on PPP</ulink>.</para> + <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/ppp-and-slip.html">Handbook chapter on PPP</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="natd"> + <question xml:id="natd"> <para>Does &os; support NAT or Masquerading?</para> </question> <answer> <para>Yes. If you want to use NAT over a user PPP connection, - please see the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/userppp.html">Handbook entry on user PPP</ulink>. + please see the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/userppp.html">Handbook entry on user PPP</link>. If you want to use NAT over some other sort of network - connection, please look at the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/network-natd.html">natd</ulink> + connection, please look at the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/network-natd.html">natd</link> section of the Handbook.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ethernet-aliases"> + <question xml:id="ethernet-aliases"> <para>How can I set up Ethernet aliases?</para> </question> @@ -5507,20 +5348,19 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> 0xffffffff</literal> to your &man.ifconfig.8; command-line, as in the following:</para> - <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ifconfig <replaceable>ed0</replaceable> alias <replaceable>192.0.2.2</replaceable> netmask 0xffffffff</userinput></screen> + <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ifconfig ed0 alias 192.0.2.2 netmask 0xffffffff</userinput></screen> <para>Otherwise, just specify the network address and netmask as usual:</para> - <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ifconfig <replaceable>ed0</replaceable> alias <replaceable>172.16.141.5</replaceable> netmask 0xffffff00</userinput></screen> + <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ifconfig ed0 alias 172.16.141.5 netmask 0xffffff00</userinput></screen> - <para>You can read more about this in the &os; <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/configtuning-virtual-hosts.html">Handbook</ulink>.</para> + <para>You can read more about this in the &os; <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/configtuning-virtual-hosts.html">Handbook</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="nfs-linux"> + <question xml:id="nfs-linux"> <para>Why can I not NFS-mount from a &linux; box?</para> </question> @@ -5529,12 +5369,12 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> requests from a privileged port; try to issue the following command:</para> - <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -o -P <replaceable>linuxbox:/blah</replaceable> <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput></screen> + <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -o -P linuxbox:/blah /mnt</userinput></screen> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="exports-errors"> + <question xml:id="exports-errors"> <para>Why does <command>mountd</command> keep telling me it <errorname>can't change attributes</errorname> and that I have a <errorname>bad exports list</errorname> on my &os; @@ -5544,15 +5384,13 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> <answer> <para>The most frequent problem is not understanding the correct format of <filename>/etc/exports</filename>. Please - review &man.exports.5; and the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/network-nfs.html">NFS</ulink> - entry in the Handbook, especially the section on <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/network-nfs.html#configuring-nfs">configuring NFS</ulink>.</para> + review &man.exports.5; and the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/network-nfs.html">NFS</link> + entry in the Handbook, especially the section on <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/network-nfs.html#configuring-nfs">configuring NFS</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ip-multicast"> + <question xml:id="ip-multicast"> <para>How do I enable IP multicast support?</para> </question> @@ -5571,25 +5409,24 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> routing daemon, the &man.map-mbone.8; and &man.mrinfo.8; utilities have been removed from the base system. These programs are now available in the &os; Ports Collection as - <filename role="package">net/mrouted</filename>.</para> + <package>net/mrouted</package>.</para> </note> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="fqdn-hosts"> + <question xml:id="fqdn-hosts"> <para>Why do I have to use the FQDN for hosts on my site?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>See the answer in the &os; <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/mail-trouble.html">Handbook</ulink>.</para> + <para>See the answer in the &os; <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/mail-trouble.html">Handbook</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="network-permission-denied"> + <question xml:id="network-permission-denied"> <para>Why do I get an error, <errorname>Permission denied</errorname>, for all networking operations?</para> </question> @@ -5603,7 +5440,7 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> <para>If you had unintentionally misconfigured your system for firewalling, you can restore network operability by typing the following while logged in as - <username>root</username>:</para> + <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>:</para> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ipfw add 65534 allow all from any to any</userinput></screen> @@ -5611,13 +5448,12 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> in <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.</para> <para>For further information on configuring a &os; firewall, - see the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/firewalls.html">Handbook chapter</ulink>.</para> + see the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/firewalls.html">Handbook chapter</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ipfw-fwd"> + <question xml:id="ipfw-fwd"> <para>Why is my <command>ipfw</command> <quote>fwd</quote> rule to redirect a service to another machine not working?</para> @@ -5645,24 +5481,22 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> <quote>fwd</quote> rule does not often work the way the user expects. This behavior is a feature and not a bug.</para> - <para>See the <link - linkend="service-redirect">FAQ about redirecting services</link>, + <para>See the <link linkend="service-redirect">FAQ about redirecting services</link>, the &man.natd.8; manual, or one of the several port - redirecting utilities in the <ulink - url="&url.base;/ports/index.html">Ports Collection</ulink> + redirecting utilities in the <link xlink:href="&url.base;/ports/index.html">Ports Collection</link> for a correct way to do this.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="service-redirect"> + <question xml:id="service-redirect"> <para>How can I redirect service requests from one machine to another?</para> </question> <answer> <para>You can redirect FTP (and other service) request with - the <filename role="package">sysutils/socket</filename> + the <package>sysutils/socket</package> port. Simply replace the service's command line to call <command>socket</command> instead, like so:</para> @@ -5675,24 +5509,22 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="bandwidth-mgr-tool"> + <question xml:id="bandwidth-mgr-tool"> <para>Where can I get a bandwidth management tool?