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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
<!--
The FreeBSD Documentation Project
$FreeBSD$
-->
<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="5.0"
xml:id="virtualization">
<info>
<title>Virtualization</title>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<personname>
<firstname>Murray</firstname>
<surname>Stokely</surname>
</personname>
<contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<personname>
<firstname>Allan</firstname>
<surname>Jude</surname>
</personname>
<contrib>bhyve section by </contrib>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<personname>
<firstname>Benedict</firstname>
<surname>Reuschling</surname>
</personname>
<contrib>Xen section by </contrib>
</author>
</authorgroup>
</info>
<sect1 xml:id="virtualization-synopsis">
<title>Synopsis</title>
<para>Virtualization software allows multiple operating systems to
run simultaneously on the same computer. Such software systems
for <acronym>PC</acronym>s often involve a host operating system
which runs the virtualization software and supports any number
of guest operating systems.</para>
<para>After reading this chapter, you will know:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The difference between a host operating system and a
guest operating system.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>How to install &os; on an &intel;-based &apple;
&mac; computer.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>How to install &os; on µsoft.windows; with
<application>Virtual PC</application>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>How to install &os; as a guest in
<application>bhyve</application>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>How to tune a &os; system for best performance under
virtualization.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Before reading this chapter, you should:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Understand the <link linkend="basics">basics of &unix;
and &os;</link>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Know how to <link linkend="bsdinstall">install
&os;</link>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Know how to <link linkend="advanced-networking">set up a
network connection</link>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Know how to <link linkend="ports">install additional
third-party software</link>.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect1>
<sect1 xml:id="virtualization-guest-parallels">
<title>&os; as a Guest on <application>Parallels</application> for
&macos; X</title>
<para><application>Parallels Desktop</application> for &mac; is
a commercial software product available for &intel; based
&apple; &mac; computers running &macos; 10.4.6 or higher. &os;
is a fully supported guest operating system. Once
<application>Parallels</application> has been installed on
&macos; X, the user must configure a virtual machine and then
install the desired guest operating system.</para>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-guest-parallels-install">
<title>Installing &os; on Parallels/&macos; X</title>
<para>The first step in installing &os; on
<application>Parallels</application> is to create a new
virtual machine for installing &os;. Select
<guimenuitem>&os;</guimenuitem> as the
<guimenu>Guest OS Type</guimenu> when prompted:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd1"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Choose a reasonable amount of disk and memory
depending on the plans for this virtual &os; instance.
4GB of disk space and 512MB of RAM work well for most uses
of &os; under <application>Parallels</application>:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd2"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd3"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd4"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd5"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Select the type of networking and a network
interface:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd6"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd7"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Save and finish the configuration:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd8"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd9"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>After the &os; virtual machine has been created, &os;
can be installed on it. This is best done with an official
&os; <acronym>CD</acronym>/<acronym>DVD</acronym> or with an
<acronym>ISO</acronym> image downloaded from an official
<acronym>FTP</acronym> site. Copy the appropriate
<acronym>ISO</acronym> image to the local &mac; filesystem or
insert a <acronym>CD</acronym>/<acronym>DVD</acronym> in the
&mac;'s <acronym>CD-ROM</acronym> drive. Click on the disc
icon in the bottom right corner of the &os;
<application>Parallels</application> window. This will bring
up a window that can be used to associate the
<acronym>CD-ROM</acronym> drive in the virtual machine with
the <acronym>ISO</acronym> file on disk or with the real
<acronym>CD-ROM</acronym> drive.</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd11"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Once this association with the <acronym>CD-ROM</acronym>
source has been made, reboot the &os; virtual machine by
clicking the reboot icon.
<application>Parallels</application> will reboot with a
special <acronym>BIOS</acronym> that first checks if there is
a <acronym>CD-ROM</acronym>.</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd10"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>In this case it will find the &os; installation media and
begin a normal &os; installation. Perform the installation,
but do not attempt to configure
<application>&xorg;</application> at this time.</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd12"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>When the installation is finished, reboot into the newly
installed &os; virtual machine.</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd13"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
</sect2>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-guest-parallels-configure">
<title>Configuring &os; on
<application>Parallels</application></title>
<para>After &os; has been successfully installed on &macos; X
with <application>Parallels</application>, there are a number
of configuration steps that can be taken to optimize the
system for virtualized operation.</para>
<procedure>
<step>
<title>Set Boot Loader Variables</title>
<para>The most important step is to reduce the
<option>kern.hz</option> tunable to reduce the CPU
utilization of &os; under the
<application>Parallels</application> environment. This is
accomplished by adding the following line to
<filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>kern.hz=100</programlisting>
<para>Without this setting, an idle &os;
<application>Parallels</application> guest will use
roughly 15% of the CPU of a single processor &imac;.
After this change the usage will be closer to 5%.</para>
</step>
<step>
<title>Create a New Kernel Configuration File</title>
<para>All of the SCSI, FireWire, and USB device drivers
can be removed from a custom kernel configuration file.
<application>Parallels</application> provides a virtual
network adapter used by the &man.ed.4; driver, so all
network devices except for &man.ed.4; and &man.miibus.4;
can be removed from the kernel.</para>
</step>
<step>
<title>Configure Networking</title>
<para>The most basic networking setup uses DHCP to connect
the virtual machine to the same local area network as the
host &mac;. This can be accomplished by adding
<literal>ifconfig_ed0="DHCP"</literal> to
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. More advanced
networking setups are described in
<xref linkend="advanced-networking"/>.</para>
</step>
</procedure>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 xml:id="virtualization-guest-virtualpc">
<title>&os; as a Guest on <application>Virtual PC</application>
for &windows;</title>
<para><application>Virtual PC</application> for &windows; is a
µsoft; software product available for free download. See
this website for the <link
xlink:href="http://www.microsoft.com/windows/downloads/virtualpc/sysreq.mspx">system
requirements</link>. Once
<application>Virtual PC</application> has been installed on
µsoft.windows;, the user can configure a virtual machine
and then install the desired guest operating system.</para>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-guest-virtualpc-install">
<title>Installing &os; on
<application>Virtual PC</application></title>
<para>The first step in installing &os; on
<application>Virtual PC</application> is to create a new
virtual machine for installing &os;. Select
<guimenuitem>Create a virtual machine</guimenuitem> when
prompted:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd1"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd2"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Select <guimenuitem>Other</guimenuitem> as the
<guimenuitem>Operating system</guimenuitem> when
prompted:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd3"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Then, choose a reasonable amount of disk and memory
depending on the plans for this virtual &os; instance.
4GB of disk space and 512MB of RAM work well for most uses
of &os; under <application>Virtual PC</application>:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd4"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd5"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Save and finish the configuration:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd6"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Select the &os; virtual machine and click
<guimenu>Settings</guimenu>, then set the type of networking
and a network interface:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd7"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd8"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>After the &os; virtual machine has been created, &os; can
be installed on it. This is best done with an official &os;
<acronym>CD</acronym>/<acronym>DVD</acronym> or with an
<acronym>ISO</acronym> image downloaded from an official
<acronym>FTP</acronym> site. Copy the appropriate
<acronym>ISO</acronym> image to the local &windows; filesystem
or insert a <acronym>CD</acronym>/<acronym>DVD</acronym> in
the <acronym>CD</acronym> drive, then double click on the &os;
virtual machine to boot. Then, click <guimenu>CD</guimenu>
and choose <guimenu>Capture ISO Image...</guimenu> on the
<application>Virtual PC</application> window. This will bring
up a window where the <acronym>CD-ROM</acronym> drive in the
virtual machine can be associated with an
<acronym>ISO</acronym> file on disk or with the real
<acronym>CD-ROM</acronym> drive.</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd9"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd10"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Once this association with the <acronym>CD-ROM</acronym>
source has been made, reboot the &os; virtual machine by
clicking <guimenu>Action</guimenu> and
<guimenu>Reset</guimenu>.
