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<chapter id="x11">
  <title>The X Window System</title>

  <sect1>
    <title>Synopsis</title>

    <para>FreeBSD uses XFree86 to provide users with a powerful
      graphical user interface.  XFree86 is a open-source
      implementation of the X Window System.  This chapter
      will cover installation and configuration of XFree86 on a
      FreeBSD system.  For more information on XFree86 and
      video hardware that it supports, check the <ulink
      url="http://www.XFree86.org/">XFree86</ulink> web site.</para>

    <para>After reading this chapter you will know:</para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para>The various components of the X window system, and how they
	  interoperate.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem><para>How to install and configure XFree86.</para></listitem>
      <listitem><para>How to install and use different window managers.</para></listitem>
      <listitem><para>How to use TrueType fonts in XFree86.</para></listitem>
      <listitem><para>How to setup your system for graphical logins (XDM).</para></listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>Before reading this chapter you should:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem><para>Know how to install additional third-party
        software (<xref linkend="ports">).</para></listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="x-understanding">
    <title>Understanding X</title>

    <para>Using X for the first time can be somewhat of a shock to someone
      familiar with other graphical environments, such as Microsoft Windows or
      MacOS.</para>

    <para>It is not necessary to understand all of the details of various
      X components and how they interact, however, some basic knowledge makes
      it possible to take advantage of X's strengths.</para>

    <sect2>
      <title>Why X?</title>

      <para>X is not the first window system written for Unix, but it is the
	most popular.  X's original development team had worked on another
	window system before writing X.  That system's name was
	<quote>W</quote> (for <quote>Window</quote>).  X is just the next
	letter in the Roman alphabet.</para>

      <para>X can be called <quote>X</quote>, <quote>X Window System</quote>,
	  <quote>X11</quote>, and other terms.  <quote>X Windows</quote> is
	  to be avoided wherever possible; see &man.X.1; for more
	  information.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>The X Client/Server Model</title>

      <para>X was designed from the beginning to be network-centric, and
	adopts a <quote>client-server</quote> model.  In the X model, the
	<quote>X server</quote> runs on the computer that has the keyboard,
	monitor, and mouse attached.  The server is responsible for managing
	the display, handling input from the keyboard and mouse, and so on.
	Each X application (such as <application>XTerm</application>, or
	<application>Netscape</application>) is a <quote>client</quote>.  A
	client sends messages to the server such as <quote>Please draw a
	  window at these coordinates</quote>, and the server sends back
	  messages such as <quote>The user just clicked on the OK
	  button</quote>.</para>

      <para>If there is only one computer involved, such as in a home or small
	office environment, the X server and the X clients will be running on
	the same computer.  However, it is perfectly possible to run the X
	server on a less powerful desktop computer, and run X applications
	(the clients) on, say, the powerful and expensive machine that serves
	the office.  In this scenario the communication between the X client
	and server takes place over the network.</para>
      
      <para>This confuses some people, because the X terminology is
	exactly backward to what they expect.  They expect the <quote>X
	  server</quote> to be the big powerful machine down the hall, and
	the <quote>X client</quote> to be the machine on their desk.</para>

      <para>Remember that the X server is the machine with the monitor and
	keyboard, and the X clients are the programs that display the
	windows.</para>
      
      <para>There is nothing in the protocol that forces the client and
	server machines to be running the same operating system, or even to
	be running on the same type of computer.  It is certainly possible to
	run an X server on Microsoft Windows or Apple's MacOS, and there are
	various free and commercial applications available that do exactly
	that.</para>

      <para>The X server that ships with FreeBSD is called
	<application>XFree86</application>, and is available for free, under a
	license very similar to the FreeBSD license.  Commercial X servers for
	FreeBSD are also available.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>The Window Manager</title>

      <para>The X design philosophy is much like the Unix design philosophy,
	<quote>tools, not policy</quote>.  This means that X does not try to
	dictate how a task is to be accomplished.  Instead, tools are provided
	to the user, and it is the user's responsibility to decide how to use
	those tools.</para>

      <para>This philosophy extends to X not dictating what windows should
	look like on screen, how to move them around with the mouse, what
	keystrokes to should use to move between windows (i.e., 
	<keycombo action="simul">
	  <keycap>Alt</keycap>
	  <keycap>Tab</keycap>
	</keycombo>, in the case of Microsoft Windows), what the title bars
	on each window should look like, whether or not they have close
	buttons on them, and so on.</para>

      <para>Instead, X delegates this responsibility to an application called
	a <quote>Window Manager</quote>.  There are dozens of window
	managers available for X; <application>AfterStep</application>,
	<application>Blackbox</application>, <application>ctwm</application>,
	<application>Enlightenment</application>,
	<application>fvwm</application>, <application>Sawfish</application>,
	<application>twm</application>,
	<application>Window Maker</application>, and more.  Each of these
	window managers provides a different look and feel; some of them
	support <quote>virtual desktops</quote>; some of them allow customized
	keystrokes to manage the desktop; some have a <quote>Start</quote>
	button or similar device; some are <quote>themeable</quote>, allowing
	a complete change of look-and-feel by applying a new theme.  These
	window managers, and many more, are available in the
	<filename>x11-wm</filename> category of the Ports Collection.</para>

      <para>In addition, the <application>KDE</application> and <application>GNOME</application> desktop environments both have
	their own window managers which integrate with the desktop.</para>

      <para>Each window manager also has a different configuration mechanism;
	some expect configuration file written by hand, others feature
	GUI tools for most of the configuration tasks; at least one
	(<application>sawfish</application>) has a configuration file written
	in a dialect of the Lisp language.</para>

      <note>
	<title>Focus Policy</title>

	<para>Another feature the window manager is responsible for is the
	  mouse <quote>focus policy</quote>.  Every windowing system
	  needs some means of choosing a window to be actively receiving
	  keystrokes, and should visibly indicate which window is active as
	  well.</para>

	<para>A familiar focus policy is called <quote>click-to-focus</quote>.
	  This is the model utilized by Microsoft Windows, in which a window
	  becomes active upon receiving a mouse click.

