path: root/el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/basics/chapter.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-7"?>
<!--

  Ôï Åã÷åéñßäéï ôïõ FreeBSD: ÂáóéêÝò ¸ííïéåò óôï Unix

  The FreeBSD Greek Documentation Project

  $FreeBSD$

  %SOURCE%      en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.xml
  %SRCID%       38826

-->

<chapter id="basics">
  <chapterinfo>
    <authorgroup>
      <author>
	<firstname>Chris</firstname>
	<surname>Shumway</surname>
	<contrib>ÁíáèåùñçìÝíï áðü ôïí </contrib>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>
    <!-- 10 Mar 2000 -->
  </chapterinfo>

  <title>ÂáóéêÝò ¸ííïéåò óôï &unix;</title>

  <sect1 id="basics-synopsis">
    <title>Óýíïøç</title>

    <para>Ôï áêüëïõèï êåöÜëáéï èá êáëýøåé ôéò âáóéêÝò åíôïëÝò êáé
      ëåéôïõñãßåò ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò &os;.  Ôï ìåãáëýôåñï ìÝñïò
      áõôÞò ôçò ýëçò ó÷åôßæåôáé ìå üëá ôá Ë.Ó. ðïõ åßíáé âáóéóìÝíá
      óôï &unix;.  ÅÜí ç ýëç óáò öáßíåôáé ïéêåßá ìðïñåßôå íá äéáôñÝîåôå
      ãñÞãïñá áõôü ôï êåöÜëáéï.  ÅÜí - áíôéèÝôùò - åßóôå íÝïò óôï &os;
      ôüôå ïðùóäÞðïôå èá ðñÝðåé íá äéáâÜóåôå ðñïóåêôéêÜ ïëüêëçñï ôï
      êåöÜëáéï.</para>

    <para>ÌåôÜ ôçí áíÜãíùóç ôïõ êåöáëáßïõ, èá ãíùñßæåôå:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para>Ðùò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôéò <quote>åéêïíéêÝò êïíóüëåò</quote> ôïõ
	  &os;.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Ðùò ëåéôïõñãïýí ïé Üäåéåò áñ÷åßùí óôï &unix; êáé
	  èá êáôáëÜâåôå ôçí ÷ñÞóç ôùí file flags óôï &os;.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Ôçí ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç äéÜôáîç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí ôïõ
	  &os;.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Ôçí ïñãÜíùóç ôùí äßóêùí óôï &os;.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Ôé åßíáé êáé ðþò ëåéôïõñãåß ç ðñïóÜñôçóç (mount) êáé
	  áðïðñïóÜñôçóç (unmount) óõóôçìÜôùí áñ÷åßùí.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Ôé åßíáé ïé äéåñãáóßåò (processes), ôá óÞìáôá (signals) êáé
	  ïé äáßìïíåò (daemons).</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Ôé åßíáé ôï êÝëõöïò (shell) êáé ðùò íá áëëÜæåôå ôï ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï
	  ðåñéâÜëëïí åñãáóßáò.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Ðùò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå âáóéêÜ ðñïãñÜììáôá åðåîåñãáóßáò êåéìÝíïõ
	  (editors).</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Ôé åßíáé ïé óõóêåõÝò (devices) êáé ôá áñ÷åßá óõóêåõÞò (device
	  nodes).</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Ðïéá Ýêäïóç åêôåëÝóéìùí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé óôï &os;.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Ðùò íá äéáâÜæåôå ôéò óåëßäåò âïçèåßáò (manual pages) ãéá
	  ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="consoles">
    <title>ÅéêïíéêÝò Êïíóüëåò êáé ÔåñìáôéêÜ </title>
    <indexterm><primary>åéêïíéêÝò êïíóüëåò</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm><primary>ôåñìáôéêÜ</primary></indexterm>

    <para>Ìðïñåßôå íá ÷åéñéóôåßôå ôï &os; ìå äéÜöïñïõò ôñüðïõò.  ¸íáò áðü
      áõôïýò, åßíáé ðëçêôñïëïãþíôáò åíôïëÝò êåéìÝíïõ óå Ýíá ôåñìáôéêü.  Ìå
      áõôü ôïí ôñüðï Ý÷åôå óôá ÷Ýñéá óáò Ýíá åõÝëéêôï êáé äõíáôü ëåéôïõñãéêü
      óýóôçìá &unix;.  ÁõôÞ ç åíüôçôá ðåñéãñÜöåé ôé åßíáé ôá
      <quote>ôåñìáôéêÜ</quote> êáé ïé <quote>êïíóüëåò</quote> êáé ðùò ìðïñïýí
      íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèïýí óôï &os;.</para>

    <sect2 id="consoles-intro">
      <title>Ç Êïíóüëá</title>
      <indexterm><primary>êïíóüëá</primary></indexterm>

      <para>ÅÜí äåí Ý÷åôå ñõèìßóåé ôï &os; íá îåêéíÜ áõôüìáôá êÜðïéï ãñáöéêü
	ðåñéâÜëëïí åñãáóßáò, ôüôå áìÝóùò ìåôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò êáé
	ôçí ïëïêëÞñùóç ôùí óåíáñßùí åêêßíçóçò (startup scripts) èá åìöáíéóôåß
	ç ðñïôñïðÞ óýíäåóçò (login prompt).  Èá äåßôå êÜôé ðáñüìïéï óôçí ïèüíç
	óáò:</para>

      <screen>Additional ABI support:.
Local package initialization:.
Additional TCP options:.

Fri Sep 20 13:01:06 EEST 2002

FreeBSD/i386 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0)

login:</screen>

      <para>Ôï ìÞíõìá ìðïñåß íá åßíáé ëßãï äéáöïñåôéêü óôï óýóôçìá óáò, áëëÜ
	äåí ðñÝðåé íá äéáöÝñåé êáôÜ ðïëý.  Èá åóôéÜóïõìå ôçí ðñïóï÷Þ ìáò óôéò
	ôåëåõôáßåò äýï ãñáììÝò.  Ç ðñïôåëåõôáßá ãñáììÞ áíáöÝñåé:</para>

      <programlisting>FreeBSD/i386 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0)</programlisting>

      <para>ÁõôÞ ç ãñáììÞ ðåñéÝ÷åé ìåñéêÝò ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôï óýóôçìá ðïõ
	ìüëéò åêêéíÞóáôå.  ¸÷åôå ìðñïóôÜ óáò ìéá êïíóüëá
	<quote>FreeBSD</quote>, ðïõ ôñÝ÷åé ìå åðåîåñãáóôÞ áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞò x86
	ôçò Intel Þ Üëëïí óõìâáôü

	<footnote>
	  <para>Áõôü áêñéâþò óçìáßíåé ôï <literal>i386</literal>.  Áêüìç êáé
	    áí äåí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå åðåîåñãáóôÞ Intel 386 CPU óôï &os; óýóôçìá
	    óáò, èá åìöáíßæåôáé ôï <literal>i386</literal>.  ÁõôÞ åßíáé ç
	    <quote>áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ</quote>, êáôáóêåõÞò ôïõ åðåîåñãáóôÞ êáé ü÷é
	    ôï ìïíôÝëï ôïõ åðåîåñãáóôÞ.</para>
	</footnote>.

	Ôï üíïìá áõôÞò ôçò ìç÷áíÞò (üëåò ïé ìç÷áíÝò &unix; Ý÷ïõí êÜðïéï
	üíïìá) åßíáé <hostid>pc3.example.org</hostid>, êáé Ý÷åôå áíïéêôü
	ìðñïóôÜ óáò ôï ôåñìáôéêü <devicename>ttyv0</devicename> &mdash;
	êïíóüëá ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò.</para>

      <para>Ïëïêëçñþíïíôáò, ç ôåëåõôáßá ãñáììÞ åßíáé ðÜíôá:</para>

      <programlisting>login:</programlisting>

      <para>Óå áõôü ôï ìÝñïò èá ðñÝðåé íá ðëçêôñïëïãÞóåôå ôï <quote>üíïìá
	÷ñÞóôç</quote> (username) ãéá íá óõíäåèåßôå óôï &os;.  Óôçí åðüìåíç
	åíüôçôá èá ðåñéãñÜøïõìå áêñéâþò áõôÞí ôçí äéáäéêáóßá.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="consoles-login">
      <title>ÅéóáãùãÞ ×ñÞóôç óôï Óýóôçìá &os;</title>

      <para>Ôï &os; åßíáé Ýíá óýóôçìá ðïëõ÷ñçóôéêü (multiuser) êáé
	ðïëõåðåîåñãáóôéêü (multiprocessing).  Áõôüò åßíáé ï áêáäçìáúêüò
	ïñéóìüò ðïõ äßíåôáé óõíÞèùò óå Ýíá óýóôçìá ðïõ ìðïñåß íá
	÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü ðïëëïýò äéáöïñåôéêïýò áíèñþðïõò, åíþ ôáõôü÷ñïíá
	ôñÝ÷ïõí äéáöïñåôéêÜ ðñïãñÜììáôá óôçí ßäéá ìç÷áíÞ.</para>

      <para>ÊÜèå óýóôçìá multiuser ÷ñåéÜæåôáé êÜðïéïõò ôñüðïõò þóôå íá
	îå÷ùñßæåé êÜèå <quote>÷ñÞóôç</quote> áðü ôïõò õðïëïßðïõò.  Óôï &os;
	(üðùò êáé óå üëá ôá Ë.Ó. ðïõ âáóßæïíôáé óôï &unix;), áõôü
	åðéôõã÷Üíåôáé áðáéôþíôáò êÜèå ÷ñÞóôçò íá <quote>åßíáé óõíäåäåìÝíïò
	(log in)</quote> ðñéí íá ìðïñåß íá ôñÝîåé ðñïãñÜììáôá.  ÊÜèå ÷ñÞóôçò
	Ý÷åé îå÷ùñéóôü üíïìá (ôï <quote>üíïìá ÷ñÞóôç Þ username</quote>) êáé
	ìßá ðñïóùðéêÞ äéêëåßäá áóöáëåßáò, (ôïí <quote>êùäéêü ðñüóâáóçò Þ
	password</quote>).  ÁõôÜ èá æçôçèïýí áðü ôï &os; óå êÜèå ÷ñÞóôç ðñéí
	íá ôïõ åðéôñáðåß íá ôñÝîåé ïðïéáäÞðïôå åöáñìïãÞ.</para>

      <indexterm><primary>startup scripts</primary></indexterm>

      <para>ÁìÝóùò ìåôÜ ôçí ïëïêëÞñùóç ôùí äéåñãáóéþí åêêßíçóçò ôïõ &os; êáé
	ôùí óåíáñßùí åêêßíçóçò (startup scripts)

	<footnote>
	  <para>Ôá óåíÜñéá åêêßíçóçò (startup scripts) åßíáé ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ
	    ôñÝ÷ïõí áõôüìáôá êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç ôïõ &os;.  Ç êýñéá ëåéôïõñãßá
	    ôïõò åßíáé íá âïçèïýí óôçí óùóôÞ ëåéôïõñãßá üëùí ôùí óõóôáôéêþí
	    ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò, êáé íá îåêéíïýí üëåò ôéò õðçñåóßåò ðïõ Ý÷åôå
	    ñõèìßóåé íá ôñÝ÷ïõí óôï ðáñáóêÞíéï.</para>
	</footnote>,

	èá åìöáíéóôåß ôï óýìâïëï ôçò ðñïôñïðÞò (prompt) êáé èá óáò æçôçèåß Ýíá
	Ýãêõñï üíïìá ÷ñÞóôç:</para>

      <screen>login:</screen>

      <para>Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, áò õðïèÝóïõìå ðùò ôï üíïìá ÷ñÞóôç óáò åßíáé
	<username>john</username>.  ÐëçêôñïëïãÞóôå <literal>john</literal>
	óôçí ðñïôñïðÞ êáé ðáôÞóôå <keycap>Enter</keycap>.  Èá áêïëïõèÞóåé ìéá
	íÝá ðñïôñïðÞ ãéá íá äþóåôå ôïí
	<quote>êùäéêü ðñüóâáóçò (password)</quote>:</para>

      <screen>login: <userinput>john</userinput>
Password:</screen>

      <para>ÐëçêôñïëïãÞóôå ôþñá ôïí êùäéêü ðñüóâáóçò ôïõ
	<username>john</username>, êáé ðáôÞóôå <keycap>Enter</keycap>.  Ï
	êùäéêüò ðñüóâáóçò <emphasis>äåí åßíáé ïñáôüò!</emphasis>  Äåí
	÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá áíçóõ÷åßôå ãéá áõôü.  Åßíáé åðáñêÝò íá ðïýìå ðùò áõôü
	óõìâáßíåé ãéá ëüãïõò áóöáëåßáò.</para>

      <para>Áí Ý÷åôå ðëçêôñïëïãÞóåé óùóôÜ ôïí êùäéêü ðñüóâáóçò, ôüôå Ý÷åôå
	óõíäåèåß óôï &os; êáé åßóôå Ýôïéìïé íá äïêéìÜóåôå üëåò ôéò äéáèÝóéìåò
	åíôïëÝò &unix;.</para>

      <para>ÐñÝðåé íá äåßôå ôï <acronym>MOTD</acronym> Þ áëëéþò ôï çìåñÞóéï
	ìÞíõìá êáé óôç óõíÝ÷åéá ôçí ðñïôñïðÞ åíôïëÞò (Ýíá
	÷áñáêôÞñá <literal>#</literal>, <literal>$</literal>, Þ
	<literal>%</literal>).  Áõôü óçìáßíåé ðùò Ý÷åôå óõíäåèåß åðéôõ÷þò óôï
	&os;.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="consoles-virtual">
      <title>ÐïëëáðëÝò Êïíóüëåò</title>

      <para>Ç åêôÝëåóç åíôïëþí &unix; óå ìßá ìüíï êïíóüëá ìðïñåß íá åßíáé
	éêáíïðïéçôéêÞ, áëëÜ ôï &os; ìðïñåß íá ôñÝ÷åé ôáõôü÷ñïíá ðïëëÜ
	ðñïãñÜììáôá.  Ç ýðáñîç ìßáò ìüíï êïíóüëáò ãéá ðëçêôñïëüãçóç åíôïëþí
	èá Þôáí ðñáãìáôéêÜ åëëéðÞò ãéá Ýíá Ë.Ó. üðùò ôï &os; ðïõ ìðïñåß íá
	ôñÝ÷åé ôáõôü÷ñïíá äåêÜäåò ðñïãñÜììáôá.  Åäþ åßíáé ðïõ ÷ñåéÜæïíôáé ïé
	<quote>åéêïíéêÝò êïíóüëåò</quote>.</para>

      <para>Ôï &os; ìðïñåß íá ñõèìéóôåß êáôÜëëçëá þóôå íá ðáñïõóéÜæåôáé ìå
	äéÜöïñåò åéêïíéêÝò êïíóüëåò.  Ç åíáëëáãÞ áðü ìßá åéêïíéêÞ êïíóüëá
	óå ïðïéáäÞðïôå Üëëç ìðïñåß íá ãßíåé ðáôþíôáò ìåñéêÜ ðëÞêôñá óôï
	ðëçêôñïëüãéï.  Ç êÜèå êïíóüëá Ý÷åé ôï äéêü ôçò êáíÜëé åîüäïõ, êáé
	êáèþò åíáëëÜóóåôå åéêïíéêÝò êïíóüëåò ôï &os; áðïèçêåýåé êáé åðáíáöÝñåé
	ðñïóåêôéêÜ ôï áíôßóôïé÷ï ðëçêôñïëüãéï êáé ïèüíç ãéá êÜèå êïíóüëá óáí
	íá õðÞñ÷å ðñáãìáôéêÞ åíáëëáãÞ.</para>

      <para>Óõíäõáóìïß åéäéêþí ðëÞêôñùí ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé áðü ôï &os; ãéá ôçí
	åíáëëáãÞ êïíóïëþí

	<footnote>
	  <para>Ãéá üëåò ôéò ôå÷íéêÝò ëåðôïìÝñåéåò êáé áêñéâåßò ðåñéãñáöÝò
	    ôùí ïäçãþí (drivers) ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé óôï &os; ãéá êïíóüëåò
	    êáé ðëçêôñïëüãéá ìðïñåßôå íá âñåßôå óôéò óåëßäåò &man.syscons.4;,
	    &man.atkbd.4;, &man.vidcontrol.1; êáé &man.kbdcontrol.1;
	    ôùí óåëßäùí âïÞèåéáò (manual pages).  Äåí èá óõíå÷ßóïõìå
	    ðåñáéôÝñù, áëëÜ ï åíäéáöåñüìåíïò áíáãíþóôçò ìðïñåß íá
	    óõìâïõëåýåôáé ðÜíôá ôéò óåëßäåò âïçèåßáò ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñï
	    ëåðôïìåñÞ êáé ïëïêëçñùìÝíç åðåîÞãçóç ôùí ëåéôïõñãéþí.</para>
	</footnote>.

	Ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå
	<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo>,
	<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo>,Ýùò
	<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F8</keycap></keycombo> ãéá íá
	ìåôáâåßôå óôéò äéÜöïñåò åéêïíéêÝò êïíóüëåò ôïõ &os;.</para>

      <para>Êáèþò åíáëëÜóóåóôå áðü ôç ìßá êïíóüëá óôçí Üëëç, ôï &os;
	áðïèçêåýåé êáé åðáíáöÝñåé ðñïóåêôéêÜ ôçí áíôßóôïé÷ç ïèüíç.  Ôï
	áðïôÝëåóìá åßíáé Ýíá <quote>ïðôéêü ôñéê</quote> óáí íá åß÷áìå
	ðïëëáðëÝò <quote>åéêïíéêÝò</quote> ïèüíåò êáé ðëçêôñïëüãéá ðïõ èá
	ìðïñïýóáìå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóïõìå ãéá íá ôñÝ÷ïõìå åíôïëÝò óôï &os;.
	Ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ ôñÝ÷åôå áðü ìéá êïíóüëá äåí óôáìáôïýí íá
	ëåéôïõñãïýí üôáí ç êïíóüëá äåí åßíáé ïñáôÞ.  Óõíå÷ßæïõí íá ôñÝ÷ïõí êé
	üôáí âñßóêåóôå óå äéáöïñåôéêÞ êïíóüëá.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="consoles-ttys">
      <title>Ôï Áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/ttys</filename></title>

      <para>Ç åî' ïñéóìïý ñýèìéóç ôïõ &os; èá îåêéíÞóåé ìå ïêôþ åéêïíéêÝò
	êïíóüëåò.  Äåí ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ìéá ðïëýðëïêç ñýèìéóç êáé ìðïñåßôå åýêïëá
	íá ôçí áëëÜîåôå þóôå íá öïñôþíïíôáé ðåñéóóüôåñåò Þ ëéãüôåñåò åéêïíéêÝò
	êïíóüëåò êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç.  Ôï ðëÞèïò êáé ç ðáñáìåôñïðïßçóç ôùí
	åéêïíéêþí êïíóïëþí ñõèìßæåôáé óôï áñ÷åßï
	<filename>/etc/ttys</filename>.</para>

      <para>Ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï áñ÷åßï
	<filename>/etc/ttys</filename> ãéá íá ñõèìßóåôå ôéò åéêïíéêÝò êïíóüëåò
	óôï &os;.  ÊÜèå ãñáììÞ ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ ðïõ äåí åßíáé ó÷üëéï (ïé ãñáììÝò
	ðïõ äåí îåêéíïýí ìå ôïí ÷áñáêôÞñá <literal>#</literal>) ðåñéÝ÷ïõí
	ñõèìßóåéò ãéá Ýíá ôåñìáôéêü Þ ãéá ìéá åéêïíéêÞ êïíóüëá.  Ç
	ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíç Ýêäïóç ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ, ç ïðïßá ðåñéÝ÷åôáé óôçí äéáíïìÞ
	&os;, ðåñéÝ÷åé åííÝá åéêïíéêÝò êïíóüëåò, åê ôùí ïðïßùí ïé ïêôþ åßíáé
	åíåñãïðïéçìÝíåò.  Åßíáé óôéò ãñáììÝò ðïõ îåêéíïýí ìå
	<literal>ttyv</literal>:</para>

      <programlisting># name  getty                           type    status          comments
#
ttyv0   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
# Virtual terminals
ttyv1   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv2   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv3   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv4   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv5   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv6   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv7   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv8   "/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm -nodaemon"  xterm   off secure</programlisting>

      <para>Ãéá ìéá ëåðôïìåñÞ ðåñéãñáöÞ êÜèå óôÞëçò ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ êáé üëùí ôùí
	ñõèìßóåùí ðïõ ìðïñïýí íá åöáñìïóôïýí ãéá ôéò åéêïíéêÝò êïíóüëåò
	óõìâïõëåõôåßôå ôçí óåëßäá âïçèåßáò &man.ttys.5;.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="consoles-singleuser">
      <title>Êïíóüëá óå ÊáôÜóôáóç Åíüò ×ñÞóôç</title>

      <para>Ìðïñåßôå íá âñåßôå ìéá ëåðôïìåñÞ ðåñéãñáöÞ ãéá ôï ôé åßíáé
	<quote>êáôÜóôáóç åíüò ÷ñÞóôç</quote> óôçí åíüôçôá
	<xref linkend="boot-singleuser"/>.  Áîßæåé íá áíáöÝñïõìå ðùò õðÜñ÷åé
	åíåñãÞ ìüíï ìßá êïíóüëá üôáí ôñÝ÷åôå ôï &os; óå êáôÜóôáóç åíüò
	÷ñÞóôç.  Äåí õðÜñ÷ïõí äéáèÝóéìåò åéêïíéêÝò êïíóüëåò.  Óôï
	áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/ttys</filename> ìðïñåßôå íá âñåßôå ôéò
	ñõèìßóåéò óå êáôÜóôáóç åíüò ÷ñÞóôç.  ÁíáæçôÞóôå ôçí ãñáììÞ ðïõ îåêéíÜ
	ìå <literal>console</literal>:</para>

      <programlisting># name  getty                           type    status          comments
#
# If console is marked "insecure", then init will ask for the root password
# when going to single-user mode.
console none                            unknown off secure</programlisting>

      <note>
	<para>¼ðùò áíáöÝñïõí ôá ó÷üëéá ðÜíù áðü ôï <literal>console</literal>,
	  ìðïñåßôå íá åðåîåñãáóôåßôå áõôÞí ôç ãñáììÞ êáé íá áíôéêáôáóôÞóåôå
	  ôçí ëÝîç <literal>secure</literal> ìå <literal>insecure</literal>.
	  Óå áõôÞ ôçí ðåñßðôùóç êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç ôïõ &os; óå êáôÜóôáóç åíüò
	  ÷ñÞóôç, èá óáò æçôçèåß ï êùäéêüò ðñüóâáóçò ôïõ õðåñ÷ñÞóôç
	  <username>root</username>.</para>

	<para><emphasis>ÐñïóÝ÷åôå üôáí êÜíåôå ôçí ìåôáôñïðÞ óå
	  <literal>insecure</literal></emphasis>.  ÅÜí ôý÷åé íá îå÷Üóåôå ôïí
	  êùäéêü ðñüóâáóçò ôïõ <username>root</username>, ç ðñüóâáóç óå
	  êáôÜóôáóç ëåéôïõñãßáò åíüò ÷ñÞóôç ìðïñåß íá ãßíåé äýóâáôç.  ÕðÜñ÷åé
	  áêüìç ôñüðïò íá êÜíåôå åêêßíçóç, áëëÜ ßóùò íá åßíáé äýóêïëï ãéá
	  êÜðïéïí ðïõ äåí ãíùñßæåé ðïëëÜ ãéá ôéò äéåñãáóßåò êáé ôá
	  ðñïãñÜììáôá åêêßíçóçò ôïõ &os;.</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="consoles-vidcontrol">
      <title>ÁëëÜæïíôáò ôçí ÁíÜëõóç (video mode) ôçò Êïíóüëáò</title>

      <para>Ç ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç áðåéêüíéóç ôçò êïíóüëáò óôï &os; ìðïñåß íá
	ñõèìéóôåß óå áíÜëõóç 1024x768, 1280x1024, Þ óå ïðïéïäÞðïôå Üëëï
	ìÝãåèïò õðïóôçñßæåôáé áðü ôçí êÜñôá ãñáöéêþí êáé ôçí ïèüíç óáò.  Ãéá
	íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå äéáöïñåôéêÞ áíÜëõóç, èá ðñÝðåé ðñþôá áðü üëá íá
	åðáíáìåôáãëùôôßóåôå ôïí ðõñÞíá óáò, êáé íá óõìðåñéëÜâåôå ôéò ðáñáêÜôù
	äýï åðéëïãÝò:</para>

