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diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/articles/formatting-media/article.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/articles/formatting-media/article.sgml deleted file mode 100644 index c2cf44f23e..0000000000 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/articles/formatting-media/article.sgml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,464 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE BOOK PUBLIC "-//Davenport//DTD DocBook V3.0//EN"> -<!-- $Id: article.sgml,v 1.5 1998-10-14 03:25:31 dwhite Exp $ --> -<book> - -<bookinfo> -<bookbiblio> -<title>Formatting Media For Use With FreeBSD 2.2-RELEASE</title> -<subtitle>A Tutorial</subtitle> - -<authorgroup> -<author> -<firstname>Doug</firstname> -<surname>White</surname> -<affiliation> -<address><email>dwhite@resnet.uoregon.edu</email></address> -</affiliation> -</author> -</authorgroup> - -<pubdate>March 1997</pubdate> -<abstract><para>This document describes how to slice, partition, and -format hard disk drives and similar media for use with FreeBSD. The -examples given have been tested under FreeBSD 2.2-GAMMA and may work -for other releases. </para> -</abstract> -</bookbiblio> -</bookinfo> - -<chapter> -<title>Introduction & Definitions</title> - -<sect1> -<title>Overview</title> -<para>Successfully adding disks to an existing system is the mark of an -experienced system administrator. Slicing, partitioning, and adding -disks requires a careful dance of proper command and name syntax. One -slipped finger and an entire disk could disappear in seconds. This -document is written in an attempt to simplify this process and avoid -accidents. Thankfully, enhancements to existing tools (notably -sysinstall) have greatly improved this process in recent releases of -FreeBSD. </para> - -<para>There are two possible modes of disk formatting: -<itemizedlist> - -<listitem><para><firstterm>compatibility mode</firstterm>: Arranging a -disk so that it has a slice table for use with other operating -systems.</para> </listitem> - -<listitem><para><firstterm>dangerously dedicated mode</firstterm>: -Formatting a disk with no slice table. This makes the process of -adding disks easier, however non-FreeBSD operating systems may not -accept the disk. </para> </listitem> -</itemizedlist> -</para> - -<para>For most cases, dedicated mode is the easiest to set up and use -in existing systems, as a new disk is usually dedicated entirely to -FreeBSD. However, compatibility mode insures optimum interoperability -with future installations at a cost of increased complexity.</para> - -<para>In addition to selecting the mode, two methods of slicing the -disk are available. One is using the system installation tool -<command>/stand/sysinstall</command>. 2.1.7-RELEASE and later -versions of <command>sysinstall</command> contain code to ease setup -of disks during normal system operation, mainly allowing access to the -Label and Partition editors and a Write feature which will update just -the selected disk and slice without affecting other disks. The other -method is running the tools manually from a root command line. For -dangerously dedicated mode, only three or four commands are involved -while <command>sysinstall</command> requires some manipulation.</para> -</sect1> -<sect1> -<title>Definitions</title> - -<para>UNIX disk management over the centuries has invented many new -definitions for old words. The following glossary covers the -definitions used in this document and (hopefully) for FreeBSD in -general. </para> - -<!-- I'm tempted to use GLOSSARY here but will resort to a list for -now. --> - -<itemizedlist> -<listitem><para>compatibility mode: Arranging a disk so that it has a slice -table for use with other operating systems. Oppose dangerously -dedicated mode.</para></listitem> - -<listitem><para>dangerously dedicated mode: Formatting a disk with no slice -table. This makes the process of adding disks easier, however -non-FreeBSD operating systems may not accept the disk. Oppose -compatibility mode.</para></listitem> - -<listitem><para>disk: A circular disc, covered with magnetic or similarly -manipulable material, spun by a motor under a head. Data is stored on -the disk by changing the pattern of magnetism on the disc, which can -be later read. Hard disks, CD-ROMs, Magneto-optical,and Zip/Jaz -removables are examples of disks.