1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
<title>FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE Release Notes</title>
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79" />
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://www.FreeBSD.org/layout/js/google.js">
</script>
</head>
<body class="ARTICLE" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
alink="#0000FF">
<div class="ARTICLE">
<div class="TITLEPAGE">
<h1 class="TITLE"><a id="AEN2" name="AEN2">FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE Release Notes</a></h1>
<h3 class="CORPAUTHOR">The FreeBSD Project</h3>
<p class="COPYRIGHT">Copyright © 2012 The FreeBSD Documentation Project</p>
<p class="PUBDATE">$FreeBSD: stable/9/release/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/relnotes/article.sgml
230006 2012-01-12 05:51:11Z hrs $<br />
</p>
<div class="LEGALNOTICE"><a id="TRADEMARKS" name="TRADEMARKS"></a>
<p>FreeBSD is a registered trademark of the FreeBSD Foundation.</p>
<p>IBM, AIX, EtherJet, Netfinity, OS/2, PowerPC, PS/2, S/390, and ThinkPad are trademarks
of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or
both.</p>
<p>IEEE, POSIX, and 802 are registered trademarks of Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, Inc. in the United States.</p>
<p>Intel, Celeron, EtherExpress, i386, i486, Itanium, Pentium, and Xeon are trademarks or
registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and
other countries.</p>
<p>SPARC, SPARC64, SPARCengine, and UltraSPARC are trademarks of SPARC International, Inc
in the United States and other countries. SPARC International, Inc owns all of the SPARC
trademarks and under licensing agreements allows the proper use of these trademarks by
its members.</p>
<p>Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their
products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this document, and
the FreeBSD Project was aware of the trademark claim, the designations have been followed
by the “™” or the “®” symbol.</p>
</div>
<div>
<div class="ABSTRACT"><a id="AEN18" name="AEN18"></a>
<p>The release notes for FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE contain a summary of the changes made to the
FreeBSD base system on the 9.0-STABLE development line. This document lists applicable
security advisories that were issued since the last release, as well as significant
changes to the FreeBSD kernel and userland. Some brief remarks on upgrading are also
presented.</p>
</div>
</div>
<hr />
</div>
<div class="TOC">
<dl>
<dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt>
<dt>1 <a href="#INTRO">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt>2 <a href="#NEW">What's New</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>2.1 <a href="#SECURITY">Security Advisories</a></dt>
<dt>2.2 <a href="#KERNEL">Kernel Changes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>2.2.1 <a href="#BOOT">Boot Loader Changes</a></dt>
<dt>2.2.2 <a href="#PROC">Hardware Support</a></dt>
<dt>2.2.3 <a href="#NET-PROTO">Network Protocols</a></dt>
<dt>2.2.4 <a href="#DISKS">Disks and Storage</a></dt>
<dt>2.2.5 <a href="#FS">File Systems</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>2.3 <a href="#USERLAND">Userland Changes</a></dt>
<dt>2.4 <a href="#CONTRIB">Contributed Software</a></dt>
<dt>2.5 <a href="#RELENG">Release Engineering and Integration</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>3 <a href="#UPGRADE">Upgrading from previous releases of FreeBSD</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>3.1 <a href="#AEN1251">Upgrading using freebsd-update(8) or a source-based
procedure</a></dt>
<dt>3.2 <a href="#AEN1267">User-visible incompatibilities</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>3.2.1 <a href="#AEN1272">Update of <tt class="LITERAL">dialog</tt></a></dt>
<dt>3.2.2 <a href="#AEN1277">Partition Metadata Integrity Check</a></dt>
<dt>3.2.3 <a href="#AEN1308">ATA/SATA subsystem now <span
class="CITEREFENTRY">cam(4)</span>-based</a></dt>
<dt>3.2.4 <a href="#AEN1395">Network Configuration Changes in <tt
class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.conf</tt></a></dt>
<dt>3.2.5 <a href="#AEN1613">Openresolv and <tt
class="FILENAME">/etc/resolv.conf</tt></a></dt>
<dt>3.2.6 <a href="#AEN1630">Disk Partition Management Utilities</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="SECT1">
<h2 class="SECT1"><a id="INTRO" name="INTRO">1 Introduction</a></h2>
<p>This document contains the release notes for FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE. It describes
recently added, changed, or deleted features of FreeBSD. It also provides some notes on
upgrading from previous versions of FreeBSD.</p>
<p>This distribution of FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE is a release distribution. It can be found at
<a href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/"
target="_top">http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/</a> or any of its mirrors. More
information on obtaining this (or other) release distributions of FreeBSD can be found in
the <a href="../../../../doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mirrors.html"
target="_top">“Obtaining FreeBSD” appendix</a> to the <a
href="../../../../doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/" target="_top">FreeBSD
Handbook</a>.</p>
<p>All users are encouraged to consult the release errata before installing FreeBSD. The
errata document is updated with “late-breaking” information discovered late
in the release cycle or after the release. Typically, it contains information on known
bugs, security advisories, and corrections to documentation. An up-to-date copy of the
errata for FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE can be found on the FreeBSD Web site.</p>
</div>
<div class="SECT1">
<hr />
<h2 class="SECT1"><a id="NEW" name="NEW">2 What's New</a></h2>