      <programlisting>options VESA
options SC_PIXEL_MODE</programlisting>

      <para>ÌåôÜ ôç ìåôáãëþôôéóç ôïõ ðõñÞíá ìå ôéò ðáñáðÜíù äýï åðéëïãÝò,
	ìðïñåßôå íá âñåßôå ðïéåò áíáëýóåéò õðïóôçñßæïíôáé áðü ôï õëéêü óáò,
	÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï âïçèçôéêü ðñüãñáììá &man.vidcontrol.1;.  Ãéá íá
	äåßôå ìéá ëßóôá áðü ôéò õðïóôçñéæüìåíåò áíáëýóåéò, äþóôå ôçí áêüëïõèç
	åíôïëÞ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>vidcontrol -i mode</userinput></screen>

      <para>Ç Ýîïäïò ôçò åíôïëÞò áõôÞò, åßíáé ìéá ëßóôá áðü áíáëýóåéò ïèüíçò
	ðïõ õðïóôçñßæïíôáé áðü ôï õëéêü óáò.  Ìðïñåßôå Ýðåéôá íá åðéëÝîåôå
	ìéá íÝá áíÜëõóç, äßíïíôáò ôçí ùò üñéóìá óôçí &man.vidcontrol.1; óå
	ìéá êïíóüëá ðïõ Ý÷åôå óõíäåèåß ùò <username>root</username>:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>vidcontrol MODE_279</userinput></screen>

      <para>Áí ç íÝá áíÜëõóç ãßíåé äåêôÞ, ìðïñåßôå íá ôçí ïñßóåôå ùò
	ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç ãéá êÜèå åêêßíçóç, ìå ôçí êáôÜëëçëç ñýèìéóç óôï áñ÷åßï
	<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>

      <programlisting>allscreens_flags="MODE_279"</programlisting>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="permissions">
    <title>¶äåéåò (Permissions)</title>
    <indexterm><primary>UNIX</primary></indexterm>

    <para>Ôï &os; åßíáé áðüãïíïò ôïõ BSD &unix;, êáé ãéá áõôü ôï ëüãï
      âáóßæåôáé óå ìåñéêÝò Ýííïéåò êëåéäéÜ ôïõ &unix;.  Ç ðñþôç êáé ðéï
      óçìáíôéêÞ åßíáé ðùò ôï &os; åßíáé Ýíá ðïëõ÷ñçóôéêü (multiuser)
      ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá.  Ôï óýóôçìá ìðïñåß íá åîõðçñåôÞóåé ðïëëïýò ÷ñÞóôåò
      ðïõ åñãÜæïíôáé ôáõôü÷ñïíá êáé óå åíôåëþò áíåîÜñôçôåò åöáñìïãÝò.
      Ôï óýóôçìá åßíáé õðåýèõíï ãéá ôïí óùóôü äéáìïéñáóìü êáé ôéò áíÜãêåò
      äéá÷åßñéóçò óõóêåõþí hardware, ðåñéöåñåéáêþí, ìíÞìçò, êáé ôçí óùóôÞ
      êáôáíïìÞ ôùí ðüñùí ôçò CPU ãéá êÜèå ÷ñÞóôç.</para>

    <para>ÅðåéäÞ ôï óýóôçìá Ý÷åé ôçí éêáíüôçôá íá åîõðçñåôåß ðïëëïýò ÷ñÞóôåò,
      óå ïôéäÞðïôå äéá÷åéñßæåôáé, õðÜñ÷åé ìéá ïìÜäá áäåéþí ðïõ ïñßæåé ðïéïò
      ìðïñåß íá äéáâÜóåé, íá ãñÜøåé êáé íá åêôåëÝóåé áõôïýò ôïõò ðüñïõò.  Ïé
      Üäåéåò áðïèçêåýïíôáé óå ïêôÜäåò äéá÷ùñéóìÝíåò óå ôñßá ìÝñç, Ýíá ãéá ôïí
      éäéïêôÞôç ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ, Ýíá ãéá ôçí ïìÜäá óôçí ïðïßá áíÞêåé ôï áñ÷åßï,
      êáé Ýíá ìÝñïò ãéá üëïõò ôïõò Üëëïõò.  Óôç óõíÝ÷åéá ðáñïõóéÜæåôáé ðßíáêáò
      ìå ôéò áíôéóôïé÷ßåò ìåôáîý ôùí ïìÜäùí áäåéþí êáé ôùí áñéèìçôéêþí ôïõò
      ôéìþí.</para>

    <indexterm><primary>Üäåéåò</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm>
      <primary>Üäåéåò áñ÷åßùí</primary>
    </indexterm>
    <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="3">
	<thead>
	  <row>
	    <entry>ÔéìÞ</entry>
	    <entry>¶äåéá</entry>
	    <entry>ÅìöÜíéóç óå ðåñéå÷üìåíá êáôáëüãùí</entry>
	  </row>
	</thead>

	<tbody>
	  <row>
	    <entry>0</entry>
	    <entry>ÁíÜãíùóç:ü÷é, ÅããñáöÞ:ü÷é, ÅêôÝëåóç:ü÷é</entry>
	    <entry><literal>---</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>1</entry>
	    <entry>ÁíÜãíùóç:ü÷é, ÅããñáöÞ:ü÷é, ÅêôÝëåóç:íáé</entry>
	    <entry><literal>--x</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>2</entry>
	    <entry>ÁíÜãíùóç:ü÷é, ÅããñáöÞ:íáé, ÅêôÝëåóç:ü÷é</entry>
	    <entry><literal>-w-</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>3</entry>
	    <entry>ÁíÜãíùóç:ü÷é, ÅããñáöÞ:íáé, ÅêôÝëåóç:íáé</entry>
	    <entry><literal>-wx</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>4</entry>
	    <entry>ÁíÜãíùóç:íáé, ÅããñáöÞ:ü÷é, ÅêôÝëåóç:ü÷é</entry>
	    <entry><literal>r--</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>5</entry>
	    <entry>ÁíÜãíùóç:íáé, ÅããñáöÞ:ü÷é, ÅêôÝëåóç:íáé</entry>
	    <entry><literal>r-x</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>6</entry>
	    <entry>ÁíÜãíùóç:íáé, ÅããñáöÞ:íáé, ÅêôÝëåóç:ü÷é</entry>
	    <entry><literal>rw-</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>7</entry>
	    <entry>ÁíÜãíùóç:íáé, ÅããñáöÞ:íáé, ÅêôÝëåóç:íáé</entry>
	    <entry><literal>rwx</literal></entry>
	  </row>
	</tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <indexterm>
      <primary><command>ls</command></primary>
    </indexterm>
    <indexterm><primary>directories</primary></indexterm>

    <para>Ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ &man.ls.1; ìå ðñüèåìá
      <option>-l</option> óôçí ãñáììÞ åíôïëþí ãéá íá äåßôå ôá ðåñéå÷üìåíá
      êáôáëüãïõ êáé ðáñáôçñÞóôå ðùò ðåñéÝ÷åôáé ìéá óôÞëç ìå ôéò Üäåéåò ôùí
      áñ÷åßùí ãéá ôïí éäéïêôÞôç, ôçí ïìÜäá, êáé ãéá üëïõò ôïõò Üëëïõò.  Ãéá
      ðáñÜäåéãìá, áí äþóïõìå <command>ls -l</command> óå Ýíá ôõ÷áßï
      êáôÜëïãï:</para>

    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>ls -l</userinput>
total 530
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel     512 Sep  5 12:31 myfile
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel     512 Sep  5 12:31 otherfile
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    7680 Sep  5 12:31 email.txt
...</screen>

    <para>Ç ðñþôç óôÞëç ðïõ ðáßñíïõìå ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>ls -l</command>
      äéá÷ùñßæåôáé ùò åîÞò:</para>

    <screen>-rw-r--r--</screen>

    <para>Ï ðñþôïò ÷áñáêôÞñáò (áðü ôá áñéóôåñÜ) ìáò åíçìåñþíåé áí ðñüêåéôáé
      ãéá Ýíá êáíïíéêü áñ÷åßï, êáôÜëïãï, åéäéêÞ óõóêåõÞ ÷áñáêôÞñùí,
      õðïäï÷Ýá (socket), Þ ïðïéáäÞðïôå Üëëo áñ÷åßï øåõäï-óõóêåõÞò.  Óôçí
      ðåñßðôùóç ìáò, ôï <literal>-</literal> õðïäçëþíåé Ýíá êáíïíéêü áñ÷åßï.
      Ïé áêüëïõèïé ôñåéò ÷áñáêôÞñåò, óôï ðáñÜäåéãìá ìáò,
      <literal>rw-</literal>, ïñßæïõí ôéò Üäåéåò ãéá ôïí éäéïêôÞôç ôïõ
      áñ÷åßïõ.  Ïé ôñåéò åðüìåíïé ÷áñáêôÞñåò, <literal>r--</literal>, ïñßæïõí
      ôéò Üäåéåò ãéá ôçí ïìÜäá óôçí ïðïßá áíÞêåé ôï áñ÷åßï.  Ïé ôåëåõôáßïé
      ôñåéò ÷áñáêôÞñåò, <literal>r--</literal>, ïñßæïõí ôéò Üäåéåò ãéá ôïí
      õðüëïéðï êüóìï.  Ç ðáýëá óçìáßíåé ðùò ç Üäåéá åßíáé áðåíåñãïðïéçìÝíç.
      Óôçí ðåñßðôùóç ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ ìáò, ïé Üäåéåò Ý÷ïõí ïñéóôåß þóôå ï
      éäéïêôÞôçò íá ìðïñåß íá äéáâÜæåé êáé íá ãñÜöåé óôï áñ÷åßï, ç ïìÜäá íá
      ìðïñåß íá äéáâÜóåé ôï áñ÷åßï, êáé ï õðüëïéðïò êüóìïò íá ìðïñåß ìüíï íá
      äéáâÜóåé ôï áñ÷åßï.  Óýìöùíá ìå ôïí ðáñáðÜíù ðßíáêá, ïé Üäåéåò ãéá áõôü
      ôï áñ÷åßï åßíáé <literal>644</literal>, üðïõ êáèÝíá áðü ôá ôñßá øçößá
      ðáñïõóéÜæåé ôï áíôßóôïé÷ï ìÝñïò áäåéþí ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ.</para>

    <para>ÌÝ÷ñé åäþ åßíáé üëá êáëÜ, áëëÜ üìùò ðùò ôï óýóôçìá åëÝã÷åé ôéò
      Üäåéåò óõóêåõþí; Ôï &os; ìåôá÷åéñßæåôáé ôéò ðåñéóóüôåñåò óõóêåõÝò óáí
      Ýíá áñ÷åßï ôï ïðïßï ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá ìðïñïýí íá áíïßîïõí, íá äéáâÜóïõí
      êáé íá ãñÜøïõí óå áõôü óáí íá Þôáí Ýíá ïðïéïäÞðïôå áñ÷åßï.  ÁõôÜ ôá
      åéäéêÜ áñ÷åßá óõóêåõþí áðïèçêåýïíôáé óôïí êáôÜëïãï
      <filename>/dev</filename>.</para>

    <para>Ôï óýóôçìá ìåôá÷åéñßæåôáé åðßóçò êáé ôïõò êáôáëüãïõò ùò áñ÷åßá.
      ¸÷ïõí Üäåéåò áíÜãíùóçò, åããñáöÞò êáé åêôÝëåóçò.  Ôï bit ðïõ ïñßæåé ôçí
      åêôÝëåóç óôïõò êáôáëüãïõò Ý÷åé åëáöñþò äéáöïñåôéêü íüçìá áðü üôé óôá
      áñ÷åßá.  ¼ôáí Ýíáò êáôÜëïãïò Ý÷åé ïñéóôåß åêôåëÝóéìïò, óçìáßíåé ðùò
      åßíáé ðñïóðåëÜóéìïò, äçëáäÞ åßíáé åðéôñåðôü íá ðåñÜóïõìå óå Ýíá
      õðïêáôÜëïãï ôïõ (íá êÜíïõìå <quote>cd</quote>).  Áõôü åðßóçò óçìáßíåé
      ðùò åðéôñÝðåôáé ç ðñüóâáóç óå üëá ôá ãíùóôÜ (áõôü Ý÷åé íá êÜíåé ìå ôéò
      Üäåéåò ôùí ßäéùí ôùí áñ÷åßùí) áñ÷åßá.</para>

    <para>Åéäéêüôåñá, ãéá íá åìöáíßæïíôáé ôá ðåñéå÷üìåíá êáôáëüãïõ ðñÝðåé íá
      Ý÷åé ôåèåß Üäåéá áíÜãíùóçò (read) óôïí êáôÜëïãï, åíþ ãéá íá äéáãñáöåß
      Ýíá áñ÷åßï ôïõ ïðïßïõ ãíùñßæåôå ôï üíïìá åßíáé áíáãêáßï íá Ý÷ïõí äïèåß
      ïé Üäåéåò åããñáöÞò (write) <emphasis>êáé </emphasis> åêôÝëåóçò (execute)
      óôïí êáôÜëïãï ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷åé ôï áñ÷åßï.</para>

    <para>ÕðÜñ÷ïõí êé Üëëá bit áäåéþí, áëëÜ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé êõñßùò óå
      åéäéêÝò ðåñéðôþóåéò üðùò óå setuid binaries êáé sticky directories.  Áí
      èÝëåôå ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôéò Üäåéåò áñ÷åßùí êáé ðùò íá ôéò
      ïñßæåôå, óõìâïõëåõôåßôå ïðùóäÞðïôå ôçí óåëßäá manual
      &man.chmod.1;.</para>

    <sect2>
      <sect2info>
	<authorgroup>
	  <author>
	    <firstname>Tom</firstname>
	    <surname>Rhodes</surname>
	    <contrib>ÓõíåéóöïñÜ ôïõ </contrib>
	  </author>
	</authorgroup>
      </sect2info>

      <title>ÓõìâïëéêÝò ¶äåéåò</title>
      <indexterm><primary>>Üäåéåò</primary><secondary>óõìâïëéêÝò</secondary></indexterm>

      <para>Ïé óõìâïëéêÝò Üäåéåò, ìåñéêÝò öïñÝò áíáöÝñïíôáé êáé ùò óõìâïëéêÝò
	åêöñÜóåéò, ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ÷áñáêôÞñåò óôçí èÝóç ôùí ïêôþ ôéìþí ãéá íá
	èÝôïõí Üäåéåò óå áñ÷åßá Þ êáôáëüãïõò.  Ïé óõìâïëéêÝò åêöñÜóåéò
	÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôçí óýíôáîç (ðïéïò) (åíÝñãåéá) (Üäåéåò), üðïõ åßíáé
	äéáèÝóéìåò ïé áêüëïõèåò ôéìÝò:</para>

      <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
	<tgroup cols="3">
	  <thead>
	    <row>
	      <entry>ÅðéëïãÞ</entry>
	      <entry>ÃñÜììá</entry>
	      <entry>Óçìáßíåé</entry>
	    </row>
	  </thead>

	  <tbody>
	    <row>
	      <entry>(ðïéïò)</entry>
	      <entry>u</entry>
	      <entry>User (×ñÞóôçò)</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry>(ðïéïò)</entry>
	      <entry>g</entry>
	      <entry>Group owner (ÏìÜäá ðïõ áíÞêåé)</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry>(ðïéïò)</entry>
	      <entry>o</entry>
	      <entry>Other (Õðüëïéðïé ÷ñÞóôåò)</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry>(ðïéïò)</entry>
	      <entry>a</entry>
	      <entry>All (üëïé, <quote>world</quote>)</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry>(åíÝñãåéá)</entry>
	      <entry>+</entry>
	      <entry>Ðñüóèåóç áäåéþí</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry>(åíÝñãåéá)</entry>
	      <entry>-</entry>
	      <entry>Áöáßñåóç áäåéþí</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry>(åíÝñãåéá)</entry>
	      <entry>=</entry>
	      <entry>¶ìåóïò ïñéóìüò áäåéþí</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry>(Üäåéåò)</entry>
	      <entry>r</entry>
	      <entry>Read (ÁíÜãíùóç)</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry>(Üäåéåò)</entry>
	      <entry>w</entry>
	      <entry>Write (ÅããñáöÞ)</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry>(Üäåéåò)</entry>
	      <entry>x</entry>
	      <entry>Execute (ÅêôÝëåóç)</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry>(Üäåéåò)</entry>
	      <entry>t</entry>
	      <entry>Sticky bit</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry>(Üäåéåò)</entry>
	      <entry>s</entry>
	      <entry>Set UID Þ GID</entry>
	    </row>
	  </tbody>
	</tgroup>
      </informaltable>

      <para>Ïé ôéìÝò åéóÜãïíôáé ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ &man.chmod.1; üðùò ðñéí, áëëÜ
	ìå ãñÜììáôá.  Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, èá ìðïñïýóáôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí
	áêüëïõèç åíôïëÞ ãéá íá áðáãïñåýóåôå óå Üëëïõò ÷ñÞóôåò ôçí ðñüóâáóç óôï
	<replaceable>FILE</replaceable>:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>chmod go= FILE</userinput></screen>

      <para>Ìðïñïýí íá ãßíïõí ðÜíù áðü ìßá áëëáãÝò óôéò Üäåéåò åíüò áñ÷åßïõ
	ôáõôü÷ñïíá äéá÷ùñßæïíôáò ôéò áëëáãÝò ìå êüììá.  Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ç
	áêüëïõèç åíôïëÞ èá áöáéñÝóåé óôçí ïìÜäá êáé óôïí
	<quote>õðüëïéðï êüóìï</quote> ôçí Üäåéá åããñáöÞò, êáé óôç óõíÝ÷åéá èá
	ðñïóèÝóåé Üäåéá åêôÝëåóçò óå üëïõò.</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>chmod go-w,a+x <replaceable>FILE</replaceable></userinput></screen>

<!--
    <para>Ïé ðåñéóóüôåñïé ÷ñÞóôåò äåí èá ôï ðñïóÝîïõí, áëëÜ èá ðñÝðåé íá
      óçìåéþóïõìå üôé ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí ìÝèïäï ôùí ïêôÜäùí ôï ìüíï ðïõ
      êÜíïõìå åßíáé íá ôßèïíôáé Üäåéåò óå áñ÷åßá.  Äåí ðñïóèÝôïõìå, ïýôå
      óâÞíïõìå.</para>
-->
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <sect2info>
	<authorgroup>
	  <author>
	    <firstname>Tom</firstname>
	    <surname>Rhodes</surname>
	    <contrib>ÓõíåéóöïñÜ ôïõ </contrib>
	  </author>
	</authorgroup>
      </sect2info>

      <title>&os; File Flags</title>

      <para>ÐÝñá áðü ôéò Üäåéåò áñ÷åßùí ðïõ óõæçôÞèçêáí ðñéí áðü ëßãï, ôï &os;
	õðïóôçñßæåé ôçí ÷ñÞóç ôùí <quote>file flags.</quote>  ÁõôÜ ôá flags
	ðñïóèÝôïõí Ýíá åðéðñüóèåôï åðßðåäï áóöáëåßáò êáé åëÝã÷ïõ óå áñ÷åßá,
	áëëÜ ü÷é óå êáôáëüãïõò.</para>

      <para>ÁõôÜ ôá flags ðñïóèÝôïõí Ýíá ðñüóèåôï åðßðåäï åëÝã÷ïõ óå áñ÷åßá,
	äéáóöáëßæïíôáò ìáò ðùò óå êÜðïéåò ðåñéðôþóåéò áêüìç êé ï
	<username>root</username> íá ìçí ìðïñåß íá äéáãñÜøåé Þ íá ìåôáôñÝøåé
	áñ÷åßá.</para>

      <para>Ç ìåôáôñïðÞ ôùí file flags ãßíåôáé ìå ôçí &man.chflags.1;,
	÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ìéá áðëÞ äéáóýíäåóç.  Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ãéá íá
	åíåñãïðïéÞóïõìå ôï flag ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò ìç äéáãñáöÞò áñ÷åßïõ óôï
	áñ÷åßï <filename>file1</filename>, äßíïõìå ôçí áêüëïõèç åíôïëÞ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>chflags sunlink <filename>file1</filename></userinput></screen>

      <para>Ãéá íá áðåíåñãïðïéÞóïõìå ôï flag ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò ìç äéáãñáöÞò
	áñ÷åßïõ, áðëÜ äßíïõìå ôçí ðñïçãïýìåíç åíôïëÞ ìå <quote>no</quote>
	ìðñïóôÜ áðü ôï <option>sunlink</option>.  ÐáñáôçñÞóôå:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>chflags nosunlink <filename>file1</filename></userinput></screen>

      <para>Ãéá íá äåßôå ôá flags åíüò áñ÷åßïõ, ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí åíôïëÞ
	&man.ls.1; ìå ôï ðñüèåìá <option>-lo</option>:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ls -lo <filename>file1</filename></userinput></screen>

      <para>Óôçí Ýîïäï èá ðñÝðåé íá äåßôå êÜôé ðáñüìïéï ìå ôï áêüëïõèï:</para>

      <programlisting>-rw-r--r--  1 trhodes  trhodes  sunlnk 0 Mar  1 05:54 file1</programlisting>

      <para>ÌåñéêÜ flags ìðïñïýí íá ðñïóôåèïýí Þ íá áöáéñåèïýí ìüíï áðü ôïí
	÷ñÞóôç <username>root</username>.  Óôéò õðüëïéðåò ðåñéðôþóåéò, ï
	éäéïêôÞôçò ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ ìðïñåß íá èÝóåé áõôÜ ôá flags.  Ðñïôåßíïõìå
	óôïõò äéá÷åéñéóôÝò íá äéáâÜóïõí ôéò óåëßäåò âïçèåßáò
	&man.chflags.1; êáé &man.chflags.2; ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò
	ðëçñïöïñßåò.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <sect2info>
	<authorgroup>
	  <author>
	    <firstname>Tom</firstname>
	    <surname>Rhodes</surname>
	    <contrib>ÓõíåéóöïñÜ áðü ôïí </contrib>
	  </author>
	</authorgroup>
      </sect2info>

      <title>Ïé ¶äåéåò setuid, setgid êáé sticky</title>

      <para>Åêôüò áðü ôéò Üäåéåò ðïõ Ý÷ïõìå óõæçôÞóåé Þäç, õðÜñ÷ïõí ôñåéò
	áêüìá ôéò ïðïßåò êÜèå äéá÷åéñéóôÞò ðñÝðåé íá ãíùñßæåé.  Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá
	ôéò Üäåéåò <literal>setuid</literal>, <literal>setgid</literal> êáé
	<literal>sticky</literal>.</para>

      <para>Ïé ðáñáðÜíù åßíáé óçìáíôéêÝò ãéá êÜðïéåò ëåéôïõñãßåò óôï &unix;,
	êáèþò ðáñÝ÷ïõí ëåéôïõñãßåò ðïõ äåí åßíáé öõóéïëïãéêÜ äéáèÝóéìåò óôïõò
	êïéíïýò ÷ñÞóôåò.  Ãéá íá ôéò êáôáíïÞóåôå, èá ðñÝðåé ðñþôá íá
	êáôáëÜâåôå ôçí äéáöïñÜ ìåôáîý ôïõ ðñáãìáôéêïý áíáãíùñéóôéêïý ÷ñÞóôç
	(real user ID) êáé ôïõ åíåñãïý áíáãíùñéóôéêïý ÷ñÞóôç (effective user
	ID).</para>

      <para>Ôï ðñáãìáôéêü ID ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç, åßíáé ôï <acronym>UID</acronym>
	óôï ïðïßï áíÞêåé, Þ ìå ôï ïðïßï îåêéíÜ, ìéá äéåñãáóßá.  Ôï åíåñãü
	<acronym>UID</acronym>, åßíáé ôï áíáãíùñéóôéêü ÷ñÞóôç ôï ïðïßï
	åêôåëåß ôçí äéåñãáóßá.  Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ôï âïçèçôéêü ðñüãñáììá
	&man.passwd.1; åêôåëåßôáé ìå ôï ðñáãìáôéêü ID ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç ðïõ áëëÜæåé
	ôïí êùäéêü ôïõ.  Ùóôüóï, ãéá íá ìðïñåß íá äéá÷åéñéóôåß ôçí âÜóç
	äåäïìÝíùí ìå ôïõò êùäéêïýò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò, ôï ðñüãñáììá áõôü
	÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ùò åíåñãü ID áõôü ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç <username>root</username>.
	Ìå áõôü ôïí ôñüðï, åðéôñÝðåôáé óôïõò áðëïýò ÷ñÞóôåò íá áëëÜæïõí ôïõò
	êùäéêïýò ôïõò ÷ùñßò íá ðáßñíïõí ôï ìÞíõìá ëÜèïõò
	<errorname>Permission Denied</errorname> (áðáãüñåõóç
	ðñüóâáóçò).</para>