<application>Virtual PC</application> will reboot with a
special <acronym>BIOS</acronym> that first checks for a
<acronym>CD-ROM</acronym>.</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd11"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>In this case it will find the &os; installation media
and begin a normal &os; installation. Continue with the
installation, but do not attempt to configure
<application>&xorg;</application> at this time.</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd12"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>When the installation is finished, remember to eject the
<acronym>CD</acronym>/<acronym>DVD</acronym> or release the
<acronym>ISO</acronym> image. Finally, reboot into the newly
installed &os; virtual machine.</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd13"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
</sect2>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-guest-virtualpc-configure">
<title>Configuring &os; on <application>Virtual
PC</application></title>
<para>After &os; has been successfully installed on
µsoft.windows; with
<application>Virtual PC</application>, there are a number of
configuration steps that can be taken to optimize the system
for virtualized operation.</para>
<procedure>
<step>
<title>Set Boot Loader Variables</title>
<para>The most important step is to reduce the
<option>kern.hz</option> tunable to reduce the CPU
utilization of &os; under the
<application>Virtual PC</application> environment. This
is accomplished by adding the following line to
<filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>kern.hz=100</programlisting>
<para>Without this setting, an idle &os;
<application>Virtual PC</application> guest OS will
use roughly 40% of the CPU of a single processor
computer. After this change, the usage will be
closer to 3%.</para>
</step>
<step>
<title>Create a New Kernel Configuration File</title>
<para>All of the SCSI, FireWire, and USB device drivers can
be removed from a custom kernel configuration file.
<application>Virtual PC</application> provides a virtual
network adapter used by the &man.de.4; driver, so all
network devices except for &man.de.4; and &man.miibus.4;
can be removed from the kernel.</para>
</step>
<step>
<title>Configure Networking</title>
<para>The most basic networking setup uses DHCP to connect
the virtual machine to the same local area network as the
µsoft.windows; host. This can be accomplished by
adding <literal>ifconfig_de0="DHCP"</literal> to
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. More advanced
networking setups are described in
<xref linkend="advanced-networking"/>.</para>
</step>
</procedure>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 xml:id="virtualization-guest-vmware">
<title>&os; as a Guest on <application>VMware Fusion</application>
for &macos;</title>
<para><application>VMware Fusion</application> for &mac; is a
commercial software product available for &intel; based &apple;
&mac; computers running &macos; 10.4.9 or higher. &os; is a
fully supported guest operating system. Once
<application>VMware Fusion</application> has been installed on
&macos; X, the user can configure a virtual machine and then
install the desired guest operating system.</para>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-guest-vmware-install">
<title>Installing &os; on
<application>VMware Fusion</application></title>
<para>The first step is to start
<application>VMware Fusion</application> which will load the
Virtual Machine Library. Click <guimenuitem>New</guimenuitem>
to create the virtual machine:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/vmware-freebsd01"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>This will load the New Virtual Machine Assistant. Click
<guimenuitem>Continue</guimenuitem> to proceed:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/vmware-freebsd02"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Select <guimenuitem>Other</guimenuitem> as the
<guimenuitem>Operating System</guimenuitem> and either
<guimenuitem>&os;</guimenuitem> or
<guimenuitem>&os; 64-bit</guimenuitem>, as the
<guimenu>Version</guimenu> when prompted:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/vmware-freebsd03"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Choose the name of the virtual machine and the directory
where it should be saved:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/vmware-freebsd04"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Choose the size of the Virtual Hard Disk for the virtual
machine:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/vmware-freebsd05"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Choose the method to install the virtual machine, either
from an <acronym>ISO</acronym> image or from a
<acronym>CD</acronym>/<acronym>DVD</acronym>:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/vmware-freebsd06"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Click <guimenuitem>Finish</guimenuitem> and the virtual
machine will boot:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/vmware-freebsd07"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Install &os; as usual:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/vmware-freebsd08"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Once the install is complete, the settings of the virtual
machine can be modified, such as memory usage:</para>
<note>
<para>The System Hardware settings of the virtual machine
cannot be modified while the virtual machine is
running.</para>
</note>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/vmware-freebsd09"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>The number of CPUs the virtual machine will have access
to:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/vmware-freebsd10"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>The status of the <acronym>CD-ROM</acronym> device.
Normally the
<acronym>CD</acronym>/<acronym>DVD</acronym>/<acronym>ISO</acronym>
is disconnected from the virtual machine when it is no longer
needed.</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/vmware-freebsd11"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>The last thing to change is how the virtual machine will
connect to the network. To allow connections to the virtual
machine from other machines besides the host, choose
<guimenuitem>Connect directly to the physical network
(Bridged)</guimenuitem>. Otherwise,
<guimenuitem>Share the host's internet connection
(NAT)</guimenuitem> is preferred so that the virtual machine
can have access to the Internet, but the network cannot access
the virtual machine.</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/vmware-freebsd12"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>After modifying the settings, boot the newly installed
&os; virtual machine.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-guest-vmware-configure">
<title>Configuring &os; on <application>VMware
Fusion</application></title>
<para>After &os; has been successfully installed on &macos; X
with <application>VMware Fusion</application>, there are a
number of configuration steps that can be taken to optimize
the system for virtualized operation.</para>
<procedure>
<step>
<title>Set Boot Loader Variables</title>
<para>The most important step is to reduce the
<option>kern.hz</option> tunable to reduce the CPU
utilization of &os; under the
<application>VMware Fusion</application> environment.
This is accomplished by adding the following line to
<filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>kern.hz=100</programlisting>
<para>Without this setting, an idle &os;
<application>VMware Fusion</application> guest will use
roughly 15% of the CPU of a single processor &imac;.
After this change, the usage will be closer to 5%.</para>
</step>
<step>
<title>Create a New Kernel Configuration File</title>
<para>All of the FireWire, and USB device drivers can be
removed from a custom kernel configuration file.