	<para>X does not support any particular focus policy.  Instead, the
	  window manager controls which window has the focus at any one time.
	  Different window managers will support different focus methods.  All
	  of them support click to focus, and the majority of them support
	  several others.</para>

	<para>The most popular focus policies are:</para>

	<variablelist>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term>focus-follows-mouse</term>

	    <listitem>
	      <para>The window that is under the mouse pointer is the
		window that has the focus.  This may not necessarily be
		the window that is on top of all the other windows.
		The focus is changed by pointing at another window, there
		is no need to click in it as well.</para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>

	  <varlistentry>
	    <term>sloppy-focus</term>

	    <listitem>
	      <para>This policy is a small extension to focus-follows-mouse.
		With focus-follows-mouse, if the mouse is moved over the
		root window (or background) then no window has the focus,
		and keystrokes are simply lost.  With sloppy-focus, focus is
		only changed when the cursor enters a new window, and not
		when exiting the current window.</para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>

	  <varlistentry>
	    <term>click-to-focus</term>

	    <listitem>
	      <para>The active window is selected by mouse click.  The
		window may then be <quote>raised</quote>, and appear in
		front of all other windows.  All keystrokes will now be
		directed to this window, even if the cursor is moved to
		another window.</para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>

	<para>Many window managers support other policies, as well as
	  variations on these.  Be sure to consult the documentation for
	  the window manager itself.</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Widgets</title>

      <para>The X approach of providing tools and not policy extends to the
	widgets that seen on screen in each application.</para>

      <para><quote>Widget</quote> is a term for all the items in the user
	interface that can be clicked or manipulated in some way; buttons,
	check boxes, radio buttons, icons, lists, and so on.  Microsoft
	Windows calls these <quote>controls</quote>.</para>

      <para>Microsoft Windows and Apple's MacOS both have a very rigid widget
	policy.  Application developers are supposed to ensure that their
	applications share a common look and feel.  With X, it was not
	considered sensible to mandate a particular graphical style, or set
	of widgets to adhere to.</para>

      <para>As a result, do not expect X applications to have a common
	look and feel.  There are several popular widget sets and
	variations, including the original Athena widget set from MIT,
	<application>Motif</application> (on which the widget set in 
	Microsoft Windows was modeled, all bevelled edges and three shades of 
	grey), <application>OpenLook</application>, and others.</para>

      <para>Most newer X applications today will use a modern-looking widget
	set, either Qt, used by <application>KDE</application>, or 
	<application>GTK</application>, used by the
	<application>GNOME</application>
	project.  In this respect, there is some convergence in
	look-and-feel of the Unix desktop, which certainly makes things
	easier for the novice user.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="x-install">
    <title>Installing XFree86</title>

    <para>Before installing XFree86, decide on which version to
      run.  <application>XFree86 3.X</application> is a maintenance
      branch of XFree86 development.  It is very stable, and it
      supports a huge number of graphics cards.  However, no new
      development is being done on the software.  <application>XFree86
      4.X</application> is a complete redesign of the system with many
      new features such as better support for fonts and
      anti-aliasing.  Unfortunately this new architecture requires 
      that the video drivers be rewritten, and some of the older
      cards that were supported in 3.X are not yet supported in 4.X.</para>

    <para>The FreeBSD setup program offers users the opportunity to install
      and configure XFree86 3.3.6 during installation (covered in
      <xref linkend="x-server">).  To run
      <application>XFree86 4.X</application>, wait until after the base
      FreeBSD system is installed, and then install XFree86.  For example,
      to build and install <application>XFree86 4.X</application> from the
      ports collection:</para>

    <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/x11/XFree86-4</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make all install clean</userinput></screen>

    <para>Alternatively, <application>XFree86 4.X</application> can be
      installed from a binary package with the
      <command>pkg_add</command> tool or directly from the FreeBSD
      binaries provided on the <ulink
      url="http://www.XFree86.org/">XFree86 web site</ulink>.</para>
    
    <para>The rest of this chapter will explain how to configure
      XFree86, and how to setup a productive desktop environment.</para>

<!-- Easiest way is from sysinstall for XFree86 3.X -->

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="x-config">
    <sect1info>
      <authorgroup>
        <author>
          <firstname>Christopher</firstname>
          <surname>Shumway</surname>
          <contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
          <!-- July 2001 -->
        </author>
      </authorgroup>
    </sect1info>
    <title>XFree86 Configuration</title>

      
    <indexterm><primary>XFree86 4.X</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm><primary>XFree86</primary></indexterm>

    <sect2>
      <title>Before Starting</title>

      <para>Before configuration of <application>XFree86 4.X</application>,
	the the following information about the target system is needed:</para>

      <itemizedlist>
	<listitem><para>Monitor specifications</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para>Video Adapter chipset</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para>Video Adapter memory</para></listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <indexterm><primary>horizontal scan rate</primary></indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary>vertical scan rate</primary></indexterm>

      <para>The specifications for the monitor are used by
	<application>XFree86</application> to determine the resolution and
	refresh rate to run at.  These specifications can usually be
	obtained from the documentation that came with the monitor or from
	the manufacturer's website.  There are two ranges of numbers that
	are needed, the horizontal scan rate and the vertical synchronization
	rate.</para>

      <para>The video adapter's chipset defines what driver module
	<application>XFree86</application> uses to talk to the graphics
	hardware.  With most chipsets, this can be automatically
	determined, but it is still useful to know in case the automatic
	detection does not work correctly.</para>

      <para>Video memory on the graphic adapter determines the
	resolution and color depth the system can run at.  This is
	important to know so the user knows the limitations of the
	system.</para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Configuring XFree86 4.X</title>

      <para>Configuration of <application>XFree86 4.X</application> is
	a multi-step process.  The first step is to build an initial
	configuration file with the <option>-configure</option> option to
	<application>XFree86</application>.  As the super user, simply
	run:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; XFree86 -configure</screen>

      <para>This will generate a skeleton
	<application>XFree86</application> configuration file in the
	current working directory called
	<filename>XF86Config.new</filename>.  The
	<application>XFree86</application> program will attempt to probe
	the graphics hardware on the system and will write a
	configuration file to load the proper drivers for the detected
	hardware on the target system.</para>

