path: root/el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/boot/chapter.xml

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  %SOURCE%      en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/boot/chapter.xml
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<chapter id="boot">
  <title>Ç Äéáäéêáóßá Åêêßíçóçò ôïõ &os;</title>

  <sect1 id="boot-synopsis">
    <title>Óýíïøç</title>
    <indexterm><primary>åêêßíçóç</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm><primary>åêêßíçóç óõóôÞìáôïò</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm><primary>booting</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm><primary>bootstrap</primary></indexterm>

    <para>Ç äéáäéêáóßá ôçò åêêßíçóçò åíüò õðïëïãéóôÞ êáé öüñôùóçò ôïõ
      ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò áíáöÝñåôáé ùò <quote>äéáäéêáóßá
      bootstrap</quote>, Þ áðëþò <quote>booting</quote>.  Ç äéáäéêáóßá
      åêêßíçóçò ôïõ &os; ìðïñåß íá ðñïóáñìïóôåß ðïëý åýêïëá óôéò áðáéôÞóåéò
      óáò, åðéôñÝðïíôáò óÜò íá åðéëÝîåôå åßôå äéáöïñåôéêÜ ëåéôïõñãéêÜ
      óõóôÞìáôá ðïõ åßíáé åãêáôåóôçìÝíá óôïí ßäéï õðïëïãéóôÞ, Þ áêüìá êáé
      äéáöïñåôéêÝò åêäüóåéò ôïõ ßäéïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôüò Þ ôïõ
      åãêáôåóôçìÝíïõ ðõñÞíá.</para>

    <para>Ôï êåöÜëáéï áõôü ðåñéãñÜöåé ëåðôïìåñþò ôéò åðéëïãÝò ñõèìßóåùí ðïõ
      ìðïñåßôå íá êÜíåôå êáé ðùò íá öÝñåôå óôá ìÝôñá óáò ôç äéáäéêáóßá
      åêêßíçóçò ôïõ &os;.  Ç äéáäéêáóßá åêêßíçóçò ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ïôéäÞðïôå
      óõìâáßíåé áðü ôçí åêêßíçóç ôïõ ðõñÞíá ôïõ &os;, ôçí áíß÷íåõóç ôùí
      óõóêåõþí, ìÝ÷ñé êáé ôçí åêêßíçóç ôçò &man.init.8;.  Ç åêêßíçóç ôçò
      &man.init.8; óçìáôïäïôåßôáé áðü ôçí áëëáãÞ ÷ñþìáôïò ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ
      áðü öùôåéíü ëåõêü óå ãêñé.</para>

    <para>Áöïý äéáâÜóåôå áõôü ôï êåöÜëáéï, èá îÝñåôå:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para>Ðïéá åßíáé ôá ôìÞìáôá ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò åêêßíçóçò ôïõ &os;, êáé
	  ðùò áëëçëåðéäñïýí ìåôáîý ôïõò.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Ôéò åðéëïãÝò ðïõ ìðïñåßôå íá äþóåôå óôá ôìÞìáôá ôçò åêêßíçóçò
	  ôïõ &os; ãéá íá åëÝãîåôå ôç äéáäéêáóßá åêêßíçóçò.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Ôá âáóéêÜ ôïõ &man.device.hints.5;.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <note>
      <title>Ìüíï ãéá õðïëïãéóôÝò áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞò x86</title>

      <para>Ôï êåöÜëáéï áõôü ðåñéãñÜöåé ôç äéáäéêáóßá åêêßíçóçò ôïõ &os; ìüíï
	óå óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞò Intel x86.</para>
    </note>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="boot-introduction">
    <title>Ôï Ðñüâëçìá ôçò Åêêßíçóçò</title>

    <para>Ç åíåñãïðïßçóç åíüò õðïëïãéóôÞ êáé ç åêêßíçóç ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý
      óõóôÞìáôïò, ìáò öÝñíåé áíôéìÝôùðïõò ìå Ýíá åíäéáöÝñïí äßëçììá.
      Åî' ïñéóìïý, ï õðïëïãéóôÞò äåí îÝñåé íá êÜíåé ôßðïôá ìÝ÷ñé ôçí åêêßíçóç
      ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò.  Áõôü ðåñéëáìâÜíåé êáé ôçí åêôÝëåóç
      ðñïãñáììÜôùí áðü ôï äßóêï.  ¸ôóé, áí ï õðïëïãéóôÞò äåí ìðïñåß íá
      åêôåëÝóåé ðñïãñÜììáôá áðü ôï äßóêï ÷ùñßò ôï ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá, áëëÜ
      êáé ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò åßíáé åðßóçò óôï äßóêï,
      ðùò åßíáé äõíáôÞ ç åêêßíçóç ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý;</para>

    <para>Ôï ðñüâëçìá ìïéÜæåé ìå áõôü óôï âéâëßï <citetitle>Ïé ÐåñéðÝôåéåò
      ôïõ Âáñþíïõ Ìéí÷Üïõæåí</citetitle>.  ¸íáò ÷áñáêôÞñáò Ý÷åé ðÝóåé óå Ýíá
      ðçãÜäé, êáé âãáßíåé ðéÜíïíôáò êáé ôñáâþíôáò ôá êïñäüíéá ôïõ
      (bootstraps).  Óôéò ðñþôåò ìÝñåò ôùí õðïëïãéóôþí, ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáí ï
      üñïò <firstterm>bootstrap</firstterm> ãéá ôï ìç÷áíéóìü öüñôùóçò ôïõ
      ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò, ôï ïðïßï óõíôïìåýôçêå óå
      <quote>booting</quote>.</para>

    <indexterm><primary>BIOS</primary></indexterm>

    <indexterm><primary>Basic Input/Output System</primary><see>BIOS</see></indexterm>

    <para>Óôçí áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ x86, ôï Âáóéêü Óýóôçìá Åéóüäïõ Åîüäïõ (BIOS)
      åßíáé õðåýèõíï ãéá ôç öüñôùóç ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò.  Ãéá íá ôï
      åðéôý÷åé áõôü, ôï BIOS áíé÷íåýåé ôï óêëçñü äßóêï ãéá ôçí ÊåíôñéêÞ
      ÅããñáöÞ Åêêßíçóçò (Master Boot Record, MBR), ç ïðïßá ðñÝðåé íá âñßóêåôáé
      óå óõãêåêñéìÝíï óçìåßï óôï äßóêï.  Ôï BIOS ãíùñßæåé áñêåôÜ ãéá íá
      öïñôþóåé êáé íá åêôåëÝóåé ôï MBR, êáé õðïèÝôåé üôé ôï MBR ìðïñåß êáôüðéí
      íá åêôåëÝóåé ôçí õðüëïéðç äéáäéêáóßá öüñôùóçò ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý
      óõóôÞìáôïò, åíäå÷ïìÝíùò êáé ìå ôç âïÞèåéá ôïõ BIOS.</para>

    <indexterm><primary>Master Boot Record (MBR)</primary></indexterm>

    <indexterm><primary>Boot Manager</primary></indexterm>

    <indexterm><primary>Boot Loader</primary></indexterm>

    <para>Ï êþäéêáò ìÝóá óôï MBR óõíÞèùò áíáöÝñåôáé ùò
      <emphasis>äéá÷åéñéóôÞò åêêßíçóçò (boot manager)</emphasis>, åéäéêÜ üôáí
      áëëçëåðéäñÜ ìå ôï ÷ñÞóôç.  Óôçí ðåñßðôùóç áõôÞ, ï äéá÷åéñéóôÞò åêêßíçóçò
      Ý÷åé óõíÞèùò ðåñéóóüôåñï êþäéêá óôçí ðñþôç <emphasis> ôñï÷éÜ (track)
      </emphasis> ôïõ äßóêïõ Þ ìÝóá óå êÜðïéï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí ôïõ
      ëåéôïõñãéêïý.  (ÌåñéêÝò öïñÝò ï äéá÷åéñéóôÞò åêêßíçóçò áðïêáëåßôáé êáé
      <emphasis>öïñôùôÞò åêêßíçóçò (boot loader)</emphasis>, áëëÜ óôï &os; ï
      üñïò áõôüò ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé óå ìåôáãåíÝóôåñï óôÜäéï ôçò åêêßíçóçò.)
      Óôïõò äçìïöéëåßò äéá÷åéñéóôÝò åêêßíçóçò ðåñéëáìâÜíïíôáé
      ôï <application>boot0</application> (ãíùóôü êáé ùò <application>Boot
      Easy</application>, ï óôÜíôáñ äéá÷åéñéóôÞò åêêßíçóçò ôïõ &os;), ôï
      <application>Grub</application>, ôï <application>GAG</application>, êáé
      ôï <application>LILO</application>.
      (Ìüíï ôï <application>boot0</application> ÷ùñÜåé ìÝóá óôï MBR.)</para>

    <para>Áí Ý÷åôå åãêáôåóôçìÝíï Ýíá ìüíï ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá óôïõò äßóêïõò
      óáò, ôï ôõðïðïéçìÝíï MBR ãéá PC åßíáé åðáñêÝò.  Áõôü ôï MBR øÜ÷íåé ãéá
      ôï ðñþôï åêêéíÞóéìï (Þ åíåñãü) äéáìÝñéóìá (slice) óôï äßóêï, êáé åêôåëåß
      ôïí êþäéêá ðïõ õðÜñ÷åé óå áõôü ãéá íá öïñôþóåé ôï õðüëïéðï ôïõ
      ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò.  ¸íá MBR áõôïý ôïõ ôýðïõ, åßíáé áõôü ðïõ
      åãêáèßóôáôáé áðü ðñïåðéëïãÞ ìå ôçí &man.fdisk.8;.  Âáóßæåôáé óôï
      <filename>/boot/mbr</filename>.</para>