<application>VMware Fusion</application> provides a
virtual network adapter used by the &man.em.4; driver, so
all network devices except for &man.em.4; can be removed
from the kernel.</para>
</step>
<step>
<title>Configure Networking</title>
<para>The most basic networking setup uses DHCP to connect
the virtual machine to the same local area network as the
host &mac;. This can be accomplished by adding
<literal>ifconfig_em0="DHCP"</literal> to
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. More advanced
networking setups are described in
<xref linkend="advanced-networking"/>.</para>
</step>
</procedure>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 xml:id="virtualization-guest-virtualbox">
<title>&os; as a Guest on &virtualbox;</title>
<para>&os; works well as a guest in
<application>&virtualbox;</application>. The virtualization
software is available for most common operating systems,
including &os; itself.</para>
<para>The <application>&virtualbox;</application> guest additions
provide support for:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Clipboard sharing.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Mouse pointer integration.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Host time synchronization.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Window scaling.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Seamless mode.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<note>
<para>These commands are run in the &os; guest.</para>
</note>
<para>First, install the
<package>emulators/virtualbox-ose-additions</package> package
or port in the &os; guest. This will install the port:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/emulators/virtualbox-ose-additions && make install clean</userinput></screen>
<para>Add these lines to <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>vboxguest_enable="YES"
vboxservice_enable="YES"</programlisting>
<para>If &man.ntpd.8; or &man.ntpdate.8; is used, disable host
time synchronization:</para>
<programlisting>vboxservice_flags="--disable-timesync"</programlisting>
<para><application>Xorg</application> will automatically recognize
the <literal>vboxvideo</literal> driver. It can also be
manually entered in
<filename>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>Section "Device"
Identifier "Card0"
Driver "vboxvideo"
VendorName "InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH"
BoardName "VirtualBox Graphics Adapter"
EndSection</programlisting>
<para>To use the <literal>vboxmouse</literal> driver, adjust the
mouse section in <filename>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>Section "InputDevice"
Identifier "Mouse0"
Driver "vboxmouse"
EndSection</programlisting>
<para><acronym>HAL</acronym> users should create the following
<filename>/usr/local/etc/hal/fdi/policy/90-vboxguest.fdi</filename>
or copy it from
<filename>/usr/local/share/hal/fdi/policy/10osvendor/90-vboxguest.fdi</filename>:</para>
<programlisting><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!--
# Sun VirtualBox
# Hal driver description for the vboxmouse driver
# $Id: chapter.xml,v 1.33 2012-03-17 04:53:52 eadler Exp $
Copyright (C) 2008-2009 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
This file is part of VirtualBox Open Source Edition (OSE, as
available from http://www.virtualbox.org. This file is free software;
you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU
General Public License (GPL) as published by the Free Software
Foundation, in version 2 as it comes in the "COPYING" file of the
VirtualBox OSE distribution. VirtualBox OSE is distributed in the
hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY of any kind.
Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa
Clara, CA 95054 USA or visit http://www.sun.com if you need
additional information or have any questions.
-->
<deviceinfo version="0.2">
<device>
<match key="info.subsystem" string="pci">
<match key="info.product" string="VirtualBox guest Service">
<append key="info.capabilities" type="strlist">input</append>
<append key="info.capabilities" type="strlist">input.mouse</append>
<merge key="input.x11_driver" type="string">vboxmouse</merge>
<merge key="input.device" type="string">/dev/vboxguest</merge>
</match>
</match>
</device>
</deviceinfo></programlisting>
<para>Shared folders for file transfers between host and VM are
accessible by mounting them using
<literal>mount_vboxvfs</literal>. A shared folder can be created
on the host using the VirtualBox GUI or via
<command>vboxmanage</command>. For example, to create a shared
folder called <replaceable>myshare</replaceable> under
<filename><replaceable>/mnt/bsdboxshare</replaceable></filename>
for the VM named <replaceable>BSDBox</replaceable>, run:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>vboxmanage sharedfolder add '<replaceable>BSDBox</replaceable>' --name <replaceable>myshare</replaceable> --hostpath <replaceable>/mnt/bsdboxshare</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>Note that the shared folder name must not contain spaces.
Mount the shared folder from within the guest system like
this:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount_vboxvfs -w <replaceable>myshare</replaceable> <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput></screen>
</sect1>
<sect1 xml:id="virtualization-host-virtualbox">
<title>&os; as a Host with &virtualbox;</title>
<para><application>&virtualbox;</application> is an actively
developed, complete virtualization package, that is available
for most operating systems including &windows;, &macos;, &linux;
and &os;. It is equally capable of running &windows; or
&unix;-like guests. It is released as open source software, but
with closed-source components available in a separate extension
pack. These components include support for USB 2.0 devices.
More information may be found on the <link
xlink:href="http://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads"><quote>Downloads</quote>
page of the <application>&virtualbox;</application>
wiki</link>. Currently, these extensions are not available
for &os;.</para>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-virtualbox-install">
<title>Installing &virtualbox;</title>
<para><application>&virtualbox;</application> is available as a
&os; package or port in
<package>emulators/virtualbox-ose</package>. The port can be
installed using these commands:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/emulators/virtualbox-ose</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make install clean</userinput></screen>
<para>One useful option in the port's configuration menu is the
<literal>GuestAdditions</literal> suite of programs. These
provide a number of useful features in guest operating
systems, like mouse pointer integration (allowing the mouse to
be shared between host and guest without the need to press a
special keyboard shortcut to switch) and faster video
rendering, especially in &windows; guests. The guest
additions are available in the <guimenu>Devices</guimenu>
menu, after the installation of the guest is finished.</para>
<para>A few configuration changes are needed before
<application>&virtualbox;</application> is started for the
first time. The port installs a kernel module in
<filename>/boot/modules</filename> which
must be loaded into the running kernel:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>kldload vboxdrv</userinput></screen>
<para>To ensure the module is always loaded after a reboot,
add this line to
<filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>vboxdrv_load="YES"</programlisting>
<para>To use the kernel modules that allow bridged or host-only
networking, add this line to
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> and reboot the
computer:</para>
<programlisting>vboxnet_enable="YES"</programlisting>
<para>The <systemitem class="groupname">vboxusers</systemitem>
group is created during installation of
<application>&virtualbox;</application>. All users that need
access to <application>&virtualbox;</application> will have to
be added as members of this group. <command>pw</command> can
be used to add new members:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pw groupmod vboxusers -m <replaceable>yourusername</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>The default permissions for
<filename>/dev/vboxnetctl</filename> are restrictive and need
to be changed for bridged networking:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>chown root:vboxusers /dev/vboxnetctl</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>chmod 0660 /dev/vboxnetctl</userinput></screen>
<para>To make this permissions change permanent, add these
lines to <filename>/etc/devfs.conf</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>own vboxnetctl root:vboxusers
perm vboxnetctl 0660</programlisting>
<para>To launch <application>&virtualbox;</application>,
type from a <application>&xorg;</application> session:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>VirtualBox</userinput></screen>
<para>For more information on configuring and using
<application>&virtualbox;</application>, refer to the
<link xlink:href="http://www.virtualbox.org">official
website</link>. For &os;-specific information and
troubleshooting instructions, refer to the <link
xlink:href="http://wiki.FreeBSD.org/VirtualBox">relevant
page in the &os; wiki</link>.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-virtualbox-usb-support">
<title>&virtualbox; USB Support</title>
<para><application>&virtualbox;</application> can be configured
to pass <acronym>USB</acronym> devices through to the guest
operating system. The host controller of the OSE version is
limited to emulating <acronym>USB</acronym> 1.1 devices until
the extension pack supporting <acronym>USB</acronym> 2.0 and
3.0 devices becomes available on &os;.</para>
<para>For <application>&virtualbox;</application> to be aware of
<acronym>USB</acronym> devices attached to the machine, the
user needs to be a member of the <systemitem
class="groupname">operator</systemitem> group.</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pw groupmod operator -m <replaceable>yourusername</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>Then, add the following to
<filename>/etc/devfs.rules</filename>, or create this file if
it does not exist yet:</para>
<programlisting>[system=10]
add path 'usb/*' mode 0660 group operator</programlisting>
<para>To load these new rules, add the following to
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>devfs_system_ruleset="system"</programlisting>
<para>Then, restart devfs:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>service devfs restart</userinput></screen>
<para>Restart the login session and
<application>&virtualbox;</application> for these changes to
take effect, and create <acronym>USB</acronym> filters as
necessary.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-virtualbox-host-dvd-cd-access">
<title>&virtualbox; Host
<acronym>DVD</acronym>/<acronym>CD</acronym> Access</title>
<para>Access to the host
<acronym>DVD</acronym>/<acronym>CD</acronym> drives from
guests is achieved through the sharing of the physical drives.