</para> </question> <answer> <para>There are three bandwidth management tools available for &os;. &man.dummynet.4; is integrated into &os; as part of - &man.ipfw.4;. <ulink - url="http://www.sonycsl.co.jp/person/kjc/programs.html">ALTQ</ulink> + &man.ipfw.4;. <link xlink:href="http://www.sonycsl.co.jp/person/kjc/programs.html">ALTQ</link> has been integrated into &os; as part of &man.pf.4;. - Bandwidth Manager from <ulink - url="http://www.etinc.com/">Emerging Technologies</ulink> + Bandwidth Manager from <link xlink:href="http://www.etinc.com/">Emerging Technologies</link> is a commercial product.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="bpf-not-configured"> + <question xml:id="bpf-not-configured"> <para>Why do I get <errorname>/dev/bpf0: device not configured</errorname>?</para> </question> @@ -5708,7 +5540,7 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="mount-smb-share"> + <question xml:id="mount-smb-share"> <para>How do I mount a disk from a &windows; machine that is on my network, like smbmount in &linux;?</para> </question> @@ -5722,7 +5554,7 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="icmp-response-bw-limit"> + <question xml:id="icmp-response-bw-limit"> <para>What are these messages about: <errorname>Limiting icmp/open port/closed port response</errorname> in my log files?</para> @@ -5779,7 +5611,7 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="unknown-hw-addr-format"> + <question xml:id="unknown-hw-addr-format"> <para>What are these <errorname>arp: unknown hardware address format</errorname> error messages?</para> </question> @@ -5796,7 +5628,7 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="arp-wrong-iface"> + <question xml:id="arp-wrong-iface"> <para>Why do I keep seeing messages like: <errorname>192.168.0.10 is on fxp1 but got reply from 00:15:17:67:cf:82 on rl0</errorname>, and how do I disable it?</para> @@ -5812,12 +5644,12 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> </qandaset> </chapter> - <chapter id="security"> + <chapter xml:id="security"> <title>Security</title> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="sandbox"> + <question xml:id="sandbox"> <para>What is a sandbox?</para> </question> <answer> @@ -5844,9 +5676,9 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> <para>Take the <literal>ntalk</literal> service, for example (see &man.inetd.8;). This service used to run - as user ID <username>root</username>. Now it runs - as user ID <username>tty</username>. The - <username>tty</username> user is a sandbox designed to + as user ID <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>. Now it runs + as user ID <systemitem class="username">tty</systemitem>. The + <systemitem class="username">tty</systemitem> user is a sandbox designed to make it more difficult for someone who has successfully hacked into the system via <literal>ntalk</literal> from being able to hack beyond that user ID.</para> @@ -5862,10 +5694,8 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> <para>The most common way to accomplish this is to build a simulated environment in a subdirectory and then run the - processes in that directory chrooted (i.e., <filename - class="directory">/</filename> for that process is this - directory, not the real <filename - class="directory">/</filename> of the system).</para> + processes in that directory chrooted (i.e., <filename>/</filename> for that process is this + directory, not the real <filename>/</filename> of the system).</para> <para>Another common use is to mount an underlying file system read-only and then create a file system layer on @@ -5889,7 +5719,7 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> address space of another.</para> <para>A &unix; process is owned by a particular userid. If - the user ID is not the <username>root</username> user, + the user ID is not the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user, it serves to firewall the process off from processes owned by other users. The user ID is also used to firewall off on-disk data.</para> @@ -5897,7 +5727,7 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="securelevel"> + <question xml:id="securelevel"> <para>What is securelevel?</para> </question> @@ -5906,7 +5736,7 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> mechanism implemented in the kernel. When the securelevel is positive, the kernel restricts certain tasks; not even the superuser - (i.e., <username>root</username>) is allowed to do them. + (i.e., <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>) is allowed to do them. The securelevel mechanism limits the ability to:</para> <itemizedlist> @@ -5918,8 +5748,8 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> <listitem> <para>Write to kernel memory via - <devicename>/dev/mem</devicename> and - <devicename>/dev/kmem</devicename>.</para> + <filename>/dev/mem</filename> and + <filename>/dev/kmem</filename>.</para> </listitem> <listitem> @@ -5944,7 +5774,7 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> <para>The securelevel of a running system can not be lowered as this would defeat its purpose. If you need to do a task that requires that the securelevel be - non-positive (e.g., an <maketarget>installworld</maketarget> + non-positive (e.g., an <buildtarget>installworld</buildtarget> or changing the date), you will have to change the securelevel setting in <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> (you want to look for the @@ -5977,8 +5807,7 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> <para>This point and others are often discussed on the mailing lists, particularly the &a.security;. Please - search the archives <ulink - url="&url.base;/search/index.html">here</ulink> for an + search the archives <link xlink:href="&url.base;/search/index.html">here</link> for an extensive discussion. A more fine-grained mechanism is preferred.</para> </warning> @@ -5986,7 +5815,7 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="extra-named-port"> + <question xml:id="extra-named-port"> <para>BIND (<command>named</command>) is listening on some high-numbered ports. What is going on?</para> </question> @@ -6019,7 +5848,7 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="sendmail-port-587"> + <question xml:id="sendmail-port-587"> <para>The <application>sendmail</application> daemon is listening on port 587 as well as the standard port 25! What is going on?</para> @@ -6034,59 +5863,58 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="toor-account"> - <para>What is this UID 0 <username>toor</username> account? + <question xml:id="toor-account"> + <para>What is this UID 0 <systemitem class="username">toor</systemitem> account? Have I been compromised?