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<!-- $FreeBSD$ -->
<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->

<!-- Recently, I wanted to figure out how to use some additional fonts that
     I had accumulated.  I finally figured out *how to do it* from the various
     manual pages and documentation.  Since it might be of use to other users,
     and I didn't see any reference to this topic in the FAQ or handbook, I
     thought I'd try my hand at a simple cookbook tutorial addressing the
     use of fonts.  I have included my unanswered questions at the end of
     the document.

     Anyway, here's what I put together.  This is my present understanding of
     fonts and how to use them with FreeBSD.  I am sure that there are errors or
     misunderstandings, but it contains enough valid information to allow the
     use of additional fonts with Ghostscript, X11 and Groff.  This is my first
     attempt to write anything along the lines of a tutorial/FAQ, so I am sure
     it is pretty raw.  There are probably better ways to do some of this stuff,
     and I would welcome being corrected.
 -->

<!-- The section "Setting a virtual console to 80x60 line mode" was
     updated to reflect changes in FreeBSD system configuration
     files by Mark Ovens <mark@ukug.uk.FreeBSD.org> 27/5/00
 -->

<article lang='en'>
  <articleinfo>
    <title>Fonts and FreeBSD</title>

    <subtitle>A Tutorial</subtitle>

    <authorgroup>
      <author>
	<firstname>Dave</firstname>

	<surname>Bodenstab</surname>

	<affiliation>
	  <address>
	    <email>imdave@synet.net</email>
	  </address>
	</affiliation>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>

    <pubdate>Wed Aug  7, 1996</pubdate>

    <releaseinfo>$FreeBSD$</releaseinfo>

    <legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
      &tm-attrib.freebsd;
      &tm-attrib.adobe;
      &tm-attrib.apple;
      &tm-attrib.linux;
      &tm-attrib.microsoft;
      &tm-attrib.opengroup;
      &tm-attrib.general;
    </legalnotice>

    <abstract>
      <para>This document contains a description of the various font
	files that may be used with FreeBSD and the syscons driver,
	<application>X11</application>, <application>Ghostscript</application>
	and <application>Groff</application>.  Cookbook examples are provided
	for switching the syscons display to 80x60 mode, and for using
	type 1 fonts with the above application programs.</para>
    </abstract>
  </articleinfo>

  <sect1 id="intro">
    <title>Introduction</title>

    <para>There are many sources of fonts available, and one might ask
      how they might be used with FreeBSD.  The answer can be found by
      carefully searching the documentation for the component that one
      would like to use.  This is very time consuming, so this
      tutorial is an attempt to provide a shortcut for others who
      might be interested.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="terminology">
    <title>Basic terminology</title>

    <para>There are many different font formats and associated font
      file suffixes.  A few that will be addressed here are:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
	<term><filename>.pfa</filename>, <filename>.pfb</filename></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>&postscript; type 1 fonts.  The
	    <filename>.pfa</filename> is the
	    <emphasis>A</emphasis>scii form and
	    <filename>.pfb</filename> the <emphasis>B</emphasis>inary
	    form.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><filename>.afm</filename></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>The font metrics associated with a type 1 font.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><filename>.pfm</filename></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>The printer font metrics associated with a type 1
	    font.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><filename>.ttf</filename></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>A &truetype; font</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><filename>.fot</filename></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>An indirect reference to a TrueType font (not an
	    actual font)</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><filename>.fon</filename>, <filename>.fnt</filename></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>Bitmapped screen fonts</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <para>The <filename>.fot</filename> file is used by &windows; as
      sort of a symbolic link to the actual &truetype; font
      (<filename>.ttf</filename>) file.  The <filename>.fon</filename>
      font files are also used by Windows.  I know of no way to use
      this font format with FreeBSD.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="font-formats">
    <title>What font formats can I use?</title>

    <para>Which font file format is useful depends on the application
      being used.  FreeBSD by itself uses no fonts.  Application
      programs and/or drivers may make use of the font files.  Here is
      a small cross reference of application/driver to the font type
      suffixes:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
	<term>Driver</term>

	<listitem>
	  <variablelist>
	    <varlistentry>
	      <term>syscons</term>

	      <listitem>
		<para><filename>.fnt</filename></para>
	      </listitem>
	    </varlistentry>
	  </variablelist>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>Application</term>