Within &virtualbox;, this is set up from the Storage window in
the Settings of the virtual machine. If needed, create an
empty <acronym>IDE</acronym>
<acronym>CD</acronym>/<acronym>DVD</acronym> device first.
Then choose the Host Drive from the popup menu for the virtual
<acronym>CD</acronym>/<acronym>DVD</acronym> drive selection.
A checkbox labeled <literal>Passthrough</literal> will appear.
This allows the virtual machine to use the hardware directly.
For example, audio <acronym>CD</acronym>s or the burner will
only function if this option is selected.</para>
<para><acronym>HAL</acronym> needs to run for
<application>&virtualbox;</application>
<acronym>DVD</acronym>/<acronym>CD</acronym> functions to
work, so enable it in <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> and
start it if it is not already running:</para>
<programlisting>hald_enable="YES"</programlisting>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>service hald start</userinput></screen>
<para>In order for users to be able to use
<application>&virtualbox;</application>
<acronym>DVD</acronym>/<acronym>CD</acronym> functions, they
need access to <filename>/dev/xpt0</filename>,
<filename>/dev/cd<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename>, and
<filename>/dev/pass<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename>.
This is usually achieved by making the user a member of
<systemitem class="groupname">operator</systemitem>.
Permissions to these devices have to be corrected by adding
these lines to <filename>/etc/devfs.conf</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>perm cd* 0660
perm xpt0 0660
perm pass* 0660</programlisting>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>service devfs restart</userinput></screen>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 xml:id="virtualization-host-bhyve">
<title>&os; as a Host with
<application>bhyve</application></title>
<para>The <application>bhyve</application>
<acronym>BSD</acronym>-licensed hypervisor became part of the
base system with &os; 10.0-RELEASE. This hypervisor supports a
number of guests, including &os;, OpenBSD, and many &linux;
distributions. By default, <application>bhyve</application>
provides access to serial console and does not emulate a
graphical console. Virtualization offload features of newer
<acronym>CPU</acronym>s are used to avoid the legacy methods of
translating instructions and manually managing memory
mappings.</para>
<para>The <application>bhyve</application> design requires a
processor that supports &intel; Extended Page Tables
(<acronym>EPT</acronym>) or &amd; Rapid Virtualization Indexing
(<acronym>RVI</acronym>) or Nested Page Tables
(<acronym>NPT</acronym>). Hosting &linux; guests or &os; guests
with more than one <acronym>vCPU</acronym> requires
<acronym>VMX</acronym> unrestricted mode support
(<acronym>UG</acronym>). Most newer processors, specifically
the &intel; &core; i3/i5/i7 and &intel; &xeon;
E3/E5/E7, support these features. <acronym>UG</acronym> support
was introduced with Intel's Westmere micro-architecture. For a
complete list of &intel; processors that support
<acronym>EPT</acronym>, refer to <link
xlink:href="https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/search/featurefilter.html?productType=873&0_ExtendedPageTables=True"/>.
<acronym>RVI</acronym> is found on the third generation and
later of the &amd.opteron; (Barcelona) processors. The easiest
way to tell if a processor supports
<application>bhyve</application> is to run
<command>dmesg</command> or look in
<filename>/var/run/dmesg.boot</filename> for the
<literal>POPCNT</literal> processor feature flag on the
<literal>Features2</literal> line for &amd; processors or
<literal>EPT</literal> and <literal>UG</literal> on the
<literal>VT-x</literal> line for &intel; processors.</para>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-bhyve-prep">
<title>Preparing the Host</title>
<para>The first step to creating a virtual machine in
<application>bhyve</application> is configuring the host
system. First, load the <application>bhyve</application>
kernel module:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>kldload vmm</userinput></screen>
<para>Then, create a <filename>tap</filename> interface for the
network device in the virtual machine to attach to. In order
for the network device to participate in the network, also
create a bridge interface containing the
<filename>tap</filename> interface and the physical interface
as members. In this example, the physical interface is
<replaceable>igb0</replaceable>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ifconfig <replaceable>tap0</replaceable> create</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sysctl net.link.tap.up_on_open=1</userinput>
net.link.tap.up_on_open: 0 -> 1
&prompt.root; <userinput>ifconfig <replaceable>bridge0</replaceable> create</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>ifconfig <replaceable>bridge0</replaceable> addm <replaceable>igb0</replaceable> addm <replaceable>tap0</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>ifconfig <replaceable>bridge0</replaceable> up</userinput></screen>
</sect2>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-bhyve-freebsd">
<title>Creating a FreeBSD Guest</title>
<para>Create a file to use as the virtual disk for the guest
machine. Specify the size and name of the virtual
disk:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>truncate -s <replaceable>16G</replaceable> <replaceable>guest.img</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>Download an installation image of &os; to install:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>fetch <replaceable>ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/ISO-IMAGES/10.3/FreeBSD-10.3-RELEASE-amd64-bootonly.iso</replaceable></userinput>
FreeBSD-10.3-RELEASE-amd64-bootonly.iso 100% of 230 MB 570 kBps 06m17s</screen>
<para>&os; comes with an example script for running a virtual
machine in <application>bhyve</application>. The script will
start the virtual machine and run it in a loop, so it will
automatically restart if it crashes. The script takes a
number of options to control the configuration of the machine:
<option>-c</option> controls the number of virtual CPUs,
<option>-m</option> limits the amount of memory available to
the guest, <option>-t</option> defines which
<filename>tap</filename> device to use, <option>-d</option>
indicates which disk image to use, <option>-i</option> tells
<application>bhyve</application> to boot from the
<acronym>CD</acronym> image instead of the disk, and
<option>-I</option> defines which <acronym>CD</acronym> image
to use. The last parameter is the name of the virtual
machine, used to track the running machines. This example
starts the virtual machine in installation mode:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>sh /usr/share/examples/bhyve/vmrun.sh -c <replaceable>1</replaceable> -m <replaceable>1024M</replaceable> -t <replaceable>tap0</replaceable> -d <replaceable>guest.img</replaceable> -i -I <replaceable>FreeBSD-10.3-RELEASE-amd64-bootonly.iso</replaceable> <replaceable>guestname</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>The virtual machine will boot and start the installer.
