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diff --git a/zh_TW.UTF-8/books/handbook/bsdinstall/chapter.xml b/zh_TW.UTF-8/books/handbook/bsdinstall/chapter.xml deleted file mode 100644 index 4b5e1f501f..0000000000 --- a/zh_TW.UTF-8/books/handbook/bsdinstall/chapter.xml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2632 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> -<!-- - The FreeBSD Documentation Project - - $FreeBSD$ ---> - -<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" - xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="5.0" - xml:id="bsdinstall"> - - <info> - <title>安裝 &os; 9.<replaceable>X</replaceable> 和更新的版本</title> - - <authorgroup> - <author> - <personname> - <firstname>Jim</firstname> - <surname>Mock</surname> - </personname> - - <contrib>Restructured, reorganized, and parts rewritten - by </contrib> - </author> - </authorgroup> -<!--- - <authorgroup> - <author> - <personname> - <firstname>Randy</firstname> - <surname>Pratt</surname> - </personname> - <contrib>The sysinstall walkthrough, screenshots, and general - copy by </contrib> - </author> - </authorgroup>--> - - <authorgroup> - <author> - <personname> - <firstname>Gavin</firstname> - <surname>Atkinson</surname> - </personname> - - <contrib>Updated for bsdinstall by </contrib> - </author> - - <author> - <personname> - <firstname>Warren</firstname> - <surname>Block</surname> - </personname> - </author> - </authorgroup> - - <authorgroup> - <author> - <personname> - <firstname>Allan</firstname> - <surname>Jude</surname> - </personname> - - <contrib>Updated for root-on-ZFS by </contrib> - </author> - </authorgroup> - </info> - - <sect1 xml:id="bsdinstall-synopsis"> - <title>概述</title> - - <indexterm><primary>安裝</primary></indexterm> - <para>自從 &os; 9.0-RELEASE開始, &os; 提供一個易用，文字介面的安裝程式 - <application>bsdinstall</application>。 -本章描述如何用 <application>bsdinstall</application>來安裝 &os;。</para> - - <para>一般來說，本章所寫的安裝說明是針對&i386; 和 <acronym>AMD64</acronym> 架構。如果可以用於其他平台，將會列表說明。 - 安裝程式和本章所敘述的內容可能會有些微差異，所以請將本章視為通用的指引，而不是完全照著來做。</para> - - <note> - <para>喜歡用圖形化安裝程式安裝 &os; 的使用者， -可能會對 <application>pc-sysinstall</application>有興趣，這是PC-BSD計畫所使用的。 -他可以用來安裝圖形化桌面 (PC-BSD) 或是命令列版本的 &os;。 - 細節請參考 PC-BSD 使用者 Handbook (<link - xlink:href="http://wiki.pcbsd.org/index.php/PC-BSD%C2%AE_Users_Handbook/10.1">http://wiki.pcbsd.org/index.php/PC-BSD%C2%AE_Users_Handbook/10.1</link>)。</para> - </note> - - <para>讀完這章，您將了解：</para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem> - <para>最低的硬體需求和 &os; 支援的架構。</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para>如何建立 &os; 的安裝媒體。</para> - </listitem> - -<!-- WB: verify this, including GPT partition notation (ada0p2) - <listitem> - <para>How &os; subdivides and refers to hard disks.</para> - </listitem> --> - - <listitem> - <para>如何開始執行 <application>bsdinstall</application>。</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><application>bsdinstall</application>會詢問的問題，問題代表的意思，以及如何回答。</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para>安裝失敗時如何做故障排除。</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para>如何在正式安裝前使用 live 版本的 &os;。 - </para> - </listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <para>在開始閱讀這章之前，您需要︰</para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem> - <para>閱讀即將安裝的 &os; 版本所附帶的硬體支援清單，並核對系統的硬體是否有支援。 - </para> - </listitem> - </itemizedlist> - </sect1> - - <sect1 xml:id="bsdinstall-hardware"> - <title>最低硬體需求</title> - - <para> 安裝 &os; 的硬體需求隨 &os; 的版本和硬體架構而不同。 - &os;發行版支援的硬體架構和裝置列在硬體支援清單的檔案裡。 - 這個檔案通常名為 <filename>HARDWARE.TXT</filename>，位於發行媒體的根目錄。 - 支援硬體清單的副本也可以在&os; 網站 (<link - xlink:href="&url.base;/releases/index.html">http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/index.html</link>)的發行資訊頁面找到。</para> - - <para> &os; 最小安裝需要至少 64 MB 的 - <acronym>RAM</acronym> 和 1.5 GB 的可用硬碟空間 - 但是這真的是 <emphasis>最</emphasis> 最小，幾乎沒有剩下多餘的空間。 - 較實際的安裝，不用圖形化環境最少需要 4 GB ，如果要用圖形化介面至少要有 8 GB 以上。 - 第三方應用程式需要更多空間。建議增加 It is recommended to increase - <acronym>RAM</acronym> 和硬碟空間以應付應用程式的需求和未來可能儲存的資料量。</para> - - <para>每一種架構的處理器需求概述如下：</para> - - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term>&arch.amd64;</term> - <listitem> - <para>有兩類處理器可以跑 &arch.amd64;。 - 第一類是 <acronym>AMD64</acronym> 處理器，包括 &amd.athlon;64 和 &amd.opteron; 處理器。</para> - - <para>第二類包括那些使用 &intel; EM64T 架構的處理器。 - 這些包括除了Sossaman以外的所有多核心 &intel; &xeon; 處理器。 - 單核心 &intel; &xeon; 處理器 Nocona, Irwindale, Potomac, - 和 Cranford， &intel; &core; 2 (非 Core - Duo) 和更新的處理器，所有的 &intel; &pentium; D 處理器， - 和某些 &intel; &pentium; 4s 與使用Prescott核心的 Celeron Ds 。</para> - - <para>單處理器 (<acronym>UP</acronym>) 和對稱多處理器 (<acronym>SMP</acronym>)的設定都有支援。</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term>&arch.i386;</term> - <listitem> - <para>幾乎所有有浮點運算裝置的 i386 相容處理器都有支援。所有 &intel; 486或是更新的處理器也有支援。</para> - - <para>如果 <acronym>CPU</acronym>s 有支援，&os; 會利用實體位址延伸 - 有開啟 <acronym>PAE</acronym> 支援的核心會偵測超過 4 GB 的記憶體，讓他能被系統使用。 - 這項功能為 &os; 的驅動程式與部分功能帶來一些限制，詳情請見 &man.pae.4;。</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term>ia64</term> - <listitem> - <para>目前支援的處理器是 &itanium; 和 &itanium; 2。支援的晶片組包括 HP zx1， &intel; 460GX 和 &intel; E8870。 - 單處理器 (<acronym>UP</acronym>) 和對稱多處理器 (<acronym>SMP</acronym>)的設定都有支援。</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term>pc98</term> - <listitem> - <para>NEC PC-9801/9821 系列幾乎所有 i386 相容處理器包括 80486， &pentium;， &pentium; Pro 和 &pentium; II 都有支援。 - 所有 AMD, Cyrix, IBM, and IDT 的i386 相容處理器都有支援。 - 相容NEC PC-9801 的EPSON PC-386/486/586 系列都有支援。 - NEC FC-9801/9821 and NEC SV-98 系列也有支援。</para> - - <para>高解析度模式並不支援。NEC PC-98XA/XL/RL/XL^2 和 NEC PC-H98 系列只支援正常 (PC-9801 相容) 模式。 - &os; 對稱多處理器 <acronym>SMP</acronym> 相關特色並不支援。 - PC-H98， SV-H98 和FC-H98 新延伸標準架構 (<acronym>NESA</acronym>) 匯流排不支援。</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term>&arch.powerpc;</term> - <listitem> - <para>所有內建<acronym>USB</acronym>的 New World <acronym>ROM</acronym> &apple; - &mac; 系統都有支援。 <acronym>SMP</acronym> 在多 <acronym>CPU</acronym>s的機器都有支援。</para> - - <para>32位元的核心只能使用前 2 GB的<acronym>RAM</acronym>。</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term>&arch.sparc64;</term> - <listitem> - <para> &os;/&arch.sparc64; 支援的系統列在 FreeBSD/sparc64 計劃 (<link - xlink:href="&url.base;/platforms/sparc.html">http://www.freebsd.org/platforms/sparc.html</link>).</para> - - <para>所有超過一個處理器的系統都有支援<acronym>SMP</acronym>。需要專用的磁碟系統，因為此時無法和其他作業系統共用磁碟。</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - - <sect1 xml:id="bsdinstall-pre"> - <title>安裝前的工作</title> - - <para>一旦確定系統符合安裝 &os; 的最低硬體需求，就可以下載安裝檔案並準備安裝的媒體。 - 做這些之前，先檢查以下核對清單的項目是否準備好了：</para> - - <procedure> - <step> - <title>備份重要資料</title> - - <para>安裝任何作業系統前， <emphasis>總是</emphasis> 要先備份所有重要資料。 - 不要儲存備份在即將安裝的系統上。改為將資料儲存在可移除磁碟，像是 - <acronym>USB</acronym> 隨身碟，網路上的另一個系統或是線上備份服務上。 - 開始安裝前，要測試備份，確定它含有所有需要的檔案。 - 一旦安裝程式格式化系統的磁碟，所有儲存在上面的資料都會遺失。</para> - </step> - - <step> - <title>決定 &os; 安裝在哪裡</title> - - <para>如果 &os; 是唯一要安裝的作業系統，這個步驟可以略過。 - 但是假如 &os; 將和其他作業系統分享磁碟空間的話，要決定 &os; 要安裝在哪個磁碟或是哪個分割區。</para> - - <para>在 &arch.i386; 和 &arch.amd64; 平台，磁碟可以使用兩種分割區配置之一來分割成多個分割區。 - 傳統的<firstterm>主開機紀錄 - </firstterm> (<acronym>MBR</acronym>) 有一個分割區表定義最多到 - <firstterm>主分割區</firstterm>。 - 因為歷史性的理由， &os;稱這些主分割區為 <firstterm>slices</firstterm>。 - 其中一個主分割區可以分成一個 <firstterm>延伸分割區 - </firstterm> ，他包含多個 <firstterm>邏輯分割區</firstterm>。 - <firstterm>GUID 分割區表</firstterm> - (<acronym>GPT</acronym>) 是較新和較簡單的分割磁碟的方法 - 一般<acronym>GPT</acronym> 實作允許每個磁碟最多達128個分割區，減少使用邏輯分割區的需要。</para> - <warning> - <para>一些比較舊的作業系統，像是 &windows; XP , - 和 <acronym>GPT</acronym> 分割區配置並不相容。 - 如果 &os; 將和這樣的作業系統共享一個磁碟，那就需要用 - <acronym>MBR</acronym> 分割。 - </para> - </warning> - - <para> &os; 開機啟動程式需要主分割區或是 <acronym>GPT</acronym> 分割區。 - 如果所有的主分割區或 <acronym>GPT</acronym> 分割區都已使用， - 必須釋放其中一個分割區讓 &os; 使用。 - 如果要建立一個分割區而不刪除原有的資料， - 可以使用磁碟分割工具來縮小現有的分割區， - 並使用多出的空間來建立新分割區。 </para> - - <para>各種自由的和商業化的磁碟分割工具列於 - <link - xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disk_partitioning_software">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disk_partitioning_software</link>。 - <application>GParted Live</application> (<link - xlink:href="http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php">http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php</link>) - 是包含分割編輯工具<application>GParted</application>的自由的 live <acronym>CD</acronym>。 - <application>GParted</application> 也包含在許多 Linux live <acronym>CD</acronym> 套件裡。</para> - - <warning> - <para>當正確地使用，磁碟分割工具可以安全地建立空間讓新的分割區使用。 - 因為有可能會誤選已經存在的分割區，所以在修改磁碟分割區前， - 一定要備份重要資料，並確認備份的完整性。 </para> - </warning> - - <para>包含不同作業系統的磁碟分割區可以讓一台電腦安裝多重作業系統。 - 另一種作法是使用虛擬機器 (<xref linkend="virtualization"/>) ，可以讓多重作業系統同時間執行而不需要改變任何磁碟分割區。 </para> - </step> - - <step> - <title>收集網路資訊</title> - - <para>有些 &os; 安裝方法為了下載安裝檔案需要網路連線。 - 在系統安裝之後，安裝程式將會讓您設定系統的網路介面。 - </para> - - <para>如果網路有 <acronym>DHCP</acronym> 伺服器，可以自動設定網路。 - 如果沒有 <acronym>DHCP</acronym> ， - 需要從區域網路管理者或是網際網路服務商取得以下系統的網路資訊： - </para> - - <orderedlist xml:id="bsdinstall-collect-network-information"> - <title>需要的網路資訊</title> - - <listitem> - <para><acronym>IP</acronym> 位址</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para>子網路遮罩</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para>預設閘道器 <acronym>IP</acronym> 位址</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para>網路的網域名稱</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para>網路 <acronym>DNS</acronym> 伺服器 <acronym>IP</acronym> 位址 </para> - </listitem> - </orderedlist> - </step> - - <step> - <title>檢查 &os; 勘誤表</title> - - <para>儘管 &os; Project 努力確保每個 &os; 發行版能夠儘可能地穩定，錯誤偶爾還是會悄悄出現。 - 有極小的機會錯誤會影響安裝過程。 - 當這些問題被發現並修正後，會被紀錄在 &os; 網站的 &os; 勘誤表 (<link - xlink:href="&url.base;/releases/&rel.current;R/errata.html">http://www.freebsd.org/releases/&rel.current;R/errata.html</link>)。 - 安裝前要檢查勘誤表，確保沒有會影響到安裝的問題。</para> - - <para>所有發行版的資訊和勘誤表可以在 &os; 網站的發行資訊找到 - (<link - xlink:href="&url.base;/releases/index.html">http://www.freebsd.org/releases/index.html</link>)。</para> - </step> - </procedure> - - <sect2 xml:id="bsdinstall-installation-media"> - <title>準備安裝的媒體</title> - - <para>The &os; installer is not an application that can be run - from within another operating system. Instead, download a - &os; installation file, burn it to the media associated with - its file type and size (<acronym>CD</acronym>, - <acronym>DVD</acronym>, or <acronym>USB</acronym>), and boot - the system to install from the inserted media.</para> - - <para>&os; installation files are available at <link - xlink:href="&url.base;/where.html#download">www.freebsd.org/where.html#download</link>. - Each installation file's name includes the release version of - &os;, the architecture, and the type of file. For example, to - install &os; 10.0 on an &arch.amd64; system from a - <acronym>DVD</acronym>, download - <filename>FreeBSD-10.0-RELEASE-amd64-dvd1.iso</filename>, burn - this file to a <acronym>DVD</acronym>, and boot the system - with the <acronym>DVD</acronym> inserted.