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diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/htdocs/releases/5.5R/installation-sparc64.html b/en_US.ISO8859-1/htdocs/releases/5.5R/installation-sparc64.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4bf45c1f3c --- /dev/null +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/htdocs/releases/5.5R/installation-sparc64.html @@ -0,0 +1,954 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" /> +<title>FreeBSD/sparc64 5.5-RELEASE Installation Instructions</title> +<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79" /> +<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> +</head> +<body class="ARTICLE" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" +alink="#0000FF"> +<div class="ARTICLE"> +<div class="TITLEPAGE"> +<h1 class="TITLE"><a id="AEN2" name="AEN2">FreeBSD/sparc64 5.5-RELEASE Installation +Instructions</a></h1> + +<h3 class="CORPAUTHOR">The FreeBSD Project</h3> + +<p class="COPYRIGHT">Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 The +FreeBSD Documentation Project</p> + +<hr /> +</div> + +<blockquote class="ABSTRACT"> +<div class="ABSTRACT"><a id="AEN14" name="AEN14"></a> +<p>This article gives some brief instructions on installing FreeBSD/sparc64 5.5-RELEASE, +with particular emphasis given to obtaining a FreeBSD distribution. Some notes on +troubleshooting and frequently-asked questions are also given.</p> +</div> +</blockquote> + +<div class="SECT1"> +<hr /> +<h2 class="SECT1"><a id="INSTALL" name="INSTALL">1 Installing FreeBSD</a></h2> + +<p>This section documents the process of installing a new distribution of FreeBSD. These +instructions pay particular emphasis to the process of obtaining the FreeBSD 5.5-RELEASE +distribution and to beginning the installation procedure. The <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install.html" +target="_top">``Installing FreeBSD''</a> chapter of the <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/" target="_top">FreeBSD +Handbook</a> provides more in-depth information about the installation program itself, +including a guided walkthrough with screenshots.</p> + +<p>If you are upgrading from a previous release of FreeBSD, please see <a +href="#UPGRADING">Section 3</a> for instructions on upgrading.</p> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<hr /> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="GETTING-STARTED" name="GETTING-STARTED">1.1 Getting +Started</a></h3> + +<p>Probably the most important pre-installation step that can be taken is that of reading +the various instruction documents provided with FreeBSD. A roadmap of documents +pertaining to this release of FreeBSD can be found in <tt +class="FILENAME">README.TXT</tt>, which can usually be found in the same location as this +file; most of these documents, such as the release notes and the hardware compatibility +list, are also accessible in the Documentation menu of the installer.</p> + +<p>Note that on-line versions of the FreeBSD <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/" target="_top">FAQ</a> and <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/" +target="_top">Handbook</a> are also available from the <a href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/" +target="_top">FreeBSD Project Web site</a>, if you have an Internet connection.</p> + +<p>This collection of documents may seem daunting, but the time spent reading them will +likely be saved many times over. Being familiar with what resources are available can +also be helpful in the event of problems during installation.</p> + +<p>The best laid plans sometimes go awry, so if you run into trouble take a look at <a +href="#TROUBLE">Section 4</a>, which contains valuable troubleshooting information. You +should also read an updated copy of <tt class="FILENAME">ERRATA.TXT</tt> before +installing, since this will alert you to any problems which have reported in the interim +for your particular release.</p> + +<div class="IMPORTANT"> +<blockquote class="IMPORTANT"> +<p><b>Important:</b> While FreeBSD does its best to safeguard against accidental loss of +data, it's still more than possible to <span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">wipe +out your entire disk</i></span> with this installation if you make a mistake. Please do +not proceed to the final FreeBSD installation menu unless you've adequately backed up any +important data first.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<hr /> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN39" name="AEN39">1.2 Hardware Requirements</a></h3> + +<p>FreeBSD for the UltraSPARC supports the platforms described in <tt +class="FILENAME">HARDWARE.TXT</tt>.</p> + +<p>You will need a dedicated disk for FreeBSD/sparc64. It is not possible to share a disk +with another operating system at this time.</p> + +<p>If you are not familiar with configuring hardware for FreeBSD, you should be sure to +read the <tt class="FILENAME">HARDWARE.TXT</tt> file; it contains important information +on what hardware is supported by FreeBSD.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<hr /> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="FLOPPIES" name="FLOPPIES">1.3 Floppy Disk Image +Instructions</a></h3> + +<p>Floppy disk based install is not supported on FreeBSD/sparc64.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<hr /> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="START-INSTALLATION" name="START-INSTALLATION">1.4 Installing +FreeBSD from CDROM or the Internet</a></h3> + +<p>Most sparc64 systems are set up to boot automatically from disk. To install FreeBSD, +you need to boot over the network or from a CDROM, which requires you to break into the +PROM (OpenFirmware).