After installing a system in the virtual machine, when the
system asks about dropping in to a shell at the end of the
installation, choose <guibutton>Yes</guibutton>.</para>
<para>Reboot the virtual machine. While rebooting the virtual
machine causes <application>bhyve</application> to exit, the
<filename>vmrun.sh</filename> script runs
<command>bhyve</command> in a loop and will automatically
restart it. When this happens, choose the reboot option from
the boot loader menu in order to escape the loop. Now the
guest can be started from the virtual disk:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>sh /usr/share/examples/bhyve/vmrun.sh -c <replaceable>4</replaceable> -m <replaceable>1024M</replaceable> -t <replaceable>tap0</replaceable> -d <replaceable>guest.img</replaceable> <replaceable>guestname</replaceable></userinput></screen>
</sect2>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-bhyve-linux">
<title>Creating a &linux; Guest</title>
<para>In order to boot operating systems other than &os;, the
<package>sysutils/grub2-bhyve</package> port must be first
installed.</para>
<para>Next, create a file to use as the virtual disk for the
guest machine:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>truncate -s <replaceable>16G</replaceable> <replaceable>linux.img</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>Starting a virtual machine with
<application>bhyve</application> is a two step process. First
a kernel must be loaded, then the guest can be started. The
&linux; kernel is loaded with
<package>sysutils/grub2-bhyve</package>. Create a
<filename>device.map</filename> that
<application>grub</application> will use to map the virtual
devices to the files on the host system:</para>
<programlisting>(hd0) ./linux.img
(cd0) ./somelinux.iso</programlisting>
<para>Use <package>sysutils/grub2-bhyve</package> to load the
&linux; kernel from the <acronym>ISO</acronym> image:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>grub-bhyve -m device.map -r cd0 -M <replaceable>1024M</replaceable> <replaceable>linuxguest</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>This will start grub. If the installation
<acronym>CD</acronym> contains a
<filename>grub.cfg</filename>, a menu will be displayed.
If not, the <literal>vmlinuz</literal> and
<literal>initrd</literal> files must be located and loaded
manually:</para>
<screen>grub> <userinput>ls</userinput>
(hd0) (cd0) (cd0,msdos1) (host)
grub> <userinput>ls (cd0)/isolinux</userinput>
boot.cat boot.msg grub.conf initrd.img isolinux.bin isolinux.cfg memtest
splash.jpg TRANS.TBL vesamenu.c32 vmlinuz
grub> <userinput>linux (cd0)/isolinux/vmlinuz</userinput>
grub> <userinput>initrd (cd0)/isolinux/initrd.img</userinput>
grub> <userinput>boot</userinput></screen>
<para>Now that the &linux; kernel is loaded, the guest can be
started:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>bhyve -A -H -P -s 0:0,hostbridge -s 1:0,lpc -s 2:0,virtio-net,<replaceable>tap0</replaceable> -s 3:0,virtio-blk,<replaceable>./linux.img</replaceable> \
-s 4:0,ahci-cd,<replaceable>./somelinux.iso</replaceable> -l com1,stdio -c <replaceable>4</replaceable> -m <replaceable>1024M</replaceable> <replaceable>linuxguest</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>The system will boot and start the installer. After
installing a system in the virtual machine, reboot the virtual
machine. This will cause <application>bhyve</application> to
exit. The instance of the virtual machine needs to be
destroyed before it can be started again:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>bhyvectl --destroy --vm=<replaceable>linuxguest</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>Now the guest can be started directly from the virtual
disk. Load the kernel:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>grub-bhyve -m device.map -r hd0,msdos1 -M <replaceable>1024M</replaceable> <replaceable>linuxguest</replaceable></userinput>
grub> <userinput>ls</userinput>
(hd0) (hd0,msdos2) (hd0,msdos1) (cd0) (cd0,msdos1) (host)
(lvm/VolGroup-lv_swap) (lvm/VolGroup-lv_root)
grub> <userinput>ls (hd0,msdos1)/</userinput>
lost+found/ grub/ efi/ System.map-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 config-2.6.32-431.el6.x
86_64 symvers-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64.gz vmlinuz-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64
initramfs-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64.img
grub> <userinput>linux (hd0,msdos1)/vmlinuz-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root</userinput>
grub> <userinput>initrd (hd0,msdos1)/initramfs-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64.img</userinput>
grub> <userinput>boot</userinput></screen>
<para>Boot the virtual machine:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>bhyve -A -H -P -s 0:0,hostbridge -s 1:0,lpc -s 2:0,virtio-net,<replaceable>tap0</replaceable> \
-s 3:0,virtio-blk,<replaceable>./linux.img</replaceable> -l com1,stdio -c <replaceable>4</replaceable> -m <replaceable>1024M</replaceable> <replaceable>linuxguest</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>&linux; will now boot in the virtual machine and
eventually present you with the login prompt. Login and use
the virtual machine. When you are finished, reboot the
virtual machine to exit <application>bhyve</application>.
Destroy the virtual machine instance:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>bhyvectl --destroy --vm=<replaceable>linuxguest</replaceable></userinput></screen>
</sect2>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-bhyve-uefi">
<title>Booting <application>bhyve</application> Virtual Machines
with <acronym>UEFI</acronym> Firmware</title>
<para>In addition to <application>bhyveload</application> and
<application>grub-bhyve</application>, the
<application>bhyve</application> hypervisor can also boot
virtual machines using the <acronym>UEFI</acronym> userspace
firmware. This option may support guest operating systems
that are not supported by the other loaders.</para>
<para>In order to make use of the <acronym>UEFI</acronym>
support in <application>bhyve</application>, first obtain the
<acronym>UEFI</acronym> firmware images. This can be done by
installing <package>sysutils/bhyve-firmware</package> port or
package.</para>
<para>With the firmware in place, add the flags <option>-l
bootrom,<replaceable>/path/to/firmware</replaceable></option>
to your <application>bhyve</application> command line. The
actual <application>bhyve</application> command may look like
this:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>bhyve -AHP -s 0:0,hostbridge -s 1:0,lpc \
-s 2:0,virtio-net,<replaceable>tap1</replaceable> -s 3:0,virtio-blk,<replaceable>./disk.img</replaceable> \
-s 4:0,ahci-cd,<replaceable>./install.iso</replaceable> -c <replaceable>4</replaceable> -m <replaceable>1024M</replaceable> \
-l bootrom,<replaceable>/usr/local/share/uefi-firmware/BHYVE_UEFI.fd</replaceable> \
<replaceable>guest</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para><package>sysutils/bhyve-firmware</package> also contains a
<acronym>CSM</acronym>-enabled firmware, to boot guests with
no <acronym>UEFI</acronym> support in legacy
<acronym>BIOS</acronym> mode:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>bhyve -AHP -s 0:0,hostbridge -s 1:0,lpc \
-s 2:0,virtio-net,<replaceable>tap1</replaceable> -s 3:0,virtio-blk,<replaceable>./disk.img</replaceable> \
-s 4:0,ahci-cd,<replaceable>./install.iso</replaceable> -c <replaceable>4</replaceable> -m <replaceable>1024M</replaceable> \
-l bootrom,<replaceable>/usr/local/share/uefi-firmware/BHYVE_UEFI_CSM.fd</replaceable> \
<replaceable>guest</replaceable></userinput></screen>
</sect2>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-bhyve-framebuffer">
<title>Graphical <acronym>UEFI</acronym> Framebuffer for
<application>bhyve</application> Guests</title>
<para>The <acronym>UEFI</acronym> firmware support is
particularly useful with predominantly graphical guest
operating systems such as Microsoft &windows;.</para>
<para>Support for the UEFI-GOP framebuffer may also be enabled
with the <option>-s
29,fbuf,tcp=<replaceable>0.0.0.0:5900</replaceable></option>