<p>This section describes the most user-visible new or changed features in FreeBSD since
8.2-RELEASE.</p>
<p>Typical release note items document recent security advisories issued after
8.2-RELEASE, new drivers or hardware support, new commands or options, major bug fixes,
or contributed software upgrades. They may also list changes to major ports/packages or
release engineering practices. Clearly the release notes cannot list every single change
made to FreeBSD between releases; this document focuses primarily on security advisories,
user-visible changes, and major architectural improvements.</p>
<div class="SECT2">
<hr />
<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="SECURITY" name="SECURITY">2.1 Security Advisories</a></h3>
<p>Problems described in the following security advisories have been fixed. For more
information, consult the individual advisories available from <a
href="http://security.FreeBSD.org/" target="_top">http://security.FreeBSD.org/</a>.</p>
<div class="INFORMALTABLE"><a id="AEN38" name="AEN38"></a>
<table border="0" frame="void" width="100%" class="CALSTABLE">
<col width="20%" />
<col width="20%" />
<col width="60%" />
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Advisory</th>
<th>Date</th>
<th>Topic</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-11:01.mountd.asc"
target="_top">SA-11:01.mountd</a></td>
<td>20 April 2011</td>
<td>
<p>Network ACL mishandling in <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=mountd&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">mountd</span>(8)</span></a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-11:02.bind.asc"
target="_top">SA-11:02.bind</a></td>
<td>28 May 2011</td>
<td>
<p>BIND remote DoS with large RRSIG RRsets and negative caching</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-11:04.compress.asc"
target="_top">SA-11:04.compress</a></td>
<td>28 September 2011</td>
<td>
<p>Errors handling corrupt compress file in <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=compress&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">compress</span>(1)</span></a> and
<a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gzip&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">gzip</span>(1)</span></a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-11:05.unix.asc"
target="_top">SA-11:05.unix</a></td>
<td>28 September 2011</td>
<td>
<p>Buffer overflow in handling of UNIX socket addresses</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-11:06.bind.asc"
target="_top">SA-11:06.bind</a></td>
<td>23 December 2011</td>
<td>
<p>Remote packet Denial of Service against <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=named&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">named</span>(8)</span></a>
servers</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-11:07.chroot.asc"
target="_top">SA-11:07.chroot</a></td>
<td>23 December 2011</td>
<td>
<p>Code execution via chrooted ftpd</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-11:08.telnetd.asc"
target="_top">SA-11:08.telnetd</a></td>
<td>23 December 2011</td>
<td>
<p>telnetd code execution vulnerability</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-11:09.pam_ssh.asc"
target="_top">SA-11:09.pam_ssh</a></td>
<td>23 December 2011</td>
<td>
<p>pam_ssh improperly grants access when user account has unencrypted SSH private
keys</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-11:10.pam.asc"
target="_top">SA-11:10.pam</a></td>
<td>23 December 2011</td>
<td>
<p><code class="FUNCTION">pam_start()</code> does not validate service names</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="SECT2">
<hr />
<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="KERNEL" name="KERNEL">2.2 Kernel Changes</a></h3>
<p>The FreeBSD kernel now supports Capsicum Capability Mode. Capsicum is a set of
features for sandboxing support, using a capability model in which the capabilities are
file descriptors. Two new kernel options <tt class="LITERAL">CAPABILITIES</tt> and <tt
class="LITERAL">CAPABILITY_MODE</tt> have been added to the <tt
class="FILENAME">GENERIC</tt> kernel. For more information about Capsicum, see <a
href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/security/capsicum/"
target="_top">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/security/capsicum/</a>.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219129"
target="_top">r219129</a>]</p>
<p>[amd64, i386] The FreeBSD <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dtrace&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">dtrace</span>(1)</span></a>
framework now supports <tt class="LITERAL">systrace</tt> for system calls of <tt
class="LITERAL">linux32</tt> and <tt class="LITERAL">freebsd32</tt> on FreeBSD/amd64. Two
new <tt class="FILENAME">systrace_linux32</tt> and <tt
class="FILENAME">systrace_freebsd32</tt> kernel modules provide support for tracing
compat system calls in addition to the native system call tracing provided by the <tt
class="FILENAME">systrace</tt> module.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219559"
target="_top">r219559</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219561"
target="_top">r219561</a>]</p>
<p>[amd64, i386, powerpc] The FreeBSD ELF image activator now supports the <tt
class="LITERAL">PT_GNU_STACK</tt> program header. This is disabled by default. New <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysctl</span>(8)</span></a>
variables <code class="VARNAME">kern.elf32.nxstack</code> and <code
class="VARNAME">kern.elf64.nxstack</code> allow enabling <tt
class="LITERAL">PT_GNU_STACK</tt> for the specified ABIs (e.g. <tt
class="LITERAL">elf32</tt> for 32-bit ABI).[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217152"
target="_top">r217152</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217396"