</p> + +<p>To do this, reboot the system, and wait until the boot message appears. It depends on +the model, but should look about like:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +Sun Blade 100 (UltraSPARC-IIe), Keyboard Present +Copyright 1998-2001 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. +OpenBoot 4.2, 128 MB memory installed, Serial #51090132. +Ethernet address 0:3:ba:b:92:d4, Host ID: 830b92d4. +</pre> + +<p>If your system proceeds to boot from disk at this point, you need to press <b +class="KEYCAP">L1</b>+<b class="KEYCAP">A</b> or <b class="KEYCAP">Stop</b>+<b +class="KEYCAP">A</b> on the keyboard, or send a <tt class="COMMAND">BREAK</tt> over the +serial console (using for example <tt class="COMMAND">~#</tt> in <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tip&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+5.5-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">tip</span>(1)</span></a> or <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cu&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+5.5-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cu</span>(1)</span></a>) to get to +the PROM prompt. It looks like this:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">ok </samp> <a id="PROMPT-SINGLE" +name="PROMPT-SINGLE"><b>(1)</b></a> +<samp class="PROMPT">ok {0}</samp> <a id="PROMPT-SMP" +name="PROMPT-SMP"><b>(2)</b></a> +</pre> + +<div class="CALLOUTLIST"> +<dl compact="COMPACT"> +<dt><a href="#PROMPT-SINGLE"><b>(1)</b></a></dt> + +<dd>This is the prompt used on systems with just one CPU.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#PROMPT-SMP"><b>(2)</b></a></dt> + +<dd>This is the prompt used on SMP systems, the digit indicates the number of the active +CPU.</dd> +</dl> +</div> + +<p>At this point, place the CDROM into your drive, and from the PROM prompt, type <tt +class="COMMAND">boot cdrom</tt>.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<hr /> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN214" name="AEN214">1.5 Detail on various installation +types</a></h3> + +<p>Once you've gotten yourself to the initial installation screen somehow, you should be +able to follow the various menu prompts and go from there. If you've never used the +FreeBSD installation before, you are also encouraged to read some of the documentation in +the Documentation submenu as well as the general ``Usage'' instructions on the first +menu.</p> + +<div class="NOTE"> +<blockquote class="NOTE"> +<p><b>Note:</b> If you get stuck at a screen, press the <b class="KEYCAP">F1</b> key for +online documentation relevant to that specific section.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> + +<p>If you've never installed FreeBSD before, or even if you have, the ``Standard'' +installation mode is the most recommended since it makes sure that you'll visit all the +various important checklist items along the way. If you're much more comfortable with the +FreeBSD installation process and know <span class="emphasis"><i +class="EMPHASIS">exactly</i></span> what you want to do, use the ``Express'' or +``Custom'' installation options. If you're upgrading an existing system, use the +``Upgrade'' option.</p> + +<p>The FreeBSD installer supports the direct use of floppy, DOS, tape, CDROM, FTP, NFS +and UFS partitions as installation media; further tips on installing from each type of +media are listed below.</p> + +<div class="SECT3"> +<hr /> +<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN253" name="AEN253">1.5.1 Installing from a Network +CDROM</a></h4> + +<p>If you simply wish to install from a local CDROM drive then see <a +href="#START-INSTALLATION">Section 1.4</a>. If you don't have a CDROM drive on your +system and wish to use a FreeBSD distribution CD in the CDROM drive of another system to +which you have network connectivity, there are also several ways of going about it:</p> + +<ul> +<li> +<p>If you would be able to FTP install FreeBSD directly from the CDROM drive in some +FreeBSD machine, it's quite easy: You ensure an FTP server is running and then simply add +the following line to the password file (using the <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=vipw&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+5.5-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">vipw</span>(8)</span></a> +command):</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +ftp:*:99:99::0:0:FTP:/cdrom:/sbin/nologin +</pre> + +<p>On the machine on which you are running the install, go to the Options menu and set +Release Name to <tt class="LITERAL">any</tt>. You may then choose a Media type of <tt +class="LITERAL">FTP</tt> and type in <tt class="FILENAME">ftp://<tt +class="REPLACEABLE"><i>machine</i></tt></tt> after picking ``URL'' in the ftp sites +menu.</p> + +<div class="WARNING"> +<blockquote class="WARNING"> +<p><b>Warning:</b> This may allow anyone on the local network (or Internet) to make +``anonymous FTP'' connections to this machine, which may not be desirable.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> +</li> + +<li> +<p>If you would rather use NFS to export the CDROM directly to the machine(s) you'll be +installing from, you need to first add an entry to the <tt +class="FILENAME">/etc/exports</tt> file (on the machine with the CDROM drive). The +example below allows the machine <tt class="HOSTID">ziggy.foo.com</tt> to mount the CDROM +directly via NFS during installation:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +/cdrom -ro ziggy.foo.com +</pre> + +<p>The machine with the CDROM must also be configured as an NFS server, of course, and if +you're not sure how to do that then an NFS installation is probably not the best choice +for you unless you're willing to read up on <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rc.conf&sektion=5&manpath=FreeBSD+5.5-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">rc.conf</span>(5)</span></a> and +configure things appropriately. Assuming that this part goes smoothly, you should be able +to enter: <tt class="FILENAME"><tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>cdrom-host</i></tt>:/cdrom</tt> +as the path for an NFS installation when the target machine is installed, e.g. <tt +class="FILENAME">wiggy:/cdrom</tt>.</p> +</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<div class="SECT3"> +<hr /> +<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN285" name="AEN285">1.5.2 Installing from Floppies</a></h4> + +<p>If you must install from floppy disks, either due to unsupported hardware or just +because you enjoy doing things the hard way, you must first prepare some floppies for the +install.</p> + +<p>First, make your boot floppies as described in <a href="#FLOPPIES">Section +1.3</a>.