flags. The framebuffer resolution may be configured with
<option>w=<replaceable>800</replaceable></option> and
<option>h=<replaceable>600</replaceable></option>, and
<application>bhyve</application> can be instructed to wait for
a <acronym>VNC</acronym> connection before booting the guest
by adding <option>wait</option>. The framebuffer may be
accessed from the host or over the network via the
<acronym>VNC</acronym> protocol.</para>
<para>The resulting <application>bhyve</application> command
would look like this:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>bhyve -AHP -s 0:0,hostbridge -s 31:0,lpc \
-s 2:0,virtio-net,<replaceable>tap1</replaceable> -s 3:0,virtio-blk,<replaceable>./disk.img</replaceable> \
-s 4:0,ahci-cd,<replaceable>./install.iso</replaceable> -c <replaceable>4</replaceable> -m <replaceable>1024M</replaceable> \
-s 29,fbuf,tcp=<replaceable>0.0.0.0:5900</replaceable>,w=<replaceable>800</replaceable>,h=<replaceable>600</replaceable>,wait \
-l bootrom,<replaceable>/usr/local/share/uefi-firmware/BHYVE_UEFI.fd</replaceable> \
<replaceable>guest</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>Note, in BIOS emulation mode, the framebuffer will cease
receiving updates once control is passed from firmware to
guest operating system.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-bhyve-zfs">
<title>Using <acronym>ZFS</acronym> with
<application>bhyve</application> Guests</title>
<para>If <acronym>ZFS</acronym> is available on the host
machine, using <acronym>ZFS</acronym> volumes
instead of disk image files can provide significant
performance benefits for the guest <acronym>VMs</acronym>. A
<acronym>ZFS</acronym> volume can be created by:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>zfs create -V<replaceable>16G</replaceable> -o volmode=dev <replaceable>zroot/linuxdisk0</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>When starting the <acronym>VM</acronym>, specify the
<acronym>ZFS</acronym> volume as the disk drive:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>bhyve -A -H -P -s 0:0,hostbridge -s 1:0,lpc -s 2:0,virtio-net,<replaceable>tap0</replaceable> -s3:0,virtio-blk,<replaceable>/dev/zvol/zroot/linuxdisk0</replaceable> \
-l com1,<replaceable>stdio</replaceable> -c <replaceable>4</replaceable> -m <replaceable>1024M</replaceable> <replaceable>linuxguest</replaceable></userinput></screen>
</sect2>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-bhyve-nmdm">
<title>Virtual Machine Consoles</title>
<para>It is advantageous to wrap the
<application>bhyve</application> console in a session
management tool such as <package>sysutils/tmux</package> or
<package>sysutils/screen</package> in order to detach and
reattach to the console. It is also possible to have the
console of <application>bhyve</application> be a null modem
device that can be accessed with <command>cu</command>. To do
this, load the <filename>nmdm</filename> kernel module and
replace <option>-l com1,stdio</option> with
<option>-l com1,/dev/nmdm0A</option>. The
<filename>/dev/nmdm</filename> devices are created
automatically as needed, where each is a pair, corresponding
to the two ends of the null modem cable
(<filename>/dev/nmdm0A</filename> and
<filename>/dev/nmdm0B</filename>). See &man.nmdm.4; for more
information.</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>kldload nmdm</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>bhyve -A -H -P -s 0:0,hostbridge -s 1:0,lpc -s 2:0,virtio-net,<replaceable>tap0</replaceable> -s 3:0,virtio-blk,<replaceable>./linux.img</replaceable> \
-l com1,<replaceable>/dev/nmdm0A</replaceable> -c <replaceable>4</replaceable> -m <replaceable>1024M</replaceable> <replaceable>linuxguest</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cu -l <replaceable>/dev/nmdm0B</replaceable></userinput>
Connected
Ubuntu 13.10 handbook ttyS0
handbook login:</screen>
</sect2>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-bhyve-managing">
<title>Managing Virtual Machines</title>
<para>A device node is created in <filename
role="directory">/dev/vmm</filename> for each virtual
machine. This allows the administrator to easily see a list
of the running virtual machines:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ls -al /dev/vmm</userinput>
total 1
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Mar 17 12:19 ./
dr-xr-xr-x 14 root wheel 512 Mar 17 06:38 ../
crw------- 1 root wheel 0x1a2 Mar 17 12:20 guestname
crw------- 1 root wheel 0x19f Mar 17 12:19 linuxguest
crw------- 1 root wheel 0x1a1 Mar 17 12:19 otherguest</screen>
<para>A specified virtual machine can be destroyed using
<command>bhyvectl</command>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>bhyvectl --destroy --vm=<replaceable>guestname</replaceable></userinput></screen>
</sect2>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-bhyve-onboot">
<title>Persistent Configuration</title>
<para>In order to configure the system to start
<application>bhyve</application> guests at boot time, the
following configurations must be made in the specified
files:</para>
<procedure>
<step>
<title><filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename></title>
<programlisting>net.link.tap.up_on_open=1</programlisting>
</step>
<step>
<title><filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename></title>
<programlisting>cloned_interfaces="<replaceable>bridge0</replaceable> <replaceable>tap0</replaceable>"
ifconfig_bridge0="addm <replaceable>igb0</replaceable> addm <replaceable>tap0</replaceable>"
kld_list="nmdm vmm"</programlisting>
</step>
</procedure>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 xml:id="virtualization-host-xen">
<title>&os; as a &xen;-Host</title>
<para><application>Xen</application> is a GPLv2-licensed <link
xlink:href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervisor#Classification">type
1 hypervisor</link> for &intel; and &arm; architectures. &os;
has included &i386; and &amd; 64-Bit <link
xlink:href="https://wiki.xenproject.org/wiki/DomU">DomU</link>
and <link
xlink:href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud">Amazon
EC2</link> unprivileged domain (virtual machine) support since
&os; 8.0 and includes Dom0 control domain (host) support in
&os; 11.0. Support for para-virtualized (PV) domains has
been removed from &os; 11 in favor of hardware virtualized
(HVM) domains, which provides better performance.</para>
<para>&xen; is a bare-metal hypervisor, which means that it is the
first program loaded after the BIOS. A special privileged guest
called the Domain-0 (<literal>Dom0</literal> for short) is then
started. The Dom0 uses its special privileges to directly
access the underlying physical hardware, making it a
high-performance solution. It is able to access the disk
controllers and network adapters directly. The &xen; management
tools to manage and control the &xen; hypervisor are also used
by the Dom0 to create, list, and destroy VMs. Dom0 provides
virtual disks and networking for unprivileged domains, often
called <literal>DomU</literal>. &xen; Dom0 can be compared to
the service console of other hypervisor solutions, while the
DomU is where individual guest VMs are run.</para>
<!-- Hidden until the mode in which FreeBSD uses Xen is supported.
<para>Features of &xen; include GPU passthrough from the host
running the Dom0 into a DomU guest machine. This requires a
CPU, chipset, and BIOS with VT-D support and might require extra
patches or not work with all graphics cards. A list of adapters
can be found in the <link
xlink:href="https://wiki.xenproject.org/wiki/Xen_VGA_Passthrough_Tested_Adapters">Xen
Wiki</link>. Note that not all GPUs listed there are
supported on &os;. The &xen; hypervisor also supports PCI
passthrough to give a DomU guest full, direct access to a PCI
device like NIC, disk controller, or soundcard.</para>
-->
<para>&xen; can migrate VMs between different &xen; servers. When
the two xen hosts share the same underlying storage, the
migration can be done without having to shut the VM down first.
Instead, the migration is performed live while the DomU is
running and there is no need to restart it or plan a downtime.