	<listitem>
	  <variablelist>
	    <varlistentry>
	      <term><application>Ghostscript</application></term>

	      <listitem>
		<para><filename>.pfa</filename>,
		  <filename>.pfb</filename>,
		  <filename>.ttf</filename></para>
	      </listitem>
	    </varlistentry>

	    <varlistentry>
	      <term><application>X11</application></term>

	      <listitem>
		<para><filename>.pfa</filename>,
		  <filename>.pfb</filename></para>
	      </listitem>
	    </varlistentry>

	    <varlistentry>
	      <term><application>Groff</application></term>

	      <listitem>
		<para><filename>.pfa</filename>,
		  <filename>.afm</filename></para>
	      </listitem>
	    </varlistentry>

	    <varlistentry>
	      <term><application>Povray</application></term>

	      <listitem>
		<para><filename>.ttf</filename></para>
	      </listitem>
	    </varlistentry>
	  </variablelist>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <para>The <filename>.fnt</filename> suffix is used quite
      frequently.  I suspect that whenever someone wanted to create a
      specialized font file for their application, more often than not
      they chose this suffix.  Therefore, it is likely that files with
      this suffix are not all the same format; specifically, the
      <filename>.fnt</filename> files used by syscons under FreeBSD
      may not be the same format as a <filename>.fnt</filename> file
      one encounters in the &ms-dos;/&windows; environment.  I have not
      made any attempt at using other <filename>.fnt</filename> files
      other than those provided with FreeBSD.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="virtual-console">
    <title>Setting a virtual console to 80x60 line mode</title>

    <para>First, an 8x8 font must be loaded. To do this,
      <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> should contain the
      line (change the font name to an appropriate one for
      your locale):</para>

    <informalexample>
      <programlisting>font8x8="iso-8x8"		# font 8x8 from /usr/share/syscons/fonts/* (or NO).</programlisting>
    </informalexample>

    <para>The command to actually switch the mode is
      &man.vidcontrol.1;:</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>vidcontrol VGA_80x60</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>Various screen-oriented programs, such as &man.vi.1;, must
      be able to determine the current screen dimensions.  As this is
      achieved this through <command>ioctl</command> calls to the console
      driver (such as &man.syscons.4;) they will correctly determine the new
      screen dimensions.</para>

    <para>To make this more seamless, one can embed these commands in
      the startup scripts so it takes place when the system boots.
      To do this is add this line to <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>
    </para>

	<informalexample>
	  <programlisting>allscreens_flags="VGA_80x60"	# Set this vidcontrol mode for all virtual screens
	  </programlisting>
	</informalexample>

    <para>References: &man.rc.conf.5;, &man.vidcontrol.1;.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="type1-fonts-x11">
    <title>Using type 1 fonts with <application>X11</application></title>

    <para><application>X11</application> can use either the <filename>.pfa</filename> or the
      <filename>.pfb</filename> format fonts.  The <application>X11</application> fonts are
      located in various subdirectories under
      <filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts</filename>.  Each font file
      is cross referenced to its <application>X11</application> name by the contents of the
      <filename>fonts.dir</filename> file in each directory.</para>

    <para>There is already a directory named <filename>Type1</filename>.  The
      most straight forward way to add a new font is to put it into
      this directory.  A better way is to keep all new fonts in a
      separate directory and use a symbolic link to the additional
      font.  This allows one to more easily keep track of ones fonts
      without confusing them with the fonts that were originally
      provided.  For example:</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen><lineannotation>Create a directory to contain the font files</lineannotation>
&prompt.user; <userinput>mkdir -p /usr/local/share/fonts/type1</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/local/share/fonts/type1</userinput>

<lineannotation>Place the .pfa, .pfb and .afm files here</lineannotation>
<lineannotation>One might want to keep readme files, and other documentation</lineannotation>
<lineannotation>for the fonts here also</lineannotation>
&prompt.user; <userinput>cp /cdrom/fonts/atm/showboat/showboat.pfb .</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>cp /cdrom/fonts/atm/showboat/showboat.afm .</userinput>