      <note>
	<para>Ç åðéëïãÞ <literal>nosuid</literal> óôçí åíôïëÞ &man.mount.8;
	  èá ðñïêáëÝóåé áðïôõ÷ßá åêôÝëåóçò áõôþí ôùí åíôïëþí, êáé ìÜëéóôá
	  ÷ùñßò êÜðïéï ìÞíõìá ëÜèïõò.  Ìå ëßãá ëüãéá, ç åêôÝëåóç ôïõò èá
	  áðïôý÷åé, êáé ï ÷ñÞóôçò äåí èá åíçìåñùèåß ãéá áõôü.  Ç åðéëïãÞ
	  áõôÞ äåí åßíáé åðßóçò áðüëõôá áóöáëÞò, êáèþò (óýìöùíá ìå ôç óåëßäá
	  manual &man.mount.8;) õðÜñ÷åé ôñüðïò íá ðáñáêáìöèåß ìÝóù êÜðïéïõ
	  åíäéÜìåóïõ <literal>nosuid</literal> ðñïãñÜììáôïò (wrapper).</para>
      </note>

      <para>Ìðïñåßôå íá êáèïñßóåôå ôçí Üäåéá setuid, ôïðïèåôþíôáò ôïí áñéèìü
	ôÝóóåñá (4) ìðñïóôÜ áðü ôï ãåíéêü óåô ôùí áäåéþí, üðùò öáßíåôáé
	óôï áêüëïõèï ðáñÜäåéãìá:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>chmod 4755 suidexample.sh</userinput></screen>

      <para>Ïé Üäåéåò óôï áñ÷åßï
	<filename><replaceable>suidexample.sh</replaceable></filename> èá
	öáßíïíôáé ôþñá üðùò ðáñáêÜôù:</para>

      <programlisting>-rwsr-xr-x   1 trhodes  trhodes    63 Aug 29 06:36 suidexample.sh</programlisting>

      <para>ÐáñáôçñÞóôå óôï ðáñÜäåéãìá, üôé ôï <literal>s</literal> åßíáé
	ðëÝïí ìÝëïò ôïõ óõíüëïõ áäåéþí ðïõ Ý÷ïõí êáèïñéóôåß ãéá ôïí éäéïêôÞôç
	ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ, êáé Ý÷åé áíôéêáôáóôÞóåé ôçí áíôßóôïé÷ç Üäåéá åêôÝëåóçò.
	Ìå ôïí ôñüðï áõôü ëåéôïõñãïýí ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ ÷ñåéÜæïíôáé áõîçìÝíá
	äéêáéþìáôá, üðùò ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá ç åíôïëÞ
	<command>passwd</command>.</para>

      <para>Ãéá íá ðáñáôçñÞóåôå áõôÞ ôç ëåéôïõñãßá ôçí þñá ðïõ óõìâáßíåé,
	áíïßîôå äýï ôåñìáôéêÜ.  Óôï ðñþôï, îåêéíÞóôå ôçí åíôïëÞ
	<command>passwd</command> ùò êáíïíéêüò ÷ñÞóôçò.  Êáèþò ç åíôïëÞ
	åêôåëåßôáé êáé ðåñéìÝíåé ãéá ôçí åéóáãùãÞ ôïõ íÝïõ êùäéêïý, åëÝãîôå
	ôïí ðßíáêá äéåñãáóéþí êáé áíáæçôÞóôå ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç ðïõ
	åêôåëåß ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>passwd</command>.</para>

      <para>Óôï ôåñìáôéêü Á:</para>

      <screen>Changing local password for trhodes
Old Password:</screen>

      <para>Óôï ôåñìáôéêü Â:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ps aux | grep passwd</userinput></screen>

      <screen>trhodes  5232  0.0  0.2  3420  1608   0  R+    2:10AM   0:00.00 grep passwd
root     5211  0.0  0.2  3620  1724   2  I+    2:09AM   0:00.01 passwd</screen>

      <para>¼ðùò åßðáìå ðáñáðÜíù, ç åíôïëÞ <command>passwd</command>
	åêôåëåßôáé áðü Ýíá êáíïíéêü ÷ñÞóôç, áëëÜ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï åíåñãü
	<acronym>UID</acronym> ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç <username>root</username>.</para>

      <para>Ç Üäåéá <literal>setgid</literal> åêôåëåß ôçí ßäéá ëåéôïõñãßá üðùò
	êáé ç <literal>setuid</literal>, áëëÜ åðéäñÜ óôéò Üäåéåò ôçò ïìÜäáò
	(group).  ¼ôáí åêôåëÝóåôå ìéá ôÝôïéá åöáñìïãÞ Þ âïçèçôéêü ðñüãñáììá,
	èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôéò Üäåéåò ôçò ïìÜäáò óôçí ïðïßá áíÞêåé ôï áñ÷åßï,
	êáé ü÷é ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç ðïõ ôçí îåêßíçóå.</para>

      <para>Ãéá íá èÝóåôå ôçí Üäåéá <literal>setgid</literal> óå Ýíá áñ÷åßï,
	èá ðñÝðåé íá ôïðïèåôÞóåôå ôïí áñéèìü äýï (2) ìðñïóôÜ áðü ôï óýíïëï
	áäåéþí, óôçí åíôïëÞ <command>chmod</command>.  Äåßôå ôï ðáñáêÜôù
	ðáñÜäåéãìá:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>chmod 2755 sgidexample.sh</userinput></screen>

      <para>¼ðùò êáé ðñéí, èá ðáñáôçñÞóåôå ôç íÝá Üäåéá <literal>s</literal>,
	áëëÜ áõôÞ ôç öïñÜ óôï óåô ôùí áäåéþí ôçò ïìÜäáò:</para>

      <screen>-rwxr-sr-x   1 trhodes  trhodes    44 Aug 31 01:49 sgidexample.sh</screen>

      <note>
	<para>Óôá ðáñáäåßãìáôá ìáò, áí êáé ôï áñ÷åßï åßíáé Ýíá åêôåëÝóéìï
	  script ãéá êÝëõöïò, äåí èá åêôåëåóôåß ìå äéáöïñåôéêü åíåñãü ID
	  (<acronym>EUID</acronym>).  Áõôü óõìâáßíåé ãéáôß óå áõôÜ ôá scripts
	  äåí åðéôñÝðåôáé ç ðñüóâáóç óôéò êëÞóåéò &man.setuid.2; ôïõ
	  óõóôÞìáôïò.</para>
      </note>

      <para>Ïé äýï ðñþôåò åéäéêÝò Üäåéåò ðïõ áíáöÝñáìå,
	ïé <literal>setuid</literal> êáé <literal>setgid</literal>,
	åíäå÷ïìÝíùò íá ìåéþóïõí ôçí áóöÜëåéá ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò, áöïý åðéôñÝðïõí
	óå ðñïãñÜììáôá íá åêôåëïýíôáé ìå áõîçìÝíá äéêáéþìáôá.  ÕðÜñ÷åé ùóôüóï
	ìéá ôñßôç åéäéêÞ Üäåéá, ç ïðïßá ìðïñåß íá áõîÞóåé ôçí áóöÜëåéá ôïõ
	óõóôÞìáôïò: ôï <literal>sticky bit</literal>.</para>

      <para>¼ôáí èÝóåôå ôï <literal>sticky bit</literal> óå Ýíá êáôÜëïãï,
	åðéôñÝðåôáé ç äéáãñáöÞ åíüò áñ÷åßïõ ìüíï áðü ôïí éäéïêôÞôç ôïõ.
	Ç Üäåéá áõôÞ åßíáé ÷ñÞóéìç ãéá íá áðïöåýãåôáé ç äéáãñáöÞ åíüò áñ÷åßïõ
	áðü êïéíü÷ñçóôïõò êáôáëüãïõò, üðùò ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá ï
	<filename class="directory">/tmp</filename>, áðü êÜðïéï ÷ñÞóôç ðïõ
	äåí åßíáé ï éäéïêôÞôçò ôïõ.  Ãéá íá èÝóåôå áõôÞ ôçí Üäåéá, ôïðïèåôÞóôå
	ôïí áñéèìü Ýíá (1) óôçí áñ÷Þ ôïõ óåô áäåéþí:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>chmod 1777 /tmp</userinput></screen>

      <para>Ìðïñåßôå ôþñá íá äåßôå ôï áðïôÝëåóìá, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí åíôïëÞ
	<command>ls</command>:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ls -al / | grep tmp</userinput></screen>

      <screen>drwxrwxrwt  10 root  wheel         512 Aug 31 01:49 tmp</screen>

      <para>Ç Üäåéá <literal>sticky bit</literal> öáßíåôáé ùò
	<literal>t</literal> óôï ôÝëïò ôïõ óõíüëïõ ôùí áäåéþí.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="dirstructure">
    <title>ÄïìÞ Êáôáëüãïõ</title>
    <indexterm><primary>éåñáñ÷ßá äïìÞò</primary></indexterm>

    <para>Ç éåñáñ÷éêÞ äïìÞ ôïõ &os; åßíáé Ýíá âáóéêü óôïé÷åßï ðïõ ðñÝðåé íá
      ãíùñßæåôå áí èÝëåôå íá Ý÷åôå ìéá ïëïêëçñùìÝíç åéêüíá ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò.  Ç
      ðéï óçìáíôéêÞ Ýííïéá åßíáé áõôÞ ôïõ ñéæéêïý (root) êáôáëüãïõ,
      <quote>/</quote>.  Áõôüò ï êáôÜëïãïò ðñïóáñôÜôáé (mount) ðñþôïò êáôÜ
      ôçí åêêßíçóç êáé ðåñéÝ÷åé ôï âáóéêü óýóôçìá éêáíü íá åôïéìÜóåé ôï Ë.Ó.
      ãéá ëåéôïõñãßá multi-user.  Ï root êáôÜëïãïò ðåñéÝ÷åé åðßóçò óçìåßá
      ðñïóÜñôçóçò ãéá Üëëá óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí ðïõ ðñïóáñôþíôáé êáôÜ ôçí
      ìåôÜâáóç óå êáôÜóôáóç ëåéôïõñãßáò multi-user.</para>

    <para>Óçìåßï ðñïóÜñôçóçò (mount point) åßíáé Ýíáò êáôÜëïãïò óôïí ïðïßï
      ìðïñïýí íá áíáðôõ÷èïýí ðñüóèåôá óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí óå Ýíá ãïíéêü óýóôçìá
      áñ÷åßùí (óõíÞèùò óôï root óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí).  Áõôü ðåñéãñÜöåôáé
      áíáëõôéêÜ óôçí åíüôçôá <xref linkend="disk-organization"/>.  Óôá
      óôÜíôáñíô óçìåßá ðñïóÜñôçóçò ðåñéëáìâÜíïíôáé:
      ïé <filename>/usr</filename>, <filename>/var</filename>,
      <filename>/tmp</filename>, <filename>/mnt</filename>, êáé
      <filename>/cdrom</filename>.  Áõôïß ïé
      êáôÜëïãïé óõíÞèùò åßíáé êáôá÷ùñçìÝíïé óôï áñ÷åßï
      <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>.  Ôï <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>
      åßíáé Ýíáò ðßíáêáò áíôéóôïé÷ßáò äéáöüñùí óõóôçìÜôùí áñ÷åßùí êáé óçìåßùí
      ðñïóÜñôçóçò ãéá áíáöïñÜ óôï óýóôçìá.  Ôá ðåñéóóüôåñá óõóôÞìáôá
      ðïõ áíáöÝñïíôáé óôï <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> ðñïóáñôþíôáé
      áõôüìáôá êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò áðü ôï script &man.rc.8; åêôüò
      áí ðåñéÝ÷åôáé ç åðéëïãÞ <option>noauto</option>.  ËåðôïìÝñåéåò ìðïñåßôå
      íá âñåßôå óôï <xref linkend="disks-fstab"/>.</para>

    <para>Ìéá ðëÞñç ðåñéãñáöÞ ôçò éåñáñ÷ßáò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí åßíáé
      äéáèÝóéìç óôï &man.hier.7;.  Áêïëïõèåß ìéá óýíôïìç áíáóêüðçóç ìå ôïõò
      ðéï óõíÞèåéò êáôáëüãïõò.</para>

    <para>
      <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
	<tgroup cols="2">
	  <thead>
	    <row>
	      <entry>ÊáôÜëïãïò</entry>
	      <entry>ÐåñéãñáöÞ</entry>
	    </row>
	  </thead>

	  <tbody valign="top">
	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/</filename></entry>
	      <entry> Ñéæéêüò (root) êáôÜëïãïò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/bin/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>×ñÞóéìá åñãáëåßá ãéá ðåñéâÜëëïí åíüò Þ ðïëëáðëþí
		÷ñçóôþí.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/boot/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ÐñïãñÜììáôá êáé áñ÷åßá ñõèìßóåùí ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé
		êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/boot/defaults/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ÐñïêáèïñéóìÝíá áñ÷åßá ñõèìßóåùí åêêßíçóçò, äåßôå
		&man.loader.conf.5;.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/dev/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>Áñ÷åßá óõóêåõþí, äåßôå &man.intro.4;.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/etc/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>Áñ÷åßá ñõèìßóåùí óõóôÞìáôïò êáé óåíÜñéá åêêßíçóçò.
		</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/etc/defaults/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ÐñïêáèïñéóìÝíá áñ÷åßá ñõèìßóåùí óõóôÞìáôïò, äåßôå ôçí
		&man.rc.8;.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/etc/mail/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>Áñ÷åßá ñõèìßóåùí ãéá ðñÜêôïñåò ìåôáöïñÜò çëåêôñ.
		ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ (ÌÔÁ) üðùò ôï &man.sendmail.8;.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/etc/namedb/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>Áñ÷åßá ñõèìßóåùí <command>named</command>, äåßôå
		&man.named.8;.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/etc/periodic/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ÓåíÜñéá ëåéôïõñãéþí ðïõ ôñÝ÷ïõí óå çìåñÞóéá, åâäïìáäéáßá,
		êáé ìçíéáßá âÜóç, &man.cron.8;; äåßôå
		&man.periodic.8;.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/etc/ppp/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>Áñ÷åßá ñõèìßóåùí <command>ppp</command>, äåßôå ôéò
		&man.ppp.8;.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/mnt/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>Êåíüò êáôÜëïãïò ðïõ óõíÞèùò ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü ôïõò
		äéá÷åéñéóôÝò óõóôçìÜôùí ùò ðñïóùñéíü óçìåßï
		ðñïóÜñôçóçò.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/proc/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>Óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí äéåñãáóéþí, äåßôå ôéò &man.procfs.5;,
		&man.mount.procfs.8;.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/rescue/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ÐñïãñÜììáôá ìå óôáôéêÞ óýíäåóç (static link) ãéá áóöáëÞ
		åðáíáöïñÜ óõóôÞìáôïò, äåßôå ôçí &man.rescue.8;.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/root/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>Ðñïóùðéêüò êáôÜëïãïò ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç
		<username>root</username>.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/sbin/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ÐñïãñÜììáôá óõóôÞìáôïò êáé ÷ñÞóéìá åñãáëåßá äéá÷åßñéóçò
		ãéá ðåñéâÜëëïí åíüò Þ ðïëëáðëþí ÷ñçóôþí.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/tmp/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ÐñïóùñéíÜ áñ÷åßá.  Ôá ðåñéå÷üìåíá ôïõ
		<filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> óõíÞèùò äåí
		äéáôçñïýíôáé ìåôÜ áðü åðáíåêêßíçóç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò.  Óôï
		<filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> óõíÞèùò
		ðñïóáñôÜôáé Ýíá óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí ìíÞìçò.  Áõôü ìðïñåß íá
		åðéôåõ÷èåß áõôïìÜôùò ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôéò ó÷åôéêÝò ìåôáâëçôÝò
		tmpmfs ôïõ &man.rc.conf.5; (Þ ìå ìéá êáôá÷þñçóç óôïí
		<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, äåßôå
		ôçí &man.mdmfs.8;).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ÐåñéÝ÷ïíôáé ó÷åäüí üëá ôá âïçèçôéêÜ ðñïãñÜììáôá êáé ïé
		åöáñìïãÝò ÷ñçóôþí.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/bin/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>Êïéíü÷ñçóôá âïçèçôéêÜ ðñïãñÜììáôá, åñãáëåßá
		ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý, êáé åöáñìïãÝò.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/include/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ÓôÜíôáñ áñ÷åßá óõìðåñßëçøçò C (include files).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/lib/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>Áñ÷åßá âéâëéïèçêþí.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/libdata/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ÄéÜöïñá áñ÷åßá äåäïìÝíùí âïçèçôéêþí ðñïãñáììÜôùí.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/libexec/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>Äáßìïíåò óõóôÞìáôïò &amp; âïçèçôéêÜ ðñïãñÜììáôá
		óõóôÞìáôïò (åêôåëïýíôáé áðü Üëëá ðñïãñÜììáôá).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/local/</filename></entry>

	      <entry>ÔïðéêÜ åêôåëÝóéìá, âéâëéïèÞêåò, êôë.  Åðßóçò åßíáé êáé ï
		ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíïò ðñïïñéóìüò ãéá ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ åãêáèßóôáíôáé
		áðü ôá ports ôïõ &os;.  ÌÝóá óôïí
		<filename>/usr/local</filename>, ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãåíéêÜ ç
		äéÜôáîç ôïõ <filename>/usr</filename> ðïõ ðåñéãñÜöåôáé óôï
		&man.hier.7;.  Åîáéñïýíôáé ïé êáôÜëïãïé óåëßäùí âïçèåßáò
		man, ðïõ âñßóêåôáé Üìåóá êÜôù áðü ôïí
		<filename>/usr/local</filename> êáé ü÷é êÜôù áðü ôïí
		<filename>/usr/local/share</filename>, êáèþò êáé ç ôåêìçñßùóç
		êÜèå port ðïõ âñßóêåôáé óôïí
		<filename>share/doc/<replaceable>port</replaceable>
		</filename>.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/obj/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ÄÝíôñï ðñïïñéóìïý ðïõ åîáñôÜôáé áðü ôçí áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ
		ôïõ ìç÷áíÞìáôïò êáé ðáñÜãåôáé ìåôáãëùôôßæïíôáò ôï äÝíôñï
		<filename>/usr/src</filename>.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/ports/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>Ç ÓõëëïãÞ Ports ôïõ &os; (ðñïáéñåôéêü).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/sbin/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>Äáßìïíåò óõóôÞìáôïò &amp; âïçèçôéêÜ ðñïãñÜììáôá
		óõóôÞìáôïò (åêôåëïýíôáé áðü ÷ñÞóôåò).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/share/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>Áñ÷åßá áíåîÜñôçôá áðü ôçí Áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ ôïõ
		ìç÷áíÞìáôïò.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/src/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>Áñ÷åßá BSD êáé/Þ ôïðéêÜ áñ÷åßá ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/X11R6/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ÅêôåëÝóéìá, âéâëéïèÞêåò, êôë. ãéá ôçí äéáíïìÞ X11R6
		(ðñïáéñåôéêü).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/var/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>Áñ÷åßá áíáöïñÜò (log) äéáöüñùí ÷ñÞóåùí, temporary,
		transient, êáé spool.  ÌåñéêÝò öïñÝò ðñïóáñôÜôáé óôïí
		<filename class="directory">/var</filename> Ýíá óýóôçìá
		áñ÷åßùí ìíÞìçò.  Áõôü ìðïñåß íá åðéôåõ÷èåß áõôüìáôá
		÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôéò ó÷åôéêÝò ìåôáâëçôÝò varmfs ôïõ
		&man.rc.conf.5; (Þ ìå ìßá êáôá÷þñçóç óôï
		<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, äåßôå ôéò
		&man.mdmfs.8;).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/var/log/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ÄéÜöïñá áñ÷åßá óõìâÜíôùí ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/var/mail/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>Áñ÷åßá ãñáììáôïêéâùôßïõ (mailbox) ÷ñçóôþí.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/var/spool/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ÄéÜöïñïé êáôÜëïãïé ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò (spool) åêôõðùôþí êáé
		çëåêôñïíéêÞò áëëçëïãñáößáò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/var/tmp/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ÐñïóùñéíÜ (temporary) áñ÷åßá.  Ôá áñ÷åßá áõôÜ óõíÞèùò
		äéáôçñïýíôáé êáôÜ ôçí äéÜñêåéá åðáíåêêßíçóçò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò,
		åêôüò áí ï <filename class="directory">/var</filename> åßíáé
		Ýíá óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí ìíÞìçò.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/var/yp/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>Áðåéêïíßóåéò (maps) NIS.</entry>
	    </row>
	  </tbody>
	</tgroup>
      </informaltable></para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="disk-organization">
    <title>ÏñãÜíùóç Äßóêïõ</title>

    <para>Ç ìéêñüôåñç ìïíÜäá ïñãÜíùóçò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï &os; ãéá íá âñåé
      áñ÷åßá åßíáé ôï üíïìá áñ÷åßïõ.  Ôá ïíüìáôá áñ÷åßùí åßíáé åõáßóèçôá óôá
      êåöáëáßá- ìéêñÜ, ôï ïðïßï óçìáßíåé üôé ôï
      <filename>readme.txt</filename> êáé ôï <filename>README.TXT</filename>
      åßíáé äýï äéáöïñåôéêÜ áñ÷åßá.  Ôï &os; äåí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôçí åðÝêôáóç
      <filename>.txt</filename> áñ÷åßïõ ãéá íá ðñïóäéïñßóåé áí Ýíá áñ÷åßï
      åßíáé ðñüãñáììá, Þ Ýããñáöï, Þ Üëëïò ôýðïò äåäïìÝíùí.</para>

    <para>Ôá áñ÷åßá áðïèçêåýïíôáé óå êáôáëüãïõò.  ¸íáò êáôÜëïãïò ìðïñåß íá
      ìçí ðåñéÝ÷åé áñ÷åßá, Þ ìðïñåß íá ðåñéÝ÷åé åêáôïíôÜäåò áñ÷åßá.  ¸íáò
      êáôÜëïãïò ìðïñåß åðßóçò íá ðåñéÝ÷åé Üëëïõò êáôáëüãïõò, åðéôñÝðïíôáò
      óáò íá êáôáóêåõÜóåôå ìéá éåñáñ÷éêÞ äïìÞ êáôáëüãùí üðïõ êáôÜëïãïé
      åóùêëåßïõí Üëëïõò êáôáëüãïõò.  Áõôü ìáò åðéôñÝðåé íá ïñãáíþóïõìå ôá
      äåäïìÝíá ìáò ðïëý åõêïëüôåñá.</para>

    <para>Ç áíáöïñÜ óå áñ÷åßá êáé êáôáëüãïõò ãßíåôáé äßíïíôáò ôï üíïìá
      áñ÷åßïõ Þ ôï üíïìá êáôáëüãïõ, áêïëïõèåß ìßá áñéóôåñüóôñïöç êÜèåôïò,
      <literal>/</literal> êáé Ýðåéôá ïðïéïäÞðïôå Üëëï êáôÜëëçëï üíïìá
      êáôáëüãïõ.  ÅÜí Ý÷åôå ôïí êáôÜëïãï <filename>foo</filename>, ï ïðïßïò
      ðåñéÝ÷åé ôïí êáôÜëïãï <filename>bar</filename>, ï ïðïßïò ðåñéÝ÷åé ôï
      áñ÷åßï <filename>readme.txt</filename>, ôüôå ôï ïëïêëçñùìÝíï üíïìá,
      <firstterm>äéáäñïìÞ (path)</firstterm> óôï áñ÷åßï åßíáé
      <filename>foo/bar/readme.txt</filename>.</para>

    <para>ÊáôÜëïãïé êáé áñ÷åßá áðïèçêåýïíôáé óå Ýíá óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí.  ÊÜèå
      óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí ðåñéÝ÷åé Ýíá êáôÜëïãï óôï áíþôåñï åðßðåäï, ðïõ
      ïíïìÜæåôáé <firstterm>root (ñéæéêüò) êáôÜëïãïò</firstterm> ãéá ôï
      óõãêåêñéìÝíï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí.  Ï root êáôÜëïãïò ìðïñåß íá ðåñéÝ÷åé
      Üëëïõò êáôáëüãïõò.</para>

    <para>Áõôü ðéèáíþò åßíáé ðáñüìïéï ìå ïðïéïäÞðïôå Üëëï ëåéôïõñãéêü
      óýóôçìá Ý÷åôå ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé.  Ùóôüóï õðÜñ÷ïõí ìåñéêÝò äéáöïñÝò.  Ãéá
      ðáñÜäåéãìá, ôï &ms-dos; ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß <literal>\</literal> ãéá íá
      äéá÷ùñßæåé ïíüìáôá êáôáëüãùí êáé áñ÷åßùí, åíþ ôï &macos; ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß
      <literal>:</literal>.</para>

    <para>Ôï &os; äåí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ãñÜììáôá ïäçãþí Þ ïíüìáôá ïäçãþí óôç
      äéáäñïìÞ.  ÅðïìÝíùò äåí èá ðñÝðåé íá ãñÜöåôå
      <filename>c:/foo/bar/readme.txt</filename> óôï &os;.</para>