</p> + +<p>Second, peruse <a href="#LAYOUT">Section 2</a> and pay special attention to the +``Distribution Format'' section since it describes which files you're going to need to +put onto floppy and which you can safely skip.</p> + +<p>Next you will need, at minimum, as many 1.44MB floppies as it takes to hold all files +in the <tt class="FILENAME">bin</tt> (binary distribution) directory. If you're preparing +these floppies under DOS, then these floppies <span class="emphasis"><i +class="EMPHASIS">must</i></span> be formatted using the MS-DOS <tt +class="FILENAME">FORMAT</tt> command. If you're using Windows, use the Windows File +Manager format command.</p> + +<div class="IMPORTANT"> +<blockquote class="IMPORTANT"> +<p><b>Important:</b> Frequently, floppy disks come ``factory preformatted''. While +convenient, many problems reported by users in the past have resulted from the use of +improperly formatted media. Re-format them yourself, just to make sure.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> + +<p>If you're creating the floppies from another FreeBSD machine, a format is still not a +bad idea though you don't need to put a DOS filesystem on each floppy. You can use the <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=disklabel&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+5.5-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">disklabel</span>(8)</span></a> and +<a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=newfs&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+5.5-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">newfs</span>(8)</span></a> +commands to put a UFS filesystem on a floppy, as the following sequence of commands +illustrates:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">fdformat -f 1440 fd0</kbd> +<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">disklabel -w fd0 floppy3</kbd> +<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">newfs -i 65536 /dev/fd0</kbd> +</pre> + +<p>After you've formatted the floppies for DOS or UFS, you'll need to copy the files onto +them. The distribution files are sized so that a floppy disk will hold a single file. +Each distribution should go into its own subdirectory on the floppy, e.g.: <tt +class="FILENAME">a:\bin\bin.inf</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">a:\bin\bin.aa</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">a:\bin\bin.ab</tt>, ...</p> + +<div class="IMPORTANT"> +<blockquote class="IMPORTANT"> +<p><b>Important:</b> The <tt class="FILENAME">bin.inf</tt> file also needs to go on the +first floppy of the <tt class="FILENAME">bin</tt> set since it is read by the +installation program in order to figure out how many additional pieces to look for when +fetching and concatenating the distribution. When putting distributions onto floppies, +the <tt class="FILENAME">distname.inf</tt> file <span class="emphasis"><i +class="EMPHASIS">must</i></span> occupy the first floppy of each distribution set.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> + +<p>Once you come to the Media screen of the install, select ``Floppy'' and you'll be +prompted for the rest.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT3"> +<hr /> +<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN354" name="AEN354">1.5.4 Installing from QIC/SCSI +Tape</a></h4> + +<p>When installing from tape, the installation program expects the files to be simply +tar'ed onto it, so after fetching all of the files for the distributions you're +interested in, simply use <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tar&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+5.5-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">tar</span>(1)</span></a> to get +them onto the tape with a command something like this:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd <tt +class="REPLACEABLE"><i>/where/you/have/your/dists</i></tt></kbd> +<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">tar cvf /dev/sa0 <tt +class="REPLACEABLE"><i>dist1</i></tt> .. <tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>dist2</i></tt></kbd> +</pre> + +<p>When you go to do the installation, you should also make sure that you leave enough +room in some temporary directory (which you'll be allowed to choose) to accommodate the +<span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">full</i></span> contents of the tape you've +created. Due to the non-random access nature of tapes, this method of installation +requires quite a bit of temporary storage. You should expect to require as much temporary +storage as you have stuff written on tape.</p> + +<div class="NOTE"> +<blockquote class="NOTE"> +<p><b>Note:</b> When going to do the installation, the tape must be in the drive <span +class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">before</i></span> booting from the boot floppies. +The installation ``probe'' may otherwise fail to find it.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> + +<p>Now create a boot floppy as described in <a href="#FLOPPIES">Section 1.3</a> and +proceed with the installation.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT3"> +<hr /> +<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="FTPNFS" name="FTPNFS">1.5.5 Installing over a Network using FTP +or NFS</a></h4> + +<p>After making the boot floppies as described in the first section, you can load the +rest of the installation over a network using one of 3 types of connections: serial port, +parallel port, or Ethernet.</p> + +<div class="SECT4"> +<hr /> +<h5 class="SECT4"><a id="AEN379" name="AEN379">1.5.5.1 Serial Port</a></h5> + +<p>SLIP support is rather primitive, and is limited primarily to hard-wired links, such +as a serial cable running between two computers. The link must be hard-wired because the +SLIP installation doesn't currently offer a dialing capability. If you need to dial out +with a modem or otherwise dialog with the link before connecting to it, then the PPP +utility should be used instead.</p> + +<p>If you're using PPP, make sure that you have your Internet Service Provider's IP +address and DNS information handy as you'll need to know it fairly early in the +installation process. You may also need to know your own IP address, though PPP supports +dynamic address negotiation and may be able to pick up this information directly from +your ISP if they support it.