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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-7" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook XML V4.5-Based Extension//EN"
"../../../share/xml/freebsd45.dtd">
<!--
Ïäçãüò ÃñÞãïñçò Åêêßíçóçò ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá ÷ñÞóôåò Linux
The FreeBSD Greek Documentation Project
%SOURCE% en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/linux-users/article.xml
%SRCID% 1.8
-->
<article lang="el">
<articleinfo>
<title>Ïäçãüò ÃñÞãïñçò Åêêßíçóçò ôïõ &os; ãéá ×ñÞóôåò &linux;</title>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>John</firstname>
<surname>Ferrell</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<copyright>
<year>2008</year>
<holder>Ç ÏìÜäá Ôåêìçñßùóçò ôïõ &os;</holder>
</copyright>
<pubdate>$FreeBSD$</pubdate>
<releaseinfo>$FreeBSD$</releaseinfo>
<legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
&tm-attrib.freebsd;
&tm-attrib.linux;
&tm-attrib.intel;
&tm-attrib.redhat;
&tm-attrib.unix;
&tm-attrib.general;
</legalnotice>
<abstract>
<para>Ôï êåßìåíï áõôü Ý÷åé óêïðü íá âïçèÞóåé óôç ãñÞãïñç åîïéêåßùóç
÷ñçóôþí &linux; ìÝóïõ / ðñï÷ùñçìÝíïõ åðéðÝäïõ ìå ôéò âáóéêÝò Ýííïéåò
ôïõ &os;</para>
</abstract>
</articleinfo>
<sect1 id="intro">
<title>ÅéóáãùãÞ</title>
<para>Ôï êåßìåíï áõôü ôïíßæåé ôéò äéáöïñÝò ìåôáîý ôïõ &os; êáé ôïõ &linux;
þóôå ìÝóïé Þ ðñï÷ùñçìÝíïé ÷ñÞóôåò ôïõ &linux; íá ìðïñïýí ãñÞãïñá íá
ðñïóáñìïóôïýí óôéò âáóéêÝò Ýííïéåò ôïõ &os;. Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ìéá ôå÷íéêÞ
åéóáãùãÞ óôï &os;, êáé äåí èá áíáöåñèïýìå óå ôõ÷üí
<quote>öéëïóïöéêÝò</quote> äéáöïñÝò ìåôáîý ôùí äýï óõóôçìÜôùí.</para>
<para>Ôï êåßìåíï áõôü õðïèÝôåé üôé Ý÷åôå Þäç åãêáôáóôÞóåé ôï &os;. Áí äåí
Ý÷åôå åãêáôáóôÞóåé ôï &os; Þ ÷ñåéÜæåóôå âïÞèåéá ìå ôçí äéáäéêáóßá
åãêáôÜóôáóçò ôïõ, ðáñáêáëïýìå íá äéáâÜóåôå ôï êåöÜëáéï <ulink
url="&url.base;/doc/el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/install.html">Åãêáèéóôþíôáò ôï FreeBSD</ulink> óôï Åã÷åéñßäéï ôïõ &os;.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="shells">
<title>Êåëýöç: Äåí õðÜñ÷åé Bash;</title>
<para>¼óïé Ýñ÷ïíôáé áðü ôï &linux; óõ÷íÜ åêðëÞóóïíôáé üôáí áíáêáëýðôïõí
üôé ôï <application>Bash</application> äåí åßíáé ôï ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï
êÝëõöïò óôï &os;. Óôçí ðñáãìáôéêüôçôá, ôï
<application>Bash</application> äåí õðÜñ÷åé êáí óôçí âáóéêÞ äéáíïìÞ ôïõ
&os;. Áíôßèåôá, ôï &os; ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï &man.tcsh.1; ùò ôï
ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï êÝëõöïò. Ôï <application>Bash</application> êáèþò êáé
Üëëá êåëýöç ðïõ ßóùò èÝëåôå íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå, åßíáé äéáèÝóéìá óôç <ulink
url="article.html#SOFTWARE">ÓõëëïãÞ ÐáêÝôùí êáé Ports</ulink> ôïõ
&os;.</para>
<para>Áí åãêáôáóôÞóåôå äéáöïñåôéêÜ êåëýöç, ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå
ôçí åíôïëÞ &man.chsh.1; ãéá íá áëëÜîåôå ôï ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï êÝëõöïò
êÜðïéïõ ÷ñÞóôç. Óáò óõíéóôïýìå ùóôüóï íá áöÞóåôå ôï êÝëõöïò ôïõ
<username>root</username> óôï ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï. Ï ëüãïò ãéá áõôü åßíáé
üôé ôá êåëýöç ðïõ äåí ðåñéëáìâÜíïíôáé óôçí âáóéêÞ äéáíïìÞ ôïõ &os;,
åãêáèßóôáíôáé óôçí ôïðïèåóßá <filename>/usr/local/bin</filename> Þ
<filename>/usr/bin</filename>. Óå ðåñßðôùóç ðñïâëÞìáôïò, åßíáé ðéèáíüí
ôá óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí üðïõ âñßóêïíôáé ôá
<filename>/usr/local/bin</filename> êáé <filename>/usr/bin</filename>
íá ìçí ìðïñïýí íá ðñïóáñôçèïýí. Óôçí ðåñßðôùóç áõôÞ, ï
<username>root</username> äåí èá åß÷å ðñüóâáóç óôï ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï ôïõ
êÝëõöïò, åìðïäßæïíôáò Ýôóé êáé ôçí åßóïäï ôïõ óôï óýóôçìá. Ãéá ôï ëüãï
áõôü, õðÜñ÷åé Ýíáò äåýôåñïò ëïãáñéáóìüò üìïéïò ìå ôïí
<username>root</username>, ï <username>toor</username>, ï ïðïßïò
äçìéïõñãÞèçêå åéäéêÜ ãéá íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ìå êÜðïéï Üëëï êÝëõöïò.