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>Do not worry. <username>toor</username> is an + <para>Do not worry. <systemitem class="username">toor</systemitem> is an <quote>alternative</quote> superuser account (toor is root spelt backwards). Previously it was created when the &man.bash.1; shell was installed but now it is created by default. It is intended to be used with a non-standard shell so you do not have to change - <username>root</username>'s default shell. This is + <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>'s default shell. This is important as shells which are not part of the base distribution (for example a shell installed from ports or packages) are likely to be installed in - <filename class="directory">/usr/local/bin</filename> which, by default, + <filename>/usr/local/bin</filename> which, by default, resides on a different file system. If - <username>root</username>'s shell is located in - <filename class="directory">/usr/local/bin</filename> and - <filename class="directory">/usr</filename> (or whatever file system contains - <filename class="directory">/usr/local/bin</filename>) is not mounted for some - reason, <username>root</username> will not be able to log in + <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>'s shell is located in + <filename>/usr/local/bin</filename> and + <filename>/usr</filename> (or whatever file system contains + <filename>/usr/local/bin</filename>) is not mounted for some + reason, <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> will not be able to log in to fix a problem (although if you reboot into single user mode you will be prompted for the path to a shell).</para> - <para>Some people use <username>toor</username> for day-to-day - <username>root</username> tasks with a non-standard shell, - leaving <username>root</username>, with a standard shell, + <para>Some people use <systemitem class="username">toor</systemitem> for day-to-day + <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> tasks with a non-standard shell, + leaving <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, with a standard shell, for single user mode or emergencies. By default you cannot - log in using <username>toor</username> as it does not have a - password, so log in as <username>root</username> and set a - password for <username>toor</username> if you want to use + log in using <systemitem class="username">toor</systemitem> as it does not have a + password, so log in as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> and set a + password for <systemitem class="username">toor</systemitem> if you want to use it.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> </qandaset> </chapter> - <chapter id="ppp"> + <chapter xml:id="ppp"> <title>PPP</title> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="userppp"> + <question xml:id="userppp"> <para>I cannot make &man.ppp.8; work. What am I doing wrong?</para> </question> <answer> <para>You should first read the &man.ppp.8; manual page and - the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/ppp-and-slip.html#userppp">PPP section of the handbook</ulink>. + the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/ppp-and-slip.html#userppp">PPP section of the handbook</link>. Enable logging with the following command:</para> <programlisting>set log Phase Chat Connect Carrier lcp ipcp ccp command</programlisting> @@ -6111,7 +5939,7 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ppp-hangs"> + <question xml:id="ppp-hangs"> <para>Why does &man.ppp.8; hang when I run it?</para> </question> @@ -6124,7 +5952,7 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> <literal>hosts</literal> line first. Then, simply put an entry in <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> for your local machine. If you have no local network, change your - <hostid>localhost</hostid> line:</para> + <systemitem>localhost</systemitem> line:</para> <programlisting>127.0.0.1 foo.example.com foo localhost</programlisting> @@ -6138,7 +5966,7 @@ Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ppp-nodial-auto"> + <question xml:id="ppp-nodial-auto"> <para>Why will &man.ppp.8; not dial in <literal>-auto</literal> mode?</para> </question> @@ -6168,14 +5996,13 @@ default 10.0.0.2 UGSc 0 0 tun0 <programlisting>delete ALL</programlisting> - <para>If this is the case, go back to the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/userppp.html#userppp-final">Final System Configuration</ulink> + <para>If this is the case, go back to the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/userppp.html#userppp-final">Final System Configuration</link> section of the handbook.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="no-route-to-host"> + <question xml:id="no-route-to-host"> <para>What does <errorname>No route to host</errorname> mean?</para> </question> @@ -6198,14 +6025,13 @@ default 10.0.0.2 UGSc 0 0 tun0 <programlisting>delete ALL add 0 0 HISADDR</programlisting> - <para>Refer to the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/userppp.html#userppp-dynamicip">PPP and Dynamic IP addresses</ulink> + <para>Refer to the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/userppp.html#userppp-dynamicip">PPP and Dynamic IP addresses</link> section of the handbook for further details.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="connection-threeminutedrop"> + <question xml:id="connection-threeminutedrop"> <para>Why does my connection drop after about 3 minutes?</para> </question> @@ -6230,7 +6056,7 @@ add 0 0 HISADDR</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ppp-drop-heavy-load"> + <question xml:id="ppp-drop-heavy-load"> <para>Why does my connection drop under heavy load?</para> </question> @@ -6247,7 +6073,7 @@ add 0 0 HISADDR</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ppp-drop-random"> + <question xml:id="ppp-drop-random"> <para>Why does my connection drop after a random amount of time?</para> </question> @@ -6264,7 +6090,7 @@ add 0 0 HISADDR</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ppp-hangs-random"> + <question xml:id="ppp-hangs-random"> <para>Why does my connection hang after a random amount of time?</para> </question> @@ -6299,20 +6125,18 @@ add 0 0 HISADDR</programlisting> <itemizedlist> <listitem> - <para>If the problem is remote, read on entry <xref - linkend="ppp-remote-not-responding"/>.</para> + <para>If the problem is remote, read on entry <xref linkend="ppp-remote-not-responding"/>.</para> </listitem> <listitem> - <para>If the problem is local, read on entry <xref - linkend="ppp-hung"/>.</para> + <para>If the problem is local, read on entry <xref linkend="ppp-hung"/>.</para> </listitem> </itemizedlist> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ppp-remote-not-responding"> + <question xml:id="ppp-remote-not-responding"> <para>The remote end is not responding. What can I do?</para> </question> @@ -6354,7 +6178,7 @@ deny pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ppp-hung"> + <question xml:id="ppp-hung"> <para>&man.ppp.8; has hung. What can I do?</para> </question> @@ -6388,7 +6212,7 @@ deny pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ppp-same-magic"> + <question xml:id="ppp-same-magic"> <para>I keep seeing errors about magic being the same. What does it mean?</para> </question> @@ -6455,7 +6279,7 @@ deny pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ppp-lcp-constant"> + <question xml:id="ppp-lcp-constant"> <para>LCP negotiations continue until the connection is closed. What is wrong?