    <para>Áí Ý÷åôå åãêáôáóôÞóåé ðïëëáðëÜ ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá óôïõò äßóêïõò
      óáò, ìðïñåßôå íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå äéáöïñåôéêü äéá÷åéñéóôÞ åêêßíçóçò,
      êÜðïéïí ðïõ íá ìðïñåß íá äåßîåé ìéá ëßóôá ôùí äéáöïñåôéêþí óõóôçìÜôùí
      êáé íá óáò åðéôñÝøåé íá äéáëÝîåôå ðïéï íá îåêéíÞóåé.  Óôï åðüìåíï ôìÞìá
      èá óõæçôÞóïõìå ãéá äýï áðü áõôïýò ôïõò äéá÷åéñéóôÝò åêêßíçóçò.</para>

    <para>Ôï õðüëïéðï ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò åêêßíçóçò ôïõ &os; åßíáé ÷ùñéóìÝíï óå
      ôñßá óôÜäéá.  Ôï ðñþôï óôÜäéï åêôåëåßôáé áðü ôï MBR, ôï ïðïßï ãíùñßæåé
      áðëþò üôé áðáéôåßôáé ãéá íá öÝñåé ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ óå ìéá óõãêåêñéìÝíç
      êáôÜóôáóç êáé íá åêôåëÝóåé ôï äåýôåñï óôÜäéï.  Ôï äåýôåñï óôÜäéï ìðïñåß
      íá êÜíåé ëßãá ðåñéóóüôåñá ðñÜãìáôá ðñéí ôçí åêôÝëåóç ôïõ ôñßôïõ óôáäßïõ.
      Ôï ôñßôï óôÜäéï ïëïêëçñþíåé ôç äéáäéêáóßá öüñôùóçò ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý
      óõóôÞìáôïò.  Ç åñãáóßá ãßíåôáé óå ôñßá óôÜäéá, ãéáôß ôï ðñüôõðï ôïõ PC
      åðéâÜëëåé ðåñéïñéóìïýò óôï ìÝãåèïò ôùí ðñïãñáììÜôùí ðïõ ìðïñïýí íá
      åêôåëåóôïýí óôá óôÜäéá Ýíá êáé äýï.  Ç óõíÝíùóç áõôÞ ôùí åñãáóéþí
      åðéôñÝðåé óôï &os; íá ðáñÝ÷åé Ýíá ðéï åõÝëéêôï óýóôçìá öüñôùóçò.</para>

    <indexterm><primary>kernel</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm><primary><command>init</command></primary></indexterm>

    <para>¸ðåéôá îåêéíÜåé ï ðõñÞíáò êáé áñ÷ßæåé ôçí áíß÷íåõóç êáé áñ÷éêïðïßçóç
      ôùí óõóêåõþí þóôå íá ìðïñïýí íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèïýí.  ÌÝôá ôçí ïëïêëÞñùóç
      ôçò äéáäéêáóßáò åêêßíçóçò ôïõ ðõñÞíá, ï Ýëåã÷ïò ðåñíÜåé óôç äéáäéêáóßá
      ÷ñÞóôç &man.init.8;, ç ïðïßá êáé åðéâåâáéþíåé üôé ïé äßóêïé åßíáé óå
      ëåéôïõñãéêÞ (÷ùñßò ëÜèç) êáôÜóôáóç.  Ç &man.init.8; îåêéíÜåé Ýðåéôá
      ôçí ñýèìéóç ðüñùí (åðßðåäï ÷ñÞóôç), ìå ôçí ïðïßá ðñïóáñôþíôáé ôá
      óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí, ñõèìßæïíôáé ïé êÜñôåò äéêôýïõ ãéá åðéêïéíùíßá ìå ôï
      äßêôõï, êáé ãåíéêÜ åêêéíïýí üëåò ïé äéáäéêáóßåò ðïõ åêôåëïýíôáé ôõðéêÜ
      êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç åíüò &os; óõóôÞìáôïò.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="boot-blocks">
    <title>Ï Äéá÷åéñéóôÞò Åêêßíçóçò êáé ôá ÓôÜäéá Åêêßíçóçò</title>

    <indexterm><primary>Boot Manager</primary></indexterm>

    <sect2 id="boot-boot0">
      <title>Ï Äéá÷åéñéóôÞò Åêêßíçóçò (boot manager)</title>
      <indexterm><primary>Master Boot Record (MBR)</primary></indexterm>

      <para>Ï êþäéêáò óôï MBR Þ äéá÷åéñéóôÞò åêêßíçóçò áíáöÝñåôáé ìåñéêÝò
	öïñÝò êáé ùò <emphasis>óôÜäéï ìçäÝí (stage zero)</emphasis> ôçò
	äéáäéêáóßáò åêêßíçóçò.  Ôï ôìÞìá áõôü ðåñéãñÜöåé äýï áðü ôïõò
	äéá÷åéñéóôÝò åêêßíçóçò ðïõ áíáöÝñáìå ðñïçãïõìÝíùò: Ôï
	<application>boot0</application> êáé ôï
	<application>LILO</application>.</para>

      <formalpara><title>Ï Äéá÷åéñéóôÞò Åêêßíçóçò
	<application>boot0</application>:</title>
	<para>Ôï MBR ðïõ åãêáèßóôáôáé áðü ôï ðñüãñáììá åãêáôÜóôáóçò ôïõ &os;
	  Þ ôï &man.boot0cfg.8;, âáóßæåôáé áðü ðñïåðéëïãÞ óôï
	  <filename>/boot/boot0</filename>.
	  (Ôï ðñüãñáììá <application>boot0</application> åßíáé ðïëý áðëü,
	  êáèþò ï êþäéêáò óôï <abbrev>MBR</abbrev> ìðïñåß íá Ý÷åé ìÝãåèïò ùò
	  446 bytes, åîáéôßáò ôïõ ðßíáêá êáôáôìÞóåùí (slice table) êáé
	  ôïõ áíáãíùñéóôéêïý <literal>0x55AA</literal> ðïõ âñßóêåôáé óôï ôÝëïò
	  ôïõ MBR.) Áí Ý÷åôå åãêáôáóôÞóåé ôï <application>boot0</application>
	  êáé ðïëëáðëÜ ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá óôïõò óêëçñïýò äßóêïõò óáò, èá
	  äåßôå êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç, ìéá ïèüíç ðáñüìïéá ìå ôçí
	  ðáñáêÜôù:</para></formalpara>

      <example id="boot-boot0-example">
	<title><filename>boot0</filename> Screenshot</title>

	<screen>F1 DOS
F2 FreeBSD
F3 Linux
F4 ??
F5 Drive 1

Default: F2</screen>
      </example>

      <para>¶ëëá ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá, êáé åéäéêüôåñá ôá &windows;, åßíáé
	ãíùóôü üôé ãñÜöïõí ôï äéêü ôïõò MBR ðÜíù óå êÜðïéï Þäç õðÜñ÷ïí.  Áí
	óáò óõìâåß áõôü, Þ áí èÝëåôå íá áíôéêáôáóôÞóåôå ôï õðÜñ÷ïí MBR óáò
	ìå áõôü ôïõ &os;, ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí áêüëïõèç åíôïëÞ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>fdisk -B -b /boot/boot0 <replaceable>device</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>üðïõ <replaceable>device</replaceable> åßíáé ç óõóêåõÞ áðü ôçí
	ïðïßá ãßíåôáé åêêßíçóç, üðùò ð.÷. ôï <devicename>ad0</devicename> ãéá
	ôïí ðñþôï äßóêï IDE, ôï <devicename>ad2</devicename> ãéá ôïí ðñþôï
	IDE äßóêï óôï äåõôåñåýïíôá åëåãêôÞ, ôï <devicename>da0</devicename>
	ãéá ôïí ðñþôï SCSI äßóêï ê.ï.ê.  Áí ðÜëé èÝëåôå ðñïóáñìïóìÝíç ñýèìéóç
	ôïõ MBR, ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôï &man.boot0cfg.8;.</para>

      <formalpara><title>Ï Äéá÷åéñéóôÞò Åêêßíçóçò LILO</title>

	<para>Ãéá íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå áõôü ôï äéá÷åéñéóôÞ åêêßíçóçò þóôå íá
	  ìðïñåß íá åêêéíåß ôï &os;, åãêáôáóôÞóôå ðñþôá ôï Linux êáé ðñïóèÝóôå
	  ôçí áêüëïõèç êáôá÷þñçóç óôï õðÜñ÷ïí áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí
	  <filename>/etc/lilo.conf</filename>:</para></formalpara>

      <programlisting>other=/dev/hdXY
table=/dev/hdX
loader=/boot/chain.b
label=FreeBSD</programlisting>