</para></listitem> - -<listitem><para>slice: A division of a disk. Up to four slices are permitted on one -disk in the PC standard. Slices are composed of contiguous sectors. -Slices are recorded in a <quote>slice table</quote> used by the system BIOS to -locate bootable partitions. The slice table is usually called the -Partition Table in DOS parlance. Maintained by the fdisk utility.</para></listitem> - -<listitem><para>partition: A division of a slice. Usually used in reference -to divisions of the FreeBSD slice of a disk. Each filesystem and swap -area on a disk resides in a partition. Maintained using the disklabel -utility.</para></listitem> - -<listitem><para>sector: Smallest subdivision of a disk. One sector usually -represents 512 bytes of data.</para></listitem> - -</itemizedlist> -</sect1> - -<sect1> -<title>Warnings & Pitfalls</title> - -<para>Building disks is not something to take lightly. It is quite possible -to destroy the contents of other disks in your system if the proper -precautions are not taken.</para> - -<para><emphasis>Check your work carefully.</> It is very simple to destroy -the incorrect disk when working with these commands. When -in doubt consult the kernel boot output for the proper device.</para> - -<para>Needless to say, we are not responsible for any damage to any data -or hardware that you may experience. You work at your own risk!</para> - -</sect1> - -<sect1> -<title>Zip, Jaz, and Other Removables</title> - -<para>Removable disks can be formatted in the same way as normal hard -disks. It is essential to have the disk drive connected to the system -and a disk placed in the drive during startup, so the kernel can -determine the drive's geometry. Check the <command>dmesg</command> -output and make sure your device and the disk's size is listed. If -the kernel reports -<informalexample> -<screen> -Can't get the size -</screen> -</informalexample> -then the disk was not in the drive. In this case, you will need to restart the -machine before attempting to format disks. -</para> -</sect1> - -</chapter> -<chapter> -<title>Formatting Disks in Dedicated Mode</title> - -<sect1> -<title>Introduction</title> - -<para>This section details how to make disks that are totally dedicated to -FreeBSD. Remember, dedicated mode disks cannot be booted by the PC -architecture.</para> - -</sect1> -<sect1> -<title>Making Dedicated Mode Disks using Sysinstall</title> - -<para><command>/stand/sysinstall</command>, the system installation -utility, has been expanded in recent versions to make the process of -dividing disks properly a less tiring affair. The fdisk and disklabel -editors built into sysinstall are GUI tools that remove much of the -confusion from slicing disks. For FreeBSD versions 2.1.7 and later, -this is perhaps the simplest way to slice disks.</para> - -<orderedlist> -<listitem><para>Start sysinstall as root by typing -<informalexample> -<screen><userinput>/stand/sysinstall</userinput></screen> -</informalexample> -from the command prompt.</para></listitem> - -<listitem><para>Select <command>Index</command>.</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>Select <command>Partition</command>.</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>Select the disk to edit with arrow keys and -<keycap>SPACE</keycap>.</para> -</listitem> -<listitem><para>If you are using this entire disk for FreeBSD, select -<command>A</command>.</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>When asked: -<informalexample> -<screen> -Do you want to do this with a true partition entry so as to remain -cooperative with any future possible operating systems on the -drive(s)? -</screen> -</informalexample>answer <command>No</command>.</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>When asked if you still want to do this, answer -<command>Yes</command>.</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>Select <command>Write</command>.</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>When warned about Writing on installed systems, answer -<command>Yes</command>.</para></listitem> -<listitem><para><command>Quit</command>the FDISK Editor and -<keycap>ESCAPE</keycap> back to the Index menu.</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>Select <command>Label</command> from the Index -menu.