</para> - - <para>Several file types are available, though not all file - types are available for all architectures. The possible file - types are:</para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem> - <para><literal>-bootonly.iso</literal>: This is the smallest - installation file as it only contains the installer. A - working Internet connection is required during - installation as the installer will download the files it - needs to complete the &os; installation. This file should - be burned to a <acronym>CD</acronym> using a - <acronym>CD</acronym> burning application.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>-disc1.iso</literal>: This file contains all - of the files needed to install &os;, its source, and the - Ports Collection. It should be burned to a - <acronym>CD</acronym> using a <acronym>CD</acronym> - burning application.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>-dvd1.iso</literal>: This file contains all - of the files needed to install &os;, its source, and the - Ports Collection. It also contains a set of popular - binary packages for installing a window manager and some - applications so that a complete system can be installed - from media without requiring a connection to the Internet. - This file should be burned to a <acronym>DVD</acronym> - using a <acronym>DVD</acronym> burning application.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>-memstick.img</literal>: This file contains - all of the files needed to install &os;, its source, and - the Ports Collection. It should be burned to a - <acronym>USB</acronym> stick using the instructions - below.</para> - </listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <para>Also download <filename>CHECKSUM.SHA256</filename> from - the same directory as the image file and use it to check the - image file's integrity by calculating a - <firstterm>checksum</firstterm>. &os; provides &man.sha256.1; - for this, while other operating systems have similar programs. - Compare the calculated checksum with the one shown in - <filename>CHECKSUM.SHA256</filename>. The checksums must - match exactly. If the checksums do not match, the file is - corrupt and should be downloaded again.</para> - - <sect3 xml:id="bsdinstall-usb"> - <title>將印象檔寫入<acronym>USB</acronym></title> - - <para>The <filename>*.img</filename> file is an - <emphasis>image</emphasis> of the complete contents of a - memory stick. It <emphasis>cannot</emphasis> be copied to - the target device as a file. Several applications are - available for writing the <filename>*.img</filename> to a - <acronym>USB</acronym> stick. This section describes two of - these utilities.</para> - - <important> - <para>Before proceeding, back up any important data on the - <acronym>USB</acronym> stick. This procedure will erase - the existing data on the stick.</para> - </important> - - <procedure xml:id="bsdinstall-usb-dd"> - <title>使用 <command>dd</command> 指令來寫入印象檔</title> - - <warning> - <para>This example uses <filename>/dev/da0</filename> as - the target device where the image will be written. Be - <emphasis>very careful</emphasis> that the correct - device is used as this command will destroy the existing - data on the specified target device.</para> - </warning> - - <step> - <para>The &man.dd.1; command-line utility is - available on BSD, &linux;, and &macos; systems. To burn - the image using <command>dd</command>, insert the - <acronym>USB</acronym> stick and determine its device - name. Then, specify the name of the downloaded - installation file and the device name for the - <acronym>USB</acronym> stick. This example burns the - &arch.amd64; installation image to the first - <acronym>USB</acronym> device on an existing &os; - system.</para> - - <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=<replaceable>FreeBSD-10.0-RELEASE-amd64-memstick.img</replaceable> of=/dev/<replaceable>da0</replaceable> bs=64k</userinput></screen> - - <para>If this command fails, verify that the - <acronym>USB</acronym> stick is not mounted and that the - device name is for the disk, not a partition. Some - operating systems might require this command to be run - with &man.sudo.8;. Systems like &linux; might buffer - writes. To force all writes to complete, use - &man.sync.8;.</para> - </step> - </procedure> - - <procedure> - <title>使用&windows; 來寫入映象檔</title> - - <warning> - <para>要確保提供正確的磁碟機代號，因為磁碟上的資料會被覆蓋和摧毀。 </para> - </warning> - - <step> - <title>取得<application>Image Writer for - &windows;</application></title> - - <para><application>Image Writer for - &windows;</application> 是一個免費的應用程式，可以正確地將映像檔寫入隨身碟。 - 從 <uri - xlink:href="https://launchpad.net/win32-image-writer/">https://launchpad.net/win32-image-writer/</uri> - 下載，並解壓縮到一個資料夾。</para> - </step> - - <step> - <title>用 Image Writer 寫入映象檔</title> - - <para>雙擊 <application>Win32DiskImager</application> icon 啟動程式。 - 確認 <computeroutput>Device</computeroutput> 顯示的磁碟機代號是隨身碟的磁碟機代號。 - 按下資料夾 icon 選擇要寫入隨身碟的映像檔。 - 按下 <guibutton>[ Save ]</guibutton> 按鈕確定映像檔名。 - 確認所有東西都正確，隨身碟的資料夾並沒有在其他視窗開啟。 - 所有東西準備好後，按下 <guibutton>[ Write ]</guibutton> 將映像檔寫入隨身碟。</para> - </step> - </procedure> - - <para>您現在可以開始安裝 &os; 。</para> - </sect3> - </sect2> - </sect1> - - <sect1 xml:id="bsdinstall-start"> - <title>開始安裝</title> - - <important> - <para>By default, the installation will not make any changes to - the disk(s) before the following message:</para> - - <programlisting>Your changes will now be written to disk. If you -have chosen to overwrite existing data, it will -be PERMANENTLY ERASED. Are you sure you want to -commit your changes?</programlisting> - - <para>The install can be exited at any time prior to this - warning. If - there is a concern that something is incorrectly configured, - just turn the computer off before this point and no changes - will be made to the system's disks.</para> - </important> - - <para>This section describes how to boot the system from the - installation media which was prepared using the instructions in - <xref linkend="bsdinstall-installation-media"/>. When using a - bootable USB stick, plug in the <acronym>USB</acronym> stick - before turning on the computer. When booting from - <acronym>CD</acronym> or <acronym>DVD</acronym>, turn on the - computer and insert the media at the first opportunity. How to - configure the system to boot from the inserted media depends - upon the architecture.</para> - - <sect2 xml:id="bsdinstall-starting-i386"> - <title>Booting on &i386; and &arch.amd64;</title> - - <para>These architectures provide a <acronym>BIOS</acronym> - menu for selecting the boot device. Depending upon the - installation media being used, select the - <acronym>CD</acronym>/<acronym>DVD</acronym> or - <acronym>USB</acronym> device as the first boot device. Most - systems also provide a key for selecting the boot device - during startup without having to enter the - <acronym>BIOS</acronym>. Typically, the key is either - <keycap>F10</keycap>, <keycap>F11</keycap>, - <keycap>F12</keycap>, or <keycap>Escape</keycap>.</para> - - <para>If the computer loads the existing operating system - instead of the &os; installer, then either:</para> - - <orderedlist> - <listitem> - <para>The installation media was not inserted early enough - in the boot process. Leave the media inserted and try - restarting the computer.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para>The <acronym>BIOS</acronym> changes were incorrect or - not saved. Double-check that the right boot device is - selected as the first boot device.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para>This system is too old to support booting from the - chosen media. In this case, the <application>Plop Boot - Manager</application> (<link - xlink:href="http://www.plop.at/en/bootmanager.html">http://www.plop.at/en/bootmanager.html</link>) - can be used to boot the system from the selected - media.</para> - </listitem> - </orderedlist> - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>Booting on &powerpc;</title> - - <para>On most machines, holding <keycap>C</keycap> on the - keyboard during boot will boot from the <acronym>CD</acronym>. - Otherwise, hold <keycombo action="simul"> - <keycap>Command</keycap> - <keycap>Option</keycap> - <keycap>O</keycap> - <keycap>F</keycap> - </keycombo>, or - <keycombo action="simul"> - <keycap>Windows</keycap> - <keycap>Alt</keycap> - <keycap>O</keycap> - <keycap>F</keycap> - </keycombo> on non-&apple; keyboards. At the - <prompt>0 ></prompt> prompt, enter</para> - - <screen><userinput>boot cd:,\ppc\loader cd:0</userinput></screen> - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>Booting on &sparc64;</title> - - <para>Most &sparc64; systems are set up to boot automatically - from disk. To install &os; from a <acronym>CD</acronym> - requires a break into the <acronym>PROM</acronym>.</para> - - <para>To do this, reboot the system and wait until the boot - message appears. The message depends on the model, but should - look something like this:</para> - - <screen>Sun Blade 100 (UltraSPARC-IIe), Keyboard Present -Copyright 1998-2001 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. -OpenBoot 4.2, 128 MB memory installed, Serial #51090132. -Ethernet address 0:3:ba:b:92:d4, Host ID: 830b92d4.</screen> - - <para>If the system proceeds to boot from disk at this point, - press <keycombo - action="simul"><keycap>L1</keycap><keycap>A</keycap></keycombo> - or <keycombo - action="simul"><keycap>Stop</keycap><keycap>A</keycap></keycombo> - on the keyboard, or send a <command>BREAK</command> over the - serial console. When using <application>tip</application> or - <application>cu</application>, <command>~#</command> will - issue a BREAK. The <acronym>PROM</acronym> prompt will be - <prompt>ok</prompt> on systems with one - <acronym>CPU</acronym> and <prompt>ok {0} </prompt> on - <acronym>SMP</acronym> systems, where the digit indicates the - number of the active <acronym>CPU</acronym>.</para> - - <para>At this point, place the <acronym>CD</acronym> into the - drive and type <command>boot cdrom</command> from the - <acronym>PROM</acronym> prompt.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 xml:id="bsdinstall-view-probe"> - <title>&os; 開機選單</title> - - <para>Once the system boots from the installation media, a menu - similar to the following will be displayed:</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-newboot-loader-menu"> - <title>&os; 開機管理程式選單</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-newboot-loader-menu"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>By default, the menu will wait ten seconds for user input - before booting into the &os; installer or, if &os; is already - installed, before booting into &os;. To pause the boot timer - in order to review the selections, press - <keycap>Space</keycap>. To select an option, press its - highlighted number, character, or key. The following options - are available.