Äåßôå ôéò Óõ÷íÝò ÅñùôÞóåéò Áóöáëåßáò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôïí <ulink
url="&url.base;/doc/el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/faq/security.html#TOOR-ACCOUNT">ëïãáñéáóìü toor</ulink>.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="software">
<title>ÐáêÝôá êáé Ports: ÐñïóèÝôïíôáò ëïãéóìéêü óôï &os;</title>
<para>Åêôüò áðü ôçí ðáñáäïóéáêÞ ìÝèïäï åãêáôÜóôáóçò ëïãéóìéêïý ôïõ
&unix; (êáôÝâáóìá ôïõ ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá, áðïóõìðßåóç ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ,
åðåîåñãáóßá êáé ìåôáãëþôôéóç), ôï &os; ðñïóöÝñåé äýï áêüìá ìåèüäïõò ãéá
ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç åöáñìïãþí: ôá ðáêÝôá êáé ôá ports. Ãéá ìéá ðëÞñç ëßóôá
üëùí ôùí äéáèÝóéìùí ðáêÝôùí êáé ports, äåßôå <ulink
url="http://www.freebsd.org/ports/master-index.html">åäþ</ulink>.</para>
<sect2 id="packages">
<title>ÐáêÝôá</title>
<para>Ôá ðáêÝôá åßíáé ðñï-ìåôáãëùôôéóìÝíåò åöáñìïãÝò, èá ëÝãáìå ôï
áíôßóôïé÷ï ãéá ôï &os; ôùí áñ÷åßùí <filename>.deb</filename> óå
óõóôÞìáôá Debian/Ubuntu êáé ôùí áñ÷åßùí <filename>.rpm</filename> óå
óõóôÞìáôá Red Hat/Fedora. Ôá ðáêÝôá åãêáèßóôáíôáé
÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí åíôïëÞ &man.pkg.add.1;. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ç
áêüëïõèç åíôïëÞ åãêáèéóôÜ ôïí
<application>Apache 2.2</application>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_add <replaceable>/tmp/apache-2.2.6_2.tbz</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>Ç ÷ñÞóç ôçò ðáñáìÝôñïõ <option>-r</option> ïäçãåß ôçí
&man.pkg.add.1; íá êáôåâÜóåé áõôüìáôá ôüóï ôï ðáêÝôï, üóï êáé ôéò
åîáñôÞóåéò ôïõ, êáé íá ôï åãêáôáóôÞóåé:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_add -r <replaceable>apache22</replaceable></userinput>
Fetching ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6.2-release/Latest/apache22.tbz... Done.
Fetching ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6.2-release/All/expat-2.0.0_1.tbz... Done.
Fetching ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6.2-release/All/perl-5.8.8_1.tbz... Done.
[snip]
To run apache www server from startup, add apache22_enable="YES"
in your /etc/rc.conf. Extra options can be found in startup script.</screen>
<note>
<para>Áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ìéá <quote>åðßóçìç</quote> Ýêäïóç ôïõ &os;
(6.2, 6.3, 7.0, êëð. ðïõ ãåíéêÜ ìðïñåßôå íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå áðü
CD-ROM) ç åíôïëÞ <command>pkg_add -r</command> èá êáôåâÜóåé ôá
ðáêÝôá ðïõ öôéÜ÷ôçêáí ãéá áõôÞ ôç óõãêåêñéìÝíç Ýêäïóç. Ôá ðáêÝôá
áõôÜ <emphasis>ßóùò äåí ðåñéÝ÷ïõí</emphasis> ôéò ðëÝïí ôåëåõôáßåò
åêäüóåéò ôùí åöáñìïãþí. Ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí ìåôáâëçôÞ
ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò <envar>PACKAGESITE</envar> ãéá íá ðáñáêÜìøåôå áõôÞ
ôçí ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç óõìðåñéöïñÜ. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, èÝôïíôáò ôçí
<envar>PACKAGESITE</envar> óôçí ôéìÞ
<ulink url="ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6-stable/Latest/"></ulink>
èá êáôåâÜóåôå ôá ðéï ðñüóöáôá ðáêÝôá ðïõ õðÜñ÷ïõí ãéá ôç óåéñÜ
6.X.</para>
</note>
<para>Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôá ðáêÝôá, ðáñáêáëïýìå
äéáâÜóôå ôçí åíüôçôá 4.4 óôï Åã÷åéñßäéï ôïõ &os;: <ulink
url="&url.base;/doc/el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/packages-using.html">×ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï Óýóôçìá Packages</ulink>.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="ports">
<title>Ports</title>
<para>Ç äåýôåñç ìÝèïäïò ãéá ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç åöáñìïãþí óôï &os; åßíáé ç
ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí Ports. Ç ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí Ports åßíáé Ýíá ðëáßóéï ëåéôïõñãéþí
ðïõ áðïôåëåßôáé áðü <filename>Makefiles</filename> êáé áñ÷åßá äéáöïñþí
(patches) ôá ïðïßá Ý÷ïõí äçìéïõñãçèåß åéäéêÜ, þóôå íá åßíáé äõíáôÞ ç
åãêáôÜóôáóç äéÜöïñùí åöáñìïãþí óôï &os; áðü ôïí ðçãáßï êþäéêá ôïõò.