</p> + +<p>You will also need to know how to use the various ``AT commands'' for dialing out with +your particular brand of modem as the PPP dialer provides only a very simple terminal +emulator.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT4"> +<hr /> +<h5 class="SECT4"><a id="AEN385" name="AEN385">1.5.5.2 Parallel Port</a></h5> + +<p>If a hard-wired connection to another FreeBSD or Linux machine is available, you might +also consider installing over a ``laplink'' style parallel port cable. The data rate over +the parallel port is much higher than what is typically possible over a serial line (up +to 50k/sec), thus resulting in a quicker installation. It's not typically necessary to +use ``real'' IP addresses when using a point-to-point parallel cable in this way and you +can generally just use RFC 1918 style addresses for the ends of the link (e.g. <tt +class="HOSTID">10.0.0.1</tt>, <tt class="HOSTID">10.0.0.2</tt>, etc).</p> + +<div class="IMPORTANT"> +<blockquote class="IMPORTANT"> +<p><b>Important:</b> If you use a Linux machine rather than a FreeBSD machine as your +PLIP peer, you will also have to specify <code class="OPTION">link0</code> in the TCP/IP +setup screen's ``extra options for ifconfig'' field in order to be compatible with +Linux's slightly different PLIP protocol.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="SECT4"> +<hr /> +<h5 class="SECT4"><a id="AEN396" name="AEN396">1.5.5.3 Ethernet</a></h5> + +<p>FreeBSD supports most common Ethernet cards; a table of supported cards is provided as +part of the FreeBSD Hardware Notes (see <tt class="FILENAME">HARDWARE.TXT</tt> in the +Documentation menu on the boot floppy or the top level directory of the CDROM). If you +are using one of the supported PCMCIA Ethernet cards, also be sure that it's plugged in +<span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">before</i></span> the laptop is powered on. +FreeBSD does not, unfortunately, currently support ``hot insertion'' of PCMCIA cards +during installation.</p> + +<p>You will also need to know your IP address on the network, the <code +class="OPTION">netmask</code> value for your subnet and the name of your machine. Your +system administrator can tell you which values are appropriate to your particular network +setup. If you will be referring to other hosts by name rather than IP address, you'll +also need a name server and possibly the address of a gateway (if you're using PPP, it's +your provider's IP address) to use in talking to it. If you want to install by FTP via an +HTTP proxy (see below), you will also need the proxy's address.</p> + +<p>If you do not know the answers to these questions then you should really probably talk +to your system administrator <span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">first</i></span> +before trying this type of installation. Using a randomly chosen IP address or netmask on +a live network is almost guaranteed not to work, and will probably result in a lecture +from said system administrator.</p> + +<p>Once you have a network connection of some sort working, the installation can continue +over NFS or FTP.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT4"> +<hr /> +<h5 class="SECT4"><a id="AEN407" name="AEN407">1.5.5.4 NFS installation tips</a></h5> + +<p>NFS installation is fairly straight-forward: Simply copy the FreeBSD distribution +files you want onto a server somewhere and then point the NFS media selection at it.</p> + +<p>If this server supports only ``privileged port'' access (this is generally the default +for Sun and Linux workstations), you may need to set this option in the Options menu +before installation can proceed.</p> + +<p>If you have a poor quality Ethernet card which suffers from very slow transfer rates, +you may also wish to toggle the appropriate Options flag.</p> + +<p>In order for NFS installation to work, the server must also support ``subdir mounts'', +e.g. if your FreeBSD distribution directory lives on <tt +class="FILENAME">wiggy:/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD</tt>, then <tt +class="HOSTID">wiggy</tt> will have to allow the direct mounting of <tt +class="FILENAME">/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD</tt>, not just <tt class="FILENAME">/usr</tt> +or <tt class="FILENAME">/usr/archive/stuff</tt>.</p> + +<p>In FreeBSD's <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/exports</tt> file this is controlled by the +<code class="OPTION">-alldirs</code> option. Other NFS servers may have different +conventions. If you are getting <tt class="LITERAL">Permission Denied</tt> messages from +the server then it's likely that you don't have this properly enabled.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT4"> +<hr /> +<h5 class="SECT4"><a id="AEN424" name="AEN424">1.5.5.5 FTP Installation tips</a></h5> + +<p>FTP installation may be done from any mirror site containing a reasonably up-to-date +version of FreeBSD. A full menu of reasonable choices for almost any location in the +world is provided in the FTP site menu during installation.</p> + +<p>If you are installing from some other FTP site not listed in this menu, or you are +having troubles getting your name server configured properly, you can also specify your +own URL by selecting the ``URL'' choice in that menu. A URL can contain a hostname or an +IP address, so something like the following would work in the absence of a name +server:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +ftp://216.66.64.162/pub/FreeBSD/releases/sparc64/4.2-RELEASE +</pre> + +<p>There are three FTP installation modes you can use:</p> + +<ul> +<li> +<p>FTP: This method uses the standard ``Active'' mode for transfers, in which the server +initiates a connection to the client. This will not work through most firewalls but will +often work best with older FTP servers that do not support passive mode. If your +connection hangs with passive mode, try this one.</p> +</li> + +<li> +<p>FTP Passive: This sets the FTP "Passive" mode which prevents the server from opening +connections to the client. This option is best for users to pass through firewalls that +do not allow incoming connections on random port addresses.