</para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem> - <para><literal>Boot Multi User</literal>: This will - continue the &os; boot process. If the boot timer has - been paused, press <keycap>1</keycap>, upper- or - lower-case <keycap>B</keycap>, or - <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Boot Single User</literal>: This mode can be - used to fix an existing &os; installation as described in - <xref linkend="boot-singleuser"/>. Press - <keycap>2</keycap> or the upper- or lower-case - <keycap>S</keycap> to enter this mode.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Escape to loader prompt</literal>: This will - boot the system into a repair prompt that contains a - limited number of low-level commands. This prompt is - described in <xref linkend="boot-loader"/>. Press - <keycap>3</keycap> or <keycap>Esc</keycap> to boot into - this prompt.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Reboot</literal>: Reboots the system.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Configure Boot Options</literal>: Opens the - menu shown in, and described under, <xref - linkend="bsdinstall-boot-options-menu"/>.</para> - </listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-boot-options-menu"> - <title>&os; 開機選項選單</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-boot-options-menu"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>The boot options menu is divided into two sections. The - first section can be used to either return to the main boot - menu or to reset any toggled options back to their - defaults.</para> - - <para>The next section is used to toggle the available options - to <literal>On</literal> or <literal>Off</literal> by pressing - the option's highlighted number or character. The system will - always boot using the settings for these options until they - are modified. Several options can be toggled using this - menu:</para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem> - <para><literal>ACPI Support</literal>: If the system hangs - during boot, try toggling this option to - <literal>Off</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Safe Mode</literal>: If the system still - hangs during boot even with <literal>ACPI - Support</literal> set to <literal>Off</literal>, try - setting this option to <literal>On</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Single User</literal>: Toggle this option to - <literal>On</literal> to fix an existing &os; installation - as described in <xref linkend="boot-singleuser"/>. Once - the problem is fixed, set it back to - <literal>Off</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Verbose</literal>: Toggle this option to - <literal>On</literal> to see more detailed messages during - the boot process. This can be useful when troubleshooting - a piece of hardware.</para> - </listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <para>After making the needed selections, press - <keycap>1</keycap> or <keycap>Backspace</keycap> to return to - the main boot menu, then press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to - continue booting into &os;. A series of boot messages will - appear as &os; carries out its hardware device probes and - loads the installation program. Once the boot is complete, - the welcome menu shown in <xref - linkend="bsdinstall-choose-mode"/> will be displayed.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-choose-mode"> - <title>歡迎選單</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-choose-mode"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>Press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to select the default of - <guibutton>[ Install ]</guibutton> to enter the - installer. The rest of this chapter describes how to use this - installer. Otherwise, use the right or left arrows or the - colorized letter to select the desired menu item. The - <guibutton>[ Shell ]</guibutton> can be used to - access a &os; shell in order to use command line utilities to - prepare the disks before installation. The - <guibutton>[ Live CD ]</guibutton> option can be - used to try out &os; before installing it. The live version - is described in <xref linkend="using-live-cd"/>.</para> - - <tip> - <para>To review the boot messages, including the hardware - device probe, press the upper- or lower-case - <keycap>S</keycap> and then <keycap>Enter</keycap> to access - a shell. At the shell prompt, type <command>more - /var/run/dmesg.boot</command> and use the space bar to - scroll through the messages. When finished, type - <command>exit</command> to return to the welcome - menu.</para> - </tip> - </sect2> - </sect1> - - <sect1 xml:id="using-bsdinstall"> - <title>使用 <application>bsdinstall</application></title> - - <para>This section shows the order of the - <application>bsdinstall</application> menus and the type of - information that will be asked before the system is installed. - Use the arrow keys to highlight a menu option, then - <keycap>Space</keycap> to select or deselect that menu item. - When finished, press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to save the - selection and move onto the next screen.</para> - - <sect2 xml:id="bsdinstall-keymap"> - <title>Selecting the Keymap Menu</title> - - <para>Depending on the system console being used, - <application>bsdinstall</application> may initially display - the menu shown in <xref - linkend="bsdinstall-keymap-select-default"/>.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-keymap-select-default"> - <title>Keymap Selection</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-keymap-select-default"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>To configure the keyboard layout, press - <keycap>Enter</keycap> with - <guibutton>[ YES ]</guibutton> selected, which will - display the menu shown in <xref - linkend="bsdinstall-config-keymap"/>. To instead use the - default layout, use the arrow key to select - <guibutton>[ NO ]</guibutton> and press - <keycap>Enter</keycap> to skip this menu screen.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-config-keymap"> - <title>選擇鍵盤選單</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-config-keymap"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>When configuring the keyboard layout, use the up and down - arrows to select the keymap that most closely represents the - mapping of the keyboard attached to the system. Press - <keycap>Enter</keycap> to save the selection.</para> - - <note> - <para>Pressing <keycap>Esc</keycap> will exit this menu and - use the default keymap. If the choice of keymap is not - clear, <guimenuitem>United States of America - ISO-8859-1</guimenuitem> is also a safe option.</para> - </note> - - <para>In &os; 10.0-RELEASE and later, this menu has been - enhanced. The full selection of keymaps is shown, with the - default preselected. In addition, when selecting a different - keymap, a dialog is displayed that allows the user to try the - keymap and ensure it is correct before proceeding.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-keymap-10"> - <title>Enhanced Keymap Menu</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-keymap-10"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - </sect2> - - <sect2 xml:id="bsdinstall-hostname"> - <title>設定主機名稱</title> - - <para>The next <application>bsdinstall</application> menu is - used to set the hostname for the newly installed - system.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-config-hostname"> - <title>設定主機名稱</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-config-hostname"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>Type in a hostname that is unique for the network. It - should be a fully-qualified hostname, such as <systemitem - class="fqdomainname">machine3.example.com</systemitem>.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 xml:id="bsdinstall-components"> - <title>選擇要安裝的組件</title> - - <para>Next, <application>bsdinstall</application> will prompt to - select optional components to install.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-config-components"> - <title>選擇要安裝的組件</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-config-components"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>Deciding which components to install will depend largely - on the intended use of the system and the amount of disk space - available. The &os; kernel and userland, collectively known - as the <firstterm>base system</firstterm>, are always - installed. Depending on the architecture, some of these - components may not appear:</para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem> - <para><literal>doc</literal> - Additional documentation, - mostly of historical interest, to install into - <filename>/usr/share/doc</filename>. The documentation - provided by the FreeBSD Documentation Project may be - installed later using the instructions in <xref - linkend="updating-upgrading-documentation"/>.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>games</literal> - Several traditional - <acronym>BSD</acronym> games, including - <application>fortune</application>, - <application>rot13</application>, and others.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>lib32</literal> - Compatibility libraries for - running 32-bit applications on a 64-bit version of - &os;.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>ports</literal> - The &os; Ports Collection - is a collection of files which automates the downloading, - compiling and installation of third-party software - packages. <xref linkend="ports"/> discusses how to use - the Ports Collection.</para> - - <warning> - <para>The installation program does not check for - adequate disk space. Select this option only if - sufficient hard disk space is available. The &os; Ports - Collection takes up about &ports.size; of disk - space.</para> - </warning> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>src</literal> - The complete &os; source code - for both the kernel and the userland. Although not - required for the majority of applications, it may be - required to build device drivers, kernel modules, or some - applications from the Ports Collection. It is also used - for developing &os; itself. The full source tree requires - 1 GB of disk space and recompiling the entire &os; - system requires an additional 5 GB of space.</para> - </listitem> - </itemizedlist> - </sect2> - - <sect2 xml:id="bsdinstall-netinstall"> - <title>從網路安裝</title> - - <para>The menu shown in <xref - linkend="bsdinstall-netinstall-notify"/> only appears when - installing from a <filename>-bootonly.iso</filename> - <acronym>CD</acronym> as this installation media does not hold - copies of the installation files. Since the installation - files must be retrieved over a network connection, this menu - indicates that the network interface must be first - configured.