¼ôáí åãêáèéóôÜôå Ýíá port, ôï óýóôçìá èá êáôåâÜóåé ôïí ðçãáßï êþäéêá,
èá åöáñìüóåé üëåò ôéò áðáéôïýìåíåò áëëáãÝò ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôá patches,
èá ìåôáãëùôôßóåé ôïí êþäéêá, êáé ôÝëïò èá åãêáôáóôÞóåé ôçí åöáñìïãÞ.
Èá áêïëïõèÞóåé ôçí ßäéá äéáäéêáóßá êáé ãéá ïðïéáäÞðïôå ôõ÷üí
åîáñôþìåíá ðñïãñÜììáôá.</para>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá âñåßôå ôçí ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí Ports (ç ïðïßá ìåñéêÝò öïñÝò
áíáöÝñåôáé êáé ùò <quote>äÝíôñï ôùí ports</quote>), óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename>/usr/ports</filename>. Áõôü âÝâáéá ðñïûðïèÝôåé üôé
åãêáôáóôÞóáôå ôçí ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí Ports êáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò åãêáôÜóôáóçò
ôïõ &os;. Áí äåí ôï Ý÷åôå êÜíåé, ìðïñåßôå íá ôçí ðñïóèÝóåôå áðü ôï
CD åãêáôÜóôáóçò ìå ôçí âïÞèåéá ôïõ &man.sysinstall.8; Þ íá ôçí
êáôåâÜóåôå áðü ôïõò åîõðçñåôçôÝò ôïõ &os; ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí åíôïëÞ
&man.csup.1; Þ ôçí åíôïëÞ &man.portsnap.8;. Ìðïñåßôå íá âñåßôå
ëåðôïìåñåßò ïäçãßåò ãéá ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç ôçò ÓõëëïãÞò ôùí Ports óôçí
<ulink
url="&url.base;/doc/el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/ports-using.html">åíüôçôá 4.5.1</ulink>
ôïõ åã÷åéñéäßïõ.</para>
<para>Ç åãêáôÜóôáóç åíüò port åßíáé ãåíéêÜ ôüóï áðëÞ üóï ôï íá åéóÝëèåôå
óôïí êáôÜëïãï ôïõ êáé íá îåêéíÞóåôå ôçí äéáäéêáóßá ìåôáãëþôôéóçò. Óôï
áêüëïõèï ðáñÜäåéãìá ãßíåôáé åãêáôÜóôáóç ôïõ
<application>Apache 2.2</application> áðü ôçí ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí
Ports:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/www/apache22</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make install clean</userinput></screen>
<para>¸íá óçìáíôéêü ðëåïíÝêôçìá ôçò ÷ñÞóçò ports óôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç
ëïãéóìéêïý åßíáé ç éêáíüôçôá ðñïóáñìïãÞò ôùí åðéëïãþí åãêáôÜóôáóçò.
Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, üôáí åãêáèéóôÜôå ôïí
<application>Apache 2.2</application> áðü ôá ports ìðïñåßôå íá
åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå ôçí åðéëïãÞ <application>mod_ldap</application>
èÝôïíôáò áðëþò ôéìÞ óôç ìåôáâëçôÞ <makevar>WITH_LDAP</makevar> ôïõ
&man.make.1;:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/www/apache22</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make WITH_LDAP="YES" install clean</userinput></screen>
<para>ÄéáâÜóôå ôçí åíüôçôá 4.5 ôïõ Åã÷åéñéäßïõ ôïõ &os;, <ulink
url="&url.base;/doc/el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/ports-using.html">×ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí Ports Collection</ulink>, ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò
ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôç ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí Ports.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="which">
<title>Ports Þ ðáêÝôá, ôé ðñÝðåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóù;</title>
<para>Ôá ðáêÝôá åßíáé óôçí ðñáãìáôéêüôçôá áðëþò ðñï-ìåôáãëùôôéóìÝíá
ports, Üñá åßíáé ðåñéóóüôåñï èÝìá åðéëïãÞò áí åßíáé åðéèõìçôÞ ç
åãêáôÜóôáóç áðü ôïí ðçãáßï êþäéêá Þ áðü Ýôïéìá åêôåëÝóéìá. ÊÜèå
ìÝèïäïò Ý÷åé ôá ðëåïíåêôÞìáôá ôçò:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<title>ÐáêÝôá (Ýôïéìá åêôåëÝóéìá)</title>
<listitem><simpara>Ðéï ãñÞãïñç åãêáôÜóôáóç (ç ìåôáãëþôôéóç ìåãÜëùí
åöáñìïãþí ìðïñåß íá äéáñêÝóåé áñêåôÞ þñá).</simpara></listitem>
<listitem><simpara>Äåí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá êáôáíïåßôå ðùò ãßíåôáé ç
ìåôáãëþôôéóç ôïõ ëïãéóìéêïý.</simpara></listitem>
<listitem><simpara>Äåí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ìåôáãëùôôéóôÝò óôï
óýóôçìá óáò.</simpara></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<itemizedlist>
<title>Ports (ðçãáßïò êþäéêáò)</title>
<listitem><simpara>Éêáíüôçôá ðñïóáñìïãÞò ôùí åðéëïãþí åãêáôÜóôáóçò.