</para> </question> @@ -6468,32 +6292,32 @@ deny pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj</programlisting> other side, the other side will send two additional LCP configuration requests. This is fatal.</para> - <para>Consider two implementations, <hostid>A</hostid> and - <hostid>B</hostid>. <hostid>A</hostid> starts sending LCP - requests immediately after connecting and <hostid>B</hostid> - takes 7 seconds to start. When <hostid>B</hostid> starts, - <hostid>A</hostid> has sent 3 LCP REQs. We are assuming the + <para>Consider two implementations, <systemitem>A</systemitem> and + <systemitem>B</systemitem>. <systemitem>A</systemitem> starts sending LCP + requests immediately after connecting and <systemitem>B</systemitem> + takes 7 seconds to start. When <systemitem>B</systemitem> starts, + <systemitem>A</systemitem> has sent 3 LCP REQs. We are assuming the line has ECHO switched off, otherwise we would see magic number problems as described in the previous section. - <hostid>B</hostid> sends a REQ, then an ACK to the first of - <hostid>A</hostid>'s REQs. This results in - <hostid>A</hostid> entering the <acronym>OPENED</acronym> + <systemitem>B</systemitem> sends a REQ, then an ACK to the first of + <systemitem>A</systemitem>'s REQs. This results in + <systemitem>A</systemitem> entering the <acronym>OPENED</acronym> state and sending and ACK (the first) back to - <hostid>B</hostid>. In the meantime, <hostid>B</hostid> + <systemitem>B</systemitem>. In the meantime, <systemitem>B</systemitem> sends back two more ACKs in response to the two additional - REQs sent by <hostid>A</hostid> before <hostid>B</hostid> - started up. <hostid>B</hostid> then receives the first ACK - from <hostid>A</hostid> and enters the - <acronym>OPENED</acronym> state. <hostid>A</hostid> - receives the second ACK from <hostid>B</hostid> and goes + REQs sent by <systemitem>A</systemitem> before <systemitem>B</systemitem> + started up. <systemitem>B</systemitem> then receives the first ACK + from <systemitem>A</systemitem> and enters the + <acronym>OPENED</acronym> state. <systemitem>A</systemitem> + receives the second ACK from <systemitem>B</systemitem> and goes back to the <acronym>REQ-SENT</acronym> state, sending another (forth) REQ as per the RFC. It then receives the third ACK and enters the <acronym>OPENED</acronym> state. - In the meantime, <hostid>B</hostid> receives the forth REQ - from <hostid>A</hostid>, resulting in it reverting to the + In the meantime, <systemitem>B</systemitem> receives the forth REQ + from <systemitem>A</systemitem>, resulting in it reverting to the <acronym>ACK-SENT</acronym> state and sending another (second) REQ and (forth) ACK as per the RFC. - <hostid>A</hostid> gets the REQ, goes into + <systemitem>A</systemitem> gets the REQ, goes into <acronym>REQ-SENT</acronym> and sends another REQ. It immediately receives the following ACK and enters <acronym>OPENED</acronym>.</para> @@ -6525,7 +6349,7 @@ deny pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ppp-shell-test-lockup"> + <question xml:id="ppp-shell-test-lockup"> <para>Why does &man.ppp.8; lock up when I shell out to test it?</para> </question> @@ -6549,7 +6373,7 @@ deny pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ppp-null-modem"> + <question xml:id="ppp-null-modem"> <para>Why does &man.ppp.8; over a null-modem cable never exit?</para> </question> @@ -6569,7 +6393,7 @@ deny pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ppp-auto-noreasondial"> + <question xml:id="ppp-auto-noreasondial"> <para>Why does &man.ppp.8; dial for no reason in <option>-auto</option> mode?</para> </question> @@ -6608,8 +6432,7 @@ set dfilter 3 permit 0/0 0/0</programlisting> &man.sendmail.8; is the culprit. You should make sure that you tell <application>sendmail</application> not to do any DNS lookups in its configuration file. See the section on - <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/smtp-dialup.html">using email with a dialup connection</ulink> + <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/smtp-dialup.html">using email with a dialup connection</link> in the &os; Handbook for details on how to create your own configuration file and what should go into it. You may also want to add the following line to @@ -6621,13 +6444,13 @@ set dfilter 3 permit 0/0 0/0</programlisting> everything until the queue is run (usually, sendmail is run with <option>-bd -q30m</option>, telling it to run the queue every 30 minutes) or until a <command>sendmail - <option>-q</option></command> is done (perhaps from your + -q</command> is done (perhaps from your <filename>ppp.linkup</filename>).</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ccp-errors"> + <question xml:id="ccp-errors"> <para>What do these CCP errors mean?</para> </question> @@ -6649,7 +6472,7 @@ CCP: Received Terminate Ack (1) state = Req-Sent (6)</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ppp-connectionspeed"> + <question xml:id="ppp-connectionspeed"> <para>Why does &man.ppp.8; not log my connection speed?</para> </question> @@ -6681,7 +6504,7 @@ CCP: Received Terminate Ack (1) state = Req-Sent (6)</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ppp-ignores-backslash"> + <question xml:id="ppp-ignores-backslash"> <para>Why does &man.ppp.8; ignore the <literal>\</literal> character in my chat script?</para> </question> @@ -6729,7 +6552,7 @@ ATDT1234567</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ppp-segfault-nocore"> + <question xml:id="ppp-segfault-nocore"> <para>Why does &man.ppp.8; get a <errorname>Segmentation fault</errorname>, but I see no <filename>ppp.core</filename></para> @@ -6748,13 +6571,13 @@ ATDT1234567</programlisting> section), then you should install the system sources and do the following:</para> - <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>cd</command> <filename class="directory">/usr/src/usr.sbin/ppp</filename></userinput> -&prompt.root; <userinput><command>echo</command> <makevar>STRIP</makevar>= >> <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename></userinput> -&prompt.root; <userinput><command>echo</command> <makevar>CFLAGS</makevar>+=<option>-g</option> >> <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename></userinput> -&prompt.root; <userinput><command>make</command> <maketarget>install</maketarget> <maketarget>clean</maketarget></userinput></screen> + <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/src/usr.sbin/ppp</userinput> +&prompt.root; <userinput>echo STRIP= >> /etc/make.conf</userinput> +&prompt.root; <userinput>echo CFLAGS+=-g >> /etc/make.conf</userinput> +&prompt.root; <userinput>make install clean</userinput></screen> <para>You will now have a debuggable version of &man.ppp.8; - installed. You will have to be <username>root</username> to + installed. You will have to be <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to run &man.ppp.8; as all of its privileges have been revoked. When you start &man.ppp.8;, take a careful note of what your current directory was at the time.</para> @@ -6786,7 +6609,7 @@ ATDT1234567</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ppp-autodialprocess-noconnect"> + <question xml:id="ppp-autodialprocess-noconnect"> <para>Why does the process that forces a dial in <option>-auto</option> mode never connect?