</p> +</li> + +<li> +<p>FTP via an HTTP proxy: This option instructs FreeBSD to use HTTP to connect to a proxy +for all FTP operations. The proxy will translate the requests and send them to the FTP +server. This allows the user to pass through firewalls that do not allow FTP at all, but +offer an HTTP proxy. You must specify the hostname of the proxy in addition to the FTP +server.</p> + +<p>In the rare case that you have an FTP proxy that does not go through HTTP, you can +specify the URL as something like:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<kbd class="USERINPUT">ftp://foo.bar.com:<tt +class="REPLACEABLE"><i>port</i></tt>/pub/FreeBSD</kbd> +</pre> + +<p>In the URL above, <tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>port</i></tt> is the port number of the +proxy FTP server.</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<br /> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<hr /> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN475" name="AEN475">1.6 Question and Answer Section for +UltraSPARC Architecture Users</a></h3> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="SECT1"> +<hr /> +<h2 class="SECT1"><a id="LAYOUT" name="LAYOUT">2 Distribution Format</a></h2> + +<p>A typical FreeBSD distribution directory looks something like this (exact details may +vary depending on version, architecture, and other factors):</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +ERRATA.HTM README.TXT compat1x dict kernel +ERRATA.TXT RELNOTES.HTM compat20 doc manpages +HARDWARE.HTM RELNOTES.TXT compat21 docbook.css packages +HARDWARE.TXT base compat22 filename.txt ports +INSTALL.HTM boot compat3x floppies proflibs +INSTALL.TXT catpages compat4x games src +README.HTM cdrom.inf crypto info tools +</pre> + +<p>These same files are contained in the first CDROM of a multi-disk set, but they are +laid out slightly differently on the disk. On most architectures, the installation CDROM +also contains a ``live filesystem'' in addition to the distribution files. The live +filesystem is useful when repairing or troubleshooting an existing FreeBSD installation +(see <a href="#TROUBLE">Section 4</a> for how to use this).</p> + +<p>The <tt class="FILENAME">floppies</tt> directory will be of particular interest to +users who are unable to boot from the CDROM media (but are able to read the CDROM by +other means). It is easy to generate a set of 1.44MB boot floppies from the <tt +class="FILENAME">floppies</tt> directory (see <a href="#FLOPPIES">Section 1.3</a> for +instructions on how to do this) and use these to start an installation from CDROM, FTP, +or NFS. The rest of the data needed during the installation will be obtained +automatically based on your selections. If you've never installed FreeBSD before, you +also want to read the entirety of this document (the installation instructions) file.</p> + +<p>If you're trying to do some other type of installation or are merely curious about how +a distribution is organized, what follows is a more thorough description of some of these +items in more detail:</p> + +<ol type="1"> +<li> +<p>The <tt class="FILENAME">*.TXT</tt> and <tt class="FILENAME">*.HTM</tt> files contain +documentation (for example, this document is contained in both <tt +class="FILENAME">INSTALL.TXT</tt> and <tt class="FILENAME">INSTALL.HTM</tt>) and should +be read before starting an installation. The <tt class="FILENAME">*.TXT</tt> files are +plain text, while the <tt class="FILENAME">*.HTM</tt> files are HTML files that can be +read by almost any Web browser. Some distributions may contain documentation in other +formats as well, such as PDF or PostScript.</p> +</li> + +<li> +<p><tt class="FILENAME">docbook.css</tt> is a Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) file used by +some Web browsers for formatting the HTML documentation.</p> +</li> + +<li> +<p>The <tt class="FILENAME">base</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">catpages</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">crypto</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">dict</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">doc</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">games</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">info</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">manpages</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">proflibs</tt>, and <tt class="FILENAME">src</tt> directories contain the +primary distribution components of FreeBSD itself and are split into smaller files for +easy packing onto floppies (should that be necessary).</p> +</li> + +<li> +<p>The <tt class="FILENAME">compat1x</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">compat20</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">compat21</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">compat22</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">compat3x</tt>, and <tt class="FILENAME">compat4x</tt> directories +contain distributions for compatibility with older releases and are distributed as single +gzip'd tar files - they can be installed during release time or later by running their +<tt class="FILENAME">install.sh</tt> scripts.</p> +</li> + +<li> +<p>The <tt class="FILENAME">floppies/</tt> subdirectory contains the floppy installation +images; further information on using them can be found in <a href="#FLOPPIES">Section +1.3</a>.</p> +</li> + +<li> +<p>The <tt class="FILENAME">packages</tt> and <tt class="FILENAME">ports</tt> directories +contain the FreeBSD Packages and Ports Collections. Packages may be installed from the +packages directory by running the command:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp><kbd +class="USERINPUT">/stand/sysinstall configPackages</kbd> +</pre> + +<p>Packages can also be installed by feeding individual filenames in <tt +class="FILENAME">packages</tt>/ to the <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pkg_add&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+5.5-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">pkg_add</span>(1)</span></a> +command.