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-netinstall-notify"> - <title>從網路安裝</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-netinstall-files"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>To configure the network connection, press - <keycap>Enter</keycap> and follow the instructions in <xref - linkend="bsdinstall-config-network-dev"/>. Once the - interface is configured, select a mirror site that is - located in the same region of the world as the computer on - which &os; is being installed. Files can be retrieved more - quickly when the mirror is close to the target computer, - reducing installation time.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-netinstall-mirror"> - <title>選擇鏡像站</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-netinstall-mirrorselect"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>Installation will then continue as if the installation - files were located on the local installation media.</para> - </sect2> - </sect1> - - <sect1 xml:id="bsdinstall-partitioning"> - <title>配置磁碟空間</title> - - <para>The next menu is used to determine the method for - allocating disk space. The options available in the menu - depend upon the version of &os; being installed.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-part-guided-manual"> - <title>Partitioning Choices on &os; 9.x</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-part-guided-manual"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-zfs-partmenu"> - <title>Partitioning Choices on &os; 10.x and Higher</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-partmenu"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para><literal>Guided</literal> partitioning automatically sets up - the disk partitions, <literal>Manual</literal> partitioning - allows advanced users to create customized partitions from menu - options, and <literal>Shell</literal> opens a shell prompt where - advanced users can create customized partitions using - command-line utilities like &man.gpart.8;, &man.fdisk.8;, and - &man.bsdlabel.8;. <literal>ZFS</literal> partitioning, only - available in &os; 10 and later, creates an optionally encrypted - root-on-ZFS system with support for <firstterm>boot - environments</firstterm>.</para> - - <para>This section describes what to consider when laying out the - disk partitions. It then demonstrates how to use the different - partitioning methods.</para> - - <sect2 xml:id="configtuning-initial"> - <title>Designing the Partition Layout</title> - - <indexterm><primary>partition layout</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm> - <primary><filename>/etc</filename></primary> - </indexterm> - <indexterm> - <primary><filename>/var</filename></primary> - </indexterm> - <indexterm> - <primary><filename>/usr</filename></primary> - </indexterm> - - <para>When laying out file systems, remember that hard drives - transfer data faster from the outer tracks to the inner. - Thus, smaller and heavier-accessed file systems should be - closer to the outside of the drive, while larger partitions - like <filename>/usr</filename> should be placed toward the - inner parts of the disk. It is a good idea to create - partitions in an order similar to: <filename>/</filename>, - swap, <filename>/var</filename>, and - <filename>/usr</filename>.</para> - - <para>The size of the <filename>/var</filename> partition - reflects the intended machine's usage. This partition is - used to hold mailboxes, log files, and printer spools. - Mailboxes and log files can grow to unexpected sizes - depending on the number of users and how long log files are - kept. On average, most users rarely need more than about a - gigabyte of free disk space in - <filename>/var</filename>.</para> - - <note> - <para>Sometimes, a lot of disk space is required in - <filename>/var/tmp</filename>. When new software is - installed, the packaging tools extract a temporary copy of - the packages under <filename>/var/tmp</filename>. Large - software packages, like <application>Firefox</application>, - <application>OpenOffice</application> or - <application>LibreOffice</application> may be tricky to - install if there is not enough disk space under - <filename>/var/tmp</filename>.</para> - </note> - - <para>The <filename>/usr</filename> partition holds many of the - files which support the system, including the &os; Ports - Collection and system source code. At least 2 gigabytes is - recommended for this partition.</para> - - <para>When selecting partition sizes, keep the space - requirements in mind. Running out of space in one partition - while barely using another can be a hassle.</para> - - <indexterm> - <primary>swap sizing</primary> - </indexterm> - <indexterm> - <primary>swap partition</primary> - </indexterm> - - <para>As a rule of thumb, the swap partition should be about - double the size of physical memory (<acronym>RAM</acronym>). - Systems with minimal <acronym>RAM</acronym> may perform - better with more swap. Configuring too little swap can lead - to inefficiencies in the <acronym>VM</acronym> page scanning - code and might create issues later if more memory is - added.</para> - - <para>On larger systems with multiple <acronym>SCSI</acronym> - disks or multiple <acronym>IDE</acronym> disks operating on - different controllers, it is recommended that swap be - configured on each drive, up to four drives. The swap - partitions should be approximately the same size. The - kernel can handle arbitrary sizes but internal data structures - scale to 4 times the largest swap partition. Keeping the swap - partitions near the same size will allow the kernel to - optimally stripe swap space across disks. Large swap sizes - are fine, even if swap is not used much. It might be easier - to recover from a runaway program before being forced to - reboot.</para> - - <para>By properly partitioning a system, fragmentation - introduced in the smaller write heavy partitions will not - bleed over into the mostly read partitions. Keeping the - write loaded partitions closer to the disk's edge will - increase <acronym> I/O</acronym> performance in the - partitions where it occurs the most. While - <acronym>I/O</acronym> performance in the larger partitions - may be needed, shifting them more toward the edge of the disk - will not lead to a significant performance improvement over - moving <filename>/var</filename> to the edge.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 xml:id="bsdinstall-part-guided"> - <title>Guided Partitioning</title> - - <para>When this method is selected, a menu will display the - available disk(s). If multiple disks are connected, choose - the one where &os; is to be installed.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-part-guided-disk"> - <title>Selecting from Multiple Disks</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-part-guided-disk"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>Once the disk is selected, the next menu prompts to - install to either the entire disk or to create a partition - using free space. If - <guibutton>[ Entire Disk ]</guibutton> is - chosen, a general partition layout filling the whole disk is - automatically created. Selecting - <guibutton>[ Partition ]</guibutton> creates a - partition layout from the unused space on the disk.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-part-entire-part"> - <title>Selecting Entire Disk or Partition</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-part-entire-part"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>After the partition layout has been created, review it to - ensure it meets the needs of the installation. Selecting - <guibutton>[ Revert ]</guibutton> will reset the - partitions to their original values and pressing - <guibutton>[ Auto ]</guibutton> will recreate the - automatic &os; partitions. Partitions can also be manually - created, modified, or deleted. When the partitioning is - correct, select <guibutton>[ Finish ]</guibutton> to - continue with the installation.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-part-review"> - <title>Review Created Partitions</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-part-review"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - </sect2> - - <sect2 xml:id="bsdinstall-part-manual"> - <title>Manual Partitioning</title> - - <para>Selecting this method opens the partition editor:</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-part-manual-create"> - <title>Manually Create Partitions</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-part-manual-create"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>Highlight the installation drive - (<filename>ada0</filename> in this example) and select - <guibutton>[ Create ]</guibutton> to display a menu - of available partition schemes:</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-part-manual-partscheme"> - <title>Manually Create Partitions</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-part-manual-partscheme"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para><acronym>GPT</acronym> is usually the most appropriate - choice for &arch.amd64; computers. Older computers that are - not compatible with <acronym>GPT</acronym> should use - <acronym>MBR</acronym>. The other partition schemes are - generally used for uncommon or older computers.</para> - - <table frame="none" rowsep="1" pgwide="1"> - <title>Partitioning Schemes</title> - - <tgroup cols="2" align="left"> - <thead> - <row> - <entry align="left">Abbreviation</entry> - <entry align="left">Description</entry> - </row> - </thead> - - <tbody> - <row> - <entry>APM</entry> - <entry>Apple Partition Map, used by &powerpc;.</entry> - </row> - - <row> - <entry>BSD</entry> - <entry><acronym>BSD</acronym> label without an - <acronym>MBR</acronym>, sometimes called - <firstterm>dangerously dedicated mode</firstterm> as - non-<acronym>BSD</acronym> disk utilities may not - recognize it.</entry> - </row> - - <row> - <entry>GPT</entry> - <entry>GUID Partition Table (<link - xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table</link>).</entry> - </row> - - <row> - <entry>MBR</entry> - <entry>Master Boot Record (<link - xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record</link>).</entry> - </row> - - <row> - <entry>PC98</entry> - <entry><acronym>MBR</acronym> variant used by NEC PC-98 - computers (<link - xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pc9801">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pc9801</link>).