      <para>The next step is to test the existing
	configuration to verify that <application>XFree86</application>
	can work with the graphics
	hardware on the target system.  To preform this task, the user
	needs to run:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; XFree86 -xf86config XF86Config.new</screen>

      <para>If a black and grey grid and an X mouse cursor appears, then
	the configuration was successful.  To exit the test, just press
	<keycombo action="simul">
	  <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
	  <keycap>Alt</keycap>
	  <keycap>Backspace</keycap>
	</keycombo> simultaneously.</para>

      <indexterm><primary>XFree86 4 Tuning</primary></indexterm>

      <para>Next, tune the <filename>XF86Config.new</filename>
	configuration file to taste.  Open up the file in a text editor such
	as &man.emacs.1; or &man.ee.1;.  The first thing to do is add the
	frequencies for the target system's monitor.  These are usually
	expressed as a horizontal and vertical synchronization rate.  These
	values are added to the <filename>XF86Config.new</filename> file
	under the "Monitor" section:</para>

      <programlisting>Section "Monitor"
        Identifier   "Monitor0"
        VendorName   "Monitor Vendor"
        ModelName    "Monitor Model"
        Horizsync    30-107
        VertRefresh  48-120
EndSection</programlisting>

      <para>The <varname>Horizsync</varname> and
	<varname>VertRefresh</varname> keywords may not exist in the
	configuration file.  If they do not, they need to be added, with
	the correct horizontal synchronization rate placed after the
	<varname>Horizsync</varname> keyword and the vertical
	synchronization rate after the <varname>VertRefresh</varname>
	keyword.  In the example above the target monitor's rates where
	entered.</para>

      <indexterm>
        <primary><command>XF86Config</command></primary>
      </indexterm>
      
      <para>While the <filename>XF86Config.new</filename>
	configuration file is still open in an editor, next select what
	the default resolution and color depth is desired.  This is
	defined in the <literal>Screen</literal> section:</para>
      
      <programlisting>Section "Screen"
        Identifier "Screen0"
        Device     "Card0"
        Monitor    "Monitor0"
        DefaultColorDepth 24
        SubSection "Display"
                Depth     24
                Modes     "1024x768"
        EndSubSection
EndSection</programlisting>

      <para>The <varname>DefaultColorDepth</varname> keyword describes
	the color depth to run at by default.  This can be overridden
	with the <command>-bpp</command> command line switch to
	<citerefentry><refentrytitle>XFree86</refentrytitle>
        <manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  The Modes keyword
	describes the resolution to run at for the given color depth.
	In the example above, the default color depth is twenty four
	bits per pixel.  At this color depth, the accepted resolution is
	one thousand twenty four pixels by seven hundred and sixty eight
	pixels.</para>

      <para>To run at a resolution of one thousand twenty four pixels by
	seven hundred sixty eight pixels at twenty four bits per pixel,
	then add the <varname>DefaultColorDepth</varname> keyword with the
	value of twenty four, and add to the <varname>"Display"</varname>
	subsection with the desired Depth the Modes keyword with the
	resolution the user wishes to run at.  Note that only VESA
	standard modes are supported as defined by the target system's
	graphics hardware.</para>

      <para>Finally, write out the configuration file and test it using
	the test mode given above.  If all is well, then the configuration
	file needs to be installed in a common location where
	<citerefentry><refentrytitle>XFree86</refentrytitle>
        <manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> can find it.
	This is typically <filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config</filename> or
	<filename>/usr/X11R6/etc/X11/XF86Config</filename>.</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; cp XF86Config.new /etc/X11/XF86Config</screen>

      <para>Once the configuration file has been placed in a common
	location, configuration is complete.  In order to start
	<application>XFree86 4.X</application> with &man.startx.1;,
	install the <port>x11/wrapper</port> port.
	<application>XFree86 4.X</application> can also be started with
	&man.xdm.1;.</para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Advanced Configuration Topics</title>
      
      <sect3>
	<title>Configuration with Intel i810 Graphics Chipsets</title>

        <indexterm><primary>Intel i810 graphic chipset</primary></indexterm>

	<para>Configuration with Intel i810 integrated chipsets
	  requires the <devicename>agpgart</devicename>
	  AGP programming interface for <application>XFree86</application>
	  to to drive the card.  To <devicename>agpgart</devicename>,
	  the <filename>agp.ko</filename> kernel loadable module needs to
	  be loaded into the kernel with &man.kldload.8;.  This can be
	  done automatically with the &man.loader.8; at boot time.
	  Simply add this line to
	  <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>:</para>

	<programlisting>agp_load="YES"</programlisting>

	<para>Next, a device node needs to be created for the
	  programming interface.  To create the AGP device node, run
	  &man.MAKEDEV.8; in the <filename>/dev</filename>
	  directory:</para>

	<screen>&prompt.root; cd /dev
&prompt.root; sh MAKEDEV agpgart</screen>

	<para>This will allow configuration the hardware as any other
	  graphics board.</para>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="x-fonts">
    <sect1info>
      <authorgroup>
        <author>
          <firstname>Murray</firstname>
          <surname>Stokely</surname>
          <contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
        </author>
      </authorgroup>
    </sect1info>
    <title>Using Fonts in XFree86</title>

    <sect2 id="type1">
    <title>Type1 Fonts</title>
    <para>The default fonts that ship with
    <application>XFree86</application> are less than ideal for typical
    desktop publishing applications.  Large presentation fonts show up
    jagged and unprofessional looking, and small fonts in Netscape are
    almost completely unintelligible.  However, there are several
    free, high quality Type1 (PostScript) fonts available which 
    can be readily used
    with <application>XFree86</application>, either version 3.X or 
    version 4.X.  For instance, the URW font collection 
    (<port>x11-fonts/urwfonts</port>) includes
    high quality versions of standard type1 fonts (Times Roman, 
    Helvetica, Palatino and others).  The Freefont collection
    (<port>x11-fonts/freefont</port>) includes
    many more fonts, but most of them are intended for use in 
    graphics software such as the Gimp, and are not complete 
    enough to serve as screen fonts.  In addition,
    <application>XFree86</application> can be configured to use
    TrueType fonts with a minimum of effort: see the
    <link linkend="truetype">section on TrueType fonts</link> later.</para>