      <para>Óôï ðáñáðÜíù, êáèïñßóôå ôï ðñùôåýïí äéáìÝñéóìá êáé ôï äßóêï ôïõ
	&os; áíôéêáèéóôþíôáò ôï <replaceable>X</replaceable> ìå ôï ãñÜììá
	äßóêïõ êáé ôï <replaceable>Y</replaceable> ìå ôïí áñéèìü ôïõ
	ðñùôåýïíôïò äéáìåñßóìáôïò, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò üìùò ôçí ïíïìáôïëïãßá ôïõ
	Linux.  Áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ïäçãü <acronym>SCSI</acronym> èá ÷ñåéáóôåß
	íá áëëÜîåôå ôï <replaceable>/dev/hd</replaceable> óå êÜôé áíôßóôïé÷ï
	ìå <replaceable>/dev/sd</replaceable>.  Ç ãñáììÞ
	<option>loader=/boot/chain.b</option> ìðïñåß íá ðáñáëåéöèåß áí Ý÷åôå
	êáé ôá äýï ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá óôïí ßäéï äßóêï.  ÅêôåëÝóôå ôþñá ôçí
	åíôïëÞ <command>/sbin/lilo&nbsp;-v</command> ãéá íá êáôá÷ùñÞóåôå ôéò
	íÝåò áëëáãÝò óáò óôï óýóôçìá.  Ìðïñåßôå íá ôéò åðéâåâáéþóåôå
	åëÝã÷ïíôáò ôá ìçíýìáôá ðïõ èá åìöáíéóôïýí óôçí ïèüíç óáò.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="boot-boot1">
      <title>Ôï ÓôÜäéï ¸íá, <filename>/boot/boot1</filename>, êáé ôï ÓôÜäéï
	Äýï, <filename>/boot/boot2</filename></title>

      <para>ÏõóéáóôéêÜ, ôï ðñþôï êáé äåýôåñï óôÜäéï åßíáé ôìÞìáôá ôïõ ßäéïõ
	ðñïãñÜììáôïò, óôçí ßäéá ðåñéï÷Þ ôïõ äßóêïõ.  Ëüãù ðåñéïñéóìþí ÷þñïõ
	Ý÷ïõí ÷ùñéóôåß óå äýï, áëëÜ åãêáèßóôáíôáé ðÜíôá ìáæß.
	ÁíôéãñÜöïíôáé áðü ôï óõíäõáóìÝíï áñ÷åßï
	<filename>/boot/boot</filename> áðü ôï ðñüãñáììá åãêáôÜóôáóçò Þ ôï
	<application>bsdlabel</application> (äåßôå ðáñáêÜôù).</para>

      <para>Âñßóêïíôáé Ýîù áðü óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí, óôçí ðñþôç ôñï÷éÜ (track)
	ôïõ slice åêêßíçóçò, îåêéíþíôáò áðü ôïí ðñþôï ôïìÝá.  Åßíáé ôï óçìåßï
	üðïõ ôï <link linkend="boot-boot0">boot0</link>, Þ ïðïéïóäÞðïôå Üëëïò
	äéá÷åéñéóôÞò åêêßíçóçò, áíáìÝíåé íá âñåé ðñüãñáììá ðñïò åêôÝëåóç ìå
	ôï ïðïßï èá óõíå÷éóôåß ç äéáäéêáóßá åêêßíçóçò.  Ï áñéèìüò ôùí ôïìÝùí
	ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé ìðïñåß íá âñåèåß åýêïëá áðü ôï ìÝãåèïò ôïõ
	áñ÷åßïõ <filename>/boot/boot</filename>.</para>

      <para>Ôï <filename>boot1</filename> åßíáé ðïëý áðëü, ìéá êáé ìðïñåß íá
	åßíáé ìüíï 512 bytes óå ìÝãåèïò, êáé ãíùñßæåé üóá ÷ñåéÜæåôáé ãéá ôï
	<firstterm>bsdlabel</firstterm> ôïõ &os;, ôï ïðïßï áðïèçêåýåé
	ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôï slice, þóôå íá âñåé êáé íá åêôåëÝóåé ôï
	<filename>boot2</filename>.</para>

      <para>Ôï <filename>boot2</filename> åßíáé åëáöñÜ ðéï ðïëýðëïêï êáé
	êáôáíïåß åðáñêþò ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí ôïõ &os; þóôå íá ìðïñåß íá âñåé
	áñ÷åßá óå áõôü, êáé ìðïñåß åðßóçò íá ðáñÝ÷åé ìéá áðëÞ äéåðáöÞ ìå ôï
	÷ñÞóôç þóôå íá ìðïñåß íá ãßíåé ç åðéëïãÞ ôïõ ðõñÞíá Þ ôïõ ðñïãñÜììáôïò
	öüñôùóçò ðïõ èá åêôåëåóôåß.</para>

      <para>Ôï <filename>boot2</filename> óõíÞèùò åêôåëåß ôïí
	<link linkend="boot-loader">loader (öïñôùôÞò åêêßíçóçò)</link> ï
	ïðïßïò åßíáé åîáéñåôéêÜ ðéï ðïëýðëïêïò, áëëÜ ðáñÝ÷åé Ýíá ùñáßï êáé
	åýêïëï ôñüðï ñýèìéóçò ôçò åêêßíçóçò.  Ðáëéüôåñá ôï
	<filename>boot2</filename> áíáëÜìâáíå íá öïñôþóåé áðåõèåßáò ôïí
	ðõñÞíá.</para>

      <example id="boot-boot2-example">
	<title>Åéêüíá áðü ôï <filename>boot2</filename></title>

	<screen>&gt;&gt; FreeBSD/i386 BOOT
Default: 0:ad(0,a)/boot/loader
boot:</screen>
      </example>

      <para>Áí ÷ñåéáóôåß ðïôÝ íá áíôéêáôáóôÞóåôå ôá åãêáôåóôçìÝíá
	<filename>boot1</filename> êáé <filename>boot2</filename>
	÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôï &man.bsdlabel.8;:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>bsdlabel -B <replaceable>diskslice</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>üðïõ ôï <replaceable>diskslice</replaceable> åßíáé ï äßóêïò êáé
	ôï slice áðü ôï ïðïßï ãßíåôáé ç åêêßíçóç, üðùò ð.÷.
	<devicename>ad0s1</devicename> ãéá ôï ðñþôï slice óôïí ðñþôï IDE
	äßóêï.</para>

      <warning>
	<title>Åðéêßíäõíá ÁöïóéùìÝíç ÊáôÜóôáóç (Dangerously Dedicated
	  Mode)</title>

	<para>Áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ìüíï ôï üíïìá ôïõ äßóêïõ, üðùò ð.÷.
	  <devicename>ad0</devicename>, óôçí åíôïëÞ &man.bsdlabel.8; èá
	  äçìéïõñãÞóåôå Ýíá åðéêßíäõíá áöïóéùìÝíï äßóêï, ÷ùñßò slices.  Åßíáé
	  ó÷åäüí óßãïõñï üôé äåí èÝëåôå íá ôï êÜíåôå áõôü, ãé' áõôü
	  óéãïõñåõôåßôå üôé åëÝãîáôå ôçí åíôïëÞ &man.bsdlabel.8; ðñéí ðéÝóåôå
	  <keycap>Return</keycap>.</para>
      </warning>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="boot-loader">
      <title>ÓôÜäéï Ôñßá, <filename>/boot/loader</filename></title>

      <indexterm><primary>boot-loader</primary></indexterm>
      <para>Ï loader, Þ öïñôùôÞò åêêßíçóçò, åßíáé ôï ôåëéêü óôÜäéï ôïõ
	óõóôÞìáôïò åêêßíçóçò ôñéþí óôáäßùí, êáé âñßóêåôáé óôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí,
	óõíÞèùò ùò <filename>/boot/loader</filename>.</para>

      <para>Ðñïïñéóìüò ôïõ loader åßíáé íá ðáñÝ÷åé ìéá ìÝèïäï ñýèìéóçò öéëéêÞ
	ðñïò ôï ÷ñÞóôç, êáé ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß Ýíá åýêïëï óýíïëï åíôïëþí, ôï ïðïßï
	õðïóôçñßæåôáé áðü Ýíá éó÷õñü ìåôáöñáóôÞ åíôïëþí ìå Ýíá
	ðïëõðëïêüôåñï óýíïëï åíôïëþí.</para>

      <sect3 id="boot-loader-flow">
	<title>ÑïÞ ôïõ ÐñïãñÜììáôïò Loader</title>

	<para>ÊáôÜ ôçí áñ÷éêïðïßçóç, ï loader èá áíé÷íåýóåé ôçí êïíóüëá êáé
	  ôïõò äßóêïõò êáé èá êáèïñßóåé áðü ðïéï äßóêï ãßíåôáé ç åêêßíçóç.  Èá
	  ñõèìßóåé êáôÜëëçëá ôéò áíôßóôïé÷åò ìåôáâëçôÝò êáé èá îåêéíÞóåé Ýíá
	  ðñüãñáììá ìåôÜöñáóçò åíôïëþí (interpreter) óôï ïðïßï ìðïñåß ï
	  ÷ñÞóôçò íá äßíåé åíôïëÝò, åßôå áðåõèåßáò, åßôå ìÝóù êÜðïéïõ
	  script.</para>

	<indexterm><primary>loader</primary></indexterm>
	<indexterm><primary>loader configuration</primary></indexterm>