</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>Label as desired. For a single partition, enter -<command>C</command> to Create a partition, accept the -default size, partition type Filesystem, and a mountpoint (which isn't -used).</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>Enter <command>W</command> when done and confirm to -continue. The filesystem will be newfs'd for you, unless you select -otherwise (for news partitions you'll want to do this!). You'll get -the error: -<informalexample> -<screen>Error mounting /mnt/dev/wd2s1e on /mnt/blah : No such file or directory </screen> -</informalexample> -Ignore. -</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>Exit out by repeatedly pressing <keycap>ESCAPE</keycap>.</para></listitem> -</orderedlist> - -</sect1> -<sect1> -<title>Making Dedicated Mode Disks Using the Command Line</title> - - -<para>Execute the following commands, replacing wd2 with the disk -name. Lines beginning with # are comments. </para> -<informalexample> -<screen> -<userinput> - dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rwd2 count=2 - disklabel /dev/rwd2 | disklabel -B -R -r wd2 /dev/stdin - # We only want one partition, so using slice 'c' should be fine: - newfs /dev/rwd2c -</userinput> -</screen> -</informalexample> - -<para> If you need to edit the disklabel to create multiple -partitions (such as swap), use the following: </para> - -<informalexample> -<screen> -<userinput> - dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rwd2 count=2 - disklabel /dev/r$d > /tmp/label - # Edit disklabel to add partitions: - vi /tmp/label - disklabel -B -R -r wd2 /tmp/label - # newfs partitions appropriately -</userinput> -</screen> -</informalexample> - -<para>Your disk is now ready for use.</para> - -</sect1> -</chapter> - -<chapter> -<title>Making Compatibility Mode Disks</title> - -<sect1> -<title>Introduction</title> -<para>The command line is the easiest way to make dedicated disks, and -the worst way to make compatibility disks. The command-line fdisk -utility requires higher math skills and an in-depth understanding of -the slice table, which is more than most people want to deal with. -Use sysinstall for compatibility disks, as described below.</para> - -</sect1> -<sect1> - -<title>Making Compatibility Mode Disks Using Sysinstall</title> - -<orderedlist> -<listitem><para>Start sysinstall as root by typing -<informalexample> -<screen><userinput>/stand/sysinstall</></screen> -</informalexample> -from the command prompt.</para></listitem> - -<listitem><para>Select <command>Index</command>.</para> </listitem> -<listitem><para>Select <command>Partition</command>.</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>Select the disk to edit with arrow keys and -<keycap>SPACE</keycap>. -</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>If you are using this entire disk for FreeBSD, select -<command>A</command>.</para></listitem> - -<listitem><para>When asked: -<informalexample> -<screen> -Do you want to do this with a true partition entry so as to remain -cooperative with any future possible operating systems on the -drive(s)? -</screen> -</informalexample> answer <command>yes</command>.</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>Select <command>Write</command>.</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>When asked to install the boot manager, select None with -<keycap>SPACE</keycap> then hit <keycap>ENTER</keycap> for OK.</para></listitem> -<listitem><para><command>Quit</command> the FDISK Editor.</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>You'll be asked about the boot manager, select -<command>None</command> -again. </para></listitem> -<listitem><para>Select <command>Label</command> from the Index -menu.</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>Label as desired. For a single partition, accept the -default size, type filesystem, and a mountpoint (which isn't -used).</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>The filesystem will be newfs'd for you, unless you select otherwise (for news partitions you'll want to do this!). You'll get the error: -<informalexample> -<screen> -Error mounting /mnt/dev/wd2s1e on /mnt/blah : No such file or directory </screen> -</informalexample> -Ignore. -</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>Exit out by repeatedly pressing <keycap>ESCAPE</keycap>.