<lineannotation>Maintain an index to cross reference the fonts</lineannotation>
&prompt.user; <userinput>echo showboat - InfoMagic CICA, Dec 1994, /fonts/atm/showboat &gt;&gt;INDEX</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>Now, to use a new font with <application>X11</application>, one must make the font file
      available and update the font name files.  The <application>X11</application> font names
      look like:</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>-bitstream-charter-medium-r-normal-xxx-0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-1
     |        |      |    |   |     |  | | | | | |    \    \
     |        |      |    |   |     \  \ \ \ \ \ \     +----+- character set
     |        |      |    |   \      \  \ \ \ \ \ +- average width
     |        |      |    |    \      \  \ \ \ \ +- spacing
     |        |      |    \	\      \  \ \ \ +- vertical res.
     |        |      |     \	 \	\  \ \ +- horizontal res.
     |        |      |      \	  \	 \  \ +- points
     |        |      |       \     \	  \  +- pixels
     |        |      |        \     \	   \
  foundry  family  weight   slant  width  additional style</screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>A new name needs to be created for each new font.  If you
      have some information from the documentation that accompanied
      the font, then it could serve as the basis for creating the
      name.  If there is no information, then you can get some idea by
      using &man.strings.1; on the font file.  For example:</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>strings showboat.pfb | more</userinput>
%!FontType1-1.0: Showboat 001.001
%%CreationDate: 1/15/91 5:16:03 PM
%%VMusage: 1024 45747
% Generated by Fontographer 3.1
% Showboat
 1991 by David Rakowski.  Alle Rechte Vorbehalten.
FontDirectory/Showboat known{/Showboat findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
/UniqueID get 4962377 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
{save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
12 dict begin
/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
 /version (001.001) readonly def
 /FullName (Showboat) readonly def
 /FamilyName (Showboat) readonly def
 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
 /ItalicAngle 0 def
 /isFixedPitch false def
 /UnderlinePosition -106 def
 /UnderlineThickness 16 def
 /Notice (Showboat
 1991 by David Rakowski.  Alle Rechte Vorbehalten.) readonly def
end readonly def
/FontName /Showboat def
--stdin--</screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>Using this information, a possible name might be:</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>-type1-Showboat-medium-r-normal-decorative-0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-1</screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>The components of our name are:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
	<term>Foundry</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>Lets just name all the new fonts
	    <literal>type1</literal>.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>Family</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>The name of the font.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>Weight</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>Normal, bold, medium, semibold, etc.  From the
	    &man.strings.1;
	    output above, it appears that this font has a weight of
	    <emphasis>medium</emphasis>.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>Slant</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para><emphasis remap="bf">r</emphasis>oman, <emphasis
	      remap="bf">i</emphasis>talic, <emphasis
	      remap="bf">o</emphasis>blique, etc.  Since the
	    <emphasis>ItalicAngle</emphasis> is zero,
	    <emphasis>roman</emphasis> will be used.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>Width</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>Normal, wide, condensed, extended, etc.  Until it can
	    be examined, the assumption will be
	    <emphasis>normal</emphasis>.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>Additional style</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>Usually omitted, but this will indicate that the font
	    contains decorative capital letters.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>Spacing</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>proportional or monospaced.
	    <emphasis>Proportional</emphasis> is used since
	    <emphasis>isFixedPitch</emphasis> is false.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <para>All of these names are arbitrary, but one should strive to
      be compatible with the existing conventions.  A font is
      referenced by name with possible wild cards by an <application>X11</application> program,
      so the name chosen should make some sense.  One might begin by
      simply using

      <informalexample>
	<screen>&hellip;-normal-r-normal-&hellip;-p-&hellip;
	</screen>
      </informalexample>

      as the name, and then use
      &man.xfontsel.1;
      to examine it and adjust the name based on the appearance of the
      font.</para>

    <para>So, to complete our example:</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen><lineannotation>Make the font accessible to X11</lineannotation>
&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>ln -s /usr/local/share/fonts/type1/showboat.pfb .</userinput>

<lineannotation>Edit fonts.dir and fonts.scale, adding the line describing the font
and incrementing the number of fonts which is found on the first line.</lineannotation>
&prompt.user; <userinput>ex fonts.dir
:1p
25
:1c
26
.
:$a
showboat.pfb -type1-showboat-medium-r-normal-decorative-0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-1
.
:wq</userinput>