target="_top">r217396</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=hhook&sektion=9&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">hhook</span>(9)</span></a> (Helper
Hook) and <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=khelp&sektion=9&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">khelp</span>(9)</span></a> (Kernel
Helpers) KPIs have been implemented. These are a kind of superset of <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pfil&sektion=9&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">pfil</span>(9)</span></a>
framework for more general use in the kernel. The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=hhook&sektion=9&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">hhook</span>(9)</span></a> KPI
provides a way for kernel subsystems to export hook points that <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=khelp&sektion=9&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">khelp</span>(9)</span></a> modules
can hook to provide enhanced or new functionality to the kernel. The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=khelp&sektion=9&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">khelp</span>(9)</span></a> KPI
provides a framework for managing <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=khelp&sektion=9&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">khelp</span>(9)</span></a>
modules, which indirectly use the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=hhook&sektion=9&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">hhook</span>(9)</span></a> KPI to
register their hook functions with hook points of interest within the kernel. These allow
a structured way to dynamically extend the kernel at runtime in an ABI preserving
manner.[<a href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=216758"
target="_top">r216758</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=216615"
target="_top">r216615</a>]</p>
<p>[amd64, i386, pc98] A <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=loader&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">loader</span>(8)</span></a>
tunable <code class="VARNAME">hw.memtest.tests</code> has been added. This controls
whether to perform memory testing at boot time or not. The default value is <tt
class="LITERAL">1</tt> (perform a memory test).[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=224516"
target="_top">r224516</a>]</p>
<p>A new resource accounting API has been implemented. It can keep per-process, per-jail,
and per-loginclass resource accounting information. Note that this is not built nor
installed by default. To build and install them, specify <tt class="LITERAL">options
RACCT</tt> in the kernel configuration file and rebuild the base system as described in
the <a href="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/makeworld.html"
target="_top">FreeBSD Handbook</a>.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=220137"
target="_top">r220137</a>]</p>
<p>A new resource-limiting API has been implemented. It works in conjunction with the <tt
class="LITERAL">RACCT</tt> resource accounting implementation and takes user-configurable
actions based on the set of rules it maintains and the current resource usage. The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rctl&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">rctl</span>(8)</span></a> utility
has been added to manage the rules in userland. Note that this is not built nor installed
by default. To build and install them, specify <tt class="LITERAL">options RCTL</tt> in
the kernel configuration file and rebuild the base system as described in the <a
href="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/makeworld.html"
target="_top">FreeBSD Handbook</a>.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=220163"
target="_top">r220163</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sendmsg&sektion=2&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sendmsg</span>(2)</span></a> and
<a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=recvmsg&sektion=2&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">recvmsg</span>(2)</span></a>
system calls in the FreeBSD Linux ABI compatibility have been improved.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=220031"
target="_top">r220031</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=open&sektion=2&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">open</span>(2)</span></a> and <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fhopen&sektion=2&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">fhopen</span>(2)</span></a> system
calls now support the <tt class="LITERAL">O_CLOEXEC</tt> flag, which allows setting the
<tt class="LITERAL">FD_CLOEXEC</tt> flag for the newly created file descriptor. This is
standardized in IEEE Std 1003.1-2008 (POSIX, Single UNIX Specification Version 4).[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219999"
target="_top">r219999</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=posix_fallocate&sektion=2&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
class="REFENTRYTITLE">posix_fallocate</span>(2)</span></a> system call has been
implemented. This is a function in POSIX to ensure that a part of the storage for regular
file data is allocated on the file system storage media.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=220791"
target="_top">r220791</a>]</p>
<p>Two new system calls <code class="FUNCTION">setloginclass(2)</code> and <code
class="FUNCTION">getloginclass(2)</code> have been added. This makes it possible for the
kernel to track the login class a process is assigned to, which is required for the <tt
class="LITERAL">RCTL</tt> resource limiting framework.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219304"
target="_top">r219304</a>]</p>
<p>[amd64] FreeBSD now supports executing FreeBSD 1/i386 a.out binaries on FreeBSD/amd64.