    <para>ÁíôéèÝôùò, Ýíá óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí êáèïñßæåôáé ùò root óýóôçìá
      áñ÷åßùí.  Ï ñéæéêüò êáôÜëïãïò ôïõ root óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí
      áíáöÝñåôáé ùò <literal>/</literal>.  ÊÜèå Üëëï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßïõ
      <firstterm>ðñïóáñôÜôáé</firstterm> êÜôù áðü ôï root óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí
      Äåí Ý÷åé óçìáóßá ðüóïõò äßóêïõò Ý÷åôå óôï &os; óýóôçìá óáò,
      êÜèå êáôÜëïãïò åìöáíßæåôáé íá åßíáé ìÝñïò ôïõ ßäéïõ äßóêïõ.</para>

    <para>Áò õðïèÝóïõìå ðùò Ý÷åôå ôñßá óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí, ôá ïíïìÜæïõìå
      <literal>A</literal>, <literal>B</literal> êáé <literal>C</literal>.
      ÊÜèå óýóôçìá áñ÷åßïõ Ý÷åé Ýíáí ñéæéêü êáôÜëïãï, ï ïðïßïò ðåñéÝ÷åé äýï
      Üëëïõò êáôáëüãïõò, ðïõ ôïõò ïíïìÜæïõìå <literal>A1</literal>,
      <literal>A2</literal> (êáé ðáñïìïßùò <literal>B1</literal>,
      <literal>B2</literal> êáé <literal>C1</literal>,
      <literal>C2</literal>).</para>

    <para>Áò èåùñÞóïõìå üôé ôï <literal>A</literal> åßíáé ôï root óýóôçìá
      áñ÷åßùí.  Áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>ls</command> ãéá íá
      äåßôå ôá ðåñéå÷üìåíá áõôïý ôïõ êáôáëüãïõ, èá äåßôå äýï õðïêáôáëüãïõò,
      <literal>A1</literal> êáé <literal>A2</literal>.  Ôï äÝíôñï ôïõ
      êáôáëüãïõ ìïéÜæåé óáí áõôü:</para>

    <mediaobject>
      <imageobject>
	<imagedata fileref="install/example-dir1" format="EPS" />
      </imageobject>

      <textobject>
	<literallayout class="monospaced"> /
 |
 +--- A1
 |
 `--- A2</literallayout>
      </textobject>
    </mediaobject>

    <para>ÊÜèå óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí ðñÝðåé íá ðñïóáñôÜôáé óå Ýíá êáôÜëïãï
      äéáöïñåôéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí.  Áò õðïèÝóïõìå ðùò èÝëåôå íá
      ðñïóáñôÞóåôå ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßïõ <literal>B</literal> óôïí
      <literal>êáôÜëïãï A1</literal>.  Ï ñéæéêüò êáôÜëïãïò ôïõ
      <literal>B</literal> áíôéêáèéóôÜ ôïí <literal>A1</literal>, êáé ïé
      êáôÜëïãïé ôïõ <literal>B</literal> åìöáíßæïíôáé áíáëüãùò:</para>

    <mediaobject>
      <imageobject>
	<imagedata fileref="install/example-dir2" format="EPS"/>
      </imageobject>

      <textobject>
	<literallayout class="monospaced"> /
 |
 +--- A1
 |     |
 |     +--- B1
 |     |
 |     `--- B2
 |
 `--- A2</literallayout>
      </textobject>
    </mediaobject>

    <para>¼ëá ôá áñ÷åßá ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷ïíôáé óôïõò êáôáëüãïõò
      <literal>B1</literal> êáé <literal>B2</literal> ôá âñßóêïõìå ìå ôç
      äéáäñïìÞ <filename>/A1/B1</filename> Þ ìå <filename>/A1/B2</filename>
      áíôßóôïé÷á.  ¼ëá ôá áñ÷åßá ðïõ âñßóêïíôáí óôï <filename>/A1</filename>
      åßíáé ðñïóùñéíÜ êñõììÝíá.  Èá åðáíåìöáíéóôïýí üôáí ï
      <literal>B</literal> èá <firstterm>áðïðñïóáñôçèåß</firstterm> áðü ôïí
      A.</para>

    <para>Áí ï <literal>B</literal> åß÷å ðñïóáñôçèåß óôïí
      <literal>A2</literal> ôüôå ôï äéÜãñáììá èá Ýäåé÷íå êÜðùò Ýôóé:</para>

    <mediaobject>
      <imageobject>
	<imagedata fileref="install/example-dir3" format="EPS" />
      </imageobject>

      <textobject>
	<literallayout class="monospaced"> /
 |
 +--- A1
 |
 `--- A2
       |
       +--- B1
       |
       `--- B2</literallayout>
      </textobject>
    </mediaobject>

    <para>êáé ïé äéáäñïìÝò èá Þôáí <filename>/A2/B1</filename> êáé
      <filename>/A2/B2</filename> áíôßóôïé÷á.</para>

    <para>Ôá óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí ìðïñïýí íá ðñïóáñôþíôáé óôçí êïñõöÞ Üëëùí
      óõóôçìÜôùí.  Óõíå÷ßæïíôáò ôï ôåëåõôáßï ðáñÜäåéãìá, ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßïõ
      <literal>C</literal> èá ìðïñïýóå íá ðñïóáñôçèåß óôçí êïñõöÞ ôïõ
      êáôáëüãïõ <literal>B1</literal> óôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßïõ
      <literal>B</literal>, ïäçãþíôáò óå áõôÞí ôçí êáôáíïìÞ:</para>

    <mediaobject>
      <imageobject>
	<imagedata fileref="install/example-dir4" format="EPS"/>
      </imageobject>

      <textobject>
	<literallayout class="monospaced"> /
 |
 +--- A1
 |
 `--- A2
       |
       +--- B1
       |     |
       |     +--- C1
       |     |
       |     `--- C2
       |
       `--- B2</literallayout>
      </textobject>
    </mediaobject>

    <para>¹ áêüìç ôï <literal>C</literal> èá ìðïñïýóå íá ðñïóáñôçèåß Üìåóá
      óôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßïõ <literal>A</literal>, êÜôù áðü ôïí êáôÜëïãï
      <literal>A1</literal>:</para>

    <mediaobject>
      <imageobject>
	<imagedata fileref="install/example-dir5" format="EPS"/>
      </imageobject>

      <textobject>
	<literallayout class="monospaced"> /
 |
 +--- A1
 |     |
 |     +--- C1
 |     |
 |     `--- C2
 |
 `--- A2
       |
       +--- B1
       |
       `--- B2</literallayout>
      </textobject>
    </mediaobject>

    <para>Áí ãíùñßæåôå ôï óýóôçìá &ms-dos;, åßíáé ðáñüìïéï, áëëÜ ü÷é
      áêñéâþò ôï ßäéï, ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>join</command>.</para>

    <para>Áõôü óõíÞèùò äåí åßíáé êÜôé ðïõ ðñÝðåé íá ãíùñßæåôå Üìåóá.  ÔõðéêÜ,
      åóåßò äçìéïõñãåßôå óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí üôáí åãêáèéóôÜôå ôï &os; êáé
      áðïöáóßæåôå ôï óçìåßï ðñïóÜñôçóçò áõôþí, êáé Ýðåéôá äåí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé
      íá ôá áëëÜîåôå åêôüò áí ðñüêåéôáé íá ðñïóèÝóåôå Ýíá êáéíïýñãéï
      äßóêï.</para>

    <para>Åßíáé áðüëõôá äõíáôüí íá Ý÷åôå Ýíá ìåãÜëï root óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí,
      êáé íá ìçí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå Üëëá.  Ìå áõôÞ ôçí ôáêôéêÞ
      õðÜñ÷ïõí ìåñéêÜ ìåéïíåêôÞìáôá êáé Ýíá ðëåïíÝêôçìá.</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <title>ÐñïôåñÞìáôá Ðïëëáðëþí ÓõóôçìÜôùí Áñ÷åßùí</title>

      <listitem>
	<para>ÄéáöïñåôéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí ìðïñïýí íá Ý÷ïõí äéáöïñåôéêÝò
	  <firstterm>åðéëïãÝò ðñïóÜñôçóçò</firstterm>.  Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ìå
	  ðñïóåêôéêü ó÷åäéáóìü, ôï root óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí ìðïñåß íá
	  ðñïóáñôçèåß ìüíï ãéá áíÜãíùóç, þóôå íá åßíáé áäýíáôç ç äéáãñáöÞ
	  Þ ç ìåôáôñïðÞ êÜðïéïõ óçìáíôéêïý áñ÷åßïõ.  Äéá÷ùñßæïíôáò óõóôÞìáôá
	  áñ÷åßùí ìå äõíáôüôçôá åããñáöÞò áðü ôïí ÷ñÞóôç, üðùò ï
	  <filename>/home</filename>, åðéôñÝðåé åðßóçò ôçí ðñïóÜñôçóç ôïõò
	  ùò <firstterm>nosuid</firstterm>.  ÁõôÞ ç åðéëïãÞ ðåñéïñßæåé ôçí
	  ÷ñÞóç åêôåëÝóéìùí ðïõ åßíáé áðïèçêåõìÝíá óôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí, ìå
	  åíåñãïðïéçìÝíá ôá bits
	  <firstterm>suid</firstterm>/<firstterm>guid</firstterm>,
	  âåëôéþíïíôáò ðéèáíþò ôçí áóöÜëåéá.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>ÁíÜëïãá ìå ôï ðùò èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí, ôï
	  &os; ñõèìßæåé ìå ôïí êáëýôåñï ôñüðï ôçí äéÜôáîç ôùí áñ÷åßùí óôï
	  óýóôçìá.  ÅðïìÝíùò Ýíá óýóôçìá ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷åé ðïëëÜ ìéêñÜ áñ÷åßá ðïõ
	  ìåôáâÜëëïíôáé óõ÷íÜ, èá Ý÷åé äéáöïñåôéêÞ äéÜôáîç áðü Ýíá Üëëï ðïõ
	  ðåñéÝ÷åé ëéãüôåñá óå áñéèìü, áëëÜ ðéï ïãêþäç áñ÷åßá.  ÅÜí Ý÷åôå Ýíá
	  ìïíáäéêü óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí, ôüôå ÷Üíåôå áõôÞ ôç äõíáôüôçôá.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Ôá óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí ôïõ &os; åßíáé ðïëý éó÷õñÜ.  Ùóôüóï,
	  ìéá áäõíáìßá óå êÜðïéï óçìáíôéêü óçìåßï ìðïñåß áêüìç íá ïäçãÞóåé
	  óå êáôÜññåõóç ôçò äïìÞò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí.  Ï äéá÷ùñéóìüò ôùí
	  äåäïìÝíùí óáò óå ðïëëáðëÜ óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí êÜíåé ðéï åýêïëç ìéá
	  ðéèáíÞ åðáíáöïñÜ áðü backup, üôáí áõôü åßíáé áíáãêáßï.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <itemizedlist>
      <title>ÐñïôåñÞìáôá åíüò Ìïíïêüììáôïõ ÓõóôÞìáôïò Áñ÷åßïõ</title>

      <listitem>
	<para>Ôá óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí åßíáé óõãêåêñéìÝíïõ óôáèåñïý ìåãÝèïõò.
	  Áí äçìéïõñãÞóåôå Ýíá óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí êáôÜ ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç ôïõ &os;
	  êáé ôïõ äþóåôå Ýíá ïñéóìÝíï ìÝãåèïò, ìðïñåß áñãüôåñá íá
	  áíáêáëýøåôå ðùò ÷ñåéÜæåóôå íá öôéÜîåôå ìéá ìåãáëýôåñç êáôÜôìçóç.
	  Áõôü äåí åßíáé åýêïëá ðñáãìáôïðïéÞóéìï äß÷ùò backup, áíáäçìéïõñãßá
	  ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßïõ ìå ôï íÝï ìÝãåèïò, êáé åðáíáöïñÜ ôùí
	  áðïèçêåõìÝíùí äåäïìÝíùí.</para>

	<important>
	  <para>Óôï &os; ðåñéÝ÷åôáé ç åíôïëÞ &man.growfs.8;, ç ïðïßá
	    åðéôñÝðåé íá áõîÞóïõìå ôï ìÝãåèïò åíüò óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí êáôÜ
	    ôç ëåéôïõñãßá ôïõ, áöáéñþíôáò áõôüí ôïí ðåñéïñéóìü.</para>
	</important>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>Ôá óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí ðåñéÝ÷ïíôáé óå êáôáôìÞóåéò (partitions).
      Áõôü äåí Ý÷åé ôçí ßäéá Ýííïéá ìå ôçí êïéíÞ ÷ñÞóç ôïõ üñïõ êáôÜôìçóç
      (üðùò ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ç êáôÜôìçóç ôïõ &ms-dos;), ëüãù ôçò êëçñïíïìéÜò
      ðïõ öÝñåé ôï &os; áðü ôï &unix;.  ÊÜèå êáôÜôìçóç áíáãíùñßæåôáé áðü
      Ýíá ëáôéíéêü ÷áñáêôÞñá îåêéíþíôáò áðü <literal>a</literal> Ýùò ôï
      <literal>h</literal>.  ÊÜèå êáôÜôìçóç ìðïñåß íá ðåñéÝ÷åé ìüíï Ýíá
      óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí, ôï ïðïßï óçìáßíåé ðùò ç áíáöïñÜ óôá óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí
      ãßíåôáé åßôå áðü ôï ôõðéêü óçìåßï ðñïóÜñôçóçò óôçí éåñáñ÷ßá ôïõ
      óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí, åßôå áðü ôï ëáôéíéêü ÷áñáêôÞñá ôçò
      êáôÜôìçóçò.</para>

    <para>Åðßóçò ôï &os; ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ìÝñïò áðü ôï äßóêï ãéá
      <firstterm>÷þñï swap </firstterm>.  Ï ÷þñïò Swap ðáñÝ÷åé óôï &os;
      <firstterm>åéêïíéêÞ ìíÞìç (virtual memory)</firstterm>.  Áõôü
      åðéôñÝðåé óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò íá óõìðåñéöÝñåôáé óáí íá åß÷å ðïëý
      ðåñéóóüôåñç ìíÞìç áðü üóï ðñáãìáôéêÜ Ý÷åé.  ¼ôáí ôï &os; äåí Ý÷åé
      äéáèÝóéìç ìíÞìç ìåôáöÝñåé ìåñéêÜ áðü ôá äåäïìÝíá ðïõ äåí
      ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé, ôçí ðñïêåéìÝíç óôéãìÞ, óôïí ÷þñï swap, êáé üôáí ôá
      ÷ñåéáóôåß ôá åðáíáöÝñåé (åíþ ìåôáöÝñåé êÜðïéá Üëëá äåäïìÝíá óôïí ÷þñï
      swap).</para>

    <para>ÕðÜñ÷ïõí êÜðïéåò óõìâÜóåéò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôéò êáôáôìÞóåéò</para>

    <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="2">
	<colspec colwidth="1*"/>
	<colspec colwidth="5*"/>

	<thead>
	  <row>
	    <entry>ÊáôÜôìçóç</entry>

	    <entry>Óýìâáóç</entry>
	  </row>
	</thead>

	<tbody valign="top">
	  <row>
	    <entry><literal>a</literal></entry>

	    <entry>ÓõíÞèùò ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ôï root óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><literal>b</literal></entry>

	    <entry>ÓõíÞèùò ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ôïí ÷þñï swap</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><literal>c</literal></entry>

	    <entry>ÓõíÞèùò éäßïõ ìåãÝèïõò ìå ôçí ðåñéëáìâáíüìåíç öÝôá
	      (slice).  Áõôü åðéôñÝðåé óå âïçèçôéêÜ ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ ðñÝðåé
	      íá äïõëÝøïõí óå ïëüêëçñï ôï êïììÜôé (ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, Ýíáò
	      áíé÷íåõôÞò êáôåóôñáììÝíùí ìðëïê) íá ëåéôïõñãïýí óôçí
	      <literal>c</literal> êáôÜôìçóç.  ÊáíïíéêÜ äåí èá ðñÝðåé íá
	      äçìéïõñãåßôå óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí óå áõôÞ ôçí êáôÜôìçóç.</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><literal>d</literal></entry>

	    <entry>Ç êáôÜôìçóç <literal>d</literal> åß÷å óôï ðáñåëèüí ìéá
	      åéäéêÞ áíôéóôïé÷ßá, êÜôé ðïõ äåí éó÷ýåé ðëÝïí óÞìåñá,
	      åðïìÝíùò ç <literal>d</literal> ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé
	      óáí ìéá êáíïíéêÞ êáôÜôìçóç.</entry>
	  </row>
	</tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>

    <para>ÊÜèå êáôÜôìçóç ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷åé Ýíá óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí áðïèçêåýåôáé óôï
      &os; óå ìéá ôïðïèåóßá ðïõ ïíïìÜæåôáé
      <firstterm>öÝôá (slice)</firstterm>.  Ç öÝôá åßíáé Ýíáò üñïò ôïõ &os;
      ãéá áõôü ðïõ êïéíþò áðïêáëåßôáé êáôÜôìçóç, êáé áõôü åðßóçò ïöåßëåôáé
      óôçí êáôáãùãÞ ôïõ &os; áðü ôï &unix;.  Ïé öÝôåò áñéèìïýíôáé áñ÷ßæïíôáò
      áðü ôï 1 Ýùò ôï 4.</para>

    <indexterm><primary>öÝôåò</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm><primary>êáôáôìÞóåéò</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm><primary>dangerously dedicated</primary></indexterm>

    <para>Ï áñéèìüò ôçò öÝôáò áêïëïõèåß ôï üíïìá óõóêåõÞò ìåôÜ ôï ðñüèåìá
      <literal>s</literal> îåêéíþíôáò áðü ôï 1.  ÅðïìÝíùò,
      <quote>da0<emphasis>s1</emphasis></quote> åßíáé ç ðñþôç öÝôá ôïõ
      ðñþôïõ ïäçãïý SCSI.  Ìðïñïýí íá õðÜñ÷ïõí ìÝ÷ñé ôÝóóåñéò öÝôåò óå êÜèå
      äßóêï, áëëÜ ìðïñåßôå íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå ëïãéêÝò öÝôåò ìÝóá óå
      êáôÜëëçëïõ ôýðïõ öõóéêÝò öÝôåò.  Óå áõôÝò ôéò åêôåôáìÝíåò öÝôåò
      ç áñßèìçóç îåêéíÜåé áðü ôï 5, åðïìÝíùò
      <quote>ad0<emphasis>s5</emphasis></quote>
      åßíáé ç ðñþôç åêôåôáìÝíç öÝôá óôïí ðñþôï äßóêï IDE.  ÁõôÝò ïé
      óõóêåõÝò ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé áðü óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí ðïõ ðñÝðåé íá
      êáôáëáìâÜíïõí ìéá ïëüêëçñç öÝôá.</para>

    <para>Ïé öÝôåò, ïé <quote>åðéêßíäõíá áöïóéùìÝíïé (dangerously dedicated)
      </quote> öõóéêïß ïäçãïß êáèþò êáé Üëëïé ïäçãïß, ðåñéÝ÷ïõí
      <firstterm>êáôáôìÞóåéò</firstterm>, ïé ïðïßåò ðáñïõóéÜæïíôáé ìå
      ëáôéíéêïýò ÷áñáêôÞñåò áðü ôï <literal>a</literal> Ýùò ôï
      <literal>h</literal>.  Áõôüò ï ÷áñáêôÞñáò áíáöÝñåôáé óôï üíïìá
      óõóêåõÞò, åðïìÝíùò <quote>da0<emphasis>a</emphasis></quote> åßíáé ç
      a êáôÜôìçóç óôïí ðñþôï ïäçãü da, ï ïðïßïò åßíáé <quote>åðéêßíäõíá
      áöïóéùìÝíïò</quote>.
      Ç <quote>ad1s3<emphasis>e</emphasis></quote> åßíáé ç ðÝìðôç êáôÜôìçóç
      óôçí ôñßôç öÝôá ôïõ äåýôåñïõ ïäçãïý äßóêïõ IDE.</para>

    <para>Ïëïêëçñþíïíôáò, êÜèå äßóêïò óôï óýóôçìá åßíáé ìïíüäñïìá ïñéóìÝíïò.
      ÊÜèå üíïìá äßóêïõ îåêéíÜ ìå Ýíá êùäéêü ðïõ õðïäåéêíýåé ôïí ôýðï ôïõ
      äßóêïõ, êáé Ýíá íïýìåñï ðïõ õðïäçëþíåé ðïéïò äßóêïò åßíáé.  Áíôßèåôá
      ìå ôéò öÝôåò, ïé äßóêïé áñéèìïýíôáé îåêéíþíôáò áðü ôï 0.  Ïé ðéï
      óõíÞèåéò êùäéêïß ðïõ èá óõíáíôÞóåôå áíáöÝñïíôáé óôçí
      <xref linkend="basics-dev-codes"/>.</para>

    <para>¼ôáí ãßíåôáé áíáöïñÜ óå ìéá êáôÜôìçóç, ôï &os; æçôÜ íá äçëùèåß
      åðéðëÝïí ç ïíïìáóßá ôçò öÝôáò êáé ôïõ äßóêïõ ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷åé ôçí
      êáôÜôìçóç, åíþ óôçí ðåñßðôùóç ðïõ áíáöÝñåóôå óå ìéá öÝôá èá ðñÝðåé
      íá äçëþíåôå ôï üíïìá ôïõ äßóêïõ.  ÅðïìÝíùò, üôáí áíáöÝñåóôå óå ìéá
      êáôÜôìçóç ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá äçëþíåôå ôï üíïìá ôïõ äßóêïõ,
      <literal>s</literal>, ôïí áñéèìü ôçò öÝôáò, êáé ôïí ÷áñáêôÞñá ôçò
      êáôÜôìçóçò.  Ðáñáäåßãìáôá ìðïñåßôå íá âñåßôå óôçí
      <xref linkend="basics-disk-slice-part"/>.</para>

    <para>Ç <xref linkend="basics-concept-disk-model"/> ðáñïõóéÜæåé Ýíá
      åííïéïëïãéêü ìïíôÝëï ãéá ôç äïìÞ ôïõ äßóêïõ ðïõ èá óáò âïçèÞóåé íá
      êáôáëÜâåôå êáëýôåñá êÜðïéá ðñÜãìáôá.</para>

    <para>Ãéá íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ôï &os; ðñÝðåé ðñþôá íá ñõèìßóåôå ôéò öÝôåò
      ôïõ äßóêïõ, íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå ôéò êáôáôìÞóåéò ìÝóá óôéò öÝôåò ðïõ èá
      ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ãéá ôï &os;, Ýðåéôá íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå Ýíá óýóôçìá
      áñ÷åßùí (Þ ÷þñï swap) óå êÜèå êáôÜôìçóç, êáé ôÝëïò íá áðïöáóßóåôå óå
      ðïéï óçìåßï èá ðñïóáñôçèåß ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí.</para>

    <table frame="none" pgwide="1" id="basics-dev-codes">
      <title>Êùäéêïß Óõóêåõþí Äßóêùí</title>

      <tgroup cols="2">
	<colspec colwidth="1*"/>
	<colspec colwidth="5*"/>

	<thead>
	  <row>
	    <entry>Êþäéêáò</entry>

	    <entry>Óçìáßíåé</entry>
	  </row>
	</thead>

	<tbody>
	  <row>
	    <entry><devicename>ad</devicename></entry>
	    <entry>Äßóêïò ATAPI (IDE)</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><devicename>da</devicename></entry>
	    <entry>Äßóêïò SCSI Üìåóçò ðñüóâáóçò</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><devicename>acd</devicename></entry>
	    <entry>ATAPI (IDE) CDROM</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><devicename>cd</devicename></entry>
	    <entry>SCSI CDROM</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><devicename>fd</devicename></entry>
	    <entry>ÌïíÜäá ÄéóêÝôáò (Floppy)</entry>
	  </row>
	</tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </table>

    <example id="basics-disk-slice-part">
      <title>Õðïäåßãìáôá ÏíïìÜôùí Äßóêïõ, ÖÝôáò, ÊáôÜôìçóçò</title>

      <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
	<tgroup cols="2">
	  <colspec colwidth="1*"/>
	  <colspec colwidth="5*"/>

	  <thead>
	    <row>
	      <entry>Ïíïìáóßá</entry>
	      <entry>Óçìáßíåé</entry>
	    </row>
	  </thead>

	  <tbody>
	    <row>
	      <entry><literal>ad0s1a</literal></entry>
	      <entry>Ç ðñþôç êáôÜôìçóç (<literal>a</literal>) óôçí ðñþôç
		öÝôá (<literal>s1</literal>) ôïõ ðñþôïõ äßóêïõ IDE
		(<literal>ad0</literal>).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><literal>da1s2e</literal></entry>
	      <entry>Ç ðÝìðôç êáôÜôìçóç (<literal>e</literal>) óôçí äåýôåñç
		öÝôá (<literal>s2</literal>) ôïõ äåýôåñïõ äßóêïõ SCSI
		(<literal>da1</literal>).</entry>
	    </row>
	  </tbody>
	</tgroup>
      </informaltable>
    </example>