<lineannotation><filename>fonts.scale</filename> seems to be identical to <filename>fonts.dir</filename>&hellip;</lineannotation>
&prompt.user; <userinput>cp fonts.dir fonts.scale</userinput>

<lineannotation>Tell X11 that things have changed</lineannotation>
&prompt.user; <userinput>xset fp rehash</userinput>

<lineannotation>Examine the new font</lineannotation>
&prompt.user; <userinput>xfontsel -pattern -type1-*</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>References: &man.xfontsel.1;, &man.xset.1;, <citetitle>The X
	Windows System in a Nutshell</citetitle>, <ulink
	url="http://www.ora.com/">O'Reilly &amp;
	Associates</ulink>.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="type1-fonts-ghostscript">
    <title>Using type 1 fonts with Ghostscript</title>

    <para><application>Ghostscript</application> references a font via its <filename>Fontmap</filename>
      file.  This must be modified in a similar way to the <application>X11</application>
      <filename>fonts.dir</filename> file. <application>Ghostscript</application> can use either
      the <filename>.pfa</filename> or the <filename>.pfb</filename>
      format fonts.  Using the font from the previous example, here is
      how to use it with <application>Ghostscript</application>:</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen><lineannotation>Put the font in Ghostscript's font directory</lineannotation>
&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/local/share/ghostscript/fonts</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>ln -s /usr/local/share/fonts/type1/showboat.pfb .</userinput>

<lineannotation>Edit Fontmap so Ghostscript knows about the font</lineannotation>
&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/local/share/ghostscript/4.01</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>ex Fontmap
:$a
/Showboat        (showboat.pfb) ; % From CICA /fonts/atm/showboat
.
:wq</userinput>

<lineannotation>Use Ghostscript to examine the font</lineannotation>
&prompt.user; <userinput>gs prfont.ps</userinput>
Aladdin Ghostscript 4.01 (1996-7-10)
Copyright (C) 1996 Aladdin Enterprises, Menlo Park, CA.  All rights
reserved.
This software comes with NO WARRANTY: see the file PUBLIC for details.
Loading Times-Roman font from /usr/local/share/ghostscript/fonts/tir_____.pfb...
 /1899520 581354 1300084 13826 0 done.
GS&gt;<userinput>Showboat DoFont</userinput>
Loading Showboat font from /usr/local/share/ghostscript/fonts/showboat.pfb...
 1939688 565415 1300084 16901 0 done.
&gt;&gt;showpage, press &lt;return&gt; to continue&lt;&lt;
&gt;&gt;showpage, press &lt;return&gt; to continue&lt;&lt;
&gt;&gt;showpage, press &lt;return&gt; to continue&lt;&lt;
GS&gt;<userinput>quit</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>References: <filename>fonts.txt</filename> in the
      <application>Ghostscript 4.01</application> distribution</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="type1-fonts-groff">
    <title>Using type 1 fonts with Groff</title>

    <para>Now that the new font can be used by both <application>X11</application> and
      <application>Ghostscript</application>, how can one use the new font
	with <application>groff</application>? First of
      all, since we are dealing with type 1 &postscript; fonts, the
      <application>groff</application> device that is applicable is the <emphasis>ps</emphasis>
      device.  A font file must be created for each font that <application>groff</application>
      can use.  A <application>groff</application> font name is just a file in
      <filename>/usr/share/groff_font/devps</filename>.  With our
      example, the font file could be
      <filename>/usr/share/groff_font/devps/SHOWBOAT</filename>.  The
      file must be created using tools provided by <application>groff</application>.</para>

    <para>The first tool is <command>afmtodit</command>.  This is not
      normally installed, so it must be retrieved from the source
      distribution.  I found I had to change the first line of the
      file, so I did:</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cp /usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/groff/afmtodit/afmtodit.pl /tmp</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>ex /tmp/afmtodit.pl
:1c
#!/usr/bin/perl -P-
.
:wq</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>This tool will create the <application>groff</application> font file from the metrics
      file (<filename>.afm</filename> suffix.) Continuing with our
      example:</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen><lineannotation>Many <filename>.afm</filename> files are in Mac format&hellip; ^M delimited lines
We need to convert them to &unix; style ^J delimited lines</lineannotation>
&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /tmp</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>cat /usr/local/share/fonts/type1/showboat.afm |
	tr '\015' '\012' &gt;showboat.afm</userinput>