(Ôá ðáêÝôá óõíÞèùò ìåôáãëùôôßæïíôáé ìå ôéò ðñïåðéëåãìÝíåò åðéëïãÝò).
Ìå ôá ports ìðïñåßôå íá ðñïóáñìüóåôå äéÜöïñåò åðéëïãÝò, üðùò ôçí
ìåôáãëþôôéóç ðñüóèåôùí áñèñùìÜôùí, Þ áëëáãÞ ôçò ðñïåðéëåãìÝíçò
èÝóçò åãêáôÜóôáóçò.</simpara></listitem>
<listitem><simpara>Ìðïñåßôå íá âÜëåôå ôéò äéêÝò óáò áëëáãÝò (patches)
áí ôï åðéèõìåßôå.</simpara></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Áí äåí Ý÷åôå åéäéêÝò áðáéôÞóåéò, ôá ðáêÝôá ðéèáíüí èá óáò
êáëýøïõí ìéá ÷áñÜ. Áí ùóôüóï ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá ðñïóáñìüóåôå êÜðïéåò
åðéëïãÝò, ôüôå ç ìÝèïäïò ôùí ports åßíáé ç êáëýôåñç. (Êáé èõìçèåßôå,
áí ÷ñåéÜæåóôå ðñïóáñìïãÞ áëëÜ ðñïôéìÜôå ôá ðáêÝôá, ìðïñåßôå ìÝóù ôçò
óõëëïãÞò ôùí ports íá öôéÜîåôå ôá äéêÜ óáò ðñïóáñìïóìÝíá ðáêÝôá
÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>make</command>
<maketarget>package</maketarget> êáé áíôéãñÜöïíôáò ôá ðáêÝôá ðïõ
äçìéïõñãÞóáôå óå Üëëá ìç÷áíÞìáôá.)</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="startup">
<title>Åêêßíçóç ôïõ ÓõóôÞìáôïò: Ðïõ åßíáé ôá run-levels;</title>
<para>Ôï &linux; ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï óýóôçìá åêêßíçóçò SysV, åíþ ôï &os;
÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï ðáñáäïóéáêü óýóôçìá åêêßíçóçò BSD. Óôï óýóôçìá
&man.init.8; ôýðïõ BSD, äåí õðÜñ÷ïõí run-levels, ïýôå ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/inittab</filename>. Áíôß ãéá áõôÜ, ç åêêßíçóç åëÝã÷åôáé
áðü Ýíá script åêêßíçóçò, ôï &man.rc.8;. To script
<filename>/etc/rc</filename> äéáâÜæåé ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename> êáé ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> ãéá íá êáèïñßóåé ðïéåò õðçñåóßåò
ðñüêåéôáé íá îåêéíÞóïõí. Ïé õðçñåóßåò áõôÝò îåêéíÜíå ìå ôçí åêôÝëåóç
ôùí áíôßóôïé÷ùí script åêêßíçóçò ðïõ âñßóêïíôáé óôïõò êáôáëüãïõò
<filename>/etc/rc.d/</filename> êáé
<filename>/usr/local/etc/rc.d/</filename>. Ôá scripts áõôÜ åßíáé
ðáñüìïéá ìå ôá scripts ðïõ âñßóêïíôáé óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename>/etc/init.d/</filename> óå óõóôÞìáôá &linux;.</para>
<sidebar>
<para><emphasis>Ãéáôß õðÜñ÷ïõí äýï ôïðïèåóßåò ãéá ôá scripts åêêßíçóçò
ôùí õðçñåóéþí;</emphasis> Ôá scripts ðïõ âñßóêïíôáé óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename>/etc/rc.d/</filename> åßíáé ãéá åöáñìïãÝò ðïõ áíÞêïõí óôï
<quote>âáóéêü</quote> óýóôçìá. (Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ôéò
&man.cron.8;, &man.sshd.8;, &man.syslog.3;, êáé Üëëåò.) Ôá scripts
ðïõ âñßóêïíôáé óôïí êáôÜëïãï <filename>/usr/local/etc/rc.d/</filename>
åßíáé ãéá åöáñìïãÝò ðïõ Ý÷ïõí åãêáôáóôáèåß áðü ôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò, üðùò ãéá
ðáñÜäåéãìá ï <application>Apache</application>, ôï
<application>Squid</application>, ê.ë.ð.</para>
<para><emphasis>Ðïéá åßíáé ç äéáöïñÜ ìåôáîý ôïõ <quote>âáóéêïý</quote>
óõóôÞìáôïò êáé ôùí åöáñìïãþí ÷ñÞóôç;</emphasis> Ôï &os; áíáðôýóóåôáé
ùò Ýíá ðëÞñåò ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá. Ìå Üëëá ëüãéá, ï ðõñÞíáò, ïé
âéâëéïèÞêåò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò, ïé âáóéêÝò åíôïëÝò (userland, ôá
ðñïãñÜììáôá üðùò ôï &man.ls.1;, &man.cat.1;, &man.cp.1; êëð.),
áíáðôýóóïíôáé êáé äçìïóéåýïíôáé ìáæß, ùò óýíïëï. Áõôü áíáöÝñåôáé êáé
ùò <quote>âáóéêü</quote> óýóôçìá. Ïé åöáñìïãÝò ðïõ åãêáèßóôáíôáé áðü
ôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò, äåí áíÞêïõí óôï <quote>âáóéêü</quote> óýóôçìá, êáé
ôÝôïéåò åßíáé ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá ï <application>Apache</application>,
ôï <application>X11</application>, ï
<application>Mozilla Firefox</application>, êëð. Áõôïý ôïõ
åßäïõò ïé åöáñìïãÝò, ãåíéêÜ åãêáèßóôáíôáé ìå ôç ÷ñÞóç ôçò <ulink
url="article.html#SOFTWARE">ÓõëëïãÞò ÐáêÝôùí êáé Ports</ulink> ôïõ
&os;. Ãéá íá îå÷ùñßæïõí áðü ôï õðüëïéðï <quote>âáóéêü</quote>
óýóôçìá, ïé åöáñìïãÝò ÷ñÞóôç óõíÞèùò åãêáèßóôáíôáé óå õðïêáôáëüãïõò
ôïõ <filename>/usr/local/</filename>. ¸ôóé ôá åêôåëÝóéìá ðñïãñÜììáôá