</para> </question> @@ -6839,12 +6662,11 @@ ATDT1234567</programlisting> <para>Yet another possibility is to allow an interface to be brought up without an IP number. Outgoing packets would be - given an IP number of <hostid - role="ipaddr">255.255.255.255</hostid> up until the first + given an IP number of <systemitem class="ipaddress">255.255.255.255</systemitem> up until the first <literal>SIOCAIFADDR</literal> &man.ioctl.2; is done. This would result in fully binding the socket. It would be up to &man.ppp.8; to change the source IP number, but only if it - is set to <hostid role="ipaddr">255.255.255.255</hostid>, + is set to <systemitem class="ipaddress">255.255.255.255</systemitem>, and only the IP number and IP checksum would need to change. This, however is a bit of a hack as the kernel would be sending bad packets to an improperly configured interface, @@ -6854,7 +6676,7 @@ ATDT1234567</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ppp-nat-games"> + <question xml:id="ppp-nat-games"> <para>Why do most games not work with the <option>-nat</option> switch?</para> </question> @@ -6939,7 +6761,7 @@ ATDT1234567</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="fcs-errors"> + <question xml:id="fcs-errors"> <para>What are FCS errors?</para> </question> @@ -6988,7 +6810,7 @@ ATDT1234567</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="desperation"> + <question xml:id="desperation"> <para>None of this helps — I am desperate! What can I do?</para> </question> @@ -7006,23 +6828,21 @@ ATDT1234567</programlisting> </qandaset> </chapter> - <chapter id="serial"> + <chapter xml:id="serial"> <title>Serial Communications</title> <para>This section answers common questions about serial - communications with &os;. PPP is covered in the <link - linkend="networking">Networking</link> section.</para> + communications with &os;. PPP is covered in the <link linkend="networking">Networking</link> section.</para> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="multiport-serial-support"> + <question xml:id="multiport-serial-support"> <para>Which multi-port serial cards are supported by &os;?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>There is a list of these in the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/serial.html">Serial Communications</ulink> + <para>There is a list of these in the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/serial.html">Serial Communications</link> chapter of the handbook.</para> <para>Most multi-port PCI cards that are based on 16550 or @@ -7037,19 +6857,18 @@ ATDT1234567</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="serial-console-prompt"> + <question xml:id="serial-console-prompt"> <para>How do I get the boot: prompt to show on the serial console?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>See <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/serialconsole-setup.html">this section of the handbook</ulink>.</para> + <para>See <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/serialconsole-setup.html">this section of the handbook</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="found-serial"> + <question xml:id="found-serial"> <para>How do I tell if &os; found my serial ports or modem cards?</para> </question> @@ -7084,42 +6903,41 @@ sio1: type 16550A</programlisting> settings in the above example. If these settings are not right for your system, or if you have added modem cards or have more serial ports than your kernel is configured for, - just reconfigure your kernel. See section <link - linkend="make-kernel">about building a kernel</link> for + just reconfigure your kernel. See section <link linkend="make-kernel">about building a kernel</link> for more details.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="access-serial-ports"> + <question xml:id="access-serial-ports"> <para>How do I access the serial ports on &os;?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>The third serial port, <devicename>sio2</devicename> - (see &man.sio.4;, known as <devicename>COM3</devicename> in - DOS), is on <devicename>/dev/cuad2</devicename> for dial-out - devices, and on <devicename>/dev/ttyd2</devicename> for + <para>The third serial port, <filename>sio2</filename> + (see &man.sio.4;, known as <filename>COM3</filename> in + DOS), is on <filename>/dev/cuad2</filename> for dial-out + devices, and on <filename>/dev/ttyd2</filename> for dial-in devices. What is the difference between these two classes of devices?</para> <para>You use - <devicename>ttyd<replaceable>X</replaceable></devicename> + <filename>ttydX</filename> for dial-ins. When opening - <devicename>/dev/ttyd<replaceable>X</replaceable></devicename> + <filename>/dev/ttydX</filename> in blocking mode, a process will wait for the corresponding - <devicename>cuad<replaceable>X</replaceable></devicename> + <filename>cuadX</filename> device to become inactive, and then wait for the carrier detect line to go active. When you open the - <devicename>cuad<replaceable>X</replaceable></devicename> + <filename>cuadX</filename> device, it makes sure the serial port is not already in use by the - <devicename>ttyd<replaceable>X</replaceable></devicename> + <filename>ttydX</filename> device. If the port is available, it <quote>steals</quote> it from the - <devicename>ttyd<replaceable>X</replaceable></devicename> + <filename>ttydX</filename> device. Also, the - <devicename>cuad<replaceable>X</replaceable></devicename> + <filename>cuadX</filename> device does not care about carrier detect. With this scheme and an auto-answer modem, you can have remote users log in and you can still dial out with the same modem and the @@ -7128,7 +6946,7 @@ sio1: type 16550A</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="enable-multiport-serial"> + <question xml:id="enable-multiport-serial"> <para>How do I enable support for a multiport serial card?</para> </question> @@ -7170,56 +6988,53 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="default-serial-params"> + <question xml:id="default-serial-params"> <para>Can I set the default serial parameters for a port?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>See the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/serial.html#serial-hw-config">Serial Communications</ulink> + <para>See the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/serial.html#serial-hw-config">Serial Communications</link> section in the &os; Handbook.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="enable-dialup"> + <question xml:id="enable-dialup"> <para>How can I enable dialup logins on my modem?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>Please read the section about <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/dialup.html">Dial-in Services</ulink> + <para>Please read the section about <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/dialup.html">Dial-in Services</link> in the &os; Handbook.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="dumb-terminal"> + <question xml:id="dumb-terminal"> <para>How can I connect a dumb terminal to my &os; box?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>You can find this information in the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/term.html">Terminals</ulink> + <para>You can find this information in the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/term.html">Terminals</link> section of the &os; Handbook.