    <para>To install the above Type1 font collections from the ports
	collection, run the following commands:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/x11-fonts/urwfonts</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make install clean</userinput></screen>
      
    <para>And likewise with the freefont or other collections.  To tell the X server
    that these fonts exist, add an appropriate line to the
    <filename>XF86Config</filename> file (in
    <filename>/etc/</filename> for <application>XFree86</application>
    version 3, or in <filename>/etc/X11/</filename> for version 4), 
    which reads:</para>
      
<programlisting>FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/URW/"</programlisting>

      <para>Alternatively, at the command line in the X session
	run:</para>
      
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>xset fp+ /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/URW</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>xset fp rehash</userinput></screen>
      
      <para>This will work but will be lost when the X session is closed,
    unless it is added to the startup file (<filename>~/.xinitrc</filename>
    for a normal <command>startx</command> session,
    or <filename>~/.xsession</filename> when logging in through a
    graphical login manager like <application>XDM</application>).  
    A third way is to use the new 
    <filename>XftConfig</filename> file: see the
    section on <link linkend="antialias">anti-aliasing</link>.
    </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="truetype">
    <title>TrueType Fonts</title>

    <para><application>XFree86 4.X</application> has built in support
    for rendering TrueType fonts.  There are two different modules
    that can enable this functionality.  The "freetype" module is used
    in this example because it is more consistent with the other font
    rendering back-ends.  To enable the freetype module just add the
    following line to the module section of the
    <filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config</filename> file.</para>

    <programlisting>Load  "freetype"</programlisting>

    <para>For <application>XFree86 3.3.X</application>, a separate
      TrueType font server is needed.
      <application>Xfstt</application> is commonly used for
      this purpose.  To install <application>Xfstt</application>,
      simply install the port <port>x11-servers/Xfstt</port>.</para>

    <para>Now make a directory for the TrueType fonts (for example,
      <filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType</filename>)
      and copy all of the TrueType fonts into this directory.  Keep in
      mind that TrueType fonts cannot be directly taken from a
      Macintosh; they must be in Unix/DOS/Windows format for use by
      <application>XFree86</application>.  Once the files have been
      copied into this directory, use
      <application>ttmkfdir</application> to create a
      <filename>fonts.dir</filename> file, so that the X font renderer
      knows that these new files have been installed.
      <command>ttmkfdir</command> is available from the FreeBSD
      Ports Collection as <port>x11-fonts/ttmkfdir</port>.</para>

<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>ttmkfdir > fonts.dir</userinput></screen>

    <para>Now add the TrueType directory to the font
      path.  This is just the same as described above for <link
      linkend="type1">Type1</link> fonts, that is, use
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>xset fp+ /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>xset fp rehash</userinput></screen>
      or add a <option>FontPath</option> line to the 
       <filename>XF86Config</filename> file.</para>
      
      <para>That's it.  Now <application>Netscape</application>,
	<application>Gimp</application>,
	<application>StarOffice</application>, and all of the other X
	applications should now recognize the installed TrueType
	fonts.  Extremely small fonts (as with text in a high resolution
	display on a web page) and extremely large fonts (within
	<application>StarOffice</application>) will look much better
	now.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="antialias">
    <title>Anti-Aliased Fonts</title>

    <para>Starting with version 4.0.2, <application>XFree86</application>
      supports anti-aliased
      fonts.  Currently, most software has not been updated to take
      advantage of this new functionality.  However, Qt (the toolkit
      for the <application>KDE</application> desktop) does; so if
      <application>XFree86 4.0.2</application> is used
      (or higher), Qt 2.3 (or higher) and <application>KDE</application>, 
      all KDE/Qt applications can be made to use anti-aliased 
      fonts.</para>

    <para>To configure anti-aliasing, create (or edit, if
      it already exists) the file
      <filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/XftConfig</filename>.  Several
      advanced things can be done with this file; this section
      describes only the simplest possibilities.</para>

     <para>First, tell the X server about the fonts that are to be
      anti-aliased.  For each font directory, add a line similar
      to this:</para>
      
      <programlisting>dir "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/Type1"</programlisting>
      
    <para>Likewise for the other font directories (URW, truetype, etc) 
      containing fonts to be anti-aliased.  Anti-aliasing makes
      sense only for scalable fonts (basically, Type1 and TrueType) so
      do not include bitmap font directories here.  The
      directories included here can now be commented out 
      of the <filename>XF86Config</filename> file.</para>

    <para>Antialiasing makes borders slightly fuzzy, which makes very
      small text more readable and removes <quote>staircases</quote> from
      large text, but can cause eyestrain if applied to normal text.  To
      exclude point sizes between 9 and 13 from anti-aliasing, include
      these lines:</para>
      
      <programlisting>match
  any size > 8
  any size < 14
edit
  antialias = false;</programlisting>
      
    <para>Spacing for some monospaced fonts may also be inappropriate
      with anti-aliasing.  This seems to be an issue with
      <application>KDE</application>, in particular.  One possible fix for
      this is to force the spacing for such fonts to be 100.  Add the
      following lines:</para>
      
      <programlisting>match any family == "fixed"      edit family =+ "mono";
match any family == "console"    edit family =+ "mono";</programlisting>
      
      <para>(this aliases the other common names for fixed fonts as "mono"),
       and then add:</para>
      
      <programlisting>match any family == "mono" edit spacing = 100;</programlisting>
      
      <para>Supposing the
	<literal>Lucidux</literal> fonts as desired whenever
	monospaced fonts are required (these look nice, and do not seem
	to suffer from the spacing problem), replace that last
	line with these:</para>

      <programlisting>match any family == "mono"       edit family += "LuciduxMono";
match any family == "Lucidux Mono"      edit family += "LuciduxMono";
match any family == "LuciduxMono"       edit family =+ "Lucidux Mono";</programlisting> 

       <para>(the last lines alias different equivalent family names).</para>

       <para>Finally, it is nice to allow users to add commands to this
        file, via their personal <filename>.xftconfig</filename>
        files.  To do this, add a last line:</para>