ôùí ÷ñçóôþí âñßóêïíôáé óõíÞèùò óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename>/usr/local/bin/</filename>, ôá áíôßóôïé÷á áñ÷åßá ñõèìßóåùí
ôïõò óôïí êáôÜëïãï <filename>/usr/local/etc/</filename>,
ê.ï.ê.</para>
</sidebar>
<para>Ïé õðçñåóßåò åíåñãïðïéïýíôáé ìå ôçí ðñïóèÞêç ìéáò åããñáöÞò ôýðïõ
<literal><replaceable>¼íïìáÕðçñåóßáò</replaceable>_enable="YES"</literal> óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> (&man.rc.conf.5;). Ñßîôå ìéá ìáôéÜ
óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename> ãéá íá äåßôå ôéò
ðñïåðéëïãÝò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò. Ïé ñõèìßóåéò ðïõ êÜíïõìå óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> õðåñéó÷ýïõí Ýíáíôé ôùí ðñïåðéëïãþí
áõôþí. Åðßóçò, êáôÜ ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç ðñüóèåôùí åöáñìïãþí, âåâáéùèåßôå
üôé äéáâÜóáôå ôçí áíôßóôïé÷ç ôåêìçñßùóç ãéá íá âñåßôå ðùò íá
åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå ôõ÷üí ó÷åôéêÝò õðçñåóßåò.</para>
<para>Ôï áêüëïõèï áðüóðáóìá áðü ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> åíåñãïðïéåß ôçí õðçñåóßá
&man.sshd.8; êáé ôïí <application>Apache 2.2</application>. Åðßóçò
êáèïñßæåé üôé ï <application>Apache</application> èá îåêéíÞóåé ìå
åíåñãïðïéçìÝíç ôç äõíáôüôçôá SSL.</para>
<programlisting># enable SSHD
sshd_enable="YES"
# enable Apache with SSL
apache22_enable="YES"
apache22_flags="-DSSL"</programlisting>
<para>Áðü ôç óôéãìÞ ðïõ ìéá õðçñåóßá åíåñãïðïéçèåß óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>, ìðïñåßôå íá ôçí îåêéíÞóåôå áðåõèåßáò
áðü ôç ãñáììÞ åíôïëþí (÷ùñßò íá ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá åðáíåêêéíÞóåôå ôï óýóôçìá
óáò):</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><replaceable>/etc/rc.d/sshd</replaceable> start</userinput></screen>
<para>Áí ìéá õðçñåóßá äåí Ý÷åé åíåñãïðïéçèåß óôï áñ÷åßï áõôü, ìðïñåßôå
íá åîáíáãêÜóåôå ôçí åêêßíçóç ôçò áðü ôçí ãñáììÞ åíôïëþí ìå ôçí åðéëïãÞ
<option>forcestart</option>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><replaceable>/etc/rc.d/sshd</replaceable> forcestart</userinput></screen>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="network">
<title>Ñýèìéóç Äéêôýïõ</title>
<sect2 id="interfaces">
<title>ÄéåðáöÝò Äéêôýïõ</title>
<para>Áíôß ãéá ôï ãåíéêü áíáãíùñéóôéêü ôýðïõ <emphasis>ethX</emphasis>
ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï &linux; ãéá ôçí áíáãíþñéóç ìéáò äéåðáöÞò äéêôýïõ,
ôï &os; ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ùò áíáãíùñéóôéêü ôï üíïìá ôïõ ðñïãñÜììáôïò
ïäÞãçóçò áêïëïõèïýìåíï áðü Ýíá áñéèìü. Ç áêüëïõèç Ýîïäïò áðü ôçí
åíôïëÞ &man.ifconfig.8; äåß÷íåé äýï êÜñôåò äéêôýïõ
&intel; Pro 1000 (ìå áíáãíùñéóôéêÜ em0 and em1):</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>ifconfig</userinput>
em0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
options=b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU>
inet 10.10.10.100 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 10.10.10.255
ether 00:50:56:a7:70:b2
media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseTX <full-duplex>)
status: active
em1: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
options=b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU>
inet 192.168.10.222 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.10.255
ether 00:50:56:a7:03:2b
media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseTX <full-duplex>)
status: active</screen>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="ipaddress">
<title>Ñõèìßóåéò Äéåõèýíóåùí IP</title>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá áíáèÝóåôå ìéá äéåýèõíóç IP óå ìéá äéåðáöÞ äéêôýïõ ìå
ôç ÷ñÞóç ôçò åíôïëÞò &man.ifconfig.8;. Ãéá íá ãßíåé ìüíéìç ùóôüóï
áõôÞ ç áëëáãÞ, êáé íá ìçí ÷Üíåôáé óå êÜèå åðáíåêêßíçóç, èá ðñÝðåé íá
ôçí ðåñéëÜâåôå óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. Óôï
áêüëïõèï ðáñÜäåéãìá öáßíåôáé ç êáôá÷þñçóç ðïõ ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ôï üíïìá
ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ (hostname), ôçí äéåýèõíóç IP, êáèþò êáé ôçí
ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç ðýëç (defaultrouter):</para>
<programlisting>hostname="server1.example.com"
ifconfig_em0="inet 10.10.10.100 netmask 255.255.255.0"
defaultrouter="10.10.10.1"</programlisting>
<para>×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí áêüëïõèç êáôá÷þñçóç ãéá íá êáèïñßóåôå üôé
ìéá äéåðáöÞ èá ëáìâÜíåé ñõèìßóåéò ìÝóù DHCP:</para>
<programlisting>hostname="server1.example.com"
ifconfig_em0="DHCP"</programlisting>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="firewall">
<title>Firewall</title>
<para>Óôï &linux; ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ôï <application>IPTABLES</application>
ôï ïðïßï ðáñÝ÷åé õðçñåóßåò firewall óå åðßðåäï ðõñÞíá. Ôï &os; ðáñÝ÷åé
åðßóçò firewall ìÝóù ôïõ ðõñÞíá. Ãéá ôçí áêñßâåéá, ôï &os; ðáñÝ÷åé
ôñßá firewalls:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><simpara><ulink url="&url.base;/doc/el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/firewalls-ipfw.html">IPFIREWALL</ulink></simpara></listitem>
<listitem><simpara><ulink url="&url.base;/doc/el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/firewalls-ipf.html">IPFILTER</ulink></simpara></listitem>
<listitem><simpara><ulink url="&url.base;/doc/el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/firewalls-pf.html">PF</ulink></simpara></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Ôï <application>IPFIREWALL</application> Þ
<application>IPFW</application> (ç åíôïëÞ ÷åéñéóìïý ôùí êáíüíùí ôïõ
<application>IPFW</application> åßíáé ç &man.ipfw.8;) åßíáé ôï
firewall ðïõ Ý÷åé áíáðôõ÷èåß êáé óõíôçñåßôáé áðü ôçí ïìÜäá áíÜðôõîçò ôïõ
&os;. Ôï <application>IPFW</application> ìðïñåß íá óõíäõáóôåß ìå ôï
&man.dummynet.4; ãéá íá ðáñÝ÷åé äõíáôüôçôåò äéáìüñöùóçò ôçò êßíçóçò
ðáêÝôùí (traffic shaping) êáé íá åîïìïéþíåé äéáöïñåôéêïýò ôýðïõò
óõíäÝóåùí äéêôýïõ.</para>
<para>ÐáñÜäåéãìá åíüò êáíüíá ôïõ <application>IPFW</application> ðïõ
åðéôñÝðåé åéóåñ÷üìåíá äåäïìÝíá ðñïò ôçí õðçñåóßá
<application>SSH</application>:</para>
<programlisting>ipfw add allow tcp from any to me 22 in via $ext_if</programlisting>
<para>Ôï <application>IPFILTER</application> åßíáé ìéá åöáñìïãÞ firewall
ðïõ áíáðôýóóåôáé áðü ôïí Darren Reed. Äåí Ý÷åé öôéá÷ôåß åéäéêÜ
ãéá ôï &os;, êáé Ý÷åé ìåôáöåñèåß êáé óå Üëëá ëåéôïõñãéêÜ,
óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíùí ôùí NetBSD, OpenBSD, SunOS, HP/UX, êáé
Solaris.</para>
<para>ÐáñÜäåéãìá åíüò êáíüíá ãéá ôï <application>IPFILTER</application>
ðïõ åðéôñÝðåé åéóåñ÷üìåíá äåäïìÝíá ðñïò ôçí õðçñåóßá
<application>SSH</application>:</para>
<programlisting>pass in on $ext_if proto tcp from any to any port = 22</programlisting>
<para>Ç ôåëåõôáßá åöáñìïãÞ firewall, ôï <application>PF</application>,
áíáðôýóóåôáé áðü ôï OpenBSD project. Ôï <application>PF</application>
äçìéïõñãÞèçêå ùò áíôéêáôáóôÜôçò ôïõ <application>IPFILTER</application>,
êáé Ýôóé ç óýíôáîç ôïõ <application>PF</application> åßíáé áñêåôÜ
ðáñüìïéá ìå áõôÞ ôïõ <application>IPFILTER</application>. Ôï
<application>PF</application> ìðïñåß íá óõíäõáóôåß ìå ôï &man.altq.4;
ãéá íá ðáñÝ÷åé õðçñåóßåò ôýðïõ QoS.</para>
<para>ÐáñÜäåéãìá êáíüíá ôïõ <application>PF</application> ðïõ åðéôñÝðåé
åéóåñ÷üìåíá äåäïìÝíá ðñïò ôçí õðçñåóßá
<application>SSH</application>:</para>
<programlisting>pass in on $ext_if inet proto tcp from any to ($ext_if) port 22</programlisting>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="updates">
<title>Áíáâáèìßæïíôáò ôï &os;</title>
<para>ÕðÜñ÷ïõí ôñåéò ìÝèïäïé ãéá ôçí áíáâÜèìéóç åíüò óõóôÞìáôïò &os;: ÌÝóù
ôïõ ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá, ìÝóù Ýôïéìùí (binary) áíáâáèìßóåùí, êáé ìÝóù ôùí
CD åãêáôÜóôáóçò.</para>
<para>Ç åãêáôÜóôáóç ìÝóù ôïõ ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá åßíáé ç ðéï ðïëýðëïêç, áëëÜ
ðñïóöÝñåé êáé ôç ìåãáëýôåñç äõíáôÞ åõåëéîßá. Ç äéáäéêáóßá áõôÞ
ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ôï óõã÷ñïíéóìü ôïõ ôïðéêïý áíôéãñÜöïõ ôïõ ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá
ôïõ &os; ìå ôïí êþäéêá ôïõ &os; ðïõ âñßóêåôáé óôïõò åîõðçñåôçôÝò
<application>CVS</application> (Concurrent Versioning System). Áðü
ôç óôéãìÞ ðïõ ôï ôïðéêü áíôßãñáöï ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá åßíáé áíáíåùìÝíï,
ìðïñåßôå íá ìåôáãëùôôßóåôå íÝåò åêäüóåéò ôïõ ðõñÞíá êáé ôùí âáóéêþí
ðñïãñáììÜôùí. Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôï óýóôçìá
áíáâÜèìéóçò ìÝóù ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá, äåßôå ôï êåöÜëáéï
<ulink url="&url.base;/doc/el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/updating-upgrading.html">ÅíçìÝñùóç êáé ÁíáâÜèìéóç</ulink>
óôï Åã÷åéñßäéï ôïõ &os;.</para>
<para>Ïé Ýôïéìåò (binary) áíáâáèìßóåéò, åßíáé ðáñüìïéåò ìå ôç ÷ñÞóç ôçò
åíôïëÞò <command>yum</command> Þ <command>apt-get</command> ãéá ôçí
áíáâÜèìéóç åíüò óõóôÞìáôïò &linux;. Ç åíôïëÞ &man.freebsd-update.8;
èá êáôåâÜóåé ôéò áíáâáèìßóåéò êáé èá ôéò åãêáôáóôÞóåé. Ìðïñåßôå íá
êáèïñßóåôå ôçí áõôüìáôç, áíÜ ôáêôÜ äéáóôÞìáôá åêôÝëåóç ôçò, ìå ôç ÷ñÞóç
ôïõ &man.cron.8;.</para>
<note>
<para>Áí ðñüêåéôáé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï &man.cron.8; ãéá
ðñïãñáììáôéóìÝíåò áíáâáèìßóåéò, âåâáéùèåßôå üôé ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôçí
åíôïëÞ <command>freebsd-update cron</command> óôï áñ÷åßï
&man.crontab.1; ãéá íá åëá÷éóôïðïéçèåß ç ðéèáíüôçôá íá ãßíåôáé
áíáíÝùóç ôçí ßäéá óôéãìÞ áðü Ýíá ìåãÜëï áñéèìü ìç÷áíçìÜôùí.</para>
<programlisting>0 3 * * * root /usr/sbin/freebsd-update cron</programlisting>
</note>
<para>Ç ôåëåõôáßá åðéëïãÞ áíáâÜèìéóçò, ìÝóù ôùí CD åãêáôÜóôáóçò, åßíáé
áñêåôÜ îåêÜèáñç. Áðëþò åêêéíÞóôå áðü ôï CD åãêáôÜóôáóçò êáé åðéëÝîôå
ôçí áíôßóôïé÷ç åðéëïãÞ áíáâÜèìéóçò (upgrade).</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="procfs">
<title>procfs: ÐåñáóìÝíï áëëÜ ü÷é Îå÷áóìÝíï</title>
<para>Óôï &linux;, èá ÷ñåéáóôåß íá äåßôå ôï
<filename>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward</filename> ãéá íá êáèïñßóåôå áí
åßíáé åíåñãïðïéçìÝíç ç ðñïþèçóç IP (IP forwarding). Óôï &os; èá ðñÝðåé
íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï &man.sysctl.8; ãéá íá äåßôå áõôÞ êáé Üëëåò
ñõèìßóåéò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò, êáèþò ôï &man.procfs.5; èåùñåßôáé ðáñù÷çìÝíï
óå ðñüóöáôåò åêäüóåéò ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý. (Áí êáé ç åíôïëÞ
<command>sysctl</command> åßíáé åðßóçò äéáèÝóéìç êáé óôï
&linux;).</para>
<para>Óôï ðáñÜäåéãìá ôçò ðñïþèçóçò IP, èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýóáìå ôçí áêüëïõèç
åíôïëÞ ãéá íá êáèïñßóïõìå áí ç äõíáôüôçôá áõôÞ åßíáé åíåñãïðïéçìÝíç óå
Ýíá &os; óýóôçìá:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>sysctl net.inet.ip.forwarding</userinput>
net.inet.ip.forwarding: 0</screen>
<para>Ç åðéëïãÞ <option>-a</option> ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá íá ðÜñïõìå ìéá
ëßóôá ìå üëåò ôéò ñõèìßóåéò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>sysctl -a</userinput>
kern.ostype: FreeBSD
kern.osrelease: 6.2-RELEASE-p9
kern.osrevision: 199506
kern.version: FreeBSD 6.2-RELEASE-p9 #0: Thu Nov 29 04:07:33 UTC 2007
root@i386-builder.daemonology.net:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC
kern.maxvnodes: 17517
kern.maxproc: 1988
kern.maxfiles: 3976
kern.argmax: 262144
kern.securelevel: -1
kern.hostname: server1
kern.hostid: 0
kern.clockrate: { hz = 1000, tick = 1000, profhz = 666, stathz = 133 }
kern.posix1version: 200112
...</screen>
<note>
<para>ÊÜðïéåò áðü ôéò ôéìÝò ðïõ äåß÷íåé ç åíôïëÞ
<command>sysctl</command> åßíáé ìüíï ãéá áíÜãíùóç.</para></note>
<para>ÕðÜñ÷ïõí ðåñéðôþóåéò üðïõ áðáéôåßôáé ôï procfs, üðùò ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá
üôáí åêôåëåßôå ðáëéüôåñï ëïãéóìéêü, ôï ïðïßï êÜíåé ÷ñÞóç ôçò åíôïëÞò
&man.truss.1; ãéá ôçí áíß÷íåõóç ôùí êëÞóåùí óõóôÞìáôïò, êáé ãéá ôçí
<ulink url="&url.base;/doc/el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/linuxemu.html">Óõìâáôüôçôá ìå ÅêôåëÝóéìá ôïõ &linux;</ulink>.