	<para>Ï loader êáôüðéí èá äéáâÜóåé ôï áñ÷åßï
	  <filename>/boot/loader.rc</filename>, ôï ïðïßï ìå ôç óåéñÜ ôïõ
	  äéáâÜæåé, áðü ðñïåðéëïãÞ, ôï
	  <filename>/boot/defaults/loader.conf</filename>.  ÌÝóá áðü ôï áñ÷åßï
	  áõôü ôßèåíôáé ëïãéêÝò ðñïåðéëåãìÝíåò ôéìÝò ãéá êÜðïéåò ìåôáâëçôÝò.
	  ¸ðåéôá, äéáâÜæåôáé ôï áñ÷åßï
	  <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename> ãéá ôõ÷üí ôïðéêÝò áëëáãÝò
	  óôéò ìåôáâëçôÝò áõôÝò.  Êáôüðéí ôï <filename>loader.rc</filename>
	  ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß áõôÝò ôéò ìåôáâëçôÝò, öïñôþíïíôáò ôá áñèñþìáôá
	  (modules) êáé ôïí ðõñÞíá ðïõ Ý÷åé åðéëåãåß.</para>

	<para>ÔåëéêÜ, ï loader, ðåñéìÝíåé 10 äåõôåñüëåðôá (ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï
	  ÷ñïíéêü äéÜóôçìá) ãéá ôçí ðßåóç êÜðïéïõ ðëÞêôñïõ, êáé áí äåí
	  õðÜñîåé ðáñÝìâáóç áðü ôïí ÷ñÞóôç, îåêéíÜåé ôïí ðõñÞíá.  Áí ãßíåé
	  ðáñÝìâáóç, åìöáíßæåôáé óôïí ÷ñÞóôç ìéá ðñïôñïðÞ ç ïðïßï êáôáíïåß ôï
	  åýêïëï óýíïëï åíôïëþí ðïõ áíáöÝñáìå ðñïçãïõìÝíùò, êáé üðïõ ï ÷ñÞóôçò
	  ìðïñåß íá ñõèìßóåé ìåôáâëçôÝò, íá áðïöïñôþóåé üëá ôá áñèñþìáôá, íá
	  öïñôþóåé áñèñþìáôá êáé ôåëéêÜ íá ðñïâåß óå åêêßíçóç Þ
	  åðáíåêêßíçóç.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="boot-loader-commands">
	<title>ÅíôïëÝò ÅíóùìáôùìÝíåò óôï Loader</title>

	<para>ÐáñáêÜôù èá äåßôå ôéò ðéï óõ÷íÜ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýìåíåò åíôïëÝò ôïõ
	  loader.  Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ëåðôïìÝñåéåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå üëåò ôéò
	  äéáèÝóéìåò åíôïëÝò, ðáñáêáëïýìå íá äåßôå ôï &man.loader.8;.</para>

	<variablelist>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term>autoboot <replaceable>seconds</replaceable></term>

	    <listitem>
	      <para>Ðñï÷ùñÜ óôçí åêêßíçóç ôïõ ðõñÞíá, áí äåí õðÜñîåé ðáñÝìâáóç
		áðü ôï ÷ñÞóôç ìÝóá óôï êáèïñéóìÝíï ÷ñïíéêü äéÜóôçìá ðïõ
		äßíåôáé óå äåõôåñüëåðôá.  Áðåéêïíßæåé áíôßóôñïöç ìÝôñçóç, êáé
		ï ðñïåðéëåãìÝíïò ÷ñüíïò åßíáé ôá 10 äåõôåñüëåðôá.</para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>

	  <varlistentry>
	    <term>boot
	      <optional><replaceable>-options</replaceable></optional>
	      <optional><replaceable>kernelname</replaceable></optional></term>

	    <listitem>
	      <para>Ðñï÷ùñÜåé Üìåóá óôçí åêêßíçóç ôïõ ðõñÞíá, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò
		üðïéåò ôõ÷üí åðéëïãÝò Ý÷ïõí äïèåß êáé ôï üíïìá ôïõ ðõñÞíá ðïõ
		èá åêôåëåóôåß áí Ý÷åé åðßóçò äïèåß.  Ãéá íá äþóåôå äéáöïñåôéêü
		üíïìá ðõñÞíá óôçí ãñáììÞ åíôïëÞò, èá ðñÝðåé ðñþôá íá
		÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ <emphasis>unload</emphasis>.
		ÄéáöïñåôéêÜ, èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ï ðõñÞíáò ðïõ Ý÷åé öïñôùèåß
		Þäç.</para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>

	  <varlistentry>
	    <term>boot-conf</term>

	    <listitem>
	      <para>ÄéáôñÝ÷åé ôçí áõôüìáôç ñýèìéóç ôùí áñèñùìÜôùí (module) ðïõ
		âáóßæåôáé óå ìåôáâëçôÝò, ìå ôïí ßäéï ôñüðï ðïõ ãßíåôáé êáé óå
		êáíïíéêÞ åêêßíçóç.  Áõôü Ý÷åé íüçìá ìüíï áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå
		ðñþôá ôï <command>unload</command> êáé áëëÜîåôå êÜðïéåò
		ìåôáâëçôÝò, óõíÞèùò ôï <envar>kernel</envar>.</para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>

	  <varlistentry>
	    <term>help
	      <optional><replaceable>topic</replaceable></optional></term>

	    <listitem>
	      <para>Äåß÷íåé ìçíýìáôá âïÞèåéáò, ôá ïðïßá äéáâÜæïíôáé áðü ôï
		<filename>/boot/loader.help</filename>.  Áí ôï topic (èÝìá)
		ðïõ äüèçêå åßíáé ç ëÝîç <literal>index</literal>, èá äåßôå ìéá
		ëßóôá ìå ôá äéáèÝóéìá èÝìáôá âïÞèåéáò.</para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>

	  <varlistentry>
	    <term>include <replaceable>filename</replaceable>
	      &hellip;</term>

	    <listitem>
	      <para>ÅðåîåñãÜæåôáé ôï áñ÷åßï ìå ôï üíïìá áñ÷åßïõ ðïõ äüèçêå
		(filename).  Ãßíåôáé áíÜãíùóç êáé ãñáììÞ ðñïò ãñáììÞ ìåôÜöñáóç
		ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ.  Ç åíôïëÞ include óôáìáôÜåé Üìåóá áí åíôïðéóôåß
		êÜðïéï ëÜèïò.</para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>

	  <varlistentry>
	    <term>load <optional><option>-t</option>
	      <replaceable>type</replaceable></optional>
	      <replaceable>filename</replaceable></term>

	    <listitem>
	      <para>Öïñôþíåé ôïí ðõñÞíá, ôï Üñèñùìá ðõñÞíá Þ Ýíá áñ÷åßï ôïõ
		ôýðïõ ðïõ êáèïñßóôçêå, ìå âÜóç ôï üíïìá áñ÷åßïõ ðïõ äüèçêå.
		Áí ìåôÜ ôï üíïìá áñ÷åßïõ õðÜñ÷ïõí ðáñÜìåôñïé, ðåñíéïýíôáé ùò
		ðáñÜìåôñïé óôï áñ÷åßï ðïõ öïñôþíåôáé.</para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>

	  <varlistentry>
	    <term>ls <optional><option>-l</option></optional>
	      <optional><replaceable>path</replaceable></optional></term>

	    <listitem>
	      <para>Äåß÷íåé Ýíá êáôÜëïãï ôùí áñ÷åßùí ôçò äéáäñïìÞò ðïõ
		äüèçêå, Þ áí äåí êáèïñßóôçêå äéáäñïìÞ, ôïõ ñéæéêïý êáôáëüãïõ.
		Áí äïèåß êáé ç åðéëïãÞ <option>-l</option> èá åìöáíßæïíôáé
		åðßóçò êáé ôá ìåãÝèç ôùí áñ÷åßùí.</para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>

	  <varlistentry>
	    <term>lsdev <optional><option>-v</option></optional></term>

	    <listitem>
	      <para>Åìöáíßæåé üëåò ôéò óõóêåõÝò áðü ôéò ïðïßåò åßíáé äõíáôÞ ç
		öüñôùóç áñèñùìÜôùí.  Áí äïèåß ìå ôçí åðéëïãÞ
		<option>-v</option>, åìöáíßæïíôáé ðåñéóóüôåñåò
		ëåðôïìÝñåéåò.</para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>

	  <varlistentry>
	    <term>lsmod <optional><option>-v</option></optional></term>

	    <listitem>
	      <para>Åìöáíßæåé ôá áñèñþìáôá ðïõ Ý÷ïõí öïñôùèåß.  Áí äïèåß ç
		åðéëïãÞ <option>-v</option>, åìöáíßæïíôáé ðåñéóóüôåñåò
		ëåðôïìÝñåéåò.</para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>

	  <varlistentry>
	    <term>more <replaceable>filename</replaceable></term>

	    <listitem>
	      <para>Åìöáíßæåé ôï áñ÷åßï ðïõ êáèïñßæåôáé, ìå ðáýóåéò êÜèå
		<varname>LINES</varname> áñéèìü ãñáììþí.</para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>

	  <varlistentry>
	    <term>reboot</term>

	    <listitem>
	      <para>Åðáíåêêéíåß Üìåóá ôï óýóôçìá.</para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>

	  <varlistentry>
	    <term>set <replaceable>variable</replaceable></term>
	    <term>set <replaceable>variable</replaceable>=<replaceable>value</replaceable></term>