       <programlisting>includeif  "~/.xftconfig"</programlisting>

       <para>One last point: with an LCD screen, sub-pixel sampling may be
	desired.  This basically treats the (horizontally separated)
	red, green and blue components separately to improve the horizontal
	resolution; the results can be dramatic.  To enable this, add the
	line somewhere in the <filename>XftConfig</filename> file</para>
      
       <programlisting>match edit rgba=rgb;</programlisting>
      
       <para>(depending on the sort of display, the last word may need to
        be changed from from ``rgb'' to ``bgr'', ``vrgb''
        or ``vbgr'': experiment and see which works best.)</para>

 
       <para>Anti-aliasing should be enabled the next time the X server is
	started.  However, note that programs must know how to take
	advantage of it.  At the present time, the toolkit
        Qt does, so the entire <application>KDE</application> environment 
	can use anti-aliased fonts
        (see <xref linkend="x11-wm-kde2-antialias"> on 
	<application>KDE</application> for
        details); there are patches for gtk+ to do the same, 
        so if compiled against such a patched gtk+, the GNOME environment
        and Mozilla can also use anti-aliased fonts.  In fact, there
        is now a port called <port>x11/gdkxft</port> which allows one
	to use antialiased fonts without recompiling: see 
	<xref linkend="x11-wm-gnome-antialias"> for details.</para>

       <para>Anti-aliasing is still new to FreeBSD and 
	<application>XFree86</application>;
        configuring it should get easier with time, and it will soon be
        supported by many more applications.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="x-xdm">
    <sect1info>
      <authorgroup>
	<author>
	  <firstname>Seth</firstname>
	  <surname>Kingsley</surname>
	  <contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
	</author>
      </authorgroup>
    </sect1info>
    <title>The X Display Manager</title>
    <sect2>
      <title>Overview</title>
      <para>The X Display Manager (<application>XDM</application>) is
	an optional part of the X Window System that is used for login
	session management.  This is useful for several types of
	situations, including minimal <quote>X Terminals</quote>,
	desktops, and large network display
	servers.  Since the X Window System is network and protocol
	independent, there are a wide variety of possible configurations
	for running X clients and servers on different machines
	connected by a network.  <application>XDM</application> provides
	a graphical interface for choosing which display server to
	connect to, and entering authorization information such as a
	login and password combination.</para>
      
      <para>Think of <application>XDM</application> as
	providing the same functionality to the user as the
	&man.getty.8; utility (see <xref linkend="term-config"> for
	  details).  That is, it performs system logins to the display
	  being connected to and then runs a session manager on behalf of
	  the user (usually an X window
	  manager).  <application>XDM</application> then waits for this
	  program to exit, signaling that the user is done and should be
	  logged out of the display.  At this point,
	  <application>XDM</application> can display the login and display
	  chooser screens for the next user to login.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Using XDM</title>

      <para>The <application>XDM</application> daemon program is
	located in <filename>/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm</filename>.  This program
	can be run at any time as <username>root</username> and it will
	start managing the X display on the local machine.  If
	<application>XDM</application> is to be run every
	time the machine boots up, a convenient way to do this is by
	adding an entry to <filename>/etc/ttys</filename>.  For more
	information about the format and usage of this file, see <xref
	linkend="term-etcttys">.  There is a line in the default
	<filename>/etc/ttys</filename> file for running the
	<application>XDM</application> daemon on a virtual terminal:

<screen>ttyv8	"/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm -nodaemon"	xterm	off secure</screen>

	By default this entry is disabled, and in order to enable it
	change field 5 from <literal>off</literal> to
	<literal>on</literal> and then restart &man.init.8; using the
	directions in <xref linkend="term-hup">.  The first field, the
	name of the terminal this program will manage, is
	<literal>ttyv8</literal>.  This means that
	<application>XDM</application> will start running on the 9th
	virtual terminal.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Configuring XDM</title>

      <para>The <application>XDM</application> configuration directory
	is located in <filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm</filename>.  In
	this directory there are several files used to change the
	behavior and appearance of
	<application>XDM</application>.  Typically these files will
	be found:</para>

	<informaltable frame="none">
	  <tgroup cols="2">
	    <thead>
	      <row>
		<entry>File</entry>
		<entry>Description</entry>
	      </row>
	    </thead>

	    <tbody>
	      <row>
		<entry><filename>Xaccess</filename></entry>
		<entry>Client authorization ruleset.</entry>
	      </row>

	      <row>
		<entry><filename>Xresources</filename></entry>
		<entry>Default X resource values.</entry>
	      </row>

	      <row>
		<entry><filename>Xservers</filename></entry>
		<entry>List of remote and local displays to manage.</entry>
	      </row>

	      <row>
		<entry><filename>Xsession</filename></entry>
		<entry>Default session script for logins.</entry>
	      </row>

	      <row>
		<entry><filename>Xsetup_</filename>*</entry>
		<entry>Script to launch applications before the login
		  interface.</entry>
	      </row>

	      <row>
		<entry><filename>xdm-config</filename></entry>
		<entry>Global configuration for all displays running on
		  this machine.</entry>
	      </row>

	      <row>
		<entry><filename>xdm-errors</filename></entry>
		<entry>Errors generated by the server program.</entry>
	      </row>

	      <row>
		<entry><filename>xdm-pid</filename></entry>
		<entry>The process ID of the currently running XDM.</entry>
	      </row>
	    </tbody>
	  </tgroup>
	</informaltable>

      <para>Also in this directory are a few scripts and programs used
	to setup the desktop when <application>XDM</application> is
	running.  The purpose of each of these files will be briefly
	described.  The exact syntax and usage of all of these files is
	described in &man.xdm.1;</para>

      <para>The default configuration is a simple rectangular login
	window with the hostname of the machine displayed at the top in
	a large font and <quote>Login:</quote> and
	<quote>Password:</quote> prompts below.  This is a good starting
	point for changing the look and feel of
	<application>XDM</application> screens.</para>