</p> + +<p>The Ports Collection may be installed like any other distribution and requires about +190MB unpacked. More information on the ports collection may be obtained from <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/" target="_top">http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/</a> or +locally from <tt class="FILENAME">/usr/share/doc/handbook</tt> if you've installed the +<tt class="FILENAME">doc</tt> distribution.</p> +</li> + +<li> +<p>Last of all, the <tt class="FILENAME">tools</tt> directory contains various DOS tools +for discovering disk geometries, installing boot managers and the like. It is purely +optional and provided only for user convenience.</p> +</li> +</ol> + +<br /> +<br /> +<p>A typical distribution directory (for example, the <tt class="FILENAME">info</tt> +distribution) looks like this internally:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +CHECKSUM.MD5 info.ab info.ad info.inf install.sh +info.aa info.ac info.ae info.mtree +</pre> + +<p>The <tt class="FILENAME">CHECKSUM.MD5</tt> file contains MD5 signatures for each file, +should data corruption be suspected, and is purely for reference. It is not used by the +actual installation and does not need to be copied with the rest of the distribution +files. The <tt class="FILENAME">info.a*</tt> files are split, gzip'd tar files, the +contents of which can be viewed by doing:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cat info.a* | tar tvzf -</kbd> +</pre> + +<p>During installation, they are automatically concatenated and extracted by the +installation procedure.</p> + +<p>The <tt class="FILENAME">info.inf</tt> file is also necessary since it is read by the +installation program in order to figure out how many pieces to look for when fetching and +concatenating the distribution. When putting distributions onto floppies, the <tt +class="FILENAME">.inf</tt> file <span class="emphasis"><i +class="EMPHASIS">must</i></span> occupy the first floppy of each distribution set!</p> + +<p>The <tt class="FILENAME">info.mtree</tt> file is another non-essential file which is +provided for user reference. It contains the MD5 signatures of the <span +class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">unpacked</i></span> distribution files and can be +later used with the <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=mtree&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+5.5-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">mtree</span>(8)</span></a> program +to verify the installation permissions and checksums against any possible modifications +to the file. When used with the <tt class="FILENAME">base</tt> distribution, this can be +an excellent way of detecting trojan horse attacks on your system.</p> + +<p>Finally, the <tt class="FILENAME">install.sh</tt> file is for use by those who want to +install the distribution after installation time. To install the info distribution from +CDROM after a system was installed, for example, you'd do:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /cdrom/info</kbd> +<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">sh install.sh</kbd> +</pre> +</div> + +<div class="SECT1"> +<hr /> +<h2 class="SECT1"><a id="UPGRADING" name="UPGRADING">3 Upgrading FreeBSD</a></h2> + +<p>These instructions describe a procedure for doing a binary upgrade from an older +version of FreeBSD.</p> + +<div class="WARNING"> +<blockquote class="WARNING"> +<p><b>Warning:</b> While the FreeBSD upgrade procedure does its best to safeguard against +accidental loss of data, it is still more than possible to <span class="emphasis"><i +class="EMPHASIS">wipe out your entire disk</i></span> with this installation! Please do +not accept the final confirmation request unless you have adequately backed up any +important data files.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> + +<div class="IMPORTANT"> +<blockquote class="IMPORTANT"> +<p><b>Important:</b> These notes assume that you are using the version of <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+5.5-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a> +supplied with the version of FreeBSD to which you intend to upgrade. Using a mismatched +version of <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+5.5-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a> is +almost guaranteed to cause problems and has been known to leave systems in an unusable +state. The most commonly made mistake in this regard is the use of an old copy of <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+5.5-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a> +from an existing installation to upgrade to a newer version of FreeBSD. This is <span +class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">not</i></span> recommended.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> + +<div class="WARNING"> +<blockquote class="WARNING"> +<p><b>Warning:</b> Binary upgrades to FreeBSD 5.5-RELEASE from FreeBSD 4-STABLE are not +supported at this time. There are some files present in a FreeBSD 4-STABLE whose presence +can be disruptive, but are not removed by a binary upgrade. One notable example is that +an old <tt class="FILENAME">/usr/include/g++</tt> directory will cause C++ programs to +compile incorrectly (or not at all).</p> + +<p>These upgrade instructions are provided for the use of users upgrading from relatively +recent FreeBSD 5.5-STABLE snapshots.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<hr /> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN703" name="AEN703">3.1 Introduction</a></h3> + +<p>The upgrade procedure replaces distributions selected by the user with those +corresponding to the new FreeBSD release. It preserves standard system configuration +data, as well as user data, installed packages and other software.</p> + +<p>Administrators contemplating an upgrade are encouraged to study this section in its +entirety before commencing an upgrade. Failure to do so may result in a failed upgrade or +loss of data.</p> + +<div class="SECT3"> +<hr /> +<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN707" name="AEN707">3.1.1 Upgrade Overview</a></h4> + +<p>Upgrading of a distribution is performed by extracting the new version of the +component over the top of the previous version. Files belonging to the old distribution +are not deleted.