	    <listitem>
	      <para>Êáèïñßæåé ìåôáâëçôÝò ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò ãéá ôïí loader.</para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>

	  <varlistentry>
	    <term>unload</term>

	    <listitem>
	      <para>Áðïöïñôþíåé üëá ôá áñèñþìáôá.</para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="boot-loader-examples">
	<title>Ðáñáäåßãìáôá ãéá ôïí Loader</title>

	<para>Åäþ èá âñåßôå ìåñéêÜ ðñáêôéêÜ ðáñáäåßãìáôá ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôçí ÷ñÞóç
	  ôïõ loader:</para>

	<itemizedlist>
	  <indexterm><primary>single-user mode</primary></indexterm>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>Ãéá íá îåêéíÞóåôå ôï óõíçèéóìÝíï ðõñÞíá óáò, áëëÜ óå
	      êáôÜóôáóç åíüò ÷ñÞóôç:</para>

	    <screen><userinput>boot -s</userinput></screen>
	  </listitem>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>Ãéá íá áðïöïñôþóåôå ôï óõíçèéóìÝíï ðõñÞíá óáò êáé íá
	      öïñôþóåôå ôïí ðáëéü óáò (Þ êÜðïéï Üëëï):</para>
	    <indexterm>
	      <primary><filename>kernel.old</filename></primary>
	    </indexterm>

	    <screen><userinput>unload</userinput>
<userinput>load <replaceable>kernel.old</replaceable></userinput></screen>

	    <para>Ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï üíïìá
	      <filename>kernel.GENERIC</filename> ãéá íá áíáöåñèåßôå óôïí
	      áñ÷éêü (generic) ðõñÞíá ï ïðïßïò õðÜñ÷åé óôï CD ôçò
	      åãêáôÜóôáóçò, Þ ôï <filename>kernel.old</filename> ãéá íá
	      áíáöåñèåßôå óôïí ðõñÞíá ðïõ åß÷áôå åãêáôåóôçìÝíï ðñéí (ãéá
	      ðáñÜäåéãìá, ôïí ðáëéü óáò ðõñÞíá áí êÜíáôå ðñüóöáôá ñýèìéóç êáé
	      åãêáôÜóôáóç íÝïõ äéêïý óáò ðñïóáñìïóìÝíïõ ðõñÞíá).</para>

	    <note>
	      <para>×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôï ðáñáêÜôù ãéá íá öïñôþóåôå ôá óõíçèéóìÝíá
		óáò áñèñþìáôá óå êÜðïéï Üëëï ðõñÞíá:</para>

	      <screen><userinput>unload</userinput>
<userinput>set kernel="<replaceable>kernel.old</replaceable>"</userinput>
<userinput>boot-conf</userinput></screen>
	    </note>
	  </listitem>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>Ãéá íá öïñôþóåôå Ýíá script ñýèìéóçò ðõñÞíá (Ýíá
	      áõôïìáôïðïéçìÝíï ðñüãñáììá ôï ïðïßï åêôåëåß ôéò ëåéôïõñãßåò ðïõ
	      êáíïíéêÜ èá êÜíáôå ìÝóù êÜðïéïõ ðñïãñÜììáôïò ñýèìéóçò ðõñÞíá
	      êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç):</para>

	    <screen><userinput>load -t userconfig_script <replaceable>/boot/kernel.conf</replaceable></userinput></screen>
	  </listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="boot-splash">
	<sect3info>
	  <authorgroup>
	    <author>
	      <firstname>Joseph J.</firstname>
	      <surname>Barbish</surname>
	      <contrib>ÓõíåéóöïñÜ áðü ôïí </contrib>
	    </author>
	  </authorgroup>
	</sect3info>

	<title>ÃñáöéêÞ Ïèüíç Åêêßíçóçò</title>

	<para>Ç ãñáöéêÞ ïèüíç åêêßíçóçò (splash screen) äçìéïõñãåß Ýíá ðéï
	  åõ÷Üñéóôï ðåñéâÜëëïí óå ó÷Ýóç ìå ôçí áðëÞ áðåéêüíéóç ôùí ìçíõìÜôùí
	  åêêßíçóçò óå ìïñöÞ êåéìÝíïõ.  Ç ãñáöéêÞ ïèüíç åêêßíçóçò åìöáíßæåôáé
	  ùò üôïõ ôï óýóôçìá öôÜóåé óôçí ðñïôñïðÞ åéóüäïõ (login), åßôå óôçí
	  êïíóüëá, åßôå óôï ãñáöéêü ðåñéâÜëëïí.</para>

	<para>Ôï &os; äéáèÝôåé äýï âáóéêÜ ðåñéâÜëëïíôá.  Ôï ðñþôï åßíáé
	  ôï ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï ðåñéâÜëëïí êåéìÝíïõ ãñáììÞò åíôïëþí (êïíóüëá).
	  ÌåôÜ ôï ôÝëïò ôçò åêêßíçóçò, åìöáíßæåôáé óôçí êïíóüëá ìéá ðñïôñïðÞ
	  åéóüäïõ.  Ôï äåýôåñï, åßíáé ôï ãñáöéêü ðåñéâÜëëïí
	  ðïõ ðáñÝ÷åôáé áðü ôï óýóôçìá ×11.  ÌåôÜ ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç ôïõ
	  <link linkend="x-install">X11</link> êáé åíüò áðü ôïõò ãñáöéêïýò
	  <link linkend="x11-wm">äéá÷åéñéóôÝò ðáñáèýñùí Þ desktop</link>,
	  üðùò åßíáé ôá <application>GNOME</application>,
	  <application>KDE</application> Þ <application>XFce</application>,
	  ìðïñåßôå íá îåêéíÞóåôå ôï ãñáöéêü ðåñéâÜëëïí ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ
	  <command>startx</command>.</para>

	<para>Ìåñéêïß ÷ñÞóôåò ðñïôéìïýí íá óõíäÝïíôáé óôï óýóôçìá ìÝóù
	  ãñáöéêÞò ïèüíç åéóüäïõ, áíôß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôçí ðñïôñïðÞ åéóüäïõ
	  ôçò êïíóüëáò.  Ç äõíáôüôçôá áõôÞ ðáñÝ÷åôáé áðï äéá÷åéñéóôÝò ïèüíçò,
	  üðùò ï <application>XDM</application> ãéá ôï &xorg;, o
	  <application>gdm</application> ãéá ôï
	  <application>GNOME</application> êáé ï
	  <application>kdm</application> ãéá ôï
	  <application>KDE</application> (êáèþò êáé Üëëïõò ðïõ äéáôßèåíôáé
	  óôç ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí Ports).  ÌåôÜ áðü ìéá åðéôõ÷çìÝíç åßóïäï,
	  ðáñïõóéÜæåôáé Üìåóá óôï ÷ñÞóôç ôï ãñáöéêü ðåñéâÜëëïí ôçò åðéëïãÞò
	  ôïõ.</para>

	<para>Óôï ðåñéâÜëëïí ôçò ãñáììÞò åíôïëþí, ç ãñáöéêÞ ïèüíç åêêßíçóçò
	  èá áðïêñýøåé üëá ôá ìçíýìáôá áíß÷íåõóçò ôùí óõóêåõþí êáé õðçñåóéþí,
	  ìÝ÷ñé ôçí åìöÜíéóç ôçò ðñïôñïðÞò åéóüäïõ.  Ìå áðåõèåßáò åêêßíçóç óå
	  ðåñéâÜëëïí X11, ç åìðåéñßá åêêßíçóçò èá åßíáé áêüìá ðéï êáèáñÞ,
	  êáé èá ìïéÜæåé ðåñéóóüôåñï ìå ôçí áíôßóôïé÷ç óå Ýíá ðåñéâÜëëïí
	  &microsoft; &windows; Þ Üëëïõ ìç-UNIX óõóôÞìáôïò.</para>

	<sect4 id="boot-splash-function">
	  <title>Ëåéôïõñãßá ôçò ÃñáöéêÞò Ïèüíçò Åêêßíçóçò</title>

	  <para>Ç ãñáöéêÞ ïèüíç åêêßíçóçò õðïóôçñßæåé åéêüíåò bitmap
	    (<filename>.bmp</filename>), ZSoft <acronym>PCX</acronym>
	    (<filename>.pcx</filename>) Þ TheDraw (<filename>.bin</filename>)
	    256 ÷ñùìÜôùí.  Åðéðñüóèåôá, ïé åéêüíåò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé
	    ðñÝðåé íá Ý÷ïõí áíÜëõóç 320x200 Þ ìéêñüôåñç ãéá íá ëåéôïõñãÞóïõí
	    óå ôõðéêïýò ðñïóáñìïãåßò ïèüíçò VGA.</para>

	  <para>Ãéá íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ìåãáëýôåñåò åéêüíåò, ìÝ÷ñé ôçí ìÝãéóôç
	    áíÜëõóç ôùí 1024x768 pixels, åíåñãïðïéÞóôå ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç
	    <acronym>VESA</acronym> ðïõ ðåñéëáìâÜíåôáé óôï &os;.  Ìðïñåßôå íá
	    ôçí åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå öïñôþíïíôáò ôï Üñèñùìá <acronym>VESA</acronym>
	    êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò, ç ðñïóèÝôïíôáò ôçí åðéëïãÞ
	    <literal>VESA</literal> óôï áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí ôïõ ðõñÞíá, êáé
	    äçìéïõñãþíôáò Ýíá íÝï ðñïóáñìïóìÝíï ðõñÞíá (<xref
	      linkend="kernelconfig"/>).  Ç õðïóôÞñéîç <acronym>VESA</acronym>
	    äßíåé óôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò ôçí äõíáôüôçôá íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóïõí ìéá åéêüíá
	    ðïõ íá êáëýðôåé üëç ôçí ïèüíç.</para>