</entry> - </row> - - <row> - <entry>VTOC8</entry> - <entry>Volume Table Of Contents used by Sun SPARC64 and - UltraSPARC computers.</entry> - </row> - </tbody> - </tgroup> - </table> - - <para>After the partitioning scheme has been selected and - created, select <guibutton>[ Create ]</guibutton> - again to create the partitions.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-part-manual-addpart"> - <title>Manually Create Partitions</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-part-manual-addpart"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>A standard &os; <acronym>GPT</acronym> installation uses - at least three partitions:</para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem> - <para><literal>freebsd-boot</literal> - Holds the &os; boot - code.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>freebsd-ufs</literal> - A &os; - <acronym>UFS</acronym> file system.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>freebsd-swap</literal> - &os; swap - space.</para> - </listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <para>Another partition type worth noting is - <literal>freebsd-zfs</literal>, used for partitions that will - contain a &os; <acronym>ZFS</acronym> file system (<xref - linkend="zfs"/>). Refer to &man.gpart.8; for - descriptions of the available <acronym>GPT</acronym> partition - types.</para> - - <para>Multiple file system partitions can be created and some - people prefer a traditional layout with separate partitions - for <filename>/</filename>, <filename>/var</filename>, - <filename>/tmp</filename>, and <filename>/usr</filename>. See - <xref linkend="bsdinstall-part-manual-splitfs"/> for an - example.</para> - - <para>The <literal>Size</literal> may be entered with common - abbreviations: <emphasis>K</emphasis> for kilobytes, - <emphasis>M</emphasis> for megabytes, or - <emphasis>G</emphasis> for gigabytes.</para> - - <tip> - <para>Proper sector alignment provides the best performance, - and making partition sizes even multiples of 4K-bytes helps - to ensure alignment on drives with either 512-byte or - 4K-byte sectors. Generally, using partition sizes that are - even multiples of 1M or 1G is the easiest way to make sure - every partition starts at an even multiple of 4K. There is - one exception: the <emphasis>freebsd-boot</emphasis> - partition should be no larger than 512K due to current boot - code limitations.</para> - </tip> - - <para>A <literal>Mountpoint</literal> is needed if the partition - will contain a file system. If only a single - <acronym>UFS</acronym> partition will be created, the - mountpoint should be <filename>/</filename>.</para> - - <para>The <literal>Label</literal> is a name by which the - partition will be known. Drive names or numbers can change if - the drive is connected to a different controller or port, but - the partition label does not change. Referring to labels - instead of drive names and partition numbers in files like - <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> makes the system more tolerant - to hardware changes. <acronym>GPT</acronym> labels appear in - <filename>/dev/gpt/</filename> when a disk is attached. Other - partitioning schemes have different label capabilities and - their labels appear in different directories in - <filename>/dev/</filename>.</para> - - <tip> - <para>Use a unique label on every partition to avoid - conflicts from identical labels. A few letters from the - computer's name, use, or location can be added to the label. - For instance, use <literal>labroot</literal> or - <literal>rootfslab</literal> for the <acronym>UFS</acronym> - root partition on the computer named - <literal>lab</literal>.</para> - </tip> - - <example xml:id="bsdinstall-part-manual-splitfs"> - <title>Creating Traditional Split File System - Partitions</title> - - <para>For a traditional partition layout where the - <filename>/</filename>, <filename>/var</filename>, - <filename>/tmp</filename>, and <filename>/usr</filename> - directories are separate file systems on their own - partitions, create a <acronym>GPT</acronym> partitioning - scheme, then create the partitions as shown. Partition - sizes shown are typical for a 20G target disk. If more - space is available on the target disk, larger swap or - <filename>/var</filename> partitions may be useful. Labels - shown here are prefixed with <literal>ex</literal> for - <quote>example</quote>, but readers should use other unique - label values as described above.</para> - - <para>By default, &os;'s <filename>gptboot</filename> expects - the first <acronym>UFS</acronym> partition to be the - <filename>/</filename> partition.</para> - - <informaltable frame="none"> - <tgroup cols="4"> - <thead> - <row> - <entry>Partition Type</entry> - <entry>Size</entry> - <entry>Mountpoint</entry> - <entry>Label</entry> - </row> - </thead> - - <tbody> - <row> - <entry><literal>freebsd-boot</literal></entry> - <entry><literal>512K</literal></entry> - </row> - - <row> - <entry><literal>freebsd-ufs</literal></entry> - <entry><literal>2G</literal></entry> - <entry><filename>/</filename></entry> - <entry><literal>exrootfs</literal></entry> - </row> - - <row> - <entry><literal>freebsd-swap</literal></entry> - <entry><literal>4G</literal></entry> - <entry></entry> - <entry><literal>exswap</literal></entry> - </row> - - <row> - <entry><literal>freebsd-ufs</literal></entry> - <entry><literal>2G</literal></entry> - <entry><filename>/var</filename></entry> - <entry><literal>exvarfs</literal></entry> - </row> - - <row> - <entry><literal>freebsd-ufs</literal></entry> - <entry><literal>1G</literal></entry> - <entry><filename>/tmp</filename></entry> - <entry><literal>extmpfs</literal></entry> - </row> - - <row> - <entry><literal>freebsd-ufs</literal></entry> - <entry>accept the default (remainder of the - disk)</entry> - <entry><filename>/usr</filename></entry> - <entry><literal>exusrfs</literal></entry> - </row> - </tbody> - </tgroup> - </informaltable> - </example> - - <para>After the custom partitions have been created, select - <guibutton>[ Finish ]</guibutton> to continue with - the installation.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 xml:id="bsdinstall-part-zfs"> - <title>Root-on-ZFS Automatic Partitioning</title> - - <para>Support for automatic creation of root-on-ZFS - installations was added in &os; 10.0-RELEASE. This - partitioning mode only works with whole disks and will erase - the contents of the entire disk. The installer will - automatically create partitions aligned to 4k boundaries and - force <acronym>ZFS</acronym> to use 4k sectors. This is safe - even with 512 byte sector disks, and has the added benefit of - ensuring that pools created on 512 byte disks will be able to - have 4k sector disks added in the future, either as additional - storage space or as replacements for failed disks. The - installer can also optionally employ <acronym>GELI</acronym> - disk encryption as described in <xref - linkend="disks-encrypting-geli"/>. - If encryption is enabled, a 2 GB unencrypted boot pool - containing the <filename>/boot</filename> directory is - created. It holds the kernel and other files necessary to - boot the system. A swap partition of a user selectable size - is also created, and all remaining space is used for the - <acronym>ZFS</acronym> pool.</para> - - <para>The main <acronym>ZFS</acronym> configuration menu offers - a number of options to control the creation of the - pool.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-zfs-menu"> - <title><acronym>ZFS</acronym> Partitioning Menu</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-menu"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>Select <keycap>T</keycap> to configure the <literal>Pool - Type</literal> and the disk(s) that will constitute the - pool. The automatic <acronym>ZFS</acronym> installer - currently only supports the creation of a single top level - vdev, except in stripe mode. To create more complex pools, - use the instructions in <xref - linkend="bsdinstall-part-shell"/> to create the pool. The - installer supports the creation of various pool types, - including stripe (not recommended, no redundancy), mirror - (best performance, least usable space), and RAID-Z 1, 2, and 3 - (with the capability to withstand the concurrent failure of 1, - 2, and 3 disks, respectively). while selecting the pool type, - a tooltip is displayed across the bottom of the screen with - advice about the number of required disks, and in the case of - RAID-Z, the optimal number of disks for each - configuration.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-zfs-vdev_type"> - <title><acronym>ZFS</acronym> Pool Type</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-vdev_type"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>Once a <literal>Pool Type</literal> has been selected, a - list of available disks is displayed, and the user is prompted - to select one or more disks to make up the pool. The - configuration is then validated, to ensure enough disks are - selected. If not, select <guibutton><Change - Selection></guibutton> to return to the list of disks, or - <guibutton><Cancel></guibutton> to change the pool - type.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-zfs-disk_select"> - <title>Disk Selection</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-disk_select"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-zfs-vdev_invalid"> - <title>Invalid Selection</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-vdev_invalid"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>If one or more disks are missing from the list, or if - disks were attached after the installer was started, select - <guibutton>- Rescan Devices</guibutton> to repopulate the list - of available disks. To ensure that the correct disks are - selected, so as not to accidently destroy the wrong disks, the - <guibutton>- Disk Info</guibutton> menu can be used to inspect - each disk, including its partition table and various other - information such as the device model number and serial number, - if available.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-zfs-disk_info"> - <title>Analysing a Disk</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-disk_info"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>The main <acronym>ZFS</acronym> configuration menu also - allows the user to enter a pool name, disable forcing 4k - sectors, enable or disable encryption, switch between - <acronym>GPT</acronym> (recommended) and - <acronym>MBR</acronym> partition table types, and select the - amount of swap space. Once all options have been set to the - desired values, select the - <guibutton>>>> Install</guibutton> option at the - top of the menu.</para> - - <para>If <acronym>GELI</acronym> disk encryption was enabled, - the installer will prompt twice for the passphrase to be used - to encrypt the disks.