    <example id="basics-concept-disk-model">
      <title>Åííïéïëïãéêü ÌïíôÝëï åíüò Äßóêïõ</title>

      <para>Ôï äéÜãñáììá ðáñïõóéÜæåé ìéá åéêüíá ôïõ ðñþôïõ äßóêïõ IDE ðïõ
	åßíáé ðñïóáñôçìÝíïò óôï óýóôçìá.  Áò õðïèÝóïõìå ðùò ï äßóêïò Ý÷åé
	ìÝãåèïò 4&nbsp;GB, êáé ðåñéÝ÷åé äýï öÝôåò ôùí 2&nbsp;GB
	(êáôáôìÞóåéò &ms-dos;).  Ç ðñþôç öÝôá ðåñéÝ÷åé Ýíá äßóêï &ms-dos;,
	<devicename>C:</devicename>, êáé ç äåýôåñç öÝôá ìßá åãêáôÜóôáóç
	&os;.  Óå áõôü ôï ðáñÜäåéãìá, ç åãêáôÜóôáóç &os; Ý÷åé ôñåéò
	êáôáôìÞóåéò äåäïìÝíùí êáé ìßá êáôÜôìçóç swap.</para>

      <para>Êáèåìßá áðü ôéò ôñåéò êáôáôìÞóåéò èá ðåñéÝ÷åé Ýíá óýóôçìá
	áñ÷åßùí.  Ç êáôÜôìçóç <literal>a</literal> èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ãéá ôï
	root óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí, ç <literal>e</literal> ãéá ôç äïìÞ êáôÜëïãïõ
	<filename>/var</filename>, êáé ç <literal>f</literal> ãéá ôç äïìÞ
	êáôáëüãïõ <filename>/usr</filename>.</para>

      <mediaobject>
	<imageobject>
	  <imagedata fileref="install/disk-layout" format="EPS"/>
	</imageobject>

	<textobject>
	  <literallayout class="monospaced">.-----------------.  --.
|                 |    |
|  DOS / Windows  |    |
:                 :     &gt;  Ðñþôç öÝôá, ad0s1
:                 :    |
|                 |    |
:=================:  ==:                               --.
|                 |    |  -a ÊáôÜôìçóç a, ðñïóáñôçìÝíç ùò /	 	      |
|                 |     &gt; áíáöÝñåôáé ùò	ad0s2a          |
|                 |    |                                 |
:-----------------:  ==:                                 |
|                 |    |  -swap  ÊáôÜôìçóç b, ãéá ÷ñÞóç  swap	      |
|                 |     &gt; áíáöÝñåôáé ùò ad0s2b          |
|                 |    |                                 |
:-----------------:  ==:                                 |  -c ÊáôÜôìçóç, áðïõóßá
|                 |    |  -e ÊáôÜôìçóç e, ãéá ÷ñÞóç   /var       &gt; óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí,
|                 |     &gt; áíáöÝñåôáé ùò ad0s2e          |  ìç ðñïóáñôçìÝíç,
|                 |    |                                 |  ad0s2c
:-----------------:  ==:                                 |
|                 |    |                                 |
:                 :    |  -f ÊáôÜôìçóç f, ãéá ÷ñÞóç /usr      |
:                 :     &gt; áíáöÝñåôáé ùò  ad0s2f          |
:                 :    |                                 |
|                 |    |                                 |
|                 |  --'                                 |
`-----------------'                                    --'</literallayout>
	</textobject>
      </mediaobject>
    </example>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="mount-unmount">
    <title>ÐñïóÜñôçóç êáé ÁðïðñïóÜñôçóç ÓõóôçìÜôùí Áñ÷åßùí</title>

    <para>¸íá óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí áíáðáñéóôÜôáé êáëýôåñá óå ìïñöÞ äÝíôñïõ,
      ìå ôéò ñßæåò ôïõ óôï <filename>/</filename>.  Ïé êáôÜëïãïé
      <filename>/dev</filename>, <filename>/usr</filename>, êáé Üëëïé åßíáé
      êëáäéÜ ôïõ êáôáëüãïõ root, êáé ìðïñåß íá Ý÷ïõí ìå ôç óåéñÜ ôïõò, ôá
      äéêÜ ôïõò êëáäéÜ, üðùò ôïí
      <filename>/usr/local</filename>, êáé ïýôù êáèåîÞò.</para>

    <indexterm><primary>óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí root</primary></indexterm>
    <para>ÕðÜñ÷ïõí äéÜöïñïé ëüãïé ãéá ôïõò ïðïßïõò èá Ýðñåðå íá ôïðïèåôÞóïõìå
      êÜðïéïõò áðü áõôïýò ôïõò êáôáëüãïõò óå äéáöïñåôéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí.
      Ï êáôÜëïãïò <filename>/var</filename> ðåñéÝ÷åé ôïõò êáôáëüãïõò
      <filename>log/</filename>, <filename>spool/</filename>, êáé äéÜöïñïõò
      Üëëïõò ôýðïõò ðñïóùñéíþí áñ÷åßùí, êáé ãéá ôï ëüãï áõôü ìðïñåß íá
      ãåìßóåé.  Äåí èá Þôáí êáëÞ éäÝá íá ãåìßóåé ôï root óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí,
      åðïìÝíùò ï äéá÷ùñéóìüò ôïõ <filename>/var</filename> áðü ôïí
      <filename>/</filename> åßíáé óõ÷íÜ åðéèõìçôüò.</para>

    <para>¸íáò Üëëïò óõíçèéóìÝíïò ëüãïò íá Ý÷ïõìå äéÜöïñïõò êáôáëüãïõò
      óå äéáöïñåôéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí åßíáé üôáí ðñüêåéôáé íá öéëïîåíçèïýí
      óå äéáöïñåôéêïýò öõóéêïýò äßóêïõò, Þ åßíáé îå÷ùñéóôïß åéêïíéêïß äßóêïé,
      üðùò óõìâáßíåé ìå ôï
      <link linkend="network-nfs">Äéêôõáêü Óýóôçìá Áñ÷åßùí (Network File System)</link>, êáé ôïõò ïäçãïýò CDROM.</para>

    <sect2 id="disks-fstab">
      <title>Ôï Áñ÷åßï <filename>fstab</filename></title>
      <indexterm>
	<primary>óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí</primary>
	<secondary>ðñïóáñôçìÝíá ìå ôï fstab</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>ÊáôÜ ôç <link linkend="boot">äéåñãáóßá åêêßíçóçò</link>, ôá
	óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí ðïõ áíáöÝñïíôáé óôï <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>
	ðñïóáñôþíôáé áõôüìáôá (åêôüò áí áíáöÝñïíôáé ìå ôçí åðéëïãÞ
	<option>noauto</option> ).</para>

      <para>Ôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> ðåñéÝ÷åé ìéá óåéñÜ áðü
	ãñáììÝò ìå äéÜôáîç üðùò ç áêüëïõèç:</para>

      <programlisting><replaceable>device</replaceable>       <replaceable>/mount-point</replaceable> <replaceable>fstype</replaceable>     <replaceable>options</replaceable>      <replaceable>dumpfreq</replaceable>     <replaceable>passno</replaceable></programlisting>

      <variablelist>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term><literal>device</literal></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>¼íïìá óõóêåõÞò (ç ïðïßá èá ðñÝðåé íá õðÜñ÷åé), üðùò
	      åîçãåßôáé óôçí <xref linkend="disks-naming"/>.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><literal>mount-point</literal></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>ÊáôÜëïãïò (èá ðñÝðåé íá õðÜñ÷åé) óôïí ïðïßï
	      ðñïóáñôÜôáé ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><literal>fstype</literal></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>Ï ôýðïò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí ðïõ èá äïèåß óôçí
	      &man.mount.8;.  Ôï ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí ôïõ &os;
	      åßíáé ôï <literal>ufs</literal>.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><literal>options</literal></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>Ôï <option>rw</option> ãéá óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí
	      áíÜãíùóçò- åããñáöÞò (read- write), Þ <option>ro</option> ãéá
	      óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí ìüíï áíÜãíùóçò (read-only), óõìðëçñùìÝíï ìå
	      üðïéá Üëëç åðéëïãÞ ìðïñåß íá ÷ñåéÜæåóôå.  Ìßá óõíÞèçò åðéëïãÞ
	      åßíáé ç <option>noauto</option> ãéá óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí ðïõ äåí
	      ðñïóáñôþíôáé áõôüìáôá êáôÜ ôéò äéåñãáóßåò åêêßíçóçò ôïõ
	      óõóôÞìáôïò.  ¶ëëåò åðéëïãÝò áíáöÝñïíôáé óôçí óåëßäá âïÞèåéáò
	      &man.mount.8;.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><literal>dumpfreq</literal></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>Áõôü ôï ðåäßï ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü ôï &man.dump.8; ãéá íá
	      ïñßóåé ðïéá óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí ÷ñåéÜæïíôáé dumping.  Áí ôï ðåäßï
	      áðïõóéÜæåé, ôüôå ç ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíç ôéìÞ ôïõ åßíáé ìçäÝí.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><literal>passno</literal></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>Áõôü ïñßæåé ôçí óåéñÜ ìå ôçí ïðïßá èá åëÝã÷ïíôáé
	      ôá óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí.  ÓõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí ðïõ äåí åðéèõìïýìå íá
	      åëåã÷èïýí èá ðñÝðåé íá Ý÷ïõí óôï ðåäßï <literal>passno</literal>
	      ôéìÞ ìçäÝí.  Ôï root óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí (ôï ïðïßï ðñÝðåé íá
	      åëåã÷èåß ðñéí áðü üëá ôá Üëëá) èá Ý÷åé óôï ðåäßï
	      <literal>passno</literal> ôçí ôéìÞ Ýíá êáé üëá ôá Üëëá
	      óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí èá Ý÷ïõí óôï ðåäßï <literal>passno</literal>
	      ôéìÝò ìåãáëýôåñåò áðü Ýíá.  Áí ðåñéóóüôåñá áðü Ýíá óõóôÞìáôá
	      áñ÷åßùí Ý÷ïõí ôçí ßäéá ôéìÞ <literal>passno</literal> ôüôå ôï
	      &man.fsck.8; èá åðé÷åéñÞóåé íá åëÝãîåé ðáñÜëëçëá ôá óõóôÞìáôá
	      áñ÷åßùí, áí áõôü åßíáé åöéêôü.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
      </variablelist>

      <para>Óõìâïõëåõôåßôå ôçí óåëßäá âïçèåßáò &man.fstab.5; ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò
	ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôçí ìïñöÞ ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>
	êáé ãéá ôéò åðéëïãÝò ðïõ ìðïñåß íá ðåñéÝ÷åé.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="disks-mount">
      <title>Ç ÅíôïëÞ <command>mount</command></title>
      <indexterm>
	<primary>óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí</primary>
	<secondary>ðñïóÜñôçóç</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>Ç åíôïëÞ &man.mount.8; åßíáé áõôü áêñéâþò ðïõ ÷ñåéÜæåóôå ãéá ôçí
	ðñïóÜñôçóç óõóôçìÜôùí áñ÷åßùí.</para>

      <para>Ç âáóéêÞ ìïñöÞ ôçò åßíáé:</para>

      <informalexample>
	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount <replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>mountpoint</replaceable></userinput></screen>
      </informalexample>

      <para>ÕðÜñ÷åé ðëçèþñá åðéëïãþí, üðùò áíáöÝñåôáé óôçí óåëßäá âïçèåßáò
	&man.mount.8;, áëëÜ ïé ðéï óõíÞèåéò åßíáé:</para>

      <variablelist>
	<title>ÅðéëïãÝò åíôïëÞò mount</title>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-a</option></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>ÐñïóÜñôçóç üëùí ôùí óõóôçìÜôùí áñ÷åßùí ðïõ áíáöÝñïíôáé
	      óôï <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, åêôüò áõôþí ðïõ öÝñïõí
	      ôçí åðéëïãÞ <quote>noauto</quote>, åîáéñïýíôáé ìÝóù ôçò åðéëïãÞò
	      <option>-t</option>, Þ áõôþí ðïõ Þäç Ý÷ïõí ðñïóáñôçèåß.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-d</option></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>ÊÜíåé ôá ðÜíôá åêôüò áðü ôçí ðñáãìáôéêÞ ðñïóÜñôçóç ôïõ
	      óõóôÞìáôïò.  ÁõôÞ ç åðéëïãÞ åßíáé ÷ñÞóéìç óå óõíåñãáóßá ìå ôï
	      ðñüèåìá <option>-v</option> ãéá íá ðñïóäéïñéóôåß ôé áêñéâþò
	      ðñïóðáèåß íá êÜíåé ç &man.mount.8; ôçí óõãêåêñéìÝíç
	      óôéãìÞ.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-f</option></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>ÁíáãêÜæåé ôçí ðñïóÜñôçóç åíüò ìç-êáèáñïý óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí
	      (åðéêßíäõíï), Þ åîáíáãêÜæåé ôçí áíÜêëçóç ðñüóâáóçò åããñáöÞò üôáí
	      õðïâéâÜæåôáé ç ðñïóÜñôçóç åíüò óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí
	      áíÜãíùóçò-åããñáöÞò (read-write) óå ìüíï-áíÜãíùóçò.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-r</option></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>ÐñïóáñôÜ ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí óå êáôÜóôáóç ìüíï-áíÜãíùóçò.
	      Åßíáé áêñéâþò ôï ßäéï ìå ôç ÷ñÞóç ôïõ ðñïèÝìáôïò
	      <option>ro</option> ìå ôçí åðéëïãÞ <option>-o</option>.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-t</option>
	    <replaceable>fstype</replaceable></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>ÐñïóáñôÜ ôï õðÜñ÷ïí óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôïí
	      ôýðï óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí ðïõ äßíåôáé, Þ ðñïóáñôÜ ìüíï
	      óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí ôïõ óõãêåêñéìÝíïõ ôýðïõ, åÜí äïèåß ìáæß ìå ôçí
	      åðéëïãÞ <option>-a</option>.</para>

	    <para>Ôï <quote>ufs</quote> åßíáé ï ðñïåðéëåãìÝíïò ôýðïò
	      óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-u</option></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>Áíáíåþíåé ôéò åðéëïãÝò ðñïóÜñôçóçò óôï óýóôçìá
	      áñ÷åßùí.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-v</option></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>ÓõìðåñéëáìâÜíåé áíáëõôéêÞ áíáöïñÜ.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-w</option></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>ÐñïóáñôÜ ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí ãéá áíÜãíùóç-åããñáöÞ
	      (read-write).</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
      </variablelist>

      <para>Ç åðéëïãÞ <option>-o</option> äÝ÷åôáé ìßá óåéñÜ áðü åðéëïãÝò
	÷ùñéóìÝíåò ìå êüììá, ðåñéëáìâÜíïíôáò ôéò áêüëïõèåò:</para>

      <variablelist>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>noexec</term>

	  <listitem>
	      <para>Äåí åðéôñÝðåôáé ç ëåéôïõñãßá åêôåëÝóéìùí óå áõôü ôï
		óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí.  Áõôü åßíáé åðßóçò ìéá åðéëïãÞ
		áóöáëåßáò.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term>nosuid</term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>Äåí ëáìâÜíïíôáé õð' üøéí setuid Þ setgid flags óôï óýóôçìá
	      áñ÷åßùí.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="disks-umount">
      <title>Ç ÅíôïëÞ <command>umount</command></title>
      <indexterm>
	<primary>óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí</primary>
	<secondary>áðïðñïóÜñôçóç</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>Ç åíôïëÞ &man.umount.8; ðáßñíåé, ùò ðáñÜìåôñï, Ýíá åê ôùí óçìåßùí
	ðñïóÜñôçóçò, ôï üíïìá ìéáò óõóêåõÞò, Þ ôéò åðéëïãÝò
	<option>-a</option> Þ <option>-A</option>.</para>

      <para>¼ëïé ïé ôýðïé äÝ÷ïíôáé ôçí <option>-f</option> ãéá íá
	åîáíáãêÜóïõí óå áðïðñïóÜñôçóç, êáé ôçí <option>-v</option> ãéá
	áíáëõôéêÞ áíáöïñÜ.  Óáò ðñïåéäïðïéïýìå ðùò ç åðéëïãÞ
	<option>-f</option> ãåíéêÜ äåí åßíáé êáëÞ éäÝá.  Ç åî' áíáãêáóìïý
	áðïðñïóÜñôçóç ìðïñåß íá ïäçãÞóåé óå êáôÜññåõóç ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ Þ íá
	êáôáóôñÝøåé äåäïìÝíá óôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí.</para>

      <para>Ïé <option>-a</option> êáé <option>-A</option> ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé
	ãéá íá áðïðñïóáñôÞóïõí üëá ôá ðñïóáñôçìÝíá óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí, óýìöùíá
	êáé ìå ôéò åðéëïãÝò ðïõ äßíïíôáé áðü ôï <option>-t</option>, áí
	õðÜñ÷åé.  Ôï <option>-A</option>, ùóôüóï, äåí èá åðé÷åéñÞóåé íá
	áðïðñïóáñôÞóåé ôï root óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="basics-processes">
    <title>Äéåñãáóßåò</title>

    <para>To &os; åßíáé Ýíá ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá multi-tasking.  Áõôü óçìáßíåé
      ðùò êÜèå óôéãìÞ ìðïñïýí íá ôñÝ÷ïõí ðáñáðÜíù áðü Ýíá ðñïãñÜììáôá.  ÊÜèå
      ðñüãñáììá ðïõ ôñÝ÷åé ïðïéáäÞðïôå óôéãìÞ ïíïìÜæåôáé
      <firstterm>äéåñãáóßá</firstterm> (process).  ÊÜèå åíôïëÞ ðïõ ôñÝ÷åôå
      îåêéíÜåé ôïõëÜ÷éóôïí ìßá íÝá äéåñãáóßá, êáé õðÜñ÷ïõí êÜðïéåò äéåñãáóßåò
      ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò ðïõ ôñÝ÷ïõí óõíÝ÷åéá ãéá íá êñáôïýí ôï óýóôçìá
      óå ëåéôïõñãßá.</para>

    <para>ÊÜèå äéåñãáóßá ÷áñáêôçñßæåôáé áðü Ýíá ìïíáäéêü áñéèìü ðïõ
      ïíïìÜæåôáé <firstterm>ID äéåñãáóßáò</firstterm> Þ
      <firstterm>PID</firstterm>, êáé üðùò áêñéâþò óõìâáßíåé ìå ôá áñ÷åßá,
      êÜèå äéåñãáóßá Ý÷åé Ýíáí éäéïêôÞôç êáé Ýíá ãêñïõð.  Ïé ðëçñïöïñßåò ôïõ
      éäéïêôÞôç êáé ôïõ ãêñïõð ÷ñåéÜæïíôáé ãéá íá ðñïóäéïñßæåôáé ðïéá áñ÷åßá
      êáé óõóêåõÝò ìðïñåß íá áíïßîåé ç óõãêåêñéìÝíç äéåñãáóßá,
      ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôéò Üäåéåò áñ÷åßùí ðïõ óõæçôÞóáìå íùñßôåñá.  Ïé
      ðåñéóóüôåñåò äéåñãáóßåò Ý÷ïõí åðßóçò ìßá ãïíéêÞ äéåñãáóßá.  Ç ãïíéêÞ
      äéåñãáóßá åßíáé åêåßíç ç äéåñãáóßá ðïõ ôéò îåêßíçóå.  Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá,
      åÜí ðëçêôñïëïãåßôå åíôïëÝò óôï êÝëõöïò, ôüôå ôï êÝëõöïò åßíáé ìßá
      äéåñãáóßá, êáé êÜèå åíôïëÞ ðïõ ôñÝ÷åôå åßíáé åðßóçò ìßá äéåñãáóßá.
      ÅðïìÝíùò êÜèå äéåñãáóßá ðïõ ôñÝ÷åôå ìå áõôüí ôïí ôñüðï èá Ý÷åé ãïíéêÞ
      äéåñãáóßá ôï êÝëõöïò óáò.  Ç ìüíç åîáßñåóç åßíáé ìßá äéåñãáóßá ðïõ
      ïíïìÜæåôáé &man.init.8;.  Ç <command>init</command> åßíáé ðÜíôá ç ðñþôç
      äéåñãáóßá, êáé åðïìÝíùò ôï PID ôçò åßíáé ðÜíôá 1.  Ç
      <command>init</command> îåêéíÜ áõôüìáôá áðü ôïí ðõñÞíá êáôÜ ôçí
      åêêßíçóç ôïõ &os;.</para>

    <para>Äýï éäéáßôåñá ÷ñÞóéìåò åíôïëÝò ãéá íá ðáñáôçñåßôå ôéò äéåñãáóßåò
      óôï óýóôçìá, åßíáé ïé &man.ps.1; êáé &man.top.1;.  Ç åíôïëÞ
      <command>ps</command> ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá ôçí ðñïâïëÞ ìéáò óôáôéêÞò
      ëßóôáò ôùí ôñÝ÷ïíôùí äéåñãáóéþí, êáé ìðïñåß íá åìöáíßæåé ôï PID ôïõò,
      ðüóç ìíÞìç ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí, ôçí åíôïëÞ ìå ôçí ïðïßá îåêßíçóáí, êáé Üëëåò
      ðëçñïöïñßåò.  Ç åíôïëÞ <command>top</command> åìöáíßæåé üëåò ôéò
      ôñÝ÷ïõóåò äéåñãáóßåò, êáé áíáíåþíåé ôçí ïèüíç óáò áíÜ ëßãá
      äåõôåñüëåðôá, åðïìÝíùò ìðïñåßôå íá ðáñáôçñåßôå ôé áêñéâþò êÜíåé ï
      õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò ôç äåäïìÝíç óôéãìÞ.</para>

    <para>Ç <command>ps</command>, áðü ðñïåðéëïãÞ, åìöáíßæåé ìüíï ôéò
      åíôïëÝò ðïõ ôñÝ÷ïõí êáé áíÞêïõí óå åóÜò.  Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá:</para>

    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>ps</userinput>
  PID  TT  STAT      TIME COMMAND
  298  p0  Ss     0:01.10 tcsh
 7078  p0  S      2:40.88 xemacs mdoc.xsl (xemacs-21.1.14)
37393  p0  I      0:03.11 xemacs freebsd.dsl (xemacs-21.1.14)
48630  p0  S      2:50.89 /usr/local/lib/netscape-linux/navigator-linux-4.77.bi
48730  p0  IW     0:00.00 (dns helper) (navigator-linux-)
72210  p0  R+     0:00.00 ps
  390  p1  Is     0:01.14 tcsh
 7059  p2  Is+    1:36.18 /usr/local/bin/mutt -y
 6688  p3  IWs    0:00.00 tcsh
10735  p4  IWs    0:00.00 tcsh
20256  p5  IWs    0:00.00 tcsh
  262  v0  IWs    0:00.00 -tcsh (tcsh)
  270  v0  IW+    0:00.00 /bin/sh /usr/X11R6/bin/startx -- -bpp 16
  280  v0  IW+    0:00.00 xinit /home/nik/.xinitrc -- -bpp 16
  284  v0  IW     0:00.00 /bin/sh /home/nik/.xinitrc
  285  v0  S      0:38.45 /usr/X11R6/bin/sawfish</screen>

    <para>¼ðùò ìðïñåßôå íá äåßôå óå áõôü ôï ðáñÜäåéãìá, ç Ýîïäïò áðü ôçí ps
      ðñïâÜëëåôáé óå óôÞëåò.  <literal>PID</literal> åßíáé ôï PID ôçò
      äéåñãáóßáò üðùò áíáöÝñáìå íùñßôåñá.  Ôá PID äéáíÝìïíôáé áðü 1, Ýùò
      99999, êáé üôáí õðåñâïýí ôï 99999 îåêéíïýí áðü ôçí áñ÷Þ (Ýíá PID
      äåí ìðïñåß íá áðïäïèåß îáíÜ áí åßíáé Þäç óå ÷ñÞóç).  Ç óôÞëç
      <literal>TT</literal> äåß÷íåé ôï ôåñìáôéêü (tty) ôïõ ðñïãñÜììáôïò ðïõ
      åêôåëåßôáé, êáé ìðïñåß íá áãíïçèåß áõôÞ ôç óôéãìÞ äß÷ùò ðñüâëçìá.  Ç
      <literal>STAT</literal> õðïäåéêíýåé ôçí êáôÜóôáóç ôïõ ðñïãñÜììáôïò, êáé
      ðÜëé ìðïñåß íá áãíïçèåß.  Ç <literal>TIME</literal> åßíáé ç ÷ñïíéêÞ
      äéÜñêåéá ðïõ ôï ðñüãñáììá áðáó÷ïëåß ôçí CPU, áõôü óõíÞèùò äåí åßíáé ï
      ÷ñüíïò åêôÝëåóçò áöïý ôá ðåñéóóüôåñá ðñïãñÜììáôá êáèõóôåñïýí ìå Üëëåò
      åñãáóßåò ðñéí áðáó÷ïëÞóïõí ôçí CPU.  Ç ôåëåõôáßá óôÞëç, ç
      <literal>COMMAND</literal> åßíáé ç ãñáììÞ åíôïëÞò ðïõ äüèçêå ãéá íá
      ôñÝîåé ôï ðñüãñáììá.</para>