(Áí êáé ç Óõìâáôüôçôá ìå ÅêôåëÝóéìá ôïõ &linux; ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï äéêü
ôçò procfs, ôï &man.linprocfs.5;). Áí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá ðñïóáñôÞóåôå ôï
procfs, ìðïñåßôå íá ðñïóèÝóåôå ôçí áêüëïõèç åããñáöÞ óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>:</para>
<screen>proc /proc procfs rw,noauto 0 0</screen>
<note>
<para>Ç åðéëïãÞ <option>noauto</option> èá åìðïäßóåé ôçí áõôüìáôç
ðñïóÜñôçóç ôïõ <filename>/proc</filename> êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç ôïõ
óõóôÞìáôïò.</para></note>
<para>ÐñïóáñôÞóôå êáôüðéí ôçí procfs ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí áêüëïõèç
åíôïëÞ:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /proc</userinput></screen>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="commands">
<title>ÓõíçèéóìÝíåò ÅíôïëÝò</title>
<sect2 id="packageCommands">
<title>Äéá÷åßñéóç ÐáêÝôùí</title>
<para>
<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
<tgroup cols="3">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>ÅíôïëÞ ôïõ &linux; (Red Hat/Debian)</entry>
<entry>Áíôßóôïé÷ç åíôïëÞ &os;</entry>
<entry>Óêïðüò</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><command>yum install <replaceable>package</replaceable></command> / <command>apt-get install <replaceable>package</replaceable></command></entry>
<entry><command>pkg_add -r <replaceable>package</replaceable></command></entry>
<entry>ÅãêáôÜóôáóç ðáêÝôïõ áðü áðïìáêñõóìÝíï åîõðçñåôçôÞ</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><command>rpm -ivh <replaceable>package</replaceable></command> / <command>dpkg -i <replaceable>package</replaceable></command></entry>
<entry><command>pkg_add -v <replaceable>package</replaceable></command></entry>
<entry>ÅãêáôÜóôáóç ðáêÝôïõ</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><command>rpm -qa</command> / <command>dpkg -l</command></entry>
<entry><command>pkg_info</command></entry>
<entry>Ëßóôá åãêáôåóôçìÝíùí ðáêÝôùí</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="systemCommands">
<title>Äéá÷åßñéóç ÓõóôÞìáôïò</title>
<para>
<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
<tgroup cols="3">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>ÅíôïëÞ &linux;</entry>
<entry>Áíôßóôïé÷ç åíôïëÞ &os;</entry>
<entry>Óêïðüò</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><command>lspci</command></entry>
<entry><command>pciconf</command></entry>
<entry>Ëßóôá óõóêåõþí PCI</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><command>lsmod</command></entry>
<entry><command>kldstat</command></entry>
<entry>Ëßóôá öïñôùìÝíùí áñèñùìÜôùí ðõñÞíá</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><command>modprobe</command></entry>
<entry><command>kldload</command> / <command>kldunload</command></entry>
<entry>Öüñôùóç/Áðïöüñôùóç áñèñùìÜôùí ðõñÞíá</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><command>strace</command></entry>
<entry><command>truss</command></entry>
<entry>Áíß÷íåõóç êëÞóåùí óõóôÞìáôïò</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="conclusion">
<title>ÓõìðåñÜóìáôá</title>
<para>Åõåëðéóôïýìå üôé áõôü ôï êåßìåíï óáò ðáñåß÷å áñêåôÝò ðëçñïöïñßåò
ãéá íá îåêéíÞóåôå ìå ôï &os;. Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò êáé ðéï ëåðôïìåñåßò
ðëçñïöïñßåò, ðáñáêáëïýìå íá äéáâÜóåôå ôï <ulink
url="&url.base;/doc/el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/index.html">Åã÷åéñßäéï ôïõ &os;</ulink>
ôï ïðïßï åðßóçò ðåñéÝ÷åé êáé ðïëëÜ èÝìáôá ðïõ äåí êáëýöèçêáí êáèüëïõ óôï
ðáñüí êåßìåíï.</para>
</sect1>
</article>
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