      <sect3>
	<title>Xaccess</title>

	<para>The protocol for connecting to
	  <application>XDM</application> controlled displays is called
	  the X Display Manager Connection Protocol (XDMCP).  This file
	  is a ruleset for controlling XDMCP connections from remote
	  machines.  By default, it allows any client to connect, but
	  that does not matter unless the <filename>xdm-config</filename>
	  is changed to listen for for remote connections.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3>
	<title>Xresources</title>
	<para>This is an application-defaults file for the display
	  chooser and the login screens.  This is where the appearance
	  of the login program can be modified.  The format is identical
	  to the app-defaults file described in the
	  <application>XFree86</application> documentation.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3>
	<title>Xservers</title>
	<para>This is a list of the remote displays the chooser should
	  provide as choices.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3>
	<title>Xsession</title>
	<para>This is the default session script for
	  <application>XDM</application> to run after a user has logged
	  in.  Normally each user will have a customized session script
	  in <filename>~/.xsessionrc</filename> that overrides this
	  script.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3>
	<title>Xsetup_*</title>
	<para>These will be run automatically before displaying the
	  chooser or login interfaces.  There is a script for each
	  display being used, named <filename>Xsetup_</filename> followed
	  by the local display number (for instance
	  <filename>Xsetup_0</filename>).  Typically these scripts will
	  run one or two programs in the background such as
	  <filename>xconsole</filename>.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3>
	<title>xdm-config</title>
	<para>This contains settings in the form of app-defaults
	  that are applicable to every display that this installation
	  manages.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3>
	<title>xdm-errors</title>
	<para>This contains the output of the X servers that
	  <application>XDM</application> is trying to run.  If a display
	  that <application>XDM</application> is trying to start hangs
	  for some reason, this is a good place to look for error
	  messages.  These messages are also written to the user's
	  <filename>~/.xsession-errors</filename> file on a per-session
	  basis.</para>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Running a Network Display Server</title>
      <para>In order for other clients to connect to the display
	server, edit the access control rules, and enable the connection
	listener.  By default these are set to conservative values.
	To make <application>XDM</application> listen for connections,
	first comment out a line in the <filename>xdm-config</filename>
	file:

<screen>! SECURITY: do not listen for XDMCP or Chooser requests
! Comment out this line if you want to manage X terminals with xdm
DisplayManager.requestPort:     0</screen>

	and then restart <application>XDM</application>.  Remember that
	comments in app-defaults files begin with a <quote>!</quote>
	character, not the usual <quote>#</quote>.  More strict
	access controls may be desired.  Look at the example
	entries in <filename>Xaccess</filename> file, and refer to the
	&man.xdm.1; manual page.</para>
    </sect2>

     <sect2>
        <title>Replacements for XDM</title>

        <para>Several replacements for the default
          <application>XDM</application> program exist.  One of them,
          <application>KDM</application> (bundled with
          <application>KDE</application>) is described later in this
          chapter.  <application>KDM</application> offers many visual
          improvements and cosmetic frills, as well as the
          functionality to allow users to choose their window manager
          of choice at login time.</para>
     </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="x11-wm">
    <sect1info>
      <authorgroup>
	<author>
	  <firstname>Valentino</firstname>
	  <surname>Vaschetto</surname>
	  <contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
	</author>
	<!-- June 2001 -->
      </authorgroup>
    </sect1info>

    <title>Desktop Environments</title>

    <para>This section describes the different desktop environments
      available for X on FreeBSD.  A <quote>desktop environment</quote>
      will mean anything ranging from a simple window manager, to a
      complete suite of desktop applications such as 
      <application>KDE</application> or <application>GNOME</application>.
    </para>

    <sect2 id="x11-wm-gnome">
      <title>GNOME</title>

      <sect3 id="x11-wm-gnome-about">
        <title>About GNOME</title>

        <para><application>GNOME</application> is a user-friendly
	  desktop environment that enables users to easily use and
	  configure their computers.  <application>GNOME</application>
	  includes a panel (for starting applications and displaying
	  status), a desktop (where data and applications can be
	  placed), a set of standard desktop tools and applications, and
	  a set of conventions that make it easy for applications to
	  cooperate and be consistent with each other.  Users of other
	  operating systems or environments should feel right at home
	  using the powerful graphics-driven environment that
	  <application>GNOME</application> provides.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="x11-wm-gnome-install">
        <title>Installing GNOME</title>

	<para>The easiest way to install
          <application>GNOME</application> is through the
          <quote>Desktop Configuration</quote> menu during the FreeBSD
          installation process as described in Chapter 2.  They can also
	  be easily installed from a package or the ports
	  collection:</para>

        <para>To install the <application>GNOME</application> package
	  from the network, simply type:</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_add -r gnome</userinput></screen>

        <para>To build <application>GNOME</application> from source, use
	  the ports tree:</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/x11/gnome</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make install clean</userinput></screen>

        <para>Once <application>GNOME</application> is installed,
	  the X server must be told to start
	  <application>GNOME</application> instead of a default window
	  manager.  If a custom <filename>.xinitrc</filename> is already in
	  place, simply replace the line that starts the current window
	  manager with one that starts
	  <application>/usr/X11R6/bin/gnome-session</application> instead.
	  If nothing special has been done to configuration file,
	  then it is enough to simply type:</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo "/usr/X11R6/bin/gnome-session" > ~/.xinitrc</userinput></screen>

        <para>Next, type <command>startx</command>, and the
          <application>GNOME</application> desktop environment will be
	  started.</para>

        <note><para>If a display manager, like
	  <application>XDM</application>, is being used, this will not work.
	  Instead, create an executable <filename>.xsession</filename>
	  file with the same command in it.  To do this, edit the file
	  and replace the existing window manager command with
	  <application>/usr/X11R6/bin/gnome-session</application>:
	  </para></note>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo "#!/bin/sh" > ~/.xsession</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>echo "/usr/X11R6/bin/gnome-session" >> ~/.xsession</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>chmod +x ~/.xsession</userinput></screen>

        <para>Another option is to configure the display manager to
          allow choosing the window manager at login time; the section on
          <link linkend="x11-wm-kde2-details">KDE2 details</link>
          explains how to do this for <filename>kdm</filename>, the
          display manager of <application>KDE</application>.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="x11-wm-gnome-antialias">
        <title>Anti-aliased fonts with GNOME</title>