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-zfs-geli_password"> - <title>Disk Encryption Password</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-geli_password"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>The installer then offers a last chance to cancel before - the contents of the selected drives are destroyed to create - the <acronym>ZFS</acronym> pool.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-zfs-warning"> - <title>Last Chance</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-warning"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>The installation then proceeds normally.</para> - - </sect2> - - <sect2 xml:id="bsdinstall-part-shell"> - <title>Shell Mode Partitioning</title> - - <para>When creating advanced installations, the - <application>bsdinstall</application> paritioning menus may - not provide the level of flexibility required. Advanced users - can select the <guibutton>Shell</guibutton> option from the - partitioning menu in order to manually partition the drives, - create the file system(s), populate - <filename>/tmp/bsdinstall_etc/fstab</filename>, and mount the - file systems under <filename>/mnt</filename>. Once this is - done, type <command>exit</command> to return to - <application>bsdinstall</application> and continue the - installation.</para> - </sect2> - </sect1> - - <sect1 xml:id="bsdinstall-final-warning"> - <title>Committing to the Installation</title> - - <para>Once the disks are configured, the next menu provides the - last chance to make changes before the selected hard drive(s) - are formatted. If changes need to be made, select - <guibutton>[ Back ]</guibutton> to return to the main - partitioning menu. - <guibutton>[ Revert & Exit ]</guibutton> - will exit the installer without making any changes to the hard - drive.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-final-confirmation"> - <title>Final Confirmation</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-final-confirmation"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>To instead start the actual installation, select - <guibutton>[ Commit ]</guibutton> and press - <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para> - - <para>Installation time will vary depending on the distributions - chosen, installation media, and speed of the computer. A series - of messages will indicate the progress.</para> - - <para>First, the installer formats the selected disk(s) and - initializes the partitions. Next, in the case of a bootonly - media, it downloads the selected components:</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-distfile-fetching"> - <title>Fetching Distribution Files</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-distfile-fetching"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>Next, the integrity of the distribution files is verified - to ensure they have not been corrupted during download or - misread from the installation media:</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-distfile-verify"> - <title>Verifying Distribution Files</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-distfile-verifying"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>Finally, the verified distribution files are extracted to - the disk:</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-distfile-extract"> - <title>Extracting Distribution Files</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-distfile-extracting"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>Once all requested distribution files have been extracted, - <application>bsdinstall</application> displays the first - post-installation configuration screen. The available - post-configuration options are described in the next - section.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 xml:id="bsdinstall-post"> - <title>Post-Installation</title> - - <para>Once &os; is installed, - <application>bsdinstall</application> will prompt to configure - several options before booting into the newly installed system. - This section describes these configuration options.</para> - - <tip> - <para>Once the system has booted, - <command>bsdconfig</command> provides a menu-driven method for - configuring the system using these and additional - options.</para> - </tip> - - <sect2 xml:id="bsdinstall-post-root"> - <title>Setting the <systemitem - class="username">root</systemitem> Password</title> - - <para>First, the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> - password must be set. While entering the password, the - characters being typed are not displayed on the screen. After - the password has been entered, it must be entered again. This - helps prevent typing errors.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-post-set-root-passwd"> - <title>Setting the <systemitem - class="username">root</systemitem> Password</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-post-root-passwd"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - </sect2> - - <sect2 xml:id="bsdinstall-config-network-dev"> - <title>Configuring Network Interfaces</title> - - <para>Next, a list of the network interfaces found on the - computer is shown. Select the interface to configure.</para> - - <note> - <para>The network configuration menus will be skipped if the - network was previously configured as part of a - <emphasis>bootonly</emphasis> installation.</para> - </note> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-configure-net-interface"> - <title>Choose a Network Interface</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>If an Ethernet interface is selected, the installer will - skip ahead to the menu shown in <xref - linkend="bsdinstall-configure-net-ipv4"/>. If a wireless - network interface is chosen, the system will instead scan for - wireless access points:</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-wireless-scan"> - <title>Scanning for Wireless Access Points</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-wireless-scan"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>Wireless networks are identified by a Service Set - Identifier (<acronym>SSID</acronym>), a short, unique name - given to each network. <acronym>SSIDs</acronym> found during - the scan are listed, followed by a description of the - encryption types available for that network. If the desired - <acronym>SSID</acronym> does not appear in the list, select - <guibutton>[ Rescan ]</guibutton> to scan again. If - the desired network still does not appear, check for problems - with antenna connections or try moving the computer closer to - the access point. Rescan after each change is made.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-wireless-accesspoints"> - <title>Choosing a Wireless Network</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-wireless-accesspoints"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>Next, enter the encryption information for connecting to - the selected wireless network. <acronym>WPA2</acronym> - encryption is strongly recommended as older encryption types, - like <acronym>WEP</acronym>, offer little security. If the - network uses <acronym>WPA2</acronym>, input the password, also - known as the Pre-Shared Key (<acronym>PSK</acronym>). For - security reasons, the characters typed into the input box are - displayed as asterisks.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-wireless-wpa2"> - <title>WPA2 Setup</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-wireless-wpa2setup"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>Next, choose whether or not an <acronym>IPv4</acronym> - address should be configured on the Ethernet or wireless - interface:</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-configure-net-ipv4"> - <title>Choose <acronym>IPv4</acronym> Networking</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv4"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>There are two methods of <acronym>IPv4</acronym> - configuration. <acronym>DHCP</acronym> will automatically - configure the network interface correctly and should be used - if the network provides a <acronym>DHCP</acronym> server. - Otherwise, the addressing information needs to be input - manually as a static configuration.</para> - - <note> - <para>Do not enter random network information as it will not - work. If a <acronym>DHCP</acronym> server is not available, - obtain the information listed in <xref - linkend="bsdinstall-collect-network-information"/> from - the network administrator or Internet service - provider.</para> - </note> - - <para>If a <acronym>DHCP</acronym> server is available, select - <guibutton>[ Yes ]</guibutton> in the next menu to - automatically configure the network interface. The installer - will appear to pause for a minute or so as it finds the - <acronym>DHCP</acronym> server and obtains the addressing - information for the system.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-net-ipv4-dhcp"> - <title>Choose <acronym>IPv4</acronym> <acronym>DHCP</acronym> - Configuration</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv4-dhcp"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>If a <acronym>DHCP</acronym> server is not available, - select <guibutton>[ No ]</guibutton> and input the - following addressing information in this menu:</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-net-ipv4-static"> - <title><acronym>IPv4</acronym> Static Configuration</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv4-static"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem> - <para><literal>IP Address</literal> - The - <acronym>IPv4</acronym> address assigned to this computer. - The address must be unique and not already in use by - another piece of equipment on the local network.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Subnet Mask</literal> - The subnet mask for - the network.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Default Router</literal> - The - <acronym>IP</acronym> address of the network's default - gateway.</para> - </listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <para>The next screen will ask if the interface should be - configured for <acronym>IPv6</acronym>. If - <acronym>IPv6</acronym> is available and desired, choose - <guibutton>[ Yes ]</guibutton> to select it.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-net-ipv6"> - <title>Choose IPv6 Networking</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv6"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para><acronym>IPv6</acronym> also has two methods of - configuration. StateLess Address AutoConfiguration - (<acronym>SLAAC</acronym>) will automatically request the - correct configuration information from a local router. Refer - to <link - xlink:href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4862">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4862</link> - for more information. Static configuration requires manual - entry of network information.