<lineannotation>Now create the groff font file</lineannotation>
&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/share/groff_font/devps</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>/tmp/afmtodit.pl -d DESC -e text.enc /tmp/showboat.afm generate/textmap SHOWBOAT</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>The font can now be referenced with the name
      SHOWBOAT.</para>

    <para>If <application>Ghostscript</application> is used to drive the printers on the system,
      then nothing more needs to be done.  However, if true &postscript;
      printers are used, then the font must be down loaded to the
      printer in order for the font to be used (unless the printer
      happens to have the showboat font built in or on an accessible
      font disk.) The final step is to create a down loadable font.
      The <command>pfbtops</command> tool is used to create the
      <filename>.pfa</filename> format of the font, and the
      <filename>download</filename> file is modified to reference the new
      font.  The <filename>download</filename> file must reference the
      internal name of the font.  This can easily be determined from
      the groff font file as illustrated:</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen><lineannotation>Create the <filename>.pfa</filename> font file</lineannotation>
&prompt.user; <userinput>pfbtops /usr/local/share/fonts/type1/showboat.pfb &gt;showboat.pfa</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>Of course, if the <filename>.pfa</filename> file is already
      available, just use a symbolic link to reference it.</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen><lineannotation>Get the internal font name</lineannotation>
&prompt.user; <userinput>fgrep internalname SHOWBOAT</userinput>
internalname Showboat

<lineannotation>Tell groff that the font must be down loaded</lineannotation>
&prompt.user; <userinput>ex download
:$a
Showboat      showboat.pfa
.
:wq</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>To test the font:</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /tmp</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>cat &gt;example.t &lt;&lt;EOF
.sp 5
.ps 16
This is an example of the Showboat font:
.br
.ps 48
.vs (\n(.s+2)p
.sp
.ft SHOWBOAT
ABCDEFGHI
.br
JKLMNOPQR
.br
STUVWXYZ
.sp
.ps 16
.vs (\n(.s+2)p
.fp 5 SHOWBOAT
.ft R
To use it for the first letter of a paragraph, it will look like:
.sp 50p
\s(48\f5H\s0\fRere is the first sentence of a paragraph that uses the
showboat font as its first letter.
Additional vertical space must be used to allow room for the larger
letter.
EOF</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>groff -Tps example.t &gt;example.ps</userinput>

<lineannotation>To use ghostscript/ghostview</lineannotation>
&prompt.user; <userinput>ghostview example.ps</userinput>

<lineannotation>To print it</lineannotation>
&prompt.user; <userinput>lpr -Ppostscript example.ps</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>References:
      <filename>/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/groff/afmtodit/afmtodit.man</filename>,
      &man.groff.font.5;, &man.groff.char.7;, &man.pfbtops.1;.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="convert-truetype">
    <title>Converting TrueType fonts to a groff/PostScript format for
      groff</title>

    <para>This potentially requires a bit of work, simply because it
      depends on some utilities that are not installed as part of the
      base system.  They are:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>ttf2pf</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>TrueType to PostScript conversion utilities.  This
	    allows conversion of a TrueType font to an ascii font
	    metric (<filename>.afm</filename>) file.</para>

	  <para>Currently available at <ulink
	      url="http://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/GUST/contrib/BachoTeX98/ttf2pf/"></ulink>.
	    Note: These files are PostScript programs and must be
	    downloaded to disk by holding down the
	    <keycap>Shift</keycap> key when clicking on the link.
	    Otherwise, your browser may try to launch
	    <application>ghostview</application> to view them.</para>

	  <para>The files of interest are:</para>

	  <itemizedlist>
	    <listitem>
	      <para><filename>GS_TTF.PS</filename></para>
	    </listitem>

	    <listitem>
	      <para><filename>PF2AFM.PS</filename></para>
	    </listitem>

	    <listitem>
	      <para><filename>ttf2pf.ps</filename></para>
	    </listitem>
	  </itemizedlist>