This is useful in maintenance scenarios or upgrade windows to
ensure that the services provided by the DomU are still
provided. Many more features of &xen; are listed on the <link
xlink:href="https://wiki.xenproject.org/wiki/Category:Overview">Xen
Wiki Overview page</link>. Note that not all features are
supported on &os; yet.</para>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-host-xen-requirements">
<title>Hardware Requirements for &xen; Dom0</title>
<para>To run the &xen; hypervisor on a host, certain hardware
functionality is required. Hardware virtualized domains
require Extended Page Table (<link
xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Page_Table">EPT</link>)
and Input/Output Memory Management Unit (<link
xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IOMMU-supporting_hardware">IOMMU</link>)
support in the host processor.</para>
<note>
<para>In order to run a FreeBSD &xen; Dom0 the box must be
booted using legacy boot (BIOS).</para>
</note>
</sect2>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-host-xen-dom0-setup">
<title>&xen; Dom0 Control Domain Setup</title>
<para>Users of &os; 11 should install the
<package>emulators/xen-kernel47</package> and
<package>sysutils/xen-tools47</package> packages that are
based on Xen version 4.7. Systems running on &os;-12.0 or
newer can use Xen 4.11 provided by
<package>emulators/xen-kernel411</package> and
<package>sysutils/xen-tools411</package>, respectively.</para>
<para>Configuration files must be edited to prepare the host
for the Dom0 integration after the Xen packages are installed.
An entry to <filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename> disables the
limit on how many pages of memory are allowed to be wired.
Otherwise, DomU VMs with higher memory requirements will not
run.</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo 'vm.max_wired=-1' >> /etc/sysctl.conf</userinput></screen>
<para>Another memory-related setting involves changing
<filename>/etc/login.conf</filename>, setting the
<literal>memorylocked</literal> option to
<literal>unlimited</literal>. Otherwise, creating DomU
domains may fail with <errorname>Cannot allocate
memory</errorname> errors. After making the change to
<filename>/etc/login.conf</filename>, run
<command>cap_mkdb</command> to update the capability database.
See <xref linkend="security-resourcelimits"/> for
details.</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>sed -i '' -e 's/memorylocked=64K/memorylocked=unlimited/' /etc/login.conf</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cap_mkdb /etc/login.conf</userinput></screen>
<para>Add an entry for the &xen; console to
<filename>/etc/ttys</filename>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo 'xc0 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" xterm onifconsole secure' >> /etc/ttys</userinput></screen>
<para>Selecting a &xen; kernel in
<filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename> activates the Dom0.
&xen; also requires resources like CPU and memory from the
host machine for itself and other DomU domains. How much CPU
and memory depends on the individual requirements and hardware
capabilities. In this example, 8 GB of memory and 4
virtual CPUs are made available for the Dom0. The serial
console is also activated and logging options are
defined.</para>
<para>The following command is used for Xen 4.7 packages:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>sysrc -f /boot/loader.conf hw.pci.mcfg=0</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sysrc -f /boot/loader.conf if_tap_load="YES"</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sysrc -f /boot/loader.conf xen_kernel="/boot/xen"</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sysrc -f /boot/loader.conf xen_cmdline="dom0_mem=<replaceable>8192M</replaceable> dom0_max_vcpus=<replaceable>4</replaceable> dom0pvh=1 console=com1,vga com1=115200,8n1 guest_loglvl=all loglvl=all"</userinput></screen>
<para>For Xen versions 4.11 and higher, the following command
should be used instead:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>sysrc -f /boot/loader.conf if_tap_load="YES"</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sysrc -f /boot/loader.conf xen_kernel="/boot/xen"</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sysrc -f /boot/loader.conf xen_cmdline="dom0_mem=<replaceable>8192M</replaceable> dom0_max_vcpus=<replaceable>4</replaceable> dom0=pvh console=com1,vga com1=115200,8n1 guest_loglvl=all loglvl=all"</userinput></screen>
<tip>
<para>Log files that &xen; creates for the DomU VMs
are stored in <filename>/var/log/xen</filename>. Please
be sure to check the contents of that directory if
experiencing issues.</para>
</tip>
<para>Activate the xencommons service during system
startup:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>sysrc xencommons_enable=yes</userinput></screen>
<para>These settings are enough to start a Dom0-enabled
system. However, it lacks network functionality for the
DomU machines. To fix that, define a bridged interface with
the main NIC of the system which the DomU VMs can use to
connect to the network. Replace
<replaceable>em0</replaceable> with the host network
interface name.</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>sysrc cloned_interfaces="bridge0"</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sysrc ifconfig_bridge0="addm <replaceable>em0</replaceable> SYNCDHCP"</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sysrc ifconfig_<replaceable>em0</replaceable>="up"</userinput></screen>
<para>Restart the host to load the &xen; kernel and start the
Dom0.</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>reboot</userinput></screen>
<para>After successfully booting the &xen; kernel and logging
into the system again, the &xen; management tool
<command>xl</command> is used to show information about the
domains.</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>xl list</userinput>
Name ID Mem VCPUs State Time(s)
Domain-0 0 8192 4 r----- 962.0</screen>
<para>The output confirms that the Dom0 (called
<literal>Domain-0</literal>) has the ID <literal>0</literal>
and is running. It also has the memory and virtual CPUs
that were defined in <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>
earlier. More information can be found in the <link
xlink:href="https://www.xenproject.org/help/documentation.html">&xen;
Documentation</link>. DomU guest VMs can now be
created.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-host-xen-domu-setup">
<title>&xen; DomU Guest VM Configuration</title>
<para>Unprivileged domains consist of a configuration file and
virtual or physical hard disks. Virtual disk storage for
the DomU can be files created by &man.truncate.1; or ZFS
volumes as described in <xref linkend="zfs-zfs-volume"/>.
In this example, a 20 GB volume is used. A VM is
created with the ZFS volume, a &os; ISO image, 1 GB of
RAM and two virtual CPUs. The ISO installation file is
retrieved with &man.fetch.1; and saved locally in a file
called <filename>freebsd.iso</filename>.</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>fetch <replaceable>ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/ISO-IMAGES/<replaceable>12.0</replaceable>/FreeBSD-<replaceable>12.0</replaceable>-RELEASE-amd64-bootonly.iso</replaceable> -o <replaceable>freebsd.iso</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>A ZFS volume of 20 GB called
<filename>xendisk0</filename> is created to serve as the disk
space for the VM.</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>zfs create -V20G -o volmode=dev zroot/xendisk0</userinput></screen>
<para>The new DomU guest VM is defined in a file. Some specific
definitions like name, keymap, and VNC connection details are
also defined. The following <filename>freebsd.cfg</filename>
contains a minimum DomU configuration for this example:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cat freebsd.cfg</userinput>
builder = "hvm" <co xml:id="co-xen-builder"/>
name = "freebsd" <co xml:id="co-xen-name"/>
memory = 1024 <co xml:id="co-xen-memory"/>
vcpus = 2 <co xml:id="co-xen-vcpus"/>
vif = [ 'mac=00:16:3E:74:34:32,bridge=bridge0' ] <co xml:id="co-xen-vif"/>
disk = [
'/dev/zvol/tank/xendisk0,raw,hda,rw', <co xml:id="co-xen-disk"/>
'/root/freebsd.iso,raw,hdc:cdrom,r' <co xml:id="co-xen-cdrom"/>
]
vnc = 1 <co xml:id="co-xen-vnc"/>
vnclisten = "0.0.0.0"
serial = "pty"
usbdevice = "tablet"</screen>
<para>These lines are explained in more detail:</para>
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs="co-xen-builder">
<para>This defines what kind of virtualization to use.