</para> - - <para>If an <acronym>IPv6</acronym> router is available, select - <guibutton>[ Yes ]</guibutton> in the next menu to - automatically configure the network interface. The installer - will appear to pause for a minute or so as it finds the router - and obtains the addressing information for the system.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-net-ipv6-slaac"> - <title>Choose IPv6 SLAAC Configuration</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-slaac"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>If an <acronym>IPv6</acronym> router is not available, - select <guibutton>[ No ]</guibutton> and input the - following addressing information in this menu:</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-net-ipv6-static"> - <title>IPv6 Static Configuration</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv6-static"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem> - <para><literal>IPv6 Address</literal> - The - <acronym>IPv6</acronym> address assigned to this computer. - The address must be unique and not already in use by - another piece of equipment on the local network.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Default Router</literal> - The - <acronym>IPv6</acronym> address of the network's default - gateway.</para> - </listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <para>The last network configuration menu is used to configure - the Domain Name System (<acronym>DNS</acronym>) resolver, - which converts hostnames to and from network addresses. If - <acronym>DHCP</acronym> or <acronym>SLAAC</acronym> was used - to autoconfigure the network interface, the <literal>Resolver - Configuration</literal> values may already be filled in. - Otherwise, enter the local network's domain name in the - <literal>Search</literal> field. <literal>DNS #1</literal> - and <literal>DNS #2</literal> are the <acronym>IPv4</acronym> - and/or <acronym>IPv6</acronym> addresses of the - <acronym>DNS</acronym> servers. At least one - <acronym>DNS</acronym> server is required.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-net-dns-config"> - <title>DNS Configuration</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-ipv4-dns"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - </sect2> - - <sect2 xml:id="bsdinstall-timezone"> - <title>設定時區</title> - - <para>The next menu asks if the system clock uses - <acronym>UTC</acronym> or local time. When in doubt, select - <guibutton>[ No ]</guibutton> to choose the more - commonly-used local time.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-local-utc"> - <title>Select Local or UTC Clock</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-set-clock-local-utc"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>The next series of menus are used to determine the correct - local time by selecting the geographic region, country, and - time zone. Setting the time zone allows the system to - automatically correct for regional time changes, such as - daylight savings time, and perform other time zone related - functions properly.</para> - - <para>The example shown here is for a machine located in the - Eastern time zone of the United States. The selections will - vary according to the geographical location.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-timezone-region"> - <title>選擇區域</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-timezone-region"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>The appropriate region is selected using the arrow keys - and then pressing <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-timezone-country"> - <title>選擇國家</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-timezone-country"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>Select the appropriate country using the arrow keys and - press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-timezone-zone"> - <title>選擇時區</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-timezone-zone"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>使用方向鍵選擇適當的時區，並按下 <keycap>Enter</keycap>。</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-timezone-confirmation"> - <title>確認時區</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-timezone-confirm"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>Confirm the abbreviation for the time zone is correct. If - it is, press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to continue with the - post-installation configuration.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 xml:id="bsdinstall-sysconf"> - <title>開啟服務</title> - - <para>The next menu is used to configure which system services - will be started whenever the system boots. All of these - services are optional. Only start the services that are - needed for the system to function.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-config-serv"> - <title>Selecting Additional Services to Enable</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-config-services"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>Here is a summary of the services which can be enabled in - this menu:</para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem> - <para><literal>sshd</literal> - The Secure Shell - (<acronym>SSH</acronym>) daemon is used to remotely access - a system over an encrypted connection. Only enable this - service if the system should be available for remote - logins.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>moused</literal> - Enable this service if the - mouse will be used from the command-line system - console.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>ntpd</literal> - The Network Time Protocol - (<acronym>NTP</acronym>) daemon for automatic clock - synchronization. Enable this service if there is a - &windows;, Kerberos, or <acronym>LDAP</acronym> server on - the network.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>powerd</literal> - System power control - utility for power control and energy saving.</para> - </listitem> - </itemizedlist> - </sect2> - - <sect2 xml:id="bsdinstall-crashdump"> - <title>Enabling Crash Dumps</title> - - <para>The next menu is used to configure whether or not crash - dumps should be enabled. Enabling crash dumps can be useful - in debugging issues with the system, so users are encouraged - to enable crash dumps.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-config-crashdump"> - <title>Enabling Crash Dumps</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-config-crashdump"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - </sect2> - - <sect2 xml:id="bsdinstall-addusers"> - <title>加入使用者</title> - - <para>The next menu prompts to create at least one user account. - It is recommended to login to the system using a user account - rather than as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>. - When logged in as <systemitem - class="username">root</systemitem>, there are essentially no - limits or protection on what can be done. Logging in as a - normal user is safer and more secure.</para> - - <para>Select <guibutton>[ Yes ]</guibutton> to add new - users.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-add-user1"> - <title>加入使用者帳號</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-adduser1"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>Follow the prompts and input the requested information for - the user account. The example shown in <xref - linkend="bsdinstall-add-user2"/> creates the <systemitem - class="username">asample</systemitem> user account.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-add-user2"> - <title>輸入使用者資訊</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-adduser2"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>Here is a summary of the information to input:</para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem> - <para><literal>Username</literal> - The name the user will - enter to log in. A common convention is to use the first - letter of the first name combined with the last name, as - long as each username is unique for the system. The - username is case sensitive and should not contain any - spaces.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Full name</literal> - The user's full name. - This can contain spaces and is used as a description for - the user account.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Uid</literal> - User <acronym>ID</acronym>. - Typically, this is left blank so the system will assign a - value.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Login group</literal> - The user's group. - Typically this is left blank to accept the default.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Invite <replaceable>user</replaceable> into - other groups?</literal> - Additional groups to which the - user will be added as a member. If the user needs - administrative access, type <literal>wheel</literal> - here.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Login class</literal> - Typically left blank - for the default.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Shell</literal> - Type in one of the listed - values to set the interactive shell for the user. Refer - to <xref linkend="shells"/> for more information about - shells.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Home directory</literal> - The user's home - directory. The default is usually correct.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Home directory permissions</literal> - - Permissions on the user's home directory. The default is - usually correct.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Use password-based authentication?</literal> - - Typically <literal>yes</literal> so that the user is - prompted to input their password at login.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Use an empty password?</literal> - - Typically <literal>no</literal> as it is insecure to have - a blank password.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Use a random password?</literal> - Typically - <literal>no</literal> so that the user can set their own - password in the next prompt.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Enter password</literal> - The password for - this user. Characters typed will not show on the - screen.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Enter password again</literal> - The password - must be typed again for verification.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Lock out the account after - creation?</literal> - Typically <literal>no</literal> so - that the user can login.