    <para>Ç &man.ps.1; õðïóôçñßæåé äéÜöïñåò åðéëïãÝò ãéá íá áëëÜîåé ôçí ãêÜìá
      ôùí ðëçñïöïñéþí ðïõ åìöáíßæïíôáé.  Ìßá áðü ôéò ðéï ÷ñÞóéìåò åðéëïãÝò
      åßíáé ç <literal>auxww</literal>.  Ç <option>a</option> åìöáíßæåé
      ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá üëåò ôéò ôñÝ÷ïõóåò äéåñãáóßåò, ü÷é ìüíï ôéò äéêÝò óáò.
      Ç <option>u</option> åìöáíßæåé ôï üíïìá ÷ñÞóôç ôïõ éäéïêôÞôç ôçò
      äéåñãáóßáò, üðùò êáé ôç ÷ñÞóçò ôçò ìíÞìçò.  Ç <option>x</option>
      åìöáíßæåé ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôéò äéåñãáóßåò ôùí äáéìüíùí êáé ç
      <option>ww</option> áíáãêÜæåé ôçí &man.ps.1; íá åìöáíßóåé ïëüêëçñç ôçí
      åíôïëÞ ãñáììÞò ãéá êÜèå äéåñãáóßá, áöïý óõíÞèùò åìöáíßæåôáé êïììÝíç
      ëüãù ôïõ ìÞêïõò ôçò ðïõ äåí ÷ùñÜ íá åìöáíéóôåß óôçí ïèüíç.</para>

    <para>Ç Ýîïäïò ôçò &man.top.1; åßíáé ðáñüìïéá.  ¸íá äåßãìá åñãáóßáò ôçò
      ìïéÜæåé óáí áõôÞ:</para>

    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>top</userinput>
last pid: 72257;  load averages:  0.13,  0.09,  0.03    up 0+13:38:33  22:39:10
47 processes:  1 running, 46 sleeping
CPU states: 12.6% user,  0.0% nice,  7.8% system,  0.0% interrupt, 79.7% idle
Mem: 36M Active, 5256K Inact, 13M Wired, 6312K Cache, 15M Buf, 408K Free
Swap: 256M Total, 38M Used, 217M Free, 15% Inuse

  PID USERNAME PRI NICE  SIZE    RES STATE    TIME   WCPU    CPU COMMAND
72257 nik       28   0  1960K  1044K RUN      0:00 14.86%  1.42% top
 7078 nik        2   0 15280K 10960K select   2:54  0.88%  0.88% xemacs-21.1.14
  281 nik        2   0 18636K  7112K select   5:36  0.73%  0.73% XF86_SVGA
  296 nik        2   0  3240K  1644K select   0:12  0.05%  0.05% xterm
48630 nik        2   0 29816K  9148K select   3:18  0.00%  0.00% navigator-linu
  175 root       2   0   924K   252K select   1:41  0.00%  0.00% syslogd
 7059 nik        2   0  7260K  4644K poll     1:38  0.00%  0.00% mutt
...</screen>

    <para>Ç Ýîïäïò åßíáé ÷ùñéóìÝíç óå äýï ôïìåßò.  Ç êåöáëßäá (ïé ðÝíôå
      ðñþôåò ãñáììÝò) åìöáíßæïõí ôï PID ôçò ôåëåõôáßáò äéåñãáóßáò ðïõ Ýôñåîå,
      ôçí ìÝóç ôéìÞ öïñôßïõ (åßíáé ìéá ìÝôñçóç ðïõ äåß÷íåé ðüóï áðáó÷ïëçìÝíï
      åßíáé ôï óýóôçìá), ï ÷ñüíïò ëåéôïõñãßáò (uptime) ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò
      (áðü ôçí ôåëåõôáßá åðáíåêêßíçóç) êáé ôçí ôñÝ÷ïõóá þñá.  Ôá Üëëá óôïé÷åßá
      óôçí êåöáëßäá ó÷åôßæïíôáé ìå ôï íïýìåñï ôùí äéåñãáóéþí ðïõ ôñÝ÷ïõí
      (47 óå áõôÞ ôç ðåñßðôùóç), ðüóç ìíÞìç êáé ÷þñï swap êáôÝ÷ïõí êáé ðüóï
      ÷ñüíï îïäåýåé ôï óýóôçìá óå äéÜöïñåò êáôáóôÜóåéò ëåéôïõñãßáò ôçò
      CPU.</para>

    <para>Ðéï êÜôù áêïëïõèåß ìéá óåéñÜ áðü óôÞëåò, ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷ïõí ðáñüìïéåò
      ðëçñïöïñßåò ìå ôçí Ýîïäï ôçò ps.  ¼ðùò êáé íùñßôåñá ìðïñåßôå íá äåßôå ôï
      PID, ôï üíïìá ÷ñÞóôç, ôï ðïóïóôü ÷ñÞóçò ôçò CPU, êáé ôçí åíôïëÞ ìå ôçí
      ïðïßá îåêßíçóå ç äéåñãáóßá.  Ç &man.top.1; áðü ðñïåðéëïãÞ, åìöáíßæåé
      åðßóçò ôï ðïóïóôü ìíÞìçò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü ôç äéåñãáóßá.  ÁõôÞ
      ÷ùñßæåôáé óå äýï óôÞëåò.  Ç ìßá åßíáé ãéá ôï óõíïëéêü ìÝãåèïò ìíÞìçò ðïõ
      ÷ñåéÜóôçêå ç åöáñìïãÞ, åíþ ç Üëëç ãéá ôï ìÝãåèïò ôçò ìíÞìçò ðïõ
      êáôáíáëþíåé ôçí ðáñïýóá óôéãìÞ.  Óå áõôü ôï ðáñÜäåéãìá ìðïñåßôå íá äåßôå
      üôé ï <application>&netscape;</application> ÷ñåéÜóôçêå ó÷åäüí 30&nbsp;MB
      RAM, áëëÜ ôçí ðáñïýóá óôéãìÞ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ìüíï 9&nbsp;MB.</para>

    <para>Ç &man.top.1; áõôüìáôá áíáíåþíåé ôï ðåñéå÷üìåíï ôçò êÜèå äýï
      äåõôåñüëåðôá.  Áõôü ìðïñåß íá ñõèìéóôåß ìå ôçí åðéëïãÞ
      <option>s</option>.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="basics-daemons">
    <title>Äáßìïíåò, ÓÞìáôá, êáé Ôåñìáôéóìüò Äéåñãáóéþí</title>

    <para>¼ôáí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå Ýíá êåéìåíïãñÜöï, åßíáé åýêïëï íá ôïí åëÝã÷åôå,
      íá öïñôþíåôå áñ÷åßá, êáé ïôéäÞðïôå Üëëï.  Áõôü óõìâáßíåé äéüôé ï
      êåéìåíïãñÜöïò ðáñÝ÷åé áõôÝò ôéò äõíáôüôçôåò, êáé åðßóçò åðåéäÞ
      åßíáé ðñïóáñôçìÝíïò óå Ýíá <firstterm>ôåñìáôéêü</firstterm>.  ÌåñéêÜ
      ðñïãñÜììáôá äåí åßíáé ó÷åäéáóìÝíá íá äïõëåýïõí ìå óõíå÷åßò ÷åéñéóìïýò
      áðü ôïí ÷ñÞóôç, êáé åðïìÝíùò áðïóõíäÝïíôáé áðü ôï ôåñìáôéêü ìå ôçí
      ðñþôç åõêáéñßá.  Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, Ýíáò åîõðçñåôçôÞò web îïäåýåé üëï ôïõ
      ôï ÷ñüíï óôï íá áðáíôÜ óå áéôÞìáôá web, åðïìÝíùò äåí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé êáìéÜ
      åéóáãùãÞ äåäïìÝíùí áðü ôïí ÷ñÞóôç.  ¶ëëï ðáñáðëÞóéï ðáñÜäåéãìá
      åöáñìïãÞò, åßíáé ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá ìåôáöïñÜò ìçíõìÜôùí çëåêôñïíéêÞò
      áëëçëïãñáößáò áðü ìéá ôïðïèåóßá óå ìéáí Üëëç.</para>

    <para>ÏíïìÜæïõìå áõôÜ ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá
      <firstterm>äáßìïíåò (daemons)</firstterm>.  Ïé äáßìïíåò Þôáí ÷áñáêôÞñåò
      ôçò ÅëëçíéêÞò ìõèïëïãßáò (ïýôå êáëïß - ïýôå êáêïß), Þôáí áðëÜ ìéêñÜ
      óõíïäåõôéêÜ ðíåýìáôá ðïõ Ýêáíáí ÷ñÞóéìá ðñÜãìáôá ãéá ôçí áíèñùðüôçôá,
      üðùò áêñéâþò êáé ïé äéáêïìéóôÝò web êáé åîõðçñåôçôÝò çëåêôñïíéêÞò
      áëëçëïãñáößáò óÞìåñá êÜíïõí ÷ñÞóéìá ðñÜãìáôá.  Áõôüò åßíáé êáé ï ëüãïò
      ãéá ôïí ïðïßï ç ìáóêüô ôïõ BSD åßíáé åäþ êáé ðïëý êáéñü ï
      ÷áñïýìåíïò äáßìïíáò ìå ðÜíéíá óðïñ ðáðïýôóéá êáé ôçí ôñßáéíá.</para>

    <para>Ç ïíïìáóßá ôùí ðñïãñáììÜôùí ðïõ ôñÝ÷ïõí óáí äáßìïíåò óõìâáôéêÜ
      ôåëåéþíåé ìå <quote>d</quote>.  Ôï <application>BIND</application>
      åßíáé ôï Berkeley Internet Name Domain, áëëÜ ôï ðñáãìáôéêü ðñüãñáììá
      ðïõ ôñÝ÷åé ïíïìÜæåôáé <command>named</command>, ôï ðñüãñáììá ôïõ
      åîõðçñåôçôÞ web <application>Apache</application> ëÝãåôáé
      <command>httpd</command>, ï äáßìïíáò åëÝã÷ïõ ôùí åêôõðùôþí
      ãñáììÞò åßíáé ï <command>lpd</command> êáé ïýôù êáèåîÞò.  ÁõôÞ åßíáé
      áðëÜ ìéá óýìâáóç, ü÷é áðüëõôïò êáíüíáò, ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ï êýñéïò
      äáßìïíáò çëåêôñïíéêÞò áëëçëïãñáößáò ãéá ôçí åöáñìïãÞ
      <application>Sendmail</application>
      ïíïìÜæåôáé <command>sendmail</command>, êáé ü÷é
      <command>maild</command>, üðùò èá Þôáí áíáìåíüìåíï.</para>

    <para>ÌåñéêÝò öïñÝò èá ÷ñåéáóôåß íá åðéêïéíùíåßôå ìå ôç äéåñãáóßá åíüò
      äáßìïíá.  ¸íáò ôñüðïò ãéá íá ãßíåé áõôü åßíáé óôÝëíïíôáò (üðùò êáé óå
      êÜèå åêôåëÝóéìç äéåñãáóßá) <firstterm>óÞìáôá (signals)</firstterm>.
      ÕðÜñ÷ïõí äéÜöïñá óÞìáôá ðïõ ìðïñåßôå íá óôåßëåôå &mdash; ìåñéêÜ áðü
      áõôÜ Ý÷ïõí ìéá óõãêåêñéìÝíç óçìáóßá, åíþ Üëëá åñìçíåýïíôáé
      ìÝóá áðü ôçí åöáñìïãÞ, êáé åðïìÝíùò ãéá íá îÝñïõìå ðùò åñìçíåýïíôáé ôá
      óÞìáôá èá ðñÝðåé íá äéáâÜóïõìå ôçí ôåêìçñßùóç ôçò åöáñìïãÞò.  Ìðïñåßôå
      íá óôåßëåôå óÞìá óå ìéá äéåñãáóßá ìüíï áí óáò áíÞêåé.  Áí óôåßëåôå óÞìá
      óå ìéá äéåñãáóßá ðïõ áíÞêåé óå êÜðïéïí Üëëï ìå &man.kill.1; Þ
      &man.kill.2;, äåí èá óáò åðéôñáðåß.  Ç ìïíáäéêÞ åîáßñåóç óå áõôü, åßíáé
      ï ÷ñÞóôçò <username>root</username>, ðïõ ìðïñåß íá óôÝëíåé óÞìáôá óôéò
      äéåñãáóßåò ïðïéïõäÞðïôå Üëëïõ ÷ñÞóôç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò.</para>

    <para>Ôï &os; óôÝëíåé åðßóçò óÞìáôá óå åöáñìïãÝò óå ìåñéêÝò ðåñéðôþóåéò.
      Áí ìßá åöáñìïãÞ åßíáé ãñáììÝíç Üó÷çìá, êáé ðñïóðáèåß íá ðñïóðåëÜóåé
      ìíÞìç ðïõ äåí ôçò áíÞêåé, ôï &os; óôÝëíåé óôç äéåñãáóßá ôï óÞìá
      <firstterm>Segmentation Violation</firstterm>
      (<literal>SIGSEGV</literal>).  Áí ìéá åöáñìïãÞ ÷ñçóéìïðïßçóå ôï óýóôçìá
      åéäïðïßçóçò &man.alarm.3; ãéá íá åéäïðïéçèåß ìåôÜ ôçí ðÜñïäï ìéáò
      ÷ñïíéêÞò ðåñéüäïõ ôüôå ôï &os; èá óôåßëåé ôï Alarm signal
      (<literal>SIGALRM</literal>), êáé ïýôù êáè'åîÞò.</para>

    <para>Äýï óÞìáôá ìðïñïýí íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèïýí ãéá íá óôáìáôÞóïõí ìßá
      äéáäéêáóßá, ôï <literal>SIGTERM</literal> êáé ôï
      <literal>SIGKILL</literal>.  Ôï <literal>SIGTERM</literal> åßíáé ï
      óùóôüò ôñüðïò ãéá íá óôáìáôÞóïõìå ìéá äéáäéêáóßá.  Ç äéåñãáóßá
      <emphasis>áíôéëáìâÜíåôáé</emphasis> ôï óÞìá, åêôåëåß ôï óôáìÜôçìá
      êëåßíïíôáò üëá ôá áñ÷åßá áíáöïñÜò (log files), ðïõ ðéèáíþò íá åßíáé
      áíïé÷ôÜ, êáé ãåíéêþò ôåëåéþíåé ïôéäÞðïôå êÜíåé ôçí óõãêåêñéìÝíç
      ÷ñïíéêÞ óôéãìÞ ðñéí óôáìáôÞóåé.  Óå ìåñéêÝò ðåñéðôþóåéò ç äéåñãáóßá
      ìðïñåß íá áãíïÞóåé ôï <literal>SIGTERM</literal> åÜí âñßóêåôáé óôá
      ìéóÜ êÜðïéáò åñãáóßáò ðïõ äåí ìðïñåß íá äéáêïðåß.</para>

    <para>Ôï óÞìá <literal>SIGKILL</literal> äåí ìðïñåß íá áãíïçèåß áðü ìßá
      äéåñãáóßá.  Åßíáé óáí íá ëÝåé óôç äéåñãáóßá,
      <quote>Äåí ìå åíäéáöÝñåé ôé êÜíåéò, óôáìÜôá ôþñá áìÝóùò</quote>.  Áí
      óôåßëåôå ôï óÞìá <literal>SIGKILL</literal> óå ìéá äéáäéêáóßá ôüôå ôï
      &os; èá óôáìáôÞóåé ôçí äéáäéêáóßá Üìåóá

      <footnote>
	<para>Áõôü äåí åßíáé áðüëõôá áëçèÝò &mdash; ÕðÜñ÷ïõí ìåñéêÜ ðñÜãìáôá
	  ðïõ äåí ìðïñïýí íá äéáêïðïýí.  Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, åÜí ç äéåñãáóßá
	  ðñïóðáèåß íá äéáâÜóåé Ýíá áñ÷åßï áðü Üëëïí õðïëïãéóôÞ óôï äßêôõï
	  êáé îáöíéêÜ áõôüò ï Üëëïò õðïëïãéóôÞò äéáêüøåé ãéá êÜðïéï ëüãï
	  (ëüãù êëåéóßìáôïò ôïõ pc Þ ëüãù âëÜâçò óôï äßêôõï), ôüôå ç äéåñãáóßá
	  ïíïìÜæåôáé ìç <quote>äéáêüøéìç</quote>.  Ðéèáíþò ç äéåñãáóßá íá
	  êÜíåé time out, óõíÞèùò ìåôÜ áðü äýï ëåðôÜ.  Ìüëéò óõìâåß áõôü, èá
	  ôåñìáôéóôåß Üìåóá.</para>
      </footnote>.</para>

    <para>¶ëëá óÞìáôá ðïõ ðéèáíþò íá èÝëåôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå åßíáé ôá
      <literal>SIGHUP</literal>, <literal>SIGUSR1</literal>, êáé
      <literal>SIGUSR2</literal>.  ÁõôÜ åßíáé óÞìáôá ãåíéêÞò ÷ñÞóçò, êáé
      üôáí áðïóôÝëëïíôáé êÜíïõí äéáöïñåôéêÜ ðñÜãìáôá áíÜëïãá ìå ôçí
      åöáñìïãÞ.</para>

    <para>Áò õðïèÝóïõìå ðùò áëëÜîáôå ôï áñ÷åßï ñýèìéóçò ôïõ åîõðçñåôçôÞ
      äéáäéêôýïõ óáò, êáé ðùò èá èÝëáôå íá ðåßôå óôïí åîõðçñåôçôÞ íá
      îáíáäéáâÜóåé ôéò ñõèìßóåéò.  Èá ìðïñïýóáôå íá óôáìáôÞóåôå êáé íá
      åðáíåêêéíÞóåôå ôï <command>httpd</command>, áëëÜ áõôü èá ïäçãïýóå óå
      ìéá ÷ñïíéêÞ ðåñßïäï üðïõ ï åîõðçñåôçôÞò èá Ýìåíå åêôüò ëåéôïõñãßáò,
      êÜôé ôï ïðïßï ìðïñåß íá åßíáé áíåðéèýìçôï.  Ïé ðåñéóóüôåñïé äáßìïíåò
      åßíáé ó÷åäéáóìÝíïé íá áðáíôïýí óå óÞìáôá <literal>SIGHUP</literal> ãéá
      ôçí åê íÝïõ áíÜãíùóç ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ ñýèìéóçò ôïõò.  ÅðïìÝíùò, áíôß íá
      óôáìáôÞóïõìå êáé íá åðáíåêêéíÞóïõìå ôï <command>httpd</command> èá
      ìðïñïýóáìå íá ôïõ óôåßëïõìå ôï óÞìá <literal>SIGHUP</literal>.  ÅðåéäÞ
      äåí õðÜñ÷åé óõãêåêñéìÝíïò ôñüðïò óôçí áðÜíôçóç áõôþí ôùí óçìÜôùí, êáé
      äéáöïñåôéêïß äáßìïíåò Ý÷ïõí äéáöïñåôéêÞ óõìðåñéöïñÜ, ðñÝðåé íá
      äéáâÜóåôå ðñþôá ôçí ôåêìçñßùóç ãéá ôïí óõãêåêñéìÝíï äáßìïíá.</para>

    <para>Ôá óÞìáôá óôÝëíïíôáé ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí åíôïëÞ &man.kill.1;, üðùò
      õðïäåéêíýåé ôï áêüëïõèï ðáñÜäåéãìá.</para>

    <procedure>
      <title>ÓôÝëíïíôáò ÓÞìá óå ìßá Äéåñãáóßá</title>

      <para>Áõôü ôï ðáñÜäåéãìá äåß÷íåé ðùò íá óôåßëåôå óÞìá óôçí
	&man.inetd.8;.  Ôï áñ÷åßï ñýèìéóçò ôçò <command>inetd</command> åßíáé
	ôï <filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename>, êáé ç
	<command>inetd</command> èá îáíá-äéáâÜóåé áõôü ôï áñ÷åßï ñýèìéóçò
	üôáí èá óôáëåß ôï óÞìá <literal>SIGHUP</literal>.</para>

      <step>
	<para>Âñåßôå ôï PID ôçò äéåñãáóßáò, ôçò ïðïßáò åðéèõìåßôå íá óôåßëåôå
	  ôï óÞìá.  ÅíåñãÞóôå ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôéò åíôïëÝò &man.ps.1; êáé
	  &man.grep.1;.  Ç åíôïëÞ &man.grep.1; ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá íá øÜîåé
	  óôçí Ýîïäï ìéáò åíôïëÞò, ãéá ôïõò áëöáñéèìçôéêïýò ÷áñáêôÞñåò ðïõ
	  Ý÷åôå ïñßóåé.  Ç åíôïëÞ åêôåëåßôáé áðü Ýíáí áðëü ÷ñÞóôç, åíþ ç
	  &man.inetd.8; åêôåëåßôáé áðü ôïí <username>root</username>,
	  åðïìÝíùò èá ðñÝðåé íá ðñïóèÝóåôå ôçí åðéëïãÞ <option>ax</option>
	  óôçí &man.ps.1;.</para>

	<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>ps -ax | grep inetd</userinput>
  198  ??  IWs    0:00.00 inetd -wW</screen>

	<para>ÅðïìÝíùò ôï PID ôçò &man.inetd.8; åßíáé ôï 198.  Óå ìåñéêÝò
	  ðåñéðôþóåéò ìðïñåß íá åìöáíßæåôáé óôçí Ýîïäï ç åíôïëÞ
	  <literal>grep inetd</literal>.  Áõôü ïöåßëåôáé óôïí ôñüðï ìå ôïí
	  ïðïßï ç &man.ps.1; øÜ÷íåé ôçí ëßóôá ôùí åíåñãþí äéåñãáóéþí.</para>
      </step>

      <step>
	<para>×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí &man.kill.1; ãéá íá óôåßëåôå ôï óÞìá.
	  ÅðåéäÞ ç &man.inetd.8; ôñÝ÷åé áðü ôïí <username>root</username>
	  èá ðñÝðåé ðñþôá íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå &man.su.1; ãéá íá ãßíåôå
	  ðñþôá <username>root</username>.</para>

	<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>su</userinput>
<prompt>Password:</prompt>
&prompt.root; <userinput>/bin/kill -s HUP 198</userinput></screen>

	<para>¼ðùò êáé ìå ôéò ðåñéóóüôåñåò åíôïëÝò óôï &unix;, ç
	  &man.kill.1; äåí èá ôõðþóåé ôßðïôå óôçí Ýîïäï áí ç åíôïëÞ åß÷å
	  åðéôõ÷ßá.  ÅÜí óôåßëåôå Ýíá óÞìá óå ìéá äéåñãáóßá ðïõ äåí óáò
	  áíÞêåé èá äåßôå <errorname>kill: <replaceable>PID</replaceable>:
	  Operation not permitted</errorname>.  Áí ðëçêôñïëïãÞóåôå ëÜèïò
	  ôï PID ôüôå Þ èá óôåßëåôå ôï óÞìá óå ëÜèïò äéåñãáóßá,êÜôé ðïõ
	  ìðïñåß íá åßíáé Üó÷çìï, Þ, áí åßóôå ôõ÷åñüò, èá Ý÷åôå óôåßëåé ôï
	  óÞìá óå Ýíá PID ðïõ äåí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ôç óõãêåêñéìÝíç óôéãìÞ, êáé
	  èá äåßôå <errorname>kill: <replaceable>PID</replaceable>: No such
	  process</errorname>.</para>

	<note>
	  <title>Ãéáôß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ
	    <command>/bin/kill</command>;</title>

	  <para>ÐïëëÜ êåëýöç ðáñÝ÷ïõí ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>kill</command> ùò
	    åíóùìáôùìÝíç åíôïëÞ.  Áõôü óçìáßíåé ðùò ôï êÝëõöïò èá óôåßëåé
	    ôï óÞìá Üìåóá, áíôß íá ôñÝîåé ôï <filename>/bin/kill</filename>.
	    Áõôü ìðïñåß íá åßíáé ðïëý ÷ñÞóéìï, áëëÜ äéáöïñåôéêÜ êåëýöç Ý÷ïõí
	    äéáöïñåôéêÞ óýíôáîç ãéá ôïí êáèïñéóìü ôï üíïìá ôïõ óÞìáôïò ðïõ
	    ðñÝðåé íá áðïóôáëåß.  Áíôß ëïéðüí íá ðñÝðåé íá ìÜèïõìå üëåò ôéò
	    ðåñéðôþóåéò ,åßíáé åõêïëüôåñï áðëÜ íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýìå ôçí åíôïëÞ
	    <command>/bin/kill <replaceable>...</replaceable></command>
	    Üìåóá.</para>
	</note>
      </step>
    </procedure>