</p> + +<p>System configuration is preserved by retaining and restoring the previous version of +the following files:</p> + +<p><tt class="FILENAME">Xaccel.ini</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">XF86Config</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">adduser.conf</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">aliases</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">aliases.db</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">amd.map</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">crontab</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">csh.cshrc</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">csh.login</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">csh.logout</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">cvsupfile</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">dhclient.conf</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">disktab</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">dm.conf</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">dumpdates</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">exports</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">fbtab</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">fstab</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">ftpusers</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">gettytab</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">gnats</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">group</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">hosts</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">hosts.allow</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">hosts.equiv</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">hosts.lpd</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">inetd.conf</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">localtime</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">login.access</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">login.conf</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">mail</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">mail.rc</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">make.conf</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">manpath.config</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">master.passwd</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">motd</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">namedb</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">networks</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">newsyslog.conf</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">nsmb.conf</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">nsswitch.conf</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">pam.conf</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">passwd</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">periodic</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">ppp</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">printcap</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">profile</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">pwd.db</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">rc.conf</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">rc.conf.local</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">rc.firewall</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">rc.local</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">remote</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">resolv.conf</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">rmt</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">sendmail.cf</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">sendmail.cw</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">services</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">shells</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">skeykeys</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">spwd.db</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">ssh</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">syslog.conf</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">ttys</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">uucp</tt></p> + +<p>The versions of these files which correspond to the new version are moved to <tt +class="FILENAME">/etc/upgrade/</tt>. The system administrator may peruse these new +versions and merge components as desired. Note that many of these files are +interdependent, and the best merge procedure is to copy all site-specific data from the +current files into the new.</p> + +<p>During the upgrade procedure, the administrator is prompted for a location into which +all files from <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/</tt> are saved. In the event that local +modifications have been made to other files, they may be subsequently retrieved from this +location.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<hr /> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN781" name="AEN781">3.2 Procedure</a></h3> + +<p>This section details the upgrade procedure. Particular attention is given to items +which substantially differ from a normal installation.</p> + +<div class="SECT3"> +<hr /> +<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN784" name="AEN784">3.2.1 Backup</a></h4> + +<p>User data and system configuration should be backed up before upgrading. While the +upgrade procedure does its best to prevent accidental mistakes, it is possible to +partially or completely destroy data and configuration information.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT3"> +<hr /> +<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN787" name="AEN787">3.2.2 Mount Filesystems</a></h4> + +<p>The disklabel editor is entered with the nominated disk's filesystem devices listed. +Prior to commencing the upgrade, the administrator should make a note of the device names +and corresponding mountpoints. These mountpoints should be entered here. <span +class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">Do not</i></span> set the ``newfs flag'' for any +filesystems, as this will cause data loss.