	  <para>Ìðïñåßôå íá äåßôå ôá êáíïíéêÜ ìçíýìáôá åêêßíçóçò üóï
	    åìöáíßæåôáé ç ãñáöéêÞ ïèüíç åêêßíçóçò, ðéÝæïíôáò áðëþò
	    ïðïéïäÞðïôå ðëÞêôñï.</para>

	  <para>Ç ïèüíç åêêßíçóçò ãßíåôáé åðßóçò ç ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç ðñïöýëáîç
	    ïèüíçò, üóï ôï óýóôçìá ëåéôïõñãåß óå ðåñéâÜëëïí êïíóüëáò.  ÌåôÜ
	    áðü êÜðïéï ÷ñïíéêü äéÜóôçìá áäñÜíåéáò, ç ïèüíç áëëÜæåé,
	    áðåéêïíßæïíôáò ôçí åéêüíá ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞèçêå óôçí åêêßíçóç,
	    ìå êõêëéêÞ åíáëëáãÞ ôçò öùôåéíüôçôáò áðü ðïëý öùôåéíÞ ùò ðïëý
	    óêïôåéíÞ.  Ìðïñåßôå íá áëëÜîåôå áõôÞ ôçí ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç ðñïöýëáîç
	    ïèüíçò, ðñïóèÝôïíôáò ìéá ãñáììÞ <literal>saver=</literal> óôï
	    áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.  Ãéá ôçí åðéëïãÞ
	    <literal>saver=</literal>, õðÜñ÷ïõí áñêåôÝò åíóùìáôùìÝíåò
	    ðñïöõëÜîåéò ïèüíçò ãéá íá åðéëÝîåôå.  Ìðïñåßôå íá äåßôå ôçí ðëÞñç
	    ëßóôá óôç óåëßäá manual ôïõ &man.splash.4;.  Ç ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç
	    ðñïöýëáîç ïèüíçò ïíïìÜæåôáé <quote>warp</quote>.  Óçìåéþóôå üôé ç
	    ðñïöýëáîç ïèüíçò ðïõ êáèïñßæåôáé óôï áñ÷åßï
	    <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> ìÝóù ôçò åðéëïãÞò
	    <literal>saver=</literal> Ý÷åé åðßäñáóç ìüíï óôéò åéêïíéêÝò
	    êïíóüëåò.  Äåí åðçñåÜæåé êáèüëïõ ôï ãñáöéêü ðåñéâÜëëïí X11.</para>

	  <para>ÊÜðïéá ìçíýìáôá åêêßíçóçò åîáêïëïõèïýí íá åìöáíßæïíôáé, áêüìá
	    êáé ìåôÜ ôçí åöáñìïãÞ ôçò ãñáöéêÞò ïèüíçò åêêßíçóçò.  Ôá ìçíýìáôá
	    áõôÜ ðåñéëáìâÜíïõí ôï ìåíïý åðéëïãþí åêêßíçóçò êáé ôçí áíôßóôñïöç
	    ìÝôñçóç ÷ñüíïõ ðïõ ôï óõíïäåýåé.</para>

	  <para>Ìðïñåßôå íá êáôåâÜóåôå õðïäåßãìáôá åéêüíùí ãéá ÷ñÞóç óôçí
	    åêêßíçóç, áðü ôç óõëëïãÞ åéêüíùí óôçí ôïðïèåóßá <ulink
	      url="http://artwork.freebsdgr.org/node/3">http://artwork.freebsdgr.org</ulink>.
	    Áí åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ôï Port <filename
	      role="package">sysutils/bsd-splash-changer</filename>, èá Ý÷åôå
	    ôõ÷áßá åíáëëáãÞ åéêüíùí (ðïõ èá åðéëÝãïíôáé áðü ìéá Ýôïéìç
	    óõëëïãÞ) óå êÜèå åêêßíçóç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò.</para>
	</sect4>

	<sect4 id="boot-splash-enable">
	  <title>Åíåñãïðïßçóç ôçò ÃñáöéêÞò Ïèüíçò Åêêßíçóçò</title>

	  <para>Ôï áñ÷åßï ðïõ èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ãéá ôçí ãñáöéêÞ ïèüíç
	    åêêßíçóçò (ôýðïõ <filename>.bmp</filename>,
	    <filename>.pcx</filename> Þ <filename>.bin</filename>) èá ðñÝðåé
	    íá ôïðïèåôçèåß óôçí ñéæéêÞ (root) êáôÜôìçóç, ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá óôïí
	    êáôÜëïãï <filename class="directory">/boot/</filename>.</para>

	  <para>Ãéá ôçí ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç áíÜëõóç ïèüíçò (320x200 Þ ìéêñüôåñç,
	    256 ÷ñþìáôá), åðåîåñãáóôåßôå ôï áñ÷åßï
	    <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename> þóôå íá ðåñéÝ÷åé ôá
	    ðáñáêÜôù:</para>

	  <programlisting>splash_bmp_load="YES"
bitmap_load="YES"
bitmap_name="<replaceable>/boot/splash.bmp</replaceable>"</programlisting>

	  <para>Ãéá ìåãáëýôåñåò áíáëýóåéò, ìÝ÷ñé ôçí ìÝãéóôç 1024x768,
	    åðåîåñãáóôåßôå ôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>
	    þóôå íá ðåñéÝ÷åé ôï ðáñáêÜôù:</para>

	  <programlisting>vesa_load="YES"
splash_bmp_load="YES"
bitmap_load="YES"
bitmap_name="<replaceable>/boot/splash.bmp</replaceable>"</programlisting>

	  <para>Ôï ðáñáðÜíù õðïèÝôåé üôé èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï áñ÷åßï
	    <filename><replaceable>/boot/splash.bmp</replaceable></filename>
	    ãéá ôçí ãñáöéêÞ ïèüíç åêêßíçóçò.  Áí èÝëåôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå
	    åéêüíá ôýðïõ <acronym>PCX</acronym>, ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôéò ðáñáêÜôù
	    åðéëïãÝò, êáèþò êáé ôçí åðéëïãÞ
	    <literal>vesa_load="YES"</literal>, áíÜëïãá ìå ôçí áíÜëõóç:</para>

	  <programlisting>splash_pcx_load="YES"
bitmap_load="YES"
bitmap_name="<replaceable>/boot/splash.pcx</replaceable>"</programlisting>

	  <para>Óôçí Ýêäïóç 8.3, ìéá áêüìá åðéëïãÞ åßíáé ç ÷ñÞóç ascii art
	    óå ìïñöÞ <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheDraw">The
	      Draw</ulink>.</para>

	  <programlisting>splash_txt="YES"
bitmap_load="YES"
bitmap_name="<replaceable>/boot/splash.bin</replaceable>"</programlisting>

	  <para>Ôï üíïìá áñ÷åßïõ äåí åßíáé áðáñáßôçôï íá åßíáé
	    <quote>splash</quote> üðùò öáßíåôáé óôï ðáñáðÜíù ðáñÜäåéãìá.
	    Ìðïñåß íá åßíáé ïôéäÞðïôå, áñêåß íá ðñüêåéôáé ãéá áñ÷åßï ôùí
	    ôýðùí ðïõ áíáöÝñáìå ðáñáðÜíù, ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá
	    <filename><replaceable>splash_640x400</replaceable>.bmp</filename>
	    Þ
	    <filename><replaceable>blue_wave</replaceable>.pcx</filename>.</para>

	  <para>ÐáñáêÜôù öáßíïíôáé ìåñéêÝò áêüìá åíäéáöÝñïõóåò åðéëïãÝò ðïõ
	    ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå óôï
	    <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>:</para>

	  <variablelist>
	    <varlistentry>
	      <term><literal>beastie_disable="YES"</literal></term>

	      <listitem>
		<para>Ç åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ êáôáñãåß ôçí åìöÜíéóç ôïõ ìåíïý åðéëïãþí
		  åêêßíçóçò.  ÐáñáìÝíåé ùóôüóï ç áíôßóôñïöç ìÝôñçóç ìå ôçí
		  ðñïôñïðÞ åéóáãùãÞò åðéëïãþí åêêßíçóçò.  Áêüìá êáé üôáí äåí
		  åìöáíßæåôáé ôï ìåíïý åðéëïãþí, áí ï ÷ñÞóôçò êÜíåé ìéá
		  åðéëïãÞ óôç äéÜñêåéá ôïõ ðñïåðéëåãìÝíïõ ÷ñüíïõ áíáìïíÞò,
		  ç åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ èá éó÷ýóåé ãéá ôçí åêêßíçóç.</para>
	      </listitem>
	    </varlistentry>