    <para>Ç áðïóôïëÞ Üëëùí óçìÜôùí ìïéÜæåé ðÜñá ðïëý, áðëÜ áíôéêáôáóôÞóôå
      ôï <literal>TERM</literal> Þ ôï <literal>KILL</literal> óôç ãñáììÞ
      åíôïëþí ìå êÜðïéï Üëëï.</para>

    <important>
      <para>Ç öüíåõóç ôõ÷áßùí äéåñãáóéþí óôï óýóôçìá ìðïñåß íá åßíáé êáêÞ
	éäÝá.  Éäéáßôåñá, ç &man.init.8;, ìå PID 1, åßíáé ðïëý åéäéêÞ.  Ç
	åêôÝëåóç ôçò åíôïëÞò <command>/bin/kill -s KILL 1</command> åßíáé
	Ýíáò ãñÞãïñïò ôñüðïò íá óâÞóåôå ôï óýóôçìá óáò.
	<emphasis>ÐÜíôá</emphasis> íá åëÝã÷åôå äýï öïñÝò ôéò ðáñáìÝôñïõò ðïõ
	÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ìå ôçí &man.kill.1; <emphasis>ðñéí</emphasis>
	ðéÝóåôå <keycap>Return</keycap>.</para>
    </important>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="shells">
    <title>Êåëýöç</title>
    <indexterm><primary>êåëýöç</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm><primary>ãñáììÞ åíôïëþí</primary></indexterm>

    <para>Óôï &os; Ýíá ìåãÜëï ìÝñïò ôçò êáèçìåñéíÞò åñãáóßáò ãßíåôáé óå Ýíá
      ðåñéâÜëëïí ãñáììÞò åíôïëþí ïíüìáôé êÝëõöïò (shell).  Ç êýñéá äïõëåéÜ
      ôïõ êåëýöïõò åßíáé íá ðáßñíåé åíôïëÝò áðü ôï êáíÜëé åéóüäïõ êáé íá ôéò
      åêôåëåß.  ÌåñéêÜ êåëýöç Ý÷ïõí åíóùìáôùìÝíåò ëåéôïõñãßåò þóôå íá âïçèïýí
      óôéò êáèçìåñéíÝò ðñïãñáììáôéóìÝíåò åñãáóßåò üðùò äéá÷åßñéóç áñ÷åßùí,
      file globbing, åðåîåñãáóßá ãñáììÞò åíôïëþí, ìáêñïåíôïëÝò, êáé
      ìåôáâëçôÝò ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò.  Ôï &os; äéáôßèåôáé ìå äéÜöïñá êåëýöç, üðùò ôï
      <command>sh</command>, ôï Bourne Shell êáé ôï <command>tcsh</command>,
      ôï âåëôéùìÝíï C-shell.  ÄéÜöïñá Üëëá êåëýöç åßíáé äéáèÝóéìá áðü ôçí
      ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí Ports ôïõ &os;, üðùò ôá <command>zsh</command> êáé
      <command>bash</command>.</para>

    <para>Ðïéï êÝëõöïò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå; Åßíáé ðñáãìáôéêÜ èÝìá ãïýóôïõ.
      ÅÜí åßóôå ðñïãñáììáôéóôÞò óå ãëþóóá C èá áéóèáíèåßôå ðåñéóóüôåñï
      ïéêåßïò ìå ôá êåëýöç ôýðïõ C, üðùò ôï <command>tcsh</command>.  ÅÜí
      Ýñ÷åóôå áðü ôï Linux Þ åßóôå íÝïò óå ðåñéâÜëëïí ãñáììÞò åíôïëþí &unix;
      ìðïñåßôå íá äïêéìÜóåôå ôï <command>bash</command>.  Ç ïõóßá åßíáé ðùò
      êÜèå êÝëõöïò Ý÷åé ìïíáäéêÝò éäéüôçôåò ðïõ ìðïñåß íá óõíåñãáóôïýí ìå ôï
      ðåñéâÜëëïí åñãáóßáò ôçò ðñïôßìçóçò óáò, êáé åðïìÝíùò åßíáé åðéëïãÞ óáò
      ðïéï êÝëõöïò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå.</para>

    <para>Ìéá êïéíÞ éäéüôçôá üëùí ôùí êåëõöþí åßíáé ç áõôüìáôç óõìðëÞñùóç
      ïíïìÜôùí áñ÷åßùí.  Áöïý Ý÷åôå ðëçêôñïëïãÞóåé ôá ðñþôá ãñÜììáôá ìéáò
      åíôïëÞò Þ åíüò ïíüìáôïò áñ÷åßïõ áí ðéÝóåôå ôï ðëÞêôñï
      <keycap>Tab</keycap> óôï ðëçêôñïëüãéï, ôüôå ôï êÝëõöïò áõôüìáôá èá
      ïëïêëçñþóåé ôï õðüëïéðï ôçò åíôïëÞò Þ ôïõ ïíüìáôïò áñ÷åßïõ.  Áò äþóïõìå
      Ýíá ðáñÜäåéãìá.  Áò õðïèÝóïõìå ðùò Ý÷åôå äýï áñ÷åßá
      <filename>foobar</filename> êáé <filename>foo.bar</filename>.  Áí
      èÝëåôå íá óâÞóåôå ôï <filename>foo.bar</filename> èá ðñÝðåé íá
      ðëçêôñïëïãÞóåôå
      <command>rm fo[<keycap>Tab</keycap>].[<keycap>Tab</keycap>]</command>.</para>

    <para>Ôï êÝëõöïò èá ôõðþóåé áõôüìáôá <command>rm foo[BEEP].bar</command>.</para>

    <para>Ôï [BEEP] åßíáé ôï êïõäïýíé ôçò êïíóüëáò, ôï ïðïßï ìáò ðëçñïöïñåß
      ðùò äåí Þôáí äõíáôüí íá ïëïêëçñþóåé ôï üíïìá ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ äéüôé õðÜñ÷ïõí
      ðåñéóóüôåñá áðü Ýíá ïíüìáôá áñ÷åßùí ðïõ ôáéñéÜæïõí.  ¼íôùò ôï
      <filename>foobar</filename> êáé ôï <filename>foo.bar</filename>
      îåêéíïýí ìå <literal>fo</literal>, êáé ôï êÝëõöïò êáôÜöåñå íá
      óõìðëçñþóåé ùò ôï <literal>foo</literal>.  Áí ðëçêôñïëïãÞóåôå åðéðëÝïí
      <literal>.</literal>, êáé ìåôÜ ðÜëé <keycap>Tab</keycap>, ôï êÝëõöïò
      èá êáôáöÝñåé íá óõìðëçñþóåé ôï õðüëïéðï ôïõ ïíüìáôïò áñ÷åßïõ
      ãéá óáò.</para>

    <indexterm><primary>ìåôáâëçôÝò ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò</primary></indexterm>

    <para>¶ëëï éäéáßôåñï ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêü ôïõ êåëýöïõò åßíáé ç ÷ñÞóç ôùí
      ìåôáâëçôþí ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò.  Ïé ìåôáâëçôÝò ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò åßíáé Ýíá æåýãïò
      ìåôáâëçôþí/êëåéäéþí áðïèçêåõìÝíá óôïí ðåñéâÜëëïíôá ÷þñï ôïõ êåëýöïõò
      Áõôüò ï ÷þñïò ìðïñåß íá äéáâáóôåß áðü ïðïéïäÞðïôå ðñüãñáììá ðïõ
      êáëåßôáé áðü ôï êÝëõöïò, êáé Ýôóé ðåñéÝ÷åé ðëÞèïò ñõèìßóåùí
      ðñïãñáììÜôùí.  Áêïëïõèåß ìßá ëßóôá ìå óõíÞèåéò ìåôáâëçôÝò ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò
      êáé ôç óçìáóßá ôïõò:</para>

    <indexterm><primary>ìåôáâëçôÝò ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò</primary></indexterm>

    <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="2">
	<thead>
	  <row>
	    <entry>ÌåôáâëçôÞ</entry>
	    <entry>ÐåñéãñáöÞ</entry>
	  </row>
	</thead>

	<tbody>
	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>USER</envar></entry>
	    <entry>¼íïìá ôïõ ôñÝ÷ïíôá ÷ñÞóôç.</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>PATH</envar></entry>
	    <entry>Ëßóôá êáôáëüãùí ãéá ôçí áíáæÞôçóç åêôåëÝóéìùí ÷ùñéóìÝíç
	      ìå Üíù-êÜôù ôåëåßåò.</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>DISPLAY</envar></entry>
	    <entry>¼íïìá äéêôýïõ ôçò ïèüíçò X11 ðïõ åßíáé äéáèÝóéìç ãéá
	      óýíäåóç, áí õðÜñ÷åé.</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>SHELL</envar></entry>
	    <entry>Ôï åíåñãü êÝëõöïò.</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>TERM</envar></entry>
	    <entry>Ôï üíïìá ôïõ ôýðïõ ôïõ ôåñìáôéêïý ÷ñÞóôç.  Ïñßæåé ôéò
	      äõíáôüôçôåò ôïõ ôåñìáôéêïý.</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>TERMCAP</envar></entry>
	    <entry>ÅããñáöÞ óôç âÜóç äåäïìÝíùí êùäéêþí escape ãéá äéÜöïñåò
	      ëåéôïõñãßåò ôåñìáôéêþí.</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>OSTYPE</envar></entry>
	    <entry>Ï ôýðïò ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò ð.÷., &os;.</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>MACHTYPE</envar></entry>
	    <entry>Ç áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ CPU óôçí ïðïßá äïõëåýåé ôï óýóôçìá.</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>EDITOR</envar></entry>
	    <entry>Ï ðñïåðéëåãìÝíïò êåéìåíïãñÜöïò ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç.</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>PAGER</envar></entry>
	    <entry>Ôï ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï ðñüãñáììá óåëéäïðïßçóçò ôïõ
	      ÷ñÞóôç.</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>MANPATH</envar></entry>
	    <entry>Ëßóôá êáôáëüãùí ãéá ôçí áíáæÞôçóç ôùí óåëßäùí âïçèåßáò
	      (man pages) ÷ùñéóìÝíç ìå Üíù-êÜôù ôåëåßåò.</entry>
	  </row>
	</tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>

    <indexterm><primary>Bourne shells</primary></indexterm>

    <para>Ï ïñéóìüò ìéáò ìåôáâëçôÞò ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò äéáöÝñåé êÜðùò áðü êÝëõöïò
      óå êÝëõöïò.  Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá óôá êåëýöç ôýðïõ-C, üðùò ôá
      <command>tcsh</command> êáé <command>csh</command>, èá ðñÝðåé íá
      ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí <command>setenv</command> ãéá íá ïñßóåôå ìåôáâëçôÝò
      ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò.  Óå êåëýöç Bourne üðùò ôá <command>sh</command> êáé
      <command>bash</command>, èá ðñÝðåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôçí
      <command>export</command> ãéá íá èÝóåôå ôéò ôñÝ÷ïõóåò ìåôáâëçôÝò
      ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò.  Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ãéá íá ïñßóåôå Þ íá ìåôáôñÝøåôå ôçí
      ìåôáâëçôÞ ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò <envar>EDITOR</envar>, óå
      <command>csh</command> Þ <command>tcsh</command> èá ðñÝðåé íá äþóåôå
      ìéá åíôïëÞ ðïõ íá èÝôåé ôç ìåôáâëçôÞ <envar>EDITOR</envar> óôï
      <filename>/usr/local/bin/emacs</filename>:</para>

    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>setenv EDITOR /usr/local/bin/emacs</userinput></screen>

    <para>Ãéá êåëýöç Bourne:</para>

    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>export EDITOR="/usr/local/bin/emacs"</userinput></screen>

    <para>Ìðïñåßôå åðßóçò óôá ðåñéóóüôåñá êåëýöç íá áíáðôýóóåôå ôéò
      ìåôáâëçôÝò ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò ôïðïèåôþíôáò ìðñïóôÜ ôïõò ôïí ÷áñáêôÞñá
      <literal>$</literal>.  Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ç <command>echo $TERM</command>
      èá ôõðþóåé ôçí ôéìÞ ðïõ Ý÷ïõìå èÝóåé óôçí ìåôáâëçôÞ, äéüôé ôï êÝëõöïò
      áíáðôýóóåé ôçí <envar>$TERM</envar> êáé ðåñíÜ ôçí ôéìÞ ôçò óôçí
      <command>echo</command>.</para>

    <para>Ôá êåëýöç ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ìåñéêïýò åéäéêïýò ÷áñáêôÞñåò, ðïõ
      ïíïìÜæïíôáé meta-÷áñáêôÞñåò ãéá åìöáíßóåéò éäéáßôåñùí äåäïìÝíùí.  Ï ðéï
      êïéíüò åî' áõôþí åßíáé ï ÷áñáêôÞñáò <literal>*</literal>, ï ïðïßïò
      áíôéðñïóùðåýåé ïðïéïäÞðïôå áëöáñéèìçôéêü ÷áñáêôÞñá óå Ýíá üíïìá áñ÷åßïõ.
      Áõôïß ïé åéäéêïß meta-÷áñáêôÞñåò ìðïñïýí íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèïýí ãéá íá
      êÜíïõí filename globbing.  Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, áí ðëçêôñïëïãÞóåôå
      <command>echo *</command> åßíáé ó÷åäüí ôï ßäéï ìå ôï íá äþóåôå
      <command>ls</command> äéüôé ôï êÝëõöïò ðáßñíåé üëá ôá áñ÷åßá ðïõ
      ôáéñéÜæïõí ìå <literal>*</literal> êáé ôá ðñïùèåß óôçí ãñáììÞ åíôïëþí
      ãéá ôçí <command>echo</command>.</para>

    <para>Ãéá íá åìðïäßóåôå ôï êÝëõöïò íá åðåîåñãáóôåß áõôïýò ôïõò åéäéêïýò
      ÷áñáêôÞñåò, ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï óýìâïëï äéáöõãÞò (escape)
      ôïðïèåôþíôáò ìðñïóôÜ ôïõò ìéá äåîéüóôñïöç êÜèåôï
      (<literal>\</literal>).  Ç <command>echo $TERM</command> ôõðþíåé ôïí
      ôýðï ôïõ ôåñìáôéêïý óáò, åíþ ç <command>echo \$TERM</command> ôõðþíåé
      áðëÜ <envar>$TERM</envar>.</para>

    <sect2 id="changing-shells">
      <title>ÁëëÜæïíôáò ôï ÊÝëõöïò óáò</title>

      <para>Ï åõêïëüôåñïò ôñüðïò ãéá íá áëëÜîåôå ôï êÝëõöïò óáò åßíáé íá
	÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>chsh</command>.  ÔñÝ÷ïíôáò ôçí
	<command>chsh</command> èá ïäçãçèåßôå óôïí êåéìåíïãñÜöï ðïõ Ý÷åôå
	èÝóåé óôçí ìåôáâëçôÞ ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò <envar>EDITOR</envar>, åíþ áí äåí
	Ý÷åôå èÝóåé, èá ïäçãçèåßôå óôï <command>vi</command>.  ÁëëÜîôå
	êáôÜëëçëá ôç ãñáììÞ <quote>Shell:</quote></para>

      <para>Ìðïñåßôå åðßóçò íá äþóåôå óôçí <command>chsh</command> ôçí
	åðéëïãÞ <option>-s</option>, áõôÞ èá èÝóåé ôï êÝëõöïò ãéá óáò, äß÷ùò
	íá ÷ñåéáóôåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôïí êåéìåíïãñÜöï.  Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, áí
	èÝëåôå íá áëëÜîåôå ôï êÝëõöïò óáò óå <command>bash</command>, ç
	áêüëïõèç åíôïëÞ åßíáé áêñéâþò áõôü ðïõ ÷ñåéÜæåóôå:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash</userinput></screen>

      <note>
	<para>Ôï êÝëõöïò óôï ïðïßï åðéèõìåßôå íá ìåôáâåßôå
	  <emphasis>ðñÝðåé</emphasis> íá åßíáé êáôá÷ùñçìÝíï óôï áñ÷åßï
	  <filename>/etc/shells</filename>.  Áí Ý÷åôå åãêáôáóôÞóåé Ýíá
	  êÝëõöïò áðü ôç <link linkend="ports">óõëëïãÞ ôùí ports</link>, ôüôå
	  áõôü èá ðñÝðåé íá Ý÷åé Þäç ãßíåé.  Áí åãêáôáóôÞóáôå ôï êÝëõöïò ìüíïé
	  óáò, ôüôå èá ðñÝðåé íá åêôåëÝóåôå ôç äéáäéêáóßá ðïõ
	  áêïëïõèåß.</para>

	<para>Áí ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, åãêáôáóôÞóáôå ôï <command>bash</command>
	  ìüíïé óáò êáé ôï ôïðïèåôÞóáôå óôïí
	  <filename>/usr/local/bin</filename>, ôüôå èá ðñÝðåé íá
	  äþóåôå:</para>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo &quot;/usr/local/bin/bash&quot; &gt;&gt; /etc/shells</userinput></screen>

	<para>Êáé ìåôÜ îáíáôñÝîôå ôçí <command>chsh</command>.</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="editors">
    <title>ÊåéìåíïãñÜöïé</title>
    <indexterm><primary>êåéìåíïãñÜöïé</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm><primary>åðåîåñãáóôÝò êåéìÝíïõ</primary></indexterm>

    <para>ÁñêåôÝò ñõèìßóåéò óôï &os; ãßíïíôáé ìå åðåîåñãáóßá áñ÷åßùí
      êåéìÝíïõ.  Ãéá áõôü ôï ëüãï, èá Þôáí êáëÞ éäÝá íá åîïéêåéùèåßôå ìå Ýíá
      êåéìåíïãñÜöï.  Áñêåôïß ðåñéÝ÷ïíôáé óôï âáóéêü óýóôçìá ôïõ &os; êáé
      ðïëëïß ðåñéóóüôåñïé åßíáé äéáèÝóéìïé óôçí ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí Ports
      (Ports Collection).</para>

    <indexterm>
      <primary><command>ee</command></primary>
    </indexterm>
    <indexterm>
      <primary>êåéìåíïãñÜöïé</primary>
      <secondary><command>ee</command></secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>Ï åõêïëüôåñïò êáé áðëïýóôåñïò êåéìåíïãñÜöïò ãéá íá ìÜèåôå ïíïìÜæåôáé
      <application>ee</application>, ðïõ óçìáßíåé easy editor (åýêïëïò
      êåéìåíïãñÜöïò).  Ãéá íá îåêéíÞóåôå ôïí <application>ee</application>,
      ðñÝðåé íá ðëçêôñïëïãÞóåôå óôçí ãñáììÞ åíôïëþí
      <command>ee <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command> üðïõ
      <replaceable>filename</replaceable> åßíáé ôï üíïìá ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ ðïõ
      èÝëåôå íá åðåîåñãáóôåßôå.  Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ãéá íá åðåîåñãáóôåßôå ôï
      <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>, ðëçêôñïëïãåßôå
      <command>ee /etc/rc.conf</command>.  Ìüëéò åéóÝëèåôå óôï
      <command>ee</command>, üëåò ïé åíôïëÝò ãéá íá ÷åéñéóôåßôå ôéò
      ëåéôïõñãßåò ôïõ êåéìåíïãñÜöïõ áíáöÝñïíôáé óôï ðÜíù ìÝñïò ôçò ïèüíçò.
      Ï ÷áñáêôÞñáò êáðÝëï <literal>^</literal> óçìáßíåé ôï ðëÞêôñï
      <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>, åðïìÝíùò <literal>^e</literal> óçìáßíåé ðùò
      ðñÝðåé íá ðëçêôñïëïãÞóåôå ôïí óõíäõáóìü ðëÞêôñùí
      <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>e</keycap>
      </keycombo>.  Ãéá íá âãåßôå áðü ôï <application>ee</application>,
      ðéÝæåôå ôï ðëÞêôñï <keycap>Esc</keycap>, êáé åðéëÝãåôå leave editor.
      Ï êåéìåíïãñÜöïò èá óáò ðñïôñÝøåé íá óþóåôå ôõ÷üí áëëáãÝò, áí Ý÷åôå
      åðåîåñãáóôåß ôï áñ÷åßï.</para>

    <indexterm>
      <primary><command>vi</command></primary>
    </indexterm>
    <indexterm>
      <primary>editors</primary>
      <secondary><command>vi</command></secondary>
    </indexterm>
    <indexterm>
      <primary><command>emacs</command></primary>
    </indexterm>
    <indexterm>
      <primary>editors</primary>
      <secondary><command>emacs</command></secondary>
    </indexterm>
    <para>Ôï &os; ðáñÝ÷åôáé åðßóçò ìå ðéï åîåëéãìÝíïõò êåéìåíïãñÜöïõò üðùò
      ôï åíóùìáôùìÝíï óôï âáóéêü óýóôçìá <application>vi</application>.  Ôï
      <application>Emacs</application> êáé ôï <application>vim</application>,
      åßíáé ìÝñïò ôçò ÓõëëïãÞò ôùí Ports ôïõ &os;
      (<filename role="package">editors/emacs</filename> êáé
      <filename role="package">editors/vim</filename>).  Áõôïß ïé
      êåéìåíïãñÜöïé ðñïóöÝñïõí ðïëëÝò ðåñéóóüôåñåò ëåéôïõñãßåò êáé
      äõíáôüôçôåò, ìå êüóôïò áõîçìÝíç ðïëõðëïêüôçôá êáé äõóêïëßá åêìÜèçóçò.
      Ùóôüóï áí ó÷åäéÜæåôå íá åðåîåñãáóôåßôå áñêåôÜ êåßìåíá, ç åêìÜèçóç åíüò
      éó÷õñïý êåéìåíïãñÜöïõ üðùò ôï
      <application>vim</application> Þ ôï <application>Emacs</application> èá
      óáò ãëõôþóåé ðïëý ðåñéóóüôåñï ÷ñüíï åðåîåñãáóßáò óôçí ðïñåßá.</para>

    <para>ÐïëëÝò åöáñìïãÝò ðïõ ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá áëëÜîïõí êÜðïéï áñ÷åßï Þ
      áðáéôïýí áðü ôï ÷ñÞóôç íá ðëçêôñïëïãÞóåé êÜðïéï êåßìåíï, èá áíïßîïõí
      áõôüìáôá êÜðïéï êåéìåíïãñÜöï.  Ãéá íá áëëÜîåôå ôïí ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï
      êåéìåíïãñÜöï, èá ðñÝðåé íá èÝóåôå êáôÜëëçëç ôéìÞ óôçí ìåôáâëçôÞ
      ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò <envar>EDITOR</envar>.  Äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá <link
	linkend="shells">Êåëýöç</link> ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ëåðôïìÝñåéåò.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="basics-devices">
    <title>ÓõóêåõÝò êáé Áñ÷åßá óõóêåõþí</title>

    <para>ÓõóêåõÞ åßíáé Ýíáò üñïò ðïõ áíáöÝñåôáé óå ó÷Ýóç ìå
      ëåéôïõñãßåò hardware åíüò óõóôÞìáôïò, ðåñéëáìâÜíïíôáò äßóêïõò,
      åêôõðùôÝò, êÜñôåò ãñáöéêþí êáé ðëçêôñïëüãéá.  ÊáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç ôïõ &os;
      ïé ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ðïõ áíáãñÜöïíôáé óôçí ïèüíç åßíáé óõóêåõÝò
      ðïõ áíáãíùñßæïíôáé áðü ôï óýóôçìá.  Ìðïñåßôå íá îáíáäåßôå ôá ìçíýìáôá
      åêêßíçóçò, äéáâÜæïíôáò ôï <filename>/var/run/dmesg.boot</filename>.</para>

    <para>Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, <devicename>acd0</devicename> åßíáé ï ðñþôïò
      ïäçãüò IDE CDROM, åíþ ôï <devicename>kbd0</devicename> áíôéðñïóùðåýåé
      ôï ðëçêôñïëüãéï.</para>

    <para>Óôéò ðåñéóóüôåñåò áðü áõôÝò ôéò óõóêåõÝò óå Ýíá ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá
      &unix; ç ðñüóâáóç ðñÝðåé íá ãßíåôáé äéáìÝóïõ åéäéêþí áñ÷åßùí ðïõ
      ïíïìÜæïíôáé áñ÷åßá óõóêåõþí, êáé åßíáé ôïðïèåôçìÝíá óôïí êáôÜëïãï
      <filename>/dev</filename>.</para>