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT3"> +<hr /> +<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN792" name="AEN792">3.2.3 Select Distributions</a></h4> + +<p>When selecting distributions, there are no constraints on which must be selected. As a +general rule, the <tt class="LITERAL">base</tt> distribution should be selected for an +update, and the <tt class="LITERAL">man</tt> distribution if manpages are already +installed. Other distributions may be selected beyond those originally installed if the +administrator wishes to add additional functionality.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT3"> +<hr /> +<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="FSTAB" name="FSTAB">3.2.4 After Installation</a></h4> + +<p>Once the installation procedure has completed, the administrator is prompted to +examine the new configuration files. At this point, checks should be made to ensure that +the system configuration is valid. In particular, the <tt +class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.conf</tt> and <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/fstab</tt> files should +be checked.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<hr /> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN802" name="AEN802">3.3 Upgrading from Source Code</a></h3> + +<p>Those interested in an upgrade method that allows more flexibility and sophistication +should take a look at <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge.html" +target="_top">The Cutting Edge</a> in the FreeBSD Handbook. This procedure involves +rebuilding all of FreeBSD from source code. It requires reliable network connectivity, +extra disk space, and time, but has advantages for networks and other more complex +installations. This is roughly the same procedure as is used for track the -STABLE or +-CURRENT development branches.</p> + +<p><tt class="FILENAME">/usr/src/UPDATING</tt> contains important information on updating +a FreeBSD system from source code. It lists various issues resulting from changes in +FreeBSD that may affect an upgrade.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="SECT1"> +<hr /> +<h2 class="SECT1"><a id="TROUBLE" name="TROUBLE">4 Troubleshooting</a></h2> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="REPAIRING" name="REPAIRING">4.1 Repairing an Existing FreeBSD +Installation</a></h3> + +<p>FreeBSD features a ``fixit'' option in the top menu of the <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+5.5-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a> +installation program. It provides a shell with common programs from the FreeBSD base +system; this environment is useful for repairing or troubleshooting an existing FreeBSD +installation. To use fixit mode, you will also need either the <tt +class="FILENAME">fixit.flp</tt> floppy, generated in the same fashion as the boot +floppies, or the ``live filesystem'' CDROM. In multi-disk FreeBSD distributions, the live +filesystem image is typically located on the installation disk. Note that some UNIX +system administration experience is required to use the fixit option.</p> + +<p>Generally, there are two ways of invoking fixit mode. Users who can boot from the +FreeBSD installation CDROM, should do so and then choose the ``fixit'' item from the main +<a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+5.5-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a> +menu. Then select the ``CDROM/DVD'' option from the fixit menu.</p> + +<p>Users who cannot boot from CDROM, but can boot from floppy disk, require a few more +steps. In addition to the <tt class="FILENAME">boot.flp</tt> and <tt +class="FILENAME">kern<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>X</i></tt>.flp</tt> disks required for +installation, create the <tt class="FILENAME">fixit.flp</tt> floppy disk, in the same way +as the other floppy disks. Follow the instructions for booting the installation program +from floppy disk until reaching the main <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+5.5-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a> +menu. At that point, choose the ``fixit'' item from the main <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+5.5-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a> +menu. Then select the ``Floppy'' option from the fixit menu, and insert the <tt +class="FILENAME">fixit.flp</tt> floppy disk when prompted to do so.</p> + +<p>The CDROM and floppy fixit environments are similar, but not identical. Both offer a +shell with a variety of commands available for checking, repairing and examining +filesystems and their contents. The CDROM version of fixit provides all of the commands +and programs available in the FreeBSD base system, through the live filesystem. By +contrast, the floppy fixit environment can only offer a subset of commands due to space +constraints.</p> + +<p>In the floppy version of fixit, some standalone utilities can be found in <tt +class="FILENAME">/stand</tt> or <tt class="FILENAME">/mnt2/stand</tt>. In the CDROM +version of fixit, these same programs can be found in <tt class="FILENAME">/stand</tt> or +<tt class="FILENAME">/mnt2/rescue</tt> (as well as the rest of the programs from the live +filesystem, which can be found under <tt class="FILENAME">/mnt</tt>).</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<hr /> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN846" name="AEN846">4.2 Common Installation Problems for +UltraSPARC Architecture Users</a></h3> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<hr /> +<p align="center"><small>This file, and other release-related documents, can be +downloaded from <a href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/</a>.</small></p> + +<p align="center"><small>For questions about FreeBSD, read the <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/docs.html">documentation</a> before contacting <<a +href="mailto:questions@FreeBSD.org">questions@FreeBSD.org</a>>.</small></p> + +<p align="center"><small>For questions about this documentation, e-mail <<a +href="mailto:doc@FreeBSD.org">doc@FreeBSD.org</a>>.</small></p> +</body> +</html> + |