	  <para>The funny upper/lower case is due to their being
	    intended also for DOS shells.
	    <filename>ttf2pf.ps</filename> makes use of the others as
	    upper case, so any renaming must be consistent with this.
	    (Actually, <filename>GS_TTF.PS</filename> and
	    <filename>PFS2AFM.PS</filename> are supposedly part of the
	    <application>Ghostscript</application> distribution, but it is just as easy to use
	    these as an isolated utility.  FreeBSD does not seem to
	    include the latter.) You also may want to have these
	    installed to
	    <filename>/usr/local/share/groff_font/devps</filename>(?).</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>afmtodit</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>Creates font files for use with <application>groff</application> from ascii font
	    metrics file.  This usually resides in the directory,
	    <filename>/usr/src/contrib/groff/afmtodit</filename>, and
	    requires some work to get going.</para>

	  <note>
	    <para> If you are paranoid about working in the
	      <filename>/usr/src</filename> tree, simply copy the
	      contents of the above directory to a work
	      location.</para>
	  </note>

	  <para>In the work area, you will need to make the utility.
	    Just type:</para>

	  <screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>make -f Makefile.sub afmtodit</userinput>
	  </screen>

	  <para>You may also need to copy
	    <filename>/usr/contrib/groff/devps/generate/textmap</filename>
	    to
	    <filename>/usr/share/groff_font/devps/generate</filename>
	    if it does not already exist.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <para>Once all these utilities are in place, you are ready to
      commence:</para>

    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para>Create the <filename>.afm</filename> file by
	  typing:</para>

	<screen><prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>gs <optional>-dNODISPLAY</optional> <optional>-q</optional> -- ttf2pf.ps <replaceable>TTF_name</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>PS_font_name</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>AFM_name</replaceable></optional></optional></userinput>
	</screen>

	<para>Where, <replaceable>TTF_name</replaceable> is your
	  TrueType font file, <replaceable>PS_font_name</replaceable>
	  is the file name for the <filename>.pfa</filename> file,
	  <replaceable>AFM_name</replaceable> is the name you wish for
	  the <filename>.afm</filename> file.  If you do not specify
	  output file names for the <filename>.pfa</filename> or
	  <filename>.afm</filename> files, then default names will be
	  generated from the TrueType font file name.</para>

	<para>This also produces a <filename>.pfa</filename> file, the
	  ascii PostScript font metrics file
	  (<filename>.pfb</filename> is for the binary form).  This
	  will not be needed, but could (I think) be useful for a
	  fontserver.</para>

	<para>For example, to convert the 30f9 Barcode font using the
	  default file names, use the following command:</para>

	<screen><prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>gs -dNODISPLAY -- ttf2pf.ps 3of9.ttf</userinput>
Aladdin Ghostscript 5.10 (1997-11-23)
Copyright (C) 1997 Aladdin Enterprises, Menlo Park, CA.  All rights reserved.
This software comes with NO WARRANTY: see the file PUBLIC for details.
Converting 3of9.ttf to 3of9.pfa and 3of9.afm.
	</screen>

	<para>If you want the converted fonts to be stored in
	  <filename>A.pfa</filename> and <filename>B.afm</filename>,
	  then use this command:</para>

	<screen><prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>gs -dNODISPLAY -- ttf2pf.ps 3of9.ttf A B</userinput>
Aladdin Ghostscript 5.10 (1997-11-23)
Copyright (C) 1997 Aladdin Enterprises, Menlo Park, CA.  All rights reserved.
This software comes with NO WARRANTY: see the file PUBLIC for details.
Converting 3of9.ttf to A.pfa and B.afm.
	</screen>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Create the <application>groff</application> PostScript file:</para>

	<para>Change directories to
	  <filename>/usr/share/groff_font/devps</filename> so as to
	  make the following command easier to execute.  You will
	  probably need root privileges for this.  (Or, if you are
	  paranoid about working there, make sure you reference the
	  files <filename>DESC</filename>,
	  <filename>text.enc</filename> and
	  <filename>generate/textmap</filename> as being in this
	  directory.)</para>

	<screen><prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>afmtodit -d DESC -e text.enc file.afm \
	    generate/textmap <replaceable>PS_font_name</replaceable></userinput>
	</screen>