    <sect2>
      <title>Äçìéïõñãþíôáò Áñ÷åßá Óõóêåõþí</title>
      <para>¼ôáí ðñïóèÝôåôå ìéá íÝá óõóêåõÞ óôï óýóôçìá óáò, Þ ìåôáãëùôôßæåôå
	ðçãáßï êþäéêá ãéá õðïóôÞñéîç íÝùí ïäçãþí, ðñÝðåé íá äçìéïõñãïýíôáé
	íÝá áñ÷åßá óõóêåõþí.</para>

      <sect3>
	<title><literal>DEVFS</literal> (DEVice File System)</title>

	<para> Ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí óõóêåõþí Þ, <literal>DEVFS</literal>,
	  ðáñÝ÷åé ðñüóâáóç óôï ÷þñï ïíïìÜôùí óõóêåõþí ôïõ ðõñÞíá (device
	  namespace) óôï global óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò.  Áíôß íá
	  äçìéïõñãåßôå êáé íá ìåôáôñÝðåôå áñ÷åßá óõóêåõþí, ôï
	  <literal>DEVFS</literal> óõíôçñåß ãéá óáò áõôü ôï éäéáßôåñï óýóôçìá
	  áñ÷åßùí.</para>

	<para>Äåßôå ôçí óåëßäá âïçèåßáò &man.devfs.5; ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò
	  ðëçñïöïñßåò.</para>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="binary-formats">
    <title>Ôýðïé ÅêôåëÝóéìùí</title>

    <para>Ãéá íá êáôáëÜâåôå ãéáôß ôï &os; ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôïí ôýðï &man.elf.5;
      èá ðñÝðåé ðñþôá íá ãíùñßæåôå ìåñéêÜ ðñÜãìáôá ãéá ôïõò ôñåéò
      <quote>êõñßáñ÷ïõò</quote> ôýðïõò åêôåëÝóéìùí ãéá ôï &unix;</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para>&man.a.out.5;</para>

	<para>Ï ðáëáéüôåñïò êáé ðéï <quote>êëáóóéêüò</quote> ôýðïò
	  áíôéêåéìÝíùí ôïõ &unix;.  ×ñçóéìïðïéåß ìéá ìéêñÞ êáé óõìðáãÞ
	  êåöáëßäá ìå Ýíá ìáãéêü íïýìåñï óôçí áñ÷Þ ðïõ óõ÷íÜ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé
	  ãéá íá ÷áñáêôçñßæåé ôïí ôýðï (äåßôå ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò
	  ôçí &man.a.out.5;).  ÐåñéÝ÷åé ôñßá öïñôùìÝíá ôìÞìáôá: .text, .data
	  êáé .bss êáé åðéðëÝïí Ýíá ðßíáêá óõìâüëùí êáé Ýíá ðßíáêá
	  áëöáñéèìçôéêþí ÷áñáêôÞñùí.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para><acronym>COFF</acronym></para>

	<para>Ï ôýðïò áíôéêåéìÝíïõ SVR3.  Ç êåöáëßäá ôþñá áðïôåëåßôáé áðü Ýíá
	  ðßíáêá ôïìÝùí, þóôå íá ìðïñïýìå íá Ý÷ïõìå êÜôé ðáñáðÜíù áðü áðëÜ
	  .text, .data êáé .bss.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>&man.elf.5;</para>

	<para>Ï äéÜäï÷ïò ôïõ <acronym>COFF</acronym>, ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ðïëëáðëÜ
	  ôìÞìáôá êáé äÝ÷åôáé ôéìÝò 32 Þ 64 bit.  Ôï âáóéêü ìåéïíÝêôçìá:
	  Ï <acronym>ELF</acronym> ó÷åäéÜóôçêå ìå ôçí ðñïûðüèåóç ðùò èá
	  õðÞñ÷å ìüíï Ýíá ABI ãéá êÜèå áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ óõóôÞìáôïò.  ÁõôÞ ç
	  õðüèåóç åßíáé üìùò åóöáëìÝíç ôþñá, áöïý áêüìç êáé óôïí åìðïñéêü
	  êüóìï ôïõ SYSV (üðïõ õðÜñ÷ïõí ôïõëÜ÷éóôïí ôñßá ABI: SRV4, Solaris,
	  SCO) äåí éó÷ýåé.</para>

	<para>Ôï &os; ðñïóðáèåß íá îåðåñÜóåé áõôü ôï ðñüâëçìá ðáñÝ÷ïíôáò
	  Ýíá âïçèçôéêü ðñüãñáììá ìå ôï ïðïßï ìðïñïýìå íá
	  <emphasis>åíóùìáôþóïõìå (branding)</emphasis> óå Ýíá åêôåëÝóéìï
	  <acronym>ELF</acronym> ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôï ABI ðïõ åßíáé óõìâáôü
	  ìå áõôü.  Äåßôå ôçí óåëßäá manual ôïõ &man.brandelf.1; ãéá
	  ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>Ôï &os; ðñïÝñ÷åôáé áðü ôïí <quote>êëáóóéêü</quote> ÷þñï êáé
      ìÝ÷ñé ôçí áñ÷Þ ôçò óåéñÜò 3.X, ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýóå ôïí ôýðï &man.a.out.5;,
      ìéá ôå÷íïëïãßá äïêéìáóìÝíç êáé áðïäåäåéãìÝíç óå ðïëëÝò ãåíéÝò åêäüóåùí
      ôïõ BSD.  Áí êáé ç ìåôáãëþôôéóç êáé åêôÝëåóç åããåíþí åêôåëÝóéìùí (êáé
      ðõñÞíùí) ôýðïõ <acronym>ELF</acronym> Þôáí äõíáôÞ óôá &os; óõóôÞìáôá
      Þäç áðü ðïëý êáéñü ðñéí, ôï &os; áñ÷éêÜ áíôéóôÜèçêå óôçí
      <quote>þèçóç</quote> ãéá êáèéÝñùóç ôïõ <acronym>ELF</acronym> ùò
      ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíïõ ôýðïõ.  Ãéáôß; ¼ôáí ï êüóìïò ôïõ Ëßíïõî Ýêáíå ôçí
      ïäõíçñÞ ìåôÜâáóç ðñïò ôï <acronym>ELF</acronym>, äåí Þôáí ôüóï ãéá íá
      îåöýãåé áðü ôïí ôýðï åêôåëÝóéìùí <filename>a.out</filename> üóï ãéá íá
      áíôéìåôùðßóåé ôï äýóêáìðôï äéêü ôïõò ìç÷áíéóìü êïéíü÷ñçóôùí âéâëéïèçêþí,
      ï ïðïßïò âáóßæïíôáí óå jump-tables êáé ðñïêáëïýóå ìåãÜëç äõó÷Ýñåéá óôçí
      êáôáóêåõÞ ôïõò, ôüóï óôïõò ðñïãñáììáôéóôÝò üóï êáé óôïõò ìåôáðùëçôÝò.
      Áðü ôç óôéãìÞ ðïõ ôá äéáèÝóéìá åñãáëåßá ôïõ <acronym>ELF</acronym>
      ðñïóÝöåñáí ëýóç óôï ðñüâëçìá ôùí êïéíþí âéâëéïèçêþí êáé Ýãéíå ãåíéêþò
      áðïäåêôü ðùò Þôáí <quote>ï äñüìïò ðñïò ôá åìðñüò</quote>, Ýãéíå
      áðïäåêôü ôï áíáãêáßï êüóôïò ôçò ìåôáöïñÜò êáé åðéôåý÷èçêå ç ìåôáêßíçóç.
      Ï ìç÷áíéóìüò êïéíü÷ñçóôùí âéâëéïèçêþí ôïõ &os; âáóßæåôáé óå ìåãÜëï
      âáèìü óôïí áíôßóôïé÷ï ìç÷áíéóìü ôïõ &sunos; ôçò Sun êáé åßíáé ðïëý
      åýêïëïò óôç ÷ñÞóç.</para>

    <para>Ôüôå, ãéáôß õðÜñ÷ïõí ôüóïé äéáöïñåôéêïß ôýðïé;</para>

    <para>Ðßóù óôï óêïôåéíü ðáñåëèüí, õðÞñ÷å áðëü hardware.  Áõôü
      ôï áðëü hardware õðïóôÞñéæå Ýíá áðëü, ìéêñü óýóôçìá.  Ôï
      <filename>a.out</filename> Þôáí áðüëõôá êáôÜëëçëï ãéá ôçí áíáðáñÜóôáóç
      åêôåëÝóéìùí óå áõôü ôï áðëü óýóôçìá (Ýíá PDP-11).  ¼ôáí ï êüóìïò Üñ÷éóå
      íá ìåôáöÝñåé ôï &unix; áðü áõôü ôï áðëü óýóôçìá, äéáôçñÞèçêå ï ôýðïò
      <filename>a.out</filename> ãéáôß Þôáí éêáíïðïéçôéêüò ãéá ôá ðñþôá
      ports ôïõ &unix; óå áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÝò üðùò ç Motorola 68k, VAXen,
      êôë.</para>

    <para>ÌåôÝðåéôá êÜðïéïò ëáìðñüò ìç÷áíéêüò hardware áðïöÜóéóå
      ðùò áöïý ìðïñïýóå íá åîáíáãêÜæåé ôï ëïãéóìéêü íá êÜíåé ôüóá
      ðñü÷åéñá êüëðá, èá ìðïñïýóå åðßóçò íá ðáñáëåßøåé ìåñéêÝò ðýëåò
      áðü ôï ó÷åäéáóìü þóôå íá åðéôñÝøåé óôïí ðõñÞíá ôçò CPU íá ôñÝ÷åé
      ãñçãïñüôåñá.  Áí êáé äéáóêåõÜóèçêå þóôå íá äïõëåýåé ìå áõôü ôï íÝï
      åßäïò hardware (ãíùóôü óÞìåñá ùò <acronym>RISC</acronym>), ï ôýðïò
      <filename>a.out</filename> Þôáí ôåëéêÜ áêáôÜëëçëïò ãéá áõôü, êáé Ýôóé
      ó÷åäéÜóôçêáí ðïëëïß íÝïé ôýðïé ãéá íá åðéôåõ÷èåß êáëýôåñç áðüäïóç áðü
      ôï hardware áðü üôé Þôáí äõíáôüí ìå ôïí áðëü êáé ðåñéïñéóôéêü ôýðï
      <filename>a.out</filename>.  ÅöåõñÝèçêáí äéÜöïñïé ôýðïé üðùò ïé
      <acronym>COFF</acronym>, <acronym>ECOFF</acronym>, êáé ìåñéêïß Üëëïé
      ëéãüôåñï ãíùóôïß, êáé åñåõíÞèçêáí ïé ðåñéïñéóìïß ôïõò þóðïõ ôá ðñÜãìáôá
      óôáèåñïðïéÞèçêáí óôï <acronym>ELF</acronym>.</para>

    <para>ÅðéðëÝïí, ôï ìÝãåèïò ôùí ðñïãñáììÜôùí ãéíüôáí üëï êáé ìåãáëýôåñï
      êáé ïé äßóêïé (êáé ç öõóéêÞ ìíÞìç) Þôáí áêüìç ó÷åôéêÜ ìéêñïß êáé êÜðùò
      Ýôóé ãåííÞèçêå ç éäÝá ôçò êïéíÞò âéâëéïèÞêçò.  Ôï óýóôçìá VM Ýãéíå
      åðßóçò ðåñéóóüôåñï ðåñßðëïêï.  ÊÜèå ìßá áðü ôéò âåëôéþóåéò ãéíüôáí
      ìå âÜóç ôïí ôýðï <filename>a.out</filename>, ðïõ üìùò ãéíüôáí üëï êáé
      ðéï äýó÷ñçóôïò ìå êÜèå íÝá ðñïóèÞêç.  Åðéðñüóèåôá, ï êüóìïò Þèåëå íá
      öïñôþíåé ôìÞìáôá äõíáìéêÜ åíþ ôï óýóôçìá Þôáí óå öÜóç åêôÝëåóçò, Þ íá
      åîáëåßöåé ìÝñç ðñïãñáììÜôùí áöïý åß÷å åêôåëåóôåß ï êþäéêáò áñ÷éêïðïßçóçò
      (init) þóôå íá åîïéêïíïìçèåß öõóéêÞ ìíÞìç êáé ÷þñïò swap.  Ïé ãëþóóåò
      ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý ãéíüíôïõóáí áêüìá ðéï ðåñßðëïêåò êáé ï êüóìïò Þèåëå
      áõôüìáôç öüñôùóç êáé åêôÝëåóç êþäéêá ðñéí ôçí êëÞóç ôçò main.  ¸ãéíáí
      ðñü÷åéñåò äéïñèþóåéò (hacks) óôïí ôýðï <filename>a.out</filename> þóôå
      íá óõìâáäßæåé ìå üëåò áõôÝò ôéò áëëáãÝò, êáé ðñÜãìáôé, ãéá ìéá ðåñßïäï
      Ýäåé÷íå íá ëåéôïõñãåß.  Ìå ôïí êáéñü üìùò, öÜíçêå üôé ï ôýðïò
      <filename>a.out</filename> äåí èá ìðïñïýóå íá áíôåðåîÝëèåé óå üëá áõôÜ
      ôá ðñïâëÞìáôá, áöïý èá Ýðñåðå íá áíáðôýóóåôáé óõíå÷þò êáé ìå ðåñßðëïêï
      ôñüðï.  Áí êáé ôï <acronym>ELF</acronym> Ýëõíå ðïëëÜ áðü áõôÜ ôá
      ðñïâëÞìáôá, ç ìåôÜâáóç óå áõôü åíüò óõóôÞìáôïò ðïõ âáóéêÜ ëåéôïõñãïýóå,
      èá ïäçãïýóå óå ïäõíçñÝò êáôáóôÜóåéò.  ¸ôóé ï ôýðïò
      <acronym>ELF</acronym> Ýðñåðå íá ðåñéìÝíåé ìÝ÷ñé ôç óôéãìÞ üðïõ ç
      ðáñáìïíÞ óôï <filename>a.out</filename> èá äçìéïõñãïýóå ðåñéóóüôåñá
      ðñïâëÞìáôá áðü üôé ç ìåôÜâáóç óôï <acronym>ELF</acronym>.</para>

    <para>Ùóôüóï, üóï ï êáéñüò ðåñíïýóå, êáé ôá åñãáëåßá ìåôáãëþôôéóçò áðü
      ôá ïðïßá ðñïÝñ÷ïíôáé ôá áíôßóôïé÷á åñãáëåßá ôïõ &os; (åéäéêüôåñá ï
      assembler êáé ï loader), áíáðôý÷èçêáí ðáñÜëëçëá óå äýï äÝíôñá.  Ôï
      äÝíôñï ôïõ &os; ðñüóèåóå êïéíÝò âéâëéïèÞêåò êáé äéüñèùóå êÜðïéá
      óöÜëìáôá.  Ç ïìÜäá ôïõ GNU ðïõ åß÷å áñ÷éêÜ ãñÜøåé áõôÜ ôá
      ðñïãñÜììáôá, ôá Ýãñáøå îáíÜ êáé ðñüóèåóå åõêïëüôåñç õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá
      êáôáóêåõÞ cross compilers, ôçí åíóùìÜôùóç äéáöïñåôéêþí ôýðùí êáôÜ
      âïýëçóç, êëð.  Áí êáé ðïëëïß æçôïýóáí íá êáôáóêåõáóôïýí cross compilers
      ãéá &os;, Þôáí Üôõ÷ïé, áöïý ï ðáëéüò ðçãáßïò êþäéêáò ôïõ &os; ãéá ôá
      <application>as</application> êáé <application>ld</application> ôá
      Ýêáíå áêáôÜëëçëá.  Ç íÝá áëõóßäá åñãáëåßùí ôïõ GNU
      (<application>binutils</application>) õðïóôçñßæåé cross compiling,
      <acronym>ELF</acronym>, êïéíÝò âéâëéïèÞêåò, ðñïåêôÜóåéò C++, êôë.
      ÅðéðëÝïí, ðïëëïß ôñßôïé êáôáóêåõáóôÝò ðñïóöÝñïõí åêôåëÝóéìá ELF, êáé
      åßíáé ðïëý êáëü íá ìðïñïýí íá åêôåëåóôïýí óôï &os;.</para>

    <para>Ï <acronym>ELF</acronym> åßíáé ðéï åêöñáóôéêüò áðü ôïí
      <filename>a.out</filename> êáé ðåñéóóüôåñï åðåêôÜóéìïò óôï âáóéêü
      óýóôçìá.  Ôá åñãáëåßá <acronym>ELF</acronym> åßíáé åõêïëüôåñá óôçí
      óõíôÞñçóç êáé ðñïóöÝñïõí õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá cross compilers,
      êÜôé ðïõ åßíáé ðïëý óçìáíôéêü ãéá ìåñéêïýò áíèñþðïõò.  Ìðïñåß ï
      <acronym>ELF</acronym> íá åßíáé ëßãï ðéï áñãüò áðü ôïí
      <filename>a.out</filename>, áëëÜ ç äéáöïñÜ äåí åßíáé áéóèçôÞ.  ÕðÜñ÷ïõí
      åðßóçò ðïëëÝò Üëëåò äéáöïñÝò ìåôáîý ôïõò, óå ëåðôïìÝñåéåò üðùò ôïí ôñüðï
      ðïõ áíôéóôïé÷ßæïõí óåëßäåò, ðïõ ÷åéñßæïíôáé ôïí êþäéêá init, êëð.
      ÊáìéÜ áðü áõôÝò äåí åßíáé ðïëý óçìáíôéêÞ, áëëÜ ùóôüóï äåí ðáýïõí íá
      åßíáé äéáöïñÝò.  Ìå ôïí êáéñü ç õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá ôï
      <filename>a.out</filename> èá áðïìáêñõíèåß áðü ôïí ðõñÞíá GENERIC, êáé
      ôåëéêÜ èá áöáéñåèåß åíôåëþò áðü ôïí ðõñÞíá üôáí åêëåßøåé ïëïêëçñùôéêÜ ç
      áíÜãêç åêôÝëåóçò ðáëáéþí ðñïãñáììÜôùí ôýðïõ <filename>a.out</filename>.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="basics-more-information">
    <title>Ãéá Ðåñéóóüôåñåò Ðëçñïöïñßåò</title>

    <sect2 id="basics-man">
      <title>Óåëßäåò Âïçèåßáò</title>
      <indexterm><primary>óåëßäåò âïçèåßáò</primary></indexterm>

      <para>Ç ðéï êáôáíïçôÞ ôåêìçñßùóç óôï &os; ðñïóöÝñåôáé ìå ôç ìïñöÞ ôùí
	óåëßäùí âïçèåßáò (manual pages).  Ó÷åäüí ãéá êÜèå ðñüãñáììá ôïõ
	óõóôÞìáôïò äßíåôáé ìéá óýíôïìç áíáöïñÜ ðïõ åîçãåß ôéò âáóéêÝò
	ëåéôïõñãßåò êáé äéÜöïñá Üëëá èÝìáôá.  ÁõôÝò ïé óåëßäåò ðñïâÜëëïíôáé ìå
	ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>man</command>.  Ç ÷ñÞóç ôçò åíôïëÞò
	<command>man</command> åßíáé áðëÞ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man <replaceable>command</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>üðïõ <literal>command</literal> åßíáé ôï üíïìá ôçò åíôïëÞò ãéá ôçí
	ïðïßá åðéèõìåßôå íá ìÜèåôå ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò.  Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá,
	ãéá íá ìÜèåôå ðåñéóóüôåñá ãéá ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>ls</command>
	ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man ls</userinput></screen>

      <para>Ôï online manual ÷ùñßæåôáé óå ôÝóóåñéò áñéèìçìÝíåò
	åíüôçôåò:</para>

      <orderedlist>
	<listitem>
	  <para>ÅíôïëÝò ÷ñÞóôç.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ÊëÞóåéò óõóôÞìáôïò êáé áñéèìïß óöáëìÜôùí.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ÓõíáñôÞóåéò ôùí âéâëéïèçêþí ôçò C.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>Ïäçãïß óõóêåõþí.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>Ôýðïé áñ÷åßùí.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>Ðáé÷íßäéá êáé Üëëåò åöáñìïãÝò äéáóêÝäáóçò.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ÄéÜöïñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ÓõíôÞñçóç óõóôÞìáôïò êáé åíôïëÝò ëåéôïõñãßáò.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ÁíÜðôõîç ðõñÞíá.</para>
	</listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <para>Óå ìåñéêÝò ðåñéðôþóåéò, ôï ßäéï èÝìá ìðïñåß íá åìöáíßæåôáé óå
	ðåñéóóüôåñåò åíüôçôåò ôùí óåëßäùí âïçèåßáò.  Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, õðÜñ÷åé
	ç åíôïëÞ ÷ñÞóôç <command>chmod</command> êáé ç êëÞóç óõóôÞìáôïò
	<function>chmod()</function>.  Óå áõôÞ ôç ðåñßðôùóç, ìðïñåßôå íá
	ðåßôå óôçí åíôïëÞ <command>man</command> ðïéá áêñéâþò èÝëåôå
	åðéëÝãïíôáò ôçí åíüôçôá:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man 1 chmod</userinput></screen>

      <para>Ìå áõôüí ôïí ôñüðï èá åìöáíéóôåß ç óåëßäá âïçèåßáò ãéá ôçí
	åíôïëÞ ÷ñÞóôç <command>chmod</command>.  Ïé áíáöïñÝò óå ìéá åéäéêÞ
	åíüôçôá ôùí óåëßäùí âïçèåßáò ôïðïèåôïýíôáé ðáñáäïóéáêÜ ìÝóá óå
	ðáñÝíèåóç óôçí ôõðùìÝíç ôåêìçñßùóç, åðïìÝíùò ôï &man.chmod.1;
	áíáöÝñåôáé óôçí åíôïëÞ ÷ñÞóôç <command>chmod</command> êáé ôï
	&man.chmod.2; áíáöÝñåôáé óôçí êëÞóç óõóôÞìáôïò.</para>

      <para>Áõôü åßíáé ÷ñÞóéìï üôáí ãíùñßæïõìå ôï üíïìá ôçò åíôïëÞò êáé áðëÜ
	åðéèõìïýìå íá ìÜèïõìå ðùò íá ôçí ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóïõìå, áëëÜ ôé ãßíåôáé
	áí äåí ãíùñßæïõìå ôï üíïìá ôçò;  Ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï
	<command>man</command> ãéá íá áíáæçôÞóåôå ëÝîåéò êëåéäéÜ áðü ôéò
	ðåñéãñáöÝò ôùí åíôïëþí ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí åðéëïãÞ
	<option>-k</option>:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man -k mail</userinput></screen>

      <para>Ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ áõôÞ èá åìöáíéóôåß ìßá ëßóôá áðü åíôïëÝò ðïõ
	ðåñéÝ÷ïõí ôçí ëÝîç êëåéäß <quote>mail</quote> óôçí ðåñéãñáöÞ ôïõò.
	Áõôü åßíáé áíôßóôïé÷ï ìå ôï íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ
	<command>apropos</command>.</para>

      <para>ÅðïìÝíùò, âëÝðåôå üëåò áõôÝò ôéò ãïõóôüæéêåò åíôïëÝò óôïí
	<filename>/usr/bin</filename> áëëÜ äåí Ý÷åôå ôçí ðáñáìéêñÞ éäÝá ôïõ
	ôé ðñáãìáôéêÜ êÜíïõí; ÁðëÜ ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/bin</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>man -f *</userinput></screen>

      <para>Þ</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/bin</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>whatis *</userinput></screen>

      <para>ôï ïðïßï êÜíåé áêñéâþò ôï ßäéï ðñÜãìá.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="basics-info">
      <title>GNU Info Files</title>
      <indexterm><primary>Free Software Foundation</primary></indexterm>

      <para>Ôï &os; ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ðïëëÝò åöáñìïãÝò êáé âïçèçôéêÜ ðñïãñÜììáôá
	ðïõ Ý÷ïõí äçìéïõñãçèåß áðü ôçí Free Software Foundation (FSF).  ÐÝñá
	áðü ôéò óåëßäåò âïçèåßáò, ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá áõôÜ ðáñÝ÷ïíôáé ìå
	ôåêìçñßùóç ìïñöÞò hypertext óå áñ÷åßá ðïõ ïíïìÜæïíôáé
	<literal>info</literal> êáé ôá ïðïßá ìðïñåßôå íá ðñïâÜëëåôå ìå ôçí
	åíôïëÞ <command>info</command> Þ, áí Ý÷åôå åãêáôáóôÞóåé ôï
	<application>emacs</application>, ìÝóù ôçò êáôÜóôáóçò ëåéôïõñãßáò
	info mode ôïõ <application>emacs</application>.</para>

      <para>Ãéá íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ &man.info.1;, áðëÜ
	ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>info</userinput></screen>

      <para>Ãéá ìéá óýíôïìç åéóáãùãÞ, ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå <literal>h</literal>.
	Ãéá ìéá ãñÞãïñç áíáöïñÜ åíôïëÞò, ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå
	<literal>?</literal>.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>
</chapter>