	<para>While anti-aliased fonts made their first appearance on
	  XFree86 desktops in the KDE environment and are supported
	  there in the standard installation, it is also possible to
	  use them with gtk applications such as the GNOME
	  environment.  The most straightforward way is probably by
	  using the <application>libgdkxft</application> library, in
	  the <port>x11/gdkxft</port> port.  After installing this
	  port, read the
	  <filename>/usr/X11R6/share/doc/gdkxft/README</filename> file
	  carefully.</para>

	<para>Then, all that is needed is to do is tell gtk
	  applications to look for their font-rendering functions in
	  <filename>libgdkxft.so</filename> before looking in the
	  standard place, <filename>libgdk.so</filename>.  This is
	  easily accomplished by setting an environment variable to
	  point to the right place; with the Bourne shell
	  (<application>/bin/sh</application>) or similar shells, type
	  the command (to start <application>The Gimp</application>,
	  say)</para>

<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>LD_PRELOAD=/usr/X11R6/lib/libgdkxft.so gimp</userinput></screen>

	<para>and with csh and similar shells, type</para>

<screen>
&prompt.user; <userinput>setenv LD_PRELOAD /usr/X11R6/lib/libgdkxft.so</userinput> 
&prompt.user; <userinput>gimp</userinput>
</screen>

	<para>Or, the commands</para>

<programlisting>
LD_PRELOAD=/usr/X11R6/lib/libgdkxft.so
export LD_PRELOAD
</programlisting>

	<para>can be put into <filename>.xinitrc</filename>,
	  <filename>.xsession</filename> or in the appropriate
	  place(s) in
	  <filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm/Xsession</filename>,
	  depending on how X is normally started.  However, this
	  short-cut may cause problems if Linux GTK binaries are
	  run.</para>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="x11-wm-kde2">
      <title>KDE2</title>

      <sect3 id="x11-wm-kde2-about">
        <title>About KDE2</title>

        <para><application>KDE</application> is an easy to use
	  contemporary desktop environment.  Some of the things that
	  <application>KDE</application> brings to the user are:</para>
	
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem><para>A beautiful contemporary desktop</para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>A desktop exhibiting complete network transparency</para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>An integrated help system allowing for convenient,
	      consistent access to help on the use of the 
	      <application>KDE</application> desktop and its
	      applications</para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>Consistent look and feel of all 
	      <application>KDE</application> applications</para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>Standardized menu and toolbars, keybindings, color-schemes, etc.</para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>Internationalization: <application>KDE</application>
	      is available in more than 40 languages</para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>Centralized consisted dialog driven desktop configuration</para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>A great number of useful 
	      <application>KDE</application> applications</para></listitem>
        </itemizedlist>

        <para><application>KDE</application> has an office application
	  suite based on <application>KDE</application>'s
	  <quote>KParts</quote> technology consisting
	  of a spread-sheet, a presentation application, an organizer, a
	  news client and more.  <application>KDE</application> also
	  comes with a web browser called
	  <application>Konqeuror</application>, which represents
	  a solid competitor to other existing web browsers on Unix
	  systems.  More information on <application>KDE</application>
	  can be found on the <ulink url="http://www.kde.org/">KDE
          website.</ulink></para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="x11-wm-kde2-install">
        <title>Installing KDE2</title>
   
	<para>Just like with <application>GNOME</application> or any
          other desktop environment, the easiest way to install
          <application>KDE</application> is through the <quote>Desktop
          Configuration</quote> menu during the FreeBSD installation
          process as described in Chapter 2.  Once again, the software
	  can be easily installed from a package or from the ports
	  collection:</para>

        <para>To install the <application>KDE2</application> package
	  from the network, simply type:</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_add -r kde2</userinput></screen>

        <para>To build <application>KDE</application> from source,
	  use the ports tree:</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/x11/kde2</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make install clean</userinput></screen>

        <para>After <application>KDE2</application> has been installed,
	  the X server must be told to launch this application
          instead of the default window manager.  This is accomplished
          by editing the <filename>.xinitrc</filename> file:</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo "/usr/X11R6/bin/startkde" > ~/.xinitrc</userinput></screen>

        <para>Now, whenever invoke X-Windows with <command>startx</command>,
	  <application>KDE2</application> will be the desktop.</para>

	<para>If a display manager such as
	  <application>xdm</application> is being used, then
	  configuration is slightly different.  Edit the
	  <filename>.xsession</filename> file instead.  Instructions
	  for <application>kdm</application> are described later in
	  this chapter.</para>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="x11-wm-kde2-details">
        <title>More Details on KDE2</title>

        <para>Now that <application>KDE2</application> is installed on
          the system, most things can be discovered through the
          help pages, or just by pointing and clicking at various menus.
          Windows or Mac users will feel quite at home.</para>
      
        <para>The best reference for <application>KDE</application> is
          the on-line documentation.  <application>KDE</application>
          comes with its own web browser,
          <application>Konqueror</application>, dozens of useful
          applications, and extensive documentation.  The remainder of
          this section discusses the technical items that are
          difficult to learn by random exploration.</para>

      <sect3 id="x11-wm-kde2-kdm">
        <title>The KDE display manager</title>

        <para>An administrator of a multi-user system may wish to have
	  a graphical login screen to welcome users.
	  <link linkend="x-xdm"><filename>xdm</filename></link> can be
	  used, as described earlier.  However,
	  <application>KDE</application> includes an
	  alternative, <application>KDM</application>, which is designed
	  to look more attractive and include more login-time options.
	  In particular, users can easily choose (via a menu) which
	  desktop environment (<application>KDE2</application>,
	  <application>GNOME</application>, or something else) to run
          after logging on.</para>

	<para>To begin with, run the <application>KDE2</application>
	  control panel, <command>kcontrol</command>, as
	  <username>root</username>.  It is generally considered
	  unsafe to run the entire X environment as
	  <username>root</username>.  Instead, run the window manager
	  as a normal user, open a terminal window (such as
	  <filename>xterm</filename> or <application>KDE</application>'s
	  <filename>konsole</filename>, become <username>root</username>
	  with <userinput>su</userinput> (the user must be in the 
	  <groupname>wheel</groupname>
	  group in <filename>/etc/group</filename> for this), and then
	  type <userinput>kcontrol</userinput>.</para>