<literal>hvm</literal> refers to hardware-assisted
virtualization or hardware virtual machine. Guest
operating systems can run unmodified on CPUs with
virtualization extensions, providing nearly the same
performance as running on physical hardware.
<literal>generic</literal> is the default value and
creates a PV domain.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="co-xen-name">
<para>Name of this virtual machine to distinguish it from
others running on the same Dom0. Required.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="co-xen-memory">
<para>Quantity of RAM in megabytes to make available to the
VM. This amount is subtracted from the hypervisor's total
available memory, not the memory of the Dom0.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="co-xen-vcpus">
<para>Number of virtual CPUs available to the guest VM. For
best performance, do not create guests with more virtual
CPUs than the number of physical CPUs on the host.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="co-xen-vif">
<para>Virtual network adapter. This is the bridge connected
to the network interface of the host. The
<literal>mac</literal> parameter is the MAC address set on
the virtual network interface. This parameter is
optional, if no MAC is provided &xen; will generate a
random one.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="co-xen-disk">
<para>Full path to the disk, file, or ZFS volume of the disk
storage for this VM. Options and multiple disk
definitions are separated by commas.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="co-xen-cdrom">
<para>Defines the Boot medium from which the initial
operating system is installed. In this example, it is the
ISO imaged downloaded earlier. Consult the &xen;
documentation for other kinds of devices and options to
set.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="co-xen-vnc">
<para>Options controlling VNC connectivity to the serial
console of the DomU. In order, these are: active VNC
support, define IP address on which to listen, device node
for the serial console, and the input method for precise
positioning of the mouse and other input methods.
<literal>keymap</literal> defines which keymap to use, and
is <literal>english</literal> by default.</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
<para>After the file has been created with all the necessary
options, the DomU is created by passing it to <command>xl
create</command> as a parameter.</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>xl create freebsd.cfg</userinput></screen>
<note>
<para>Each time the Dom0 is restarted, the configuration file
must be passed to <command>xl create</command> again to
re-create the DomU. By default, only the Dom0 is created
after a reboot, not the individual VMs. The VMs can
continue where they left off as they stored the operating
system on the virtual disk. The virtual machine
configuration can change over time (for example, when adding
more memory). The virtual machine configuration files must
be properly backed up and kept available to be able to
re-create the guest VM when needed.</para>
</note>
<para>The output of <command>xl list</command> confirms that the
DomU has been created.</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>xl list</userinput>
Name ID Mem VCPUs State Time(s)
Domain-0 0 8192 4 r----- 1653.4
freebsd 1 1024 1 -b---- 663.9</screen>
<para>To begin the installation of the base operating system,
start the VNC client, directing it to the main network address
of the host or to the IP address defined on the
<literal>vnclisten</literal> line of
<filename>freebsd.cfg</filename>. After the operating system
has been installed, shut down the DomU and disconnect the VNC
viewer. Edit <filename>freebsd.cfg</filename>, removing the
line with the <literal>cdrom</literal> definition or
commenting it out by inserting a <literal>#</literal>
character at the beginning of the line. To load this new
configuration, it is necessary to remove the old DomU with
<command>xl destroy</command>, passing either the name or the
id as the parameter. Afterwards, recreate it using the
modified <filename>freebsd.cfg</filename>.</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>xl destroy freebsd</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>xl create freebsd.cfg</userinput></screen>
<para>The machine can then be accessed again using the VNC
viewer. This time, it will boot from the virtual disk where
the operating system has been installed and can be used as a
virtual machine.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 xml:id="virtualization-host-xen-troubleshooting">
<title>Troubleshooting</title>
<para>This section contains basic information in order to help
troubleshoot issues found when using &os; as a &xen; host or
guest.</para>
<sect3 xml:id="virtualization-host-xen-troubleshooting-host">
<title>Host Boot Troubleshooting</title>
<para>Please note that the following troubleshooting tips
are intended for &xen; 4.11 or newer. If you are still
using &xen; 4.7 and having issues consider migrating to
a newer version of &xen;.</para>
<para>In order to troubleshoot host boot issues you will
likely need a serial cable, or a debug USB cable. Verbose
&xen; boot output can be obtained by adding options to the
<literal>xen_cmdline</literal> option found in
<filename>loader.conf</filename>. A couple of relevant
debug options are:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><literal>iommu=debug</literal>: can be used to print
additional diagnostic information about the
iommu.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><literal>dom0=verbose</literal>: can be used to
print additional diagnostic information about the
dom0 build process.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><literal>sync_console</literal>: flag to force
synchronous console output. Useful for debugging to
avoid losing messages due to rate limiting.
Never use this option in production environments since
it can allow malicious guests to perform DoS attacks
against &xen; using the console.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>&os; should also be booted in verbose mode in order
to identify any issues. To activate verbose booting, run
this command:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>sysrc -f /boot/loader.conf boot_verbose="YES"</userinput></screen>
<para>If none of these options help solving the problem,
please send the serial boot log to
<email>freebsd-xen@FreeBSD.org</email> and
<email>xen-devel@lists.xenproject.org</email>
for further analysis.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 xml:id="virtualization-host-xen-troubleshooting-guest">
<title>Guest Creation Troubleshooting</title>
<para>Issues can also arise when creating guests, the
following attempts to provide some help for those trying
to diagnose guest creation issues.</para>
<para>The most common cause of guest creation failures is the
<literal>xl</literal> command spitting some error and
exiting with a return code different than 0. If the error
provided is not enough to help identify the issue, more
verbose output can also be obtained from
<literal>xl</literal> by using the <literal>v</literal>
option repeatedly.</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>xl -vvv create freebsd.cfg</userinput>
Parsing config from freebsd.cfg
libxl: debug: libxl_create.c:1693:do_domain_create: Domain 0:ao 0x800d750a0: create: how=0x0 callback=0x0 poller=0x800d6f0f0
libxl: debug: libxl_device.c:397:libxl__device_disk_set_backend: Disk vdev=xvda spec.backend=unknown
libxl: debug: libxl_device.c:432:libxl__device_disk_set_backend: Disk vdev=xvda, using backend phy
libxl: debug: libxl_create.c:1018:initiate_domain_create: Domain 1:running bootloader
libxl: debug: libxl_bootloader.c:328:libxl__bootloader_run: Domain 1:not a PV/PVH domain, skipping bootloader
libxl: debug: libxl_event.c:689:libxl__ev_xswatch_deregister: watch w=0x800d96b98: deregister unregistered
domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_allocate: cmdline="", features=""
domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_kernel_file: filename="/usr/local/lib/xen/boot/hvmloader"
domainbuilder: detail: xc_dom_malloc_filemap : 326 kB
libxl: debug: libxl_dom.c:988:libxl__load_hvm_firmware_module: Loading BIOS: /usr/local/share/seabios/bios.bin
...</screen>
<para>If the verbose output does not help diagnose the issue
there are also QEMU and &xen; toolstack logs in
<filename>/var/log/xen</filename>. Note that the name of
the domain is appended to the log name, so if the domain
is named <literal>freebsd</literal> you should find a
<filename>/var/log/xen/xl-freebsd.log</filename> and likely
a <filename>/var/log/xen/qemu-dm-freebsd.log</filename>.
Both log files can contain useful information for debugging.
If none of this helps solve the issue, please send the
description of the issue you are facing and as much
information as possible to
<email>freebsd-xen@FreeBSD.org</email> and
<email>xen-devel@lists.xenproject.org</email> in order to
get help.</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>
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