</para> - </listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <para>After entering everything, a summary is shown for review. - If a mistake was made, enter <literal>no</literal> and try - again. If everything is correct, enter <literal>yes</literal> - to create the new user.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-add-user3"> - <title>離開使用者和群組管理</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-adduser3"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>If there are more users to add, answer the <literal>Add - another user?</literal> question with - <literal>yes</literal>. Enter <literal>no</literal> to finish - adding users and continue the installation.</para> - - <para>For more information on adding users and user management, - see <xref linkend="users-synopsis"/>.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 xml:id="bsdinstall-final-conf"> - <title>最後設定</title> - - <para>After everything has been installed and configured, a - final chance is provided to modify settings.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-final-config"> - <title>最後設定</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-finalconfiguration"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>Use this menu to make any changes or do any additional - configuration before completing the installation.</para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem> - <para><literal>Add User</literal> - Described in <xref - linkend="bsdinstall-addusers"/>.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Root Password</literal> - Described in <xref - linkend="bsdinstall-post-root"/>.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Hostname</literal> - Described in <xref - linkend="bsdinstall-hostname"/>.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Network</literal> - Described in <xref - linkend="bsdinstall-config-network-dev"/>.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Services</literal> - Described in <xref - linkend="bsdinstall-sysconf"/>.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Time Zone</literal> - Described in <xref - linkend="bsdinstall-timezone"/>.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para><literal>Handbook</literal> - Download and install the - &os; Handbook.</para> - </listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <para>After any final configuration is complete, select - <guibutton>Exit</guibutton>.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-final-modification-shell"> - <title>Manual Configuration</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata - fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-final-modification-shell"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para><application>bsdinstall</application> will prompt if there - are any additional configuration that needs to be done before - rebooting into the new system. Select - <guibutton>[ Yes ]</guibutton> to exit to a shell - within the new system or - <guibutton>[ No ]</guibutton> to proceed to the last - step of the installation.</para> - - <figure xml:id="bsdinstall-final-main"> - <title>Complete the Installation</title> - - <mediaobject> - <imageobject> - <imagedata fileref="bsdinstall/bsdinstall-mainexit"/> - </imageobject> - </mediaobject> - </figure> - - <para>If further configuration or special setup is needed, - select <guibutton>[ Live CD ]</guibutton> to - boot the install media into Live <acronym>CD</acronym> - mode.</para> - - <para>If the installation is complete, select - <guibutton>[ Reboot ]</guibutton> to reboot the - computer and start the new &os; system. Do not forget to - remove the &os; install media or the computer may boot from it - again.</para> - - <para>As &os; boots, informational messages are displayed. - After the system finishes booting, a login prompt is - displayed. At the <prompt>login:</prompt> prompt, enter the - username added during the installation. Avoid logging in as - <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>. Refer to - <xref linkend="users-superuser"/> for instructions on how to - become the superuser when administrative access is - needed.</para> - - <para>The messages that appeared during boot can be reviewed by - pressing <keycap>Scroll-Lock</keycap> to turn on the - scroll-back buffer. The <keycap>PgUp</keycap>, - <keycap>PgDn</keycap>, and arrow keys can be used to scroll - back through the messages. When finished, press - <keycap>Scroll-Lock</keycap> again to unlock the display and - return to the console. To review these messages once the - system has been up for some time, type <command>less - /var/run/dmesg.boot</command> from a command prompt. Press - <keycap>q</keycap> to return to the command line after - viewing.</para> - - <para>If <application>sshd</application> was enabled in <xref - linkend="bsdinstall-config-serv"/>, the first boot may be - a bit slower as the system will generate the - <acronym>RSA</acronym> and <acronym>DSA</acronym> keys. - Subsequent boots will be faster. The fingerprints of the keys - will be displayed, as seen in this example:</para> - - <screen>Generating public/private rsa1 key pair. -Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key. -Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub. -The key fingerprint is: -10:a0:f5:af:93:ae:a3:1a:b2:bb:3c:35:d9:5a:b3:f3 root@machine3.example.com -The key's randomart image is: -+--[RSA1 1024]----+ -| o.. | -| o . . | -| . o | -| o | -| o S | -| + + o | -|o . + * | -|o+ ..+ . | -|==o..o+E | -+-----------------+ -Generating public/private dsa key pair. -Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key. -Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub. -The key fingerprint is: -7e:1c:ce:dc:8a:3a:18:13:5b:34:b5:cf:d9:d1:47:b2 root@machine3.example.com -The key's randomart image is: -+--[ DSA 1024]----+ -| .. . .| -| o . . + | -| . .. . E .| -| . . o o . . | -| + S = . | -| + . = o | -| + . * . | -| . . o . | -| .o. . | -+-----------------+ -Starting sshd.</screen> - - <para>Refer to <xref linkend="openssh"/> for more information - about fingerprints and <acronym>SSH</acronym>.</para> - - <para>&os; does not install a graphical environment by default. - Refer to <xref linkend="x11"/> for more information about - installing and configuring a graphical window manager.</para> - - <para>Proper shutdown of a &os; computer helps protect data and - hardware from damage. <emphasis>Do not turn off the power - before the system has been properly shut down!</emphasis> If - the user is a member of the <systemitem - class="groupname">wheel</systemitem> group, become the - superuser by typing <command>su</command> at the command line - and entering the <systemitem - class="username">root</systemitem> password. Then, type - <command>shutdown -p now</command> and the system will shut - down cleanly, and if the hardware supports it, turn itself - off.</para> - </sect2> - </sect1> - - <sect1 xml:id="bsdinstall-install-trouble"> - <title>故障排除</title> - - <indexterm> - <primary>installation</primary> - <secondary>troubleshooting</secondary> - </indexterm> - <para>This section covers basic installation - troubleshooting, such as common problems people have - reported.</para> - - <para>Check the Hardware Notes (<link - xlink:href="&url.base;/releases/index.html">http://www.freebsd.org/releases/index.html</link>) - document for the version of &os; to make sure the hardware is - supported. If the hardware is supported and lock-ups or other - problems occur, build a custom kernel using the instructions in - <xref linkend="kernelconfig"/> to add support for devices which - are not present in the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel. The - default kernel assumes that most hardware devices are in their - factory default configuration in terms of - <acronym>IRQ</acronym>s, <acronym>I/O</acronym> addresses, and - <acronym>DMA</acronym> channels. If the hardware has been - reconfigured, a custom kernel configuration file can tell &os; - where to find things.</para> - - <note> - <para>Some installation problems can be avoided or alleviated by - updating the firmware on various hardware components, most - notably the motherboard. Motherboard firmware is usually - referred to as the <acronym>BIOS</acronym>. Most motherboard - and computer manufacturers have a website for upgrades and - upgrade information.</para> - - <para>Manufacturers generally advise against upgrading the - motherboard <acronym>BIOS</acronym> unless there is a good - reason for doing so, like a critical update. The upgrade - process <emphasis>can</emphasis> go wrong, leaving the - <acronym>BIOS</acronym> incomplete and the computer - inoperative.</para> - </note> - - <para>If the system hangs while probing hardware during boot, or - it behaves strangely during install, <acronym>ACPI</acronym> may - be the culprit. &os; makes extensive use of the system - <acronym>ACPI</acronym> service on the &arch.i386;, - &arch.amd64;, and ia64 platforms to aid in system configuration - if it is detected during boot. Unfortunately, some bugs still - exist in both the <acronym>ACPI</acronym> driver and within - system motherboards and <acronym>BIOS</acronym> firmware. - <acronym>ACPI</acronym> can be disabled by setting the - <literal>hint.acpi.0.disabled</literal> hint in the third stage - boot loader:</para> - - <screen><userinput>set hint.acpi.0.disabled="1"</userinput></screen> - - <para>This is reset each time the system is booted, so it is - necessary to add <literal>hint.acpi.0.disabled="1"</literal> to - the file <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>. More - information about the boot loader can be found in <xref - linkend="boot-synopsis"/>.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 xml:id="using-live-cd"> - <title>使用 Live <acronym>CD</acronym></title> - - <para>The welcome menu of <application>bsdinstall</application>, - shown in <xref linkend="bsdinstall-choose-mode"/>, provides a - <guibutton>[ Live CD ]</guibutton> option. This - is useful for those who are still wondering whether &os; is the - right operating system for them and want to test some of the - features before installing.</para> - - <para>The following points should be noted before using the - <guibutton>[ Live CD ]</guibutton>:</para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem> - <para>To gain access to the system, authentication is - required. The username is <systemitem - class="username">root</systemitem> and the password is - blank.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para>As the system runs directly from the installation media, - performance will be significantly slower than that of a - system installed on a hard disk.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para>This option only provides a command prompt and not a - graphical interface.</para> - </listitem> - </itemizedlist> - </sect1> -</chapter> |