	<para> Click on the icon on the left marked <guibutton>System</guibutton>, then on
	  <guibutton>Login manager</guibutton>.  On the right there are
	  various configurable options, which the
	  <application>KDE</application> manual will explain in greater
	  detail.  Click on <guibutton>sessions</guibutton> on the right.
	  Click <guibutton>New type</guibutton> to add various window
	  managers and desktop environments.  These are just labels,
	  so they can say <application>KDE</application> and
	  <application>GNOME</application> rather than
	  <application>startkde</application> or
	  <application>gnome-session</application>.
	  Include a label <literal>failsafe</literal>.</para>

	<para> Play with the other menus as well, they are mainly
          cosmetic and self-explanatory.  When are done, click on
          <guibutton>Apply</guibutton> at the bottom, and quit the
	  control center.</para>

        <para> To make sure <application>kdm</application> understands
	  what the labels (<application>KDE</application>,
	  <application>GNOME</application> etc) mean, edit the files used
	  by <link linkend="x-xdm">xdm</link>.  
	  <note><para>In <application>KDE 2.2</application> this has
	    changed: <application>kdm</application> now uses its own
	    configuration files.  Please see the <application>KDE
	    2.2</application> documentation for details.</para>
	  </note>
	  In a terminal window, as <username>root</username>,
	  edit the file
	  <filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm/Xsession</filename>.  There is
	  a section in the middle like this:</para>

<screen>case $# in
1)
        case $1 in
        failsafe)
                exec xterm -geometry 80x24-0-0
                ;;
        esac
esac</screen>
        <para>A few lines need to be added to this section.
	  Assuming the labels from used were <quote>KDE2</quote> and
	  <quote>GNOME</quote>,
	  use the following:</para>
<screen>case $# in
1)
        case $1 in
        KDE2)
                exec /usr/X11R6/bin/startkde
                ;;
        GNOME)
                exec /usr/X11R6/bin/gnome-session
                ;;
        failsafe)
                exec xterm -geometry 80x24-0-0
                ;;
        esac
esac</screen>

        <para>For the <application>KDE</application>
	  login-time desktop background to be honored, 
	  the following line needs to be added to
	  <filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm/Xsetup_0</filename>:</para>
        <screen>/usr/X11R6/bin/kdmdesktop</screen>
	
        <para>Now, make sure <application>kdm</application> is listed in
	  <filename>/etc/ttys</filename> to be started at the next bootup.
	  To do this, simply follow the instructions from the previous
	  section on <link linkend="x-xdm">xdm</link> and replace
	  references to the <command>/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm</command>
	  program with <command>/usr/local/bin/kdm</command>.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="x11-wm-kde2-antialias">
        <title>Anti-aliased Fonts</title>

        <para>Starting with version 4.0.2,
	  <application>XFree86</application> supports anti-aliasing via
	  its "RENDER" extension, and starting with version 2.3, Qt (the
	  toolkit used by <application>KDE</application>) supports this
	  extension.  Configuring this is described in <xref
	  linkend="antialias"> on antialiasing X11 fonts.  So, with
	  up-to-date software, anti-aliasing is possible on a
	  <application>KDE2</application> desktop.  Just go to the KDE2
	  menu, go to Preferences -> Look and Feel -> Style, and click
	  on the check box
	  <quote>Use Anti-Aliasing for Fonts and Icons</quote>.
	  For a Qt application which is not part of
	  <application>KDE</application>, the environment variable QT_XFT
	  needs to be set to true before starting the program.</para>

       </sect3>
     </sect2>

     <sect2 id="x11-wm-xfce">
         <title>XFCE</title>
       <sect3 id="x11-wm-xfce-about">
         <title>About XFCE</title>

	<para><application>XFCE</application> is a desktop environment
	  based on the GTK 
	  toolkit used by <application>GNOME</application>, but is much
	  more lightweight and meant for those who want a simple,
	  efficient desktop which is nevertheless easy to use and
	  configure.  Visually, it looks very much like
	  <application>CDE</application>, found on commercial Unix
	  systems.  Some of <application>XFCE</application>'s features
	  are:</para>

         <itemizedlist>
           <listitem><para>A simple, easy-to-handle desktop</para></listitem>
           <listitem><para>Fully configurable via mouse, with drag and
               drop, etc </para></listitem>
           <listitem><para>Main panel similar to <application>CDE</application>, with menus, applets and
 app launchers</para></listitem>
           <listitem><para>Integrated window manager, file manager,
 sound manager, <application>GNOME</application> compliance module, and other things</para></listitem>
           <listitem><para> Themeable (since it uses GTK) </para></listitem>
           <listitem><para> Fast, light and efficient: ideal for
 older/slower machines or machines with memory limitations</para></listitem>
         </itemizedlist>

         <para> More information on <application>XFCE</application>
	  can be found on the <ulink url="http://www.xfce.org/">XFCE
	    website</ulink>.</para>
       </sect3>
       <sect3 id="x11-wm-xfce-install">
         <title>Installing XFCE</title>
   
	<para>A binary package for <application>xfce</application>
	  exists (at the time of writing).  To install, simply type:</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_add -r xfce</userinput></screen>

        <para> Alternatively, to build from source, use the ports
	  collection:</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/x11-wm/xfce</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make install clean</userinput></screen>

        <para>Now, tell the X server to launch
	 <application>XFCE</application> the next time X is started.
	 Simply type this:</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo "/usr/X11R6/bin/startxfce" > ~/.xinitrc</userinput></screen>

        <para>The next time X is started,
	  <application>XFCE</application> will be the desktop.
          As before, if a display manager like
          <filename>xdm</filename> is being used, create an
          <filename>.xsession</filename>, as described in the
          section on <link linkend="x11-wm-gnome">GNOME</link>, but
          with the <filename>/usr/X11R6/bin/startxfce</filename>
          command; or, configure the display manager to allow
          choosing a desktop at login time, as explained in
          the section on <link linkend="x11-wm-kde2-kdm">kdm</link>.</para>

      </sect3>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

</chapter>

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