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="cannot-tip"> + <question xml:id="cannot-tip"> <para>Why can I not run <command>tip</command> or <command>cu</command>?</para> </question> <answer> <para>On your system, the programs &man.tip.1; and &man.cu.1; - can only access the <filename class="directory">/var/spool/lock</filename> - directory via user <username>uucp</username> and group - <groupname>dialer</groupname>. You can use the group - <groupname>dialer</groupname> to control who has access to + can only access the <filename>/var/spool/lock</filename> + directory via user <systemitem class="username">uucp</systemitem> and group + <systemitem class="groupname">dialer</systemitem>. You can use the group + <systemitem class="groupname">dialer</systemitem> to control who has access to your modem or remote systems. Just add yourself to group - <groupname>dialer</groupname>.</para> + <systemitem class="groupname">dialer</systemitem>.</para> <para>Alternatively, you can let everyone on your system run &man.tip.1; and &man.cu.1; by typing:</para> @@ -7231,12 +7046,12 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> </qandaset> </chapter> - <chapter id="misc"> + <chapter xml:id="misc"> <title>Miscellaneous Questions</title> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="more-swap"> + <question xml:id="more-swap"> <para>&os; uses a lot of swap space even when the computer has free memory left. Why?</para> </question> @@ -7257,7 +7072,7 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="top-freemem"> + <question xml:id="top-freemem"> <para>Why does <command>top</command> show very little free memory even when I have very few programs running?</para> </question> @@ -7278,7 +7093,7 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="chmod-symlinks"> + <question xml:id="chmod-symlinks"> <para>Why will <command>chmod</command> not change the permissions on symlinks?</para> </question> @@ -7310,11 +7125,11 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> &man.chmod.1;. If you want to change the permissions of a directory referenced by a symlink, use &man.chmod.1; without any options and follow the symlink with a trailing - slash (<filename class="directory">/</filename>). For example, if + slash (<filename>/</filename>). For example, if <filename>foo</filename> is a symlink to directory - <filename class="directory">bar</filename>, and you want to change the + <filename>bar</filename>, and you want to change the permissions of <filename>foo</filename> (actually - <filename class="directory">bar</filename>), you would do something + <filename>bar</filename>), you would do something like:</para> <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>chmod 555 foo/</userinput></screen> @@ -7322,30 +7137,27 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> <para>With the trailing slash, &man.chmod.1; will follow the symlink, <filename>foo</filename>, to change the permissions of the directory, - <filename class="directory">bar</filename>.</para> + <filename>bar</filename>.</para> </warning> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="dos-binaries"> + <question xml:id="dos-binaries"> <para>Can I run DOS binaries under &os;?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>Yes, you can use <filename - role="package">emulators/doscmd</filename>, a DOS + <para>Yes, you can use <package>emulators/doscmd</package>, a DOS emulation program, available in the &os; Ports Collection.</para> <para>If <application>doscmd</application> will not suffice, - the add-on utility <filename - role="package">emulators/pcemu</filename> emulates an 8088 + the add-on utility <package>emulators/pcemu</package> emulates an 8088 and enough BIOS services to run many DOS text mode applications. It requires the X Window System.</para> - <para>You may also try <filename - role="package">emulators/dosbox</filename> from the &os; + <para>You may also try <package>emulators/dosbox</package> from the &os; Ports Collection. The main focus of this application is emulating old DOS games using the local file system for files.</para> @@ -7353,26 +7165,24 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="translation"> + <question xml:id="translation"> <para>What do I need to do to translate a &os; document into my native language?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>See the <ulink - url="&url.books.fdp-primer;/translations.html">Translation FAQ</ulink> + <para>See the <link xlink:href="&url.books.fdp-primer;/translations.html">Translation FAQ</link> in the &os; Documentation Project Primer.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="freebsd-mail-bounces"> - <para>Why does my email to any address at <hostid - role="domainname">FreeBSD.org</hostid> bounce?</para> + <question xml:id="freebsd-mail-bounces"> + <para>Why does my email to any address at <systemitem class="fqdomainname">FreeBSD.org</systemitem> bounce?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>The <hostid role="domainname">FreeBSD.org</hostid> mail + <para>The <systemitem class="fqdomainname">FreeBSD.org</systemitem> mail system implements some <application>Postfix</application> checks on incoming mail and rejects mail that is either from misconfigured relays or @@ -7411,7 +7221,7 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> </itemizedlist> <para>If you still have trouble with email infrastructure at - <hostid role="domainname">FreeBSD.org</hostid> send a note + <systemitem class="fqdomainname">FreeBSD.org</systemitem> send a note with the details to <email>postmaster@freebsd.org</email>; Include a date/time interval so that logs may be reviewed — @@ -7422,7 +7232,7 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="free-account"> + <question xml:id="free-account"> <para>Where can I find a free &os; account?</para> </question> @@ -7431,8 +7241,7 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> servers, others do provide open access &unix; systems. The charge varies and limited services may be available.</para> - <para><ulink - url="http://www.arbornet.org/">Arbornet, Inc</ulink>, + <para><link xlink:href="http://www.arbornet.org/">Arbornet, Inc</link>, also known as <emphasis>M-Net</emphasis>, has been providing open access to &unix; systems since 1983. Starting on an Altos running System III, the site switched to BSD/OS in @@ -7449,7 +7258,7 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="daemon-name"> + <question xml:id="daemon-name"> <para>What is the cute little red guy's name?</para> </question> @@ -7459,57 +7268,53 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> <quote>beastie</quote>. Note that <quote>beastie</quote> is pronounced <quote>BSD</quote>.</para> - <para>You can learn more about the BSD daemon on his <ulink - url="http://www.mckusick.com/beastie/index.html">home page</ulink>.</para> + <para>You can learn more about the BSD daemon on his <link xlink:href="http://www.mckusick.com/beastie/index.html">home page</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="use-beastie"> + <question xml:id="use-beastie"> <para>Can I use the BSD daemon image?