	    <varlistentry>
	      <term><literal>loader_logo="beastie"</literal></term>

	      <listitem>
		<para>Ç åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ áëëÜæåé ôï êåßìåíï <quote>&os;</quote>
		  ðïõ åìöáíßæåôáé óôï äåîéü ìÝñïò ôïõ ìåíïý åðéëïãþí
		  åêêßíçóçò, ìå Ýíá Ýã÷ñùìï ëïãüôõðï ôïõ beastie, üðùò
		  åìöáíéæüôáí óôéò ðáëáéüôåñåò åêäüóåéò.</para>
	      </listitem>
	    </varlistentry>
	  </variablelist>

	  <para>Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò, ðáñáêáëïýìå áíáôñÝîôå óôéò
	    óåëßäåò manual &man.splash.4;, &man.loader.conf.5; êáé
	    &man.vga.4;.</para>
	</sect4>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="boot-kernel">
    <title>Áëëçëåðßäñáóç ìå ôïí ÐõñÞíá êáôÜ ôçí Åêêßíçóç</title>
    <indexterm>
      <primary>kernel</primary>
      <secondary>boot interaction</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>Áðü ôç óôéãìÞ ðïõ ï ðõñÞíáò öïñôùèåß, åßôå ìÝóù ôïõ
      <link linkend="boot-loader">loader</link> (üðùò óõíÞèùò) åßôå ìÝóù ôïõ
      <link linkend="boot-boot1">boot2</link> (ðáñáêÜìðôïíôáò ôïí loader),
      åîåôÜæåé ôéò ðáñáìÝôñïõò åêêßíçóçò (boot flags), áí õðÜñ÷ïõí, êáé
      ðñïóáñìüæåé áíÜëïãá ôç óõìðåñéöïñÜ ôïõ.</para>

    <sect2 id="boot-kernel-bootflags">
      <title>ÐáñÜìåôñïé Åêêßíçóçò ÐõñÞíá (Boot Flags)</title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>kernel</primary>
	<secondary>bootflags</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>ÐáñáêÜôù èá âñåßôå ôéò ðéï óõíçèéóìÝíåò ðáñáìÝôñïõò
	åêêßíçóçò:</para>

      <variablelist id="boot-kernel-bootflags-list">
	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-a</option></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>êáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò åêêßíçóçò, èá ãßíåé åñþôçóç ãéá ôçí
	      óõóêåõÞ áðü ôçí ïðïßá èá ãßíåé ç ðñïóÜñôçóç ôïõ ñéæéêïý (root)
	      óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-C</option></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>åêêßíçóç áðü ôï CDROM.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-c</option></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>åêôÝëåóç ôïõ UserConfig, ôïõ ðñïãñÜììáôïò ñýèìéóçò ðõñÞíá
	      êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-s</option></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>åêêßíçóç óå êáôÜóôáóç ëåéôïõñãßáò åíüò ÷ñÞóôç (single
	      user).</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-v</option></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>åìöÜíéóç ðåñéóóüôåñùí ðëçñïöïñéþí êáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá åêêßíçóçò
	      ôïõ ðõñÞíá.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
      </variablelist>

      <note>
	<para>ÕðÜñ÷ïõí êáé Üëëåò ðáñÜìåôñïé åêêßíçóçò, äéáâÜóôå ôç óåëßäá
	  &man.boot.8; ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå áõôÝò.</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>

<!--    <sect2 id="boot-kernel-userconfig">
      <title>UserConfig: the Boot-time Kernel Configurator</title>

      <para> </para>
    </sect2> -->
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="device-hints">
    <sect1info>
      <authorgroup>
	<author>
	  <firstname>Tom</firstname>
	  <surname>Rhodes</surname>
	  <contrib>ÓõíåéóöïñÜ áðü ôïí </contrib>
	</author>
      </authorgroup>
      <!-- 18 OCT 2002 -->
    </sect1info>

    <title>Device Hints</title>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>device.hints</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>ÊáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò áñ÷éêÞò åêêßíçóçò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò, ôï ðñüãñáììá
      ôïõ boot &man.loader.8; äéáâÜæåé ôï áñ÷åßï &man.device.hints.5;.  Ôï
      áñ÷åßï áõôü ðåñéÝ÷åé ðëçñïöïñßåò åêêßíçóçò ãéá ôïí ðõñÞíá, ãíùóôÝò ùò
      ìåôáâëçôÝò, ïé ïðïßåò ìåñéêÝò öïñÝò áíáöÝñïíôáé åðßóçò êáé ùò
      <quote>device hints</quote>.  ÁõôÜ ôá <quote>device hints</quote>
      ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé áðü ðñïãñÜììáôá ïäÞãçóçò óõóêåõþí ãéá ñýèìéóç ôùí
      áíôßóôïé÷ùí óõóêåõþí.</para>

    <para>Ìðïñïýìå åðßóçò íá ïñßóïõìå Device hints óôçí ðñïôñïðÞ ôïõ
      <link linkend="boot-loader"> Óôáäßïõ 3 ôïõ boot loader</link>.
      Ïé ìåôáâëçôÝò ìðïñïýí íá ïñéóôïýí ìå ÷ñÞóç ôçò åíôïëÞò
      <command>set</command>, êáé íá áöáéñåèïýí ìå ôçí
      <command>unset</command>.  Ìðïñïýìå åðßóçò íá ôéò åìöáíßóïõìå ìå ôçí
      åíôïëÞ <command>show</command>.  Áêüìá, ìðïñïýìå åäþ íá ðáñáêÜìøïõìå
      êáé íá áëëÜîïõìå ôçí ôéìÞ ìåôáâëçôþí ðïõ Ý÷ïõí ïñéóôåß óôï áñ÷åßï
      <filename>/boot/device.hints</filename>.  Ôá Device hints ðïõ ïñßæïõìå
      óôï boot loader äåí ðáñáìÝíïõí ìüíéìá êáé äåí èá éó÷ýóïõí óôçí åðüìåíç
      åêêßíçóç.</para>

    <para>ÌåôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò, ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ç åíôïëÞ
      &man.kenv.1; ãéá íá åìöáíéóôïýí ïé ôéìÝò üëùí ôùí ìåôáâëçôþí.</para>

    <para>Ôï óõíôáêôéêü ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ <filename>/boot/device.hints</filename>
      åßíáé ìéá ìåôáâëçôÞ áíÜ ãñáììÞ, êáé ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ôï ôõðïðïéçìÝíï
      <quote>#</quote> ãéá ãñáììÝò ðïõ äçëþíïíôáé ùò ó÷üëéá.  Ïé ãñáììÝò
      äçìéïõñãïýíôáé üðùò öáßíåôáé ðáñáêÜôù:</para>

    <screen><userinput>hint.driver.unit.keyword="<replaceable>value</replaceable>"</userinput></screen>

    <para>Ç óýíôáîç ãéá ôï ÓôÜäéï 3 ôïõ boot loader åßíáé:</para>

    <screen><userinput>set hint.driver.unit.keyword=<replaceable>value</replaceable></userinput></screen>

    <para>üðïõ <literal>driver</literal> åßíáé ôï üíïìá ôïõ ïäçãïý óõóêåõÞò,
      <literal>unit</literal> åßíáé ï áñéèìüò ìïíÜäáò ôçò óõóêåõÞò, êáé
      <literal>keyword</literal> åßíáé ç ëÝîç-êëåéäß ãéá ôï óõãêåêñéìÝíï hint.
      Ç ëÝîç-êëåéäß ìðïñåß íá áðïôåëåßôáé áðü ôéò áêüëïõèåò åðéëïãÝò:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para><literal>at</literal>: êáèïñßæåé ôï äßáõëï (bus) óôïí ïðïßï
	  ðñïóáñôÜôáé ç óõóêåõÞ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para><literal>port</literal>: êáèïñßæåé ôçí áñ÷éêÞ äéåýèõíóç ôçò
	  èýñáò <acronym>I/O</acronym> ðïõ èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para><literal>irq</literal>: êáèïñßæåé ôïí áñéèìü ôçò áßôçóçò
	  äéáêïðÞò (interrupt request) ðïõ èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para><literal>drq</literal>: êáèïñßæåé ôïí áñéèìü ôïõ êáíáëéïý
	  DMA.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para><literal>maddr</literal>: êáèïñßæåé ôç öõóéêÞ äéåýèõíóç ìíÞìçò
	  ðïõ êáôáëáìâÜíåôáé áðü ôç óõóêåõÞ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para><literal>flags</literal>: ïñßæåé äéÜöïñá bits ðáñáìÝôñùí ãéá
	  ôçí óõóêåõÞ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para><literal>disabled</literal>: Áí ïñéóôåß óå ôéìÞ
	  <literal>1</literal>, ç óõóêåõÞ áðåíåñãïðïéåßôáé.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>Ïé ïäçãïß óõóêåõþí ìðïñåß íá äÝ÷ïíôáé (Þ íá áðáéôïýí) ðåñéóóüôåñá
      hints ôá ïðïßá äåí öáßíïíôáé åäþ, êáé óáò óõíéóôïýìå íá äåßôå ôçí
      áíôßóôïé÷ç óåëßäá manual ôïõ êÜèå ïäçãïý.  Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò
      óõìâïõëåõèåßôå åðßóçò ôéò óåëßäåò manual ôùí
      &man.device.hints.5;, &man.kenv.1;, &man.loader.conf.5;, êáé
      &man.loader.8;.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="boot-init">
    <title>Init: Áñ÷éêïðïßçóç ÅëÝã÷ïõ Äéáäéêáóéþí</title>