	<para>Where, <filename>file.afm</filename> is the
	  <replaceable>AFM_name</replaceable> created by
	  <command>ttf2pf.ps</command> above, and
	  <replaceable>PS_font_name</replaceable> is the font name
	  used from that command, as well as the name that
	  &man.groff.1; will use for references to this font.  For
	  example, assuming you used the first
	  <command>tiff2pf.ps</command> command above, then the 3of9
	  Barcode font can be created using the command:</para>

	<screen><prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>afmtodit -d DESC -e text.enc 3of9.afm \
                 generate/textmap 3of9</userinput>
	</screen>

	<para>Ensure that the resulting
	  <replaceable>PS_font_name</replaceable> file (e.g.,
	  <filename>3of9</filename> in the example above) is located
	  in the directory
	  <filename>/usr/share/groff_font/devps</filename> by copying
	  or moving it there.</para>

	<para>Note that if <filename>ttf2pf.ps</filename> assigns a
	  font name using the one it finds in the TrueType font file
	  and you want to use a different name, you must edit the
	  <filename>.afm</filename> file prior to running
	  <command>afmtodit</command>.  This name must also match the
	  one used in the Fontmap file if you wish to pipe
	  &man.groff.1; into &man.gs.1;.</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="truetype-for-other-programs">
    <title>Can TrueType fonts be used with other programs?</title>

    <para>The TrueType font format is used by Windows, Windows 95, and
      Mac's.  It is quite popular and there are a great number of
      fonts available in this format.</para>

    <para>Unfortunately, there are few applications that I am aware of
      that can use this format: <application>Ghostscript</application>
	and <application>Povray</application> come to mind.
      <application>Ghostscript's</application> support, according to the documentation, is
      rudimentary and the results are likely to be inferior to type 1
      fonts. <application>Povray</application> version 3 also has the ability to use TrueType
      fonts, but I rather doubt many people will be creating documents
      as a series of raytraced pages :-).</para>

    <para>This rather dismal situation may soon change.  The <ulink
	url="http://www.freetype.org/">FreeType Project</ulink> is
      currently developing a useful set of FreeType tools:</para>

    <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
	<para>The <command>xfsft</command> font server for <application>X11</application> can
	  serve TrueType fonts in addition to regular fonts.  Though
	  currently in beta, it is said to be quite usable.  See
	  <ulink
	    url="http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/jec/programs/xfsft/">Juliusz
	    Chroboczek's page</ulink> for further information.
	  Porting instructions for FreeBSD can be found at <ulink
	    url="http://math.missouri.edu/~stephen/software/">Stephen
	    Montgomery's software page</ulink>.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para><application>xfstt</application> is another font server for
		<application>X11</application>,
	  available under <ulink url="
	    ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/X11/fonts/"></ulink>.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>A program called <command>ttf2bdf</command> can produce
	  BDF files suitable for use in an X environment from TrueType
	  files.  Linux binaries are said to be available from <ulink
	    url="ftp://crl.nmsu.edu/CLR/multiling/General/"></ulink>.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>and others &hellip;</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="obtaining-additional-fonts">
    <title>Where can additional fonts be obtained?</title>

    <para>Many fonts are available on the Internet.  They are either
      entirely free, or are share-ware.  In addition, there are many
      inexpensive CDROMs available that contain many fonts.  Some
      Internet locations (as of August 1996) are:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para><ulink url="http://www.simtel.net/"></ulink></para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para><ulink url="http://www.freshmeat.net/"></ulink></para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Checkout the fonts that come with the Ports Collection in
	  <filename>x11-fonts/</filename></para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="additional-questions">
    <title>Additional questions</title>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para>What use are the <filename>.pfm</filename> files?</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Can one generate the <filename>.afm</filename> file from
	  a <filename>.pfa</filename> or
	  <filename>.pfb</filename>?</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>How to generate the <application>groff</application> character mapping files for
	  PostScript fonts with non-standard character names?</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Can xditview and devX?? devices be set up to access all
	  the new fonts?</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>It would be good to have examples of using TrueType
	  fonts with <application>Povray</application> and <application>Ghostscript</application>.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </sect1>
</article>