</para> </question> <answer> <para>Perhaps. The BSD daemon is copyrighted by Marshall Kirk - McKusick. You will want to check his <ulink - url="http://www.mckusick.com/beastie/mainpage/copyright.html">Statement on the Use of the BSD Daemon Figure</ulink> + McKusick. You will want to check his <link xlink:href="http://www.mckusick.com/beastie/mainpage/copyright.html">Statement on the Use of the BSD Daemon Figure</link> for detailed usage terms.</para> <para>In summary, you are free to use the image in a tasteful manner, for personal use, so long as appropriate credit is given. If you want to use him commercially, you must contact &a.mckusick.email;. More details are available on the - <ulink - url="http://www.mckusick.com/beastie/index.html">BSD Daemon's home page</ulink>.</para> + <link xlink:href="http://www.mckusick.com/beastie/index.html">BSD Daemon's home page</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="daemon-images"> + <question xml:id="daemon-images"> <para>Do you have any BSD daemon images I could use?</para> </question> <answer> <para>You will find eps and Xfig drawings under - <filename class="directory">/usr/share/examples/BSD_daemon/</filename>.</para> + <filename>/usr/share/examples/BSD_daemon/</filename>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="glossary"> + <question xml:id="glossary"> <para>I have seen an acronym or other term on the mailing lists and I do not understand what it means. Where should I look?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>Please see the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/freebsd-glossary.html">&os; Glossary</ulink>.</para> + <para>Please see the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/freebsd-glossary.html">&os; Glossary</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="bikeshed-painting"> + <question xml:id="bikeshed-painting"> <para>Why should I care what color the bikeshed is?</para> </question> @@ -7528,8 +7333,7 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> <para>The longer and more complete answer is that after a very long argument about whether &man.sleep.1; should take fractional second arguments, &a.phk.email; posted a long message - entitled <quote><ulink - url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/getmsg.cgi?fetch=506636+517178+/usr/local/www/db/text/1999/freebsd-hackers/19991003.freebsd-hackers">A bike shed (any color will do) on greener grass...</ulink></quote>. + entitled <quote><link xlink:href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/getmsg.cgi?fetch=506636+517178+/usr/local/www/db/text/1999/freebsd-hackers/19991003.freebsd-hackers">A bike shed (any color will do) on greener grass...</link></quote>. The appropriate portions of that message are quoted below.</para> @@ -7588,12 +7392,12 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> </qandaset> </chapter> - <chapter id="funnies"> + <chapter xml:id="funnies"> <title>The &os; Funnies</title> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="very-very-cool"> + <question xml:id="very-very-cool"> <para>How cool is &os;?</para> </question> @@ -7628,7 +7432,7 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="letmeoutofhere"> + <question xml:id="letmeoutofhere"> <para>Who is scratching in my memory banks??</para> </question> @@ -7665,7 +7469,7 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="changing-lightbulbs"> + <question xml:id="changing-lightbulbs"> <para>How many &os; hackers does it take to change a lightbulb?</para> </question> @@ -7782,7 +7586,7 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="dev-null"> + <question xml:id="dev-null"> <para>Where does data written to <filename>/dev/null</filename> go?</para> </question> @@ -7802,7 +7606,7 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> CPU by reading data out of <filename>/dev/random</filename> and sending it off somewhere; however you run the risk of overheating your network connection and - <filename class="directory">/</filename> or angering your ISP, as most of the + <filename>/</filename> or angering your ISP, as most of the data will end up getting converted to heat by their equipment, but they generally have good cooling, so if you do not overdo it you should be OK.</para> @@ -7839,13 +7643,13 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="punk-my-friend"> + <question xml:id="punk-my-friend"> <para>My colleague sits at the computer too much, how can I prank her?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>Install <filename role="port">games/sl</filename> and wait + <para>Install <package role="port">games/sl</package> and wait for her to mistype <userinput>sl</userinput> for <command>ls</command>.</para> </answer> @@ -7853,19 +7657,18 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> </qandaset> </chapter> - <chapter id="advanced"> + <chapter xml:id="advanced"> <title>Advanced Topics</title> <qandaset> <qandaentry> - <question id="learn-advanced"> + <question xml:id="learn-advanced"> <para>How can I learn more about &os;'s internals?</para> </question> <answer> <para>See the - <ulink - url="&url.books.arch-handbook;">&os; Architecture Handbook</ulink>.</para> + <link xlink:href="&url.books.arch-handbook;">&os; Architecture Handbook</link>.</para> <para>Additionally, much general &unix; knowledge is directly applicable to &os;.</para> @@ -7873,27 +7676,25 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="how-to-contribute"> + <question xml:id="how-to-contribute"> <para>How can I contribute to &os;?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>Please see the article on <ulink - url="&url.articles.contributing;/article.html">Contributing to &os;</ulink> + <para>Please see the article on <link xlink:href="&url.articles.contributing;/article.html">Contributing to &os;</link> for specific advice on how to do this. Assistance is more than welcome!</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="define-snap-release"> + <question xml:id="define-snap-release"> <para>What are snapshots and releases?</para> </question> <answer> <para>There are currently &rel.numbranch; active/semi-active branches in - the &os; <ulink - url="http://svnweb.FreeBSD.org/base/">Subversion Repository</ulink>. + the &os; <link xlink:href="http://svnweb.FreeBSD.org/base/">Subversion Repository</link>. (Earlier branches are only changed very rarely, which is why there are only &rel.numbranch; active branches of development):</para> @@ -7933,27 +7734,25 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="ctm"> + <question xml:id="ctm"> <para>Can I follow <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> with limited Internet access?</para> </question> <answer> <para>Yes, you can do this <emphasis>without</emphasis> - downloading the whole source tree by using the <ulink - url="&url.books.handbook;/synching.html#ctm">CTM facility</ulink>.</para> + downloading the whole source tree by using the <link xlink:href="&url.books.handbook;/synching.html#ctm">CTM facility</link>.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="submitting-kernel-extensions"> + <question xml:id="submitting-kernel-extensions"> <para>I have written a kernel extension, who do I send it to?</para> </question> <answer> - <para>Please take a look at the article on <ulink - url="&url.articles.contributing;/article.html">Contributing to &os;</ulink> + <para>Please take a look at the article on <link xlink:href="&url.articles.contributing;/article.html">Contributing to &os;</link> to learn how to submit code.