    <indexterm>
      <primary><command>init</command></primary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>Ìüëéò ïëïêëçñùèåß ç åêêßíçóç ôïõ ðõñÞíá, ï Ýëåã÷ïò ìåôáöÝñåôáé óôçí
      äéáäéêáóßá ÷ñÞóôç &man.init.8;, ç ïðïßá âñßóêåôáé óôï áñ÷åßï
      <filename>/sbin/init</filename>, Þ óôç äéáäñïìÞ ðïõ êáèïñßæåôáé óôçí
      ìåôáâëçôÞ <envar>init_path</envar> ôïõ <command>loader</command>.</para>

    <sect2 id="boot-autoreboot">
      <title>Áêïëïõèßá Áõôüìáôçò Åðáíåêêßíçóçò</title>

      <para>Ç áêïëïõèßá áõôüìáôçò åðáíåêêßíçóçò åîáóöáëßæåé üôé ôá óõóôÞìáôá
	áñ÷åßùí åßíáé óå êáíïíéêÞ, óôáèåñÞ êáôÜóôáóç.  Áí äåí åßíáé, êáé ç
	&man.fsck.8; äåí ìðïñåß íá äéïñèþóåé ôá ðñïâëÞìáôá, ôüôå ç
	&man.init.8; èá ìåôáöÝñåé ôï óýóôçìá óå
	<link linkend="boot-singleuser">êáôÜóôáóç ëåéôïõñãßáò åíüò
	÷ñÞóôç</link> þóôå íá ìðïñÝóåé Üìåóá ï äéá÷åéñéóôÞò óõóôÞìáôïò íá
	åðéëçöèåß ôùí ðñïâëçìÜôùí áõôþí.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="boot-singleuser">
      <title>ÊáôÜóôáóç Ëåéôïõñãßáò Åíüò ×ñÞóôç</title>
      <indexterm><primary>single-user mode</primary></indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary>console</primary></indexterm>

      <para>Ìðïñåßôå íá åéóÝëèåôå óôçí êáôÜóôáóç áõôÞ ìÝóù ôçò <link
	  linkend="boot-autoreboot">áêïëïõèßáò áõôüìáôçò åðáíåêêßíçóçò</link>,
	Þ ìÝóù ôçò åðéëïãÞò <option>-s</option> êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç Þ áêüìá êáé
	èÝôïíôáò ôç ìåôáâëçôÞ <envar>boot_single</envar> óôïí
	<command>loader</command>.</para>

      <para>Ìðïñåßôå åðßóçò íá åéóÝëèåôå óå áõôÞ åêôåëþíôáò ôçí åíôïëÞ
	&man.shutdown.8; ÷ùñßò ôçí åðéëïãÞ åðáíåêêßíçóçò
	(<option>-r</option>) Þ ôåñìáôéóìïý (<option>-h</option>),
	åíþ åßóôå óå êáôÜóôáóç ëåéôïõñãßáò
	<link linkend="boot-multiuser">ðïëëþí ÷ñçóôþí
	(multi-user)</link>.</para>

      <para>Áí ç <literal>êïíóüëá</literal> ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò Ý÷åé ôåèåß ùò
	<literal>insecure</literal> (áíáóöáëÞò) óôï
	<filename>/etc/ttys</filename>, ôï óýóôçìá èá æçôÞóåé ôïí êùäéêü
	ôïõ <username>root</username> ðñéí åéóÝëèåé óå êáôÜóôáóç ëåéôïõñãßáò
	åíüò ÷ñÞóôç.</para>

      <example id="boot-insecure-console">
	<title>ÁíáóöáëÞò Êïíóüëá óôï <filename>/etc/ttys</filename></title>

	<programlisting># name  getty                           type    status          comments
#
# If console is marked "insecure", then init will ask for the root password
# when going to single-user mode.
console none                            unknown off insecure</programlisting>
      </example>

      <note>
	<para>Ìéá <literal>insecure</literal> (áíáóöáëÞò) êïíóüëá óçìáßíåé
	  üôé äåí èåùñåßôå áóöáëÞ ôçí êïíóüëá üóï áöïñÜ ôç öõóéêÞ ôçò ðñüóâáóç
	  êáé èÝëåôå íá åßóôå âÝâáéïò üôé ìüíï üðïéïò ãíùñßæåé ôïí êùäéêü ôïõ
	  <username>root</username> èá ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé ôç ëåéôïõñãßá
	  åíüò ÷ñÞóôç.  Ç åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ äåí óçìáßíåé üôé èÝëåôå ç êïíóüëá óáò
	  íá ëåéôïõñãåß ÷ùñßò áóöÜëåéá.  Áí èÝëåôå áóöÜëåéá, èá ðñÝðåé íá
	  åðéëÝîåôå <literal>insecure</literal>, ü÷é
	  <literal>secure</literal>.</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="boot-multiuser">
      <title>ÊáôÜóôáóç Ëåéôïõñãßá Ðïëëáðëþí ×ñçóôþí (multi-user)</title>
      <indexterm><primary>multi-user mode</primary></indexterm>

      <para>Áí ç &man.init.8; äåí âñåé ðñïâëÞìáôá óôá óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí óáò,
	Þ ìüëéò ï ÷ñÞóôçò ôåñìáôßóåé ôçí
	<link linkend="boot-singleuser">êáôÜóôáóç ëåéôïõñãßáò åíüò
	÷ñÞóôç</link>, ôï óýóôçìá åéóÝñ÷åôáé óå ëåéôïõñãßá ðïëëáðëþí ÷ñçóôþí,
	üðïõ êáé îåêéíÜ ðëÝïí ç ñýèìéóç ðüñùí (resources) ôïõ
	óõóôÞìáôïò.</para>

      <sect3 id="boot-rc">
	<title>Ñýèìéóç Ðüñùí (rc)</title>

	<indexterm><primary>rc files</primary></indexterm>

	<para>Ôï óýóôçìá ñýèìéóçò ðüñùí, äéáâÜæåé ôéò ðñïåðéëåãìÝíåò åðéëïãÝò
	  áðü ôï <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename>, êáé åðéëïãÝò
	  ãéá ôï óõãêåêñéìÝíï ìç÷Üíçìá áðü ôï
	  <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>, êáé ðñï÷ùñåß óôçí ðñïóÜñôçóç
	  ôùí óõóôçìÜôùí áñ÷åßùí ðïõ áíáãñÜöïíôáé óôï
	  <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, îåêéíÜ ôéò õðçñåóßåò äéêôýïõ,
	  åêêéíåß äéÜöïñïõò äáßìïíåò, êáé ôÝëïò åêôåëåß ôá scripts åêêßíçóçò
	  ôùí ôïðéêÜ åãêáôåóôçìÝíùí ðáêÝôùí (åöáñìïãþí).</para>

	<para>Ç óåëßäá manual &man.rc.8; ðáñÝ÷åé ìéá êáëÞ áíáöïñÜ óôï óýóôçìá
	  ñýèìéóçò ðüñùí, êáèþò åîåôÜæåé ôá ßäéá ôá scripts åêêßíçóçò.</para>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="boot-shutdown">
    <title>Áêïëïõèßá Ôåñìáôéóìïý</title>
    <indexterm>
      <primary><command>shutdown</command></primary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>ÊáôÜ ôïí åëåã÷üìåíï ôåñìáôéóìü, ìÝóù ôçò &man.shutdown.8;, ç
      &man.init.8; èá áðïðåéñáèåß íá åêôåëÝóåé ôï script
      <filename>/etc/rc.shutdown</filename>, êáé áêïëïýèùò èá óôåßëåé óå
      üëåò ôéò äéåñãáóßåò ôï óÞìá <literal>TERM</literal>, êáé ôÝëïò ôï
      óÞìá <literal>KILL</literal> óå üðïéá äéåñãáóßá äåí ôåñìáôßóåé óå
      åýëïãï ÷ñïíéêü äéÜóôçìá.</para>

    <para>Ãéá íá ãßíåé êáé äéáêïðÞ ôçò ôñïöïäïóßáò óå Ýíá óýóôçìá &os; ìå
      áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ ðïõ õðïóôçñßæåé äéá÷åßñéóç åíÝñãåéáò, áðëþò ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå
      ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>shutdown -p now</command> ãéá áðåíåñãïðïßçóç ìåôÜ
      ôïí ôåñìáôéóìü.  Ãéá íá êÜíåôå áðëþò åðáíåêêßíçóç óå Ýíá óýóôçìá &os;
      ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>shutdown -r now</command>.  Èá
      ðñÝðåé íá åßóôå <username>root</username> Þ ìÝëïò ôçò ïìÜäáò
      <groupname>operator</groupname> ãéá íá åêôåëÝóåôå ôçí &man.shutdown.8;.
      Ìðïñåßôå åðßóçò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôéò åíôïëÝò &man.halt.8; êáé
      &man.reboot.8;, êïéôÜîôå ôéò áíôßóôïé÷åò óåëßäåò manual êáèþò êáé ôç
      óåëßäá manual ôçò &man.shutdown.8; ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò.</para>

    <note>
      <para>Ç äéá÷åßñéóç åíÝñãåéáò áðáéôåß ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç ôïõ &man.acpi.4;,
	åßôå óôïí ðõñÞíá, åßôå öïñôùìÝíç ùò Üñèñùìá (module).</para>
    </note>
  </sect1>
</chapter>