</para></listitem> -</orderedlist> - -<para>Your new disk is now ready for use.</para> - -</sect1> -</chapter> - -<chapter> -<title>Other Disk Operations</title> -<sect1> -<title>Adding Swap Space</title> - -<para>As a system grows, it's need for swap space can also grow. -Although adding swap space to existing disks is very difficult, a new -disk can be partitioned with additional swap space. </para> - -<para>To add swap space when adding a disk to a system: -<orderedlist> -<listitem><para>When partitioning the disk, edit the disklabel and -allocate the amount of swap space to add in partition `b' and the -remainder in another partition, such as `a' or `e'. The size is given -in 512 byte blocks. </para></listitem> -<listitem><para>When newfsing the drive, do NOT newfs the `c' -partition. Instead, newfs the partition where the non-swap space -lies.</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>Add an entry to <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> as follows: -<informalexample> -<programlisting> -/dev/wd0b none swap sw 0 0 -</programlisting> -</informalexample> -Change /dev/wd0b to the device of the newly added -space.</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>To make the new space immediately available, use the -<command>swapon</command> command. -<informalexample> -<screen> -<userinput> -$ swapon /dev/sd0b -</userinput> -swapon: added /dev/sd0b as swap space -</screen> -</informalexample> -</para></listitem> -</orderedlist> -</para> -</sect1> - -<sect1> -<title>Copying the Contents of Disks</title> -<!-- Should have specific tag --> -<para>Submitted By: Renaud Waldura (<email>renaud@softway.com</email>) </para> - -<para>To move file from your original base disk to the fresh new one, -do: -<informalexample> -<screen> -<userinput> -mount /dev/wd2 /mnt -pax -r -w -p e /usr/home /mnt -umount /mnt -rm -rf /usr/home/* -mount /dev/wd2 /usr/home -</userinput> -</screen> -</informalexample> -</para> -</sect1> - -<sect1> -<title>Creating Striped Disks using CCD</title> -<para>Commands Submitted By: Stan Brown (<email>stanb@awod.com</email>) </para> - -<para> -The Concatenated Disk Driver, or CCD, allows you to treat several identical disks as a single disk. -Striping can result in increased disk performance by distributing reads and -writes across the disks. See the ccd(4) and ccdconfig(4) man pages or the -<ulink URL="http://stampede.cs.berkeley.edu/ccd/">CCD Homepage</ulink> for further details.</para> - -<para>To create a new CCD, execute the following commands. This describes -how to add three disks together; simply add or remove devices as -necessary. Remember that the disks to be striped must be <emphasis>identical.</></para> - -<para>Before executing these commands, make sure you add the line -<userinput> -pseudo-device ccd 4 -</userinput> - -to your kernel.</para> - -<informalexample> -<screen> -<userinput> -cd /dev ; sh MAKDEV ccd0 - -disklabel -r -w sd0 auto -disklabel -r -w sd1 auto -disklabel -r -w sd2 auto - -disklabel -e sd0c # change type to 4.2BSD -disklabel -e sd1c # change type to 4.2BSD -disklabel -e sd2c # change type to 4.2BSD - -ccdconfig ccd0 32 0 /dev/sd0c /dev/sd1c /dev/sd2c - -newfs /dev/rccd0c -</userinput> -</screen> -</informalexample> - -<para>Now you can mount and use your CCD by referencing device /dev/ccd0c. -</para> - -</sect1> -</chapter> - -<chapter> -<title>Credits</title> - - - -<para>The author would like to thank the following individuals for -their contributions to this project: -<itemizedlist> -<listitem><para>Darryl Okahata -(<email>darrylo@hpnmhjw.sr.hp.com</email>) for his -simple dedicated mode setup documentation which I have used repeatedly -on freebsd-questions.</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>Jordan Hubbard -(<email>jkh@freebsd.org</email>) for making -sysinstall useful for this type of task.</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>John Fieber -(<email>jfieber@indiana.edu</email>) for making -information and examples of the DocBook DTD on which this document is -based.</para></listitem> -<listitem><para>Greg Lehey (<email>grog@freebsd.org</email>) for checking my -work and pointing out inaccuracies, as well as miscellaneous support. -</para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> -</para> - -</chapter> - - - -</book> |