</para> <para>And thanks for the thought!</para> @@ -7961,7 +7760,7 @@ hint.sio.7.irq="12"</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="kernel-panic-troubleshooting"> + <question xml:id="kernel-panic-troubleshooting"> <para>How can I make the most of the data I see when my kernel panics?</para> </question> @@ -8009,7 +7808,7 @@ panic: page fault</programlisting> <step> <para>When the system reboots, do the following:</para> - <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput><command>nm</command> <option>-n</option> <replaceable>kernel.that.caused.the.panic</replaceable> | <command>grep</command> f0xxxxxx</userinput></screen> + <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>nm -n kernel.that.caused.the.panic | grep f0xxxxxx</userinput></screen> <para>where <literal>f0xxxxxx</literal> is the instruction pointer value. The odds are you will not @@ -8020,7 +7819,7 @@ panic: page fault</programlisting> get an exact match, omit the last digit from the instruction pointer value and try again, i.e.:</para> - <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput><command>nm</command> <option>-n</option> <replaceable>kernel.that.caused.the.panic</replaceable> | <command>grep</command> f0xxxxx</userinput></screen> + <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>nm -n kernel.that.caused.the.panic | grep f0xxxxx</userinput></screen> <para>If that does not yield any results, chop off another digit. Repeat until you get some sort of output. The @@ -8041,23 +7840,22 @@ panic: page fault</programlisting> <step> <para>Make sure that the following line is included in your kernel configuration file - (<filename>/usr/src/sys/<replaceable>arch</replaceable>/conf/<replaceable>MYKERNEL</replaceable></filename>):</para> + (<filename>/usr/src/sys/arch/conf/MYKERNEL</filename>):</para> <programlisting>makeoptions DEBUG=-g # Build kernel with gdb(1) debug symbols</programlisting> </step> <step> - <para>Change to the <filename - class="directory">/usr/src</filename> + <para>Change to the <filename>/usr/src</filename> directory:</para> - <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>cd</command> <filename class="directory">/usr/src</filename></userinput></screen> + <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/src</userinput></screen> </step> <step> <para>Compile the kernel:</para> - <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>make</command> <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget> <makevar>KERNCONF</makevar>=<replaceable>MYKERNEL</replaceable></userinput></screen> + <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>make buildkernel KERNCONF=MYKERNEL</userinput></screen> </step> <step> @@ -8065,7 +7863,7 @@ panic: page fault</programlisting> </step> <step> - <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>make</command> <maketarget>installkernel</maketarget> <makevar>KERNCONF</makevar>=<replaceable>MYKERNEL</replaceable></userinput></screen> + <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>make installkernel KERNCONF=MYKERNEL</userinput></screen> </step> <step> @@ -8074,15 +7872,15 @@ panic: page fault</programlisting> </procedure> <note> - <para>If you do not use the <makevar>KERNCONF</makevar> + <para>If you do not use the <varname>KERNCONF</varname> make variable a <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel will be built and installed.</para> </note> <para>The &man.make.1; process will have built two kernels. - <filename>/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/<replaceable>MYKERNEL</replaceable>/kernel</filename> + <filename>/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/MYKERNEL/kernel</filename> and - <filename>/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/<replaceable>MYKERNEL</replaceable>/kernel.debug</filename>. + <filename>/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/MYKERNEL/kernel.debug</filename>. <filename>kernel</filename> was installed as <filename>/boot/kernel/kernel</filename>, while <filename>kernel.debug</filename> can be used as the source @@ -8098,19 +7896,19 @@ panic: page fault</programlisting> using &man.savecore.8;; if <literal>dumpdev</literal> is set in <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>, the &man.rc.8; scripts will run &man.savecore.8; automatically and put the crash - dump in <filename class="directory">/var/crash</filename>.</para> + dump in <filename>/var/crash</filename>.</para> <note> <para>&os; crash dumps are usually the same size as the physical RAM size of your machine. That is, if you have 512 MB of RAM, you will get a 512 MB crash dump. Therefore you must make sure there is enough space in - <filename class="directory">/var/crash</filename> to hold the dump. + <filename>/var/crash</filename> to hold the dump. Alternatively, you run &man.savecore.8; manually and have it recover the crash dump to another directory where you have more room. It is possible to limit the size of the crash dump by using <literal>options - MAXMEM=<replaceable>N</replaceable></literal> where + MAXMEM=N</literal> where <replaceable>N</replaceable> is the size of kernel's memory usage in KBs. For example, if you have 1 GB of RAM, you can limit the kernel's memory usage to @@ -8121,7 +7919,7 @@ panic: page fault</programlisting> <para>Once you have recovered the crash dump, you can get a stack trace with &man.kgdb.1; as follows:</para> - <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput><command>kgdb</command> <filename>/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/<replaceable>MYKERNEL</replaceable>/kernel.debug</filename> <filename class="directory">/var/crash/<replaceable>vmcore.0</replaceable></filename></userinput> + <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>kgdb /usr/obj/usr/src/sys/MYKERNEL/kernel.debug /var/crash/vmcore.0</userinput> <prompt>(kgdb)</prompt> <userinput>backtrace</userinput></screen> <para>Note that there may be several screens worth of @@ -8157,7 +7955,7 @@ panic: page fault</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="dlsym-failure"> + <question xml:id="dlsym-failure"> <para>Why has <function>dlsym()</function> stopped working for ELF executables?</para> </question> @@ -8178,7 +7976,7 @@ panic: page fault</programlisting> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> - <question id="change-kernel-address-space"> + <question xml:id="change-kernel-address-space"> <para>How can I increase or reduce the kernel address space on i386?</para> </question> @@ -8204,7 +8002,7 @@ panic: page fault</programlisting> </qandaset> </chapter> - <chapter id="acknowledgments"> + <chapter xml:id="acknowledgments"> <title>Acknowledgments</title> <para>This innocent little Frequently Asked Questions document has @@ -8215,8 +8013,7 @@ panic: page fault</programlisting> Repeatedly.</para> <para>We wish to thank every one of the people responsible, and we - encourage you to <ulink - url="&url.articles.contributing;/article.html">join them</ulink> + encourage you to <link xlink:href="&url.articles.contributing;/article.html">join them</link> in making this FAQ even better.</para> </chapter> |