Note that this is not built nor installed by default. To build and install them, specify
<tt class="LITERAL">options COMPAT_43</tt> in the kernel configuration file and rebuild
the base system as described in the <a
href="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/makeworld.html"
target="_top">FreeBSD Handbook</a>.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=220238"
target="_top">r220238</a>]</p>
<p>The following <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysctl</span>(8)</span></a>
variables have been added to show the availability of various kernel features:[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218485"
target="_top">r218485</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219028"
target="_top">r219028</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219029"
target="_top">r219029</a>]</p>
<div class="INFORMALTABLE"><a id="AEN214" name="AEN214"></a>
<table border="0" frame="void" width="100%" class="CALSTABLE">
<col width="25%" />
<col width="75%" />
<thead>
<tr>
<th><a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysctl</span>(8)</span></a>
variable name</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.ufs_acl</code></td>
<td>ACL (Access Control List) support in UFS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.ufs_gjournal</code></td>
<td>journaling support through <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gjournal&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">gjournal</span>(8)</span></a> for
UFS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.ufs_quota</code></td>
<td>UFS disk quotas support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.ufs_quota64</code></td>
<td>64-bit UFS disk quotas support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.softupdates</code></td>
<td>FFS soft-updates support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.ffs_snapshot</code></td>
<td>FFS snapshot support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.nfsclient</code></td>
<td>NFS client (old implementation)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.nfscl</code></td>
<td>NFS client (new implementation)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.nfsserver</code></td>
<td>NFS server (old implementation)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.nfsd</code></td>
<td>NFS server (new implementation)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.kdtrace_hooks</code></td>
<td>Kernel DTrace hooks which are required to load DTrace kernel modules</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.ktr</code></td>
<td>Kernel support for KTR kernel tracing facility</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.ktrace</code></td>
<td>Kernel support for system call tracing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.hwpmc_hooks</code></td>
<td>Kernel support for HW PMC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.sysv_msg</code></td>
<td>System V message queues support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.sysv_sem</code></td>
<td>System V semaphores support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.p1003_1b_mqueue</code></td>
<td>POSIX P1003.1B message queues support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.p1003_1b_semaphores</code></td>
<td>POSIX P1003.1B semaphores support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.kposix_priority_scheduling</code></td>
<td>POSIX P1003.1B real-time extensions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.stack</code></td>
<td>Support for capturing the kernel stack</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.sysv_shm</code></td>
<td>System V shared memory segments support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.pps_sync</code></td>
<td>Support usage of external PPS signal by kernel PLL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.regression</code></td>
<td>Kernel support for interfaces necessary for regression testing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.invariant_support</code></td>
<td>Support for modules compiled with the INVARIANTS option</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.zero_copy_sockets</code></td>
<td>Zero copy sockets support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.libmchain</code></td>
<td>mchain library</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.scbus</code></td>
<td>SCSI devices support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.mac</code></td>
<td>Mandatory Access Control Framework support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.audit</code></td>
<td>BSM audit support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_gate</code></td>
<td>GEOM Gate module</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_uzip</code></td>
<td>GEOM uzip read-only compressed disks support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_cache</code></td>
<td>GEOM cache module</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_mirror</code></td>
<td>GEOM mirroring support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_stripe</code></td>
<td>GEOM striping support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_concat</code></td>
<td>GEOM concatenation support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_raid3</code></td>
<td>GEOM RAID-3 functionality</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_fox</code></td>
<td>GEOM FOX redundant path mitigation support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_multipath</code></td>
<td>GEOM multipath support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.g_virstor</code></td>
<td>GEOM virtual storage support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_bde</code></td>
<td>GEOM-based Disk Encryption</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_eli</code></td>
<td>GEOM crypto module</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_journal</code></td>
<td>GEOM journaling support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_shsec</code></td>
<td>GEOM shared secret device support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_vol</code></td>
<td>GEOM support for volume names from UFS superblocks</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_label</code></td>
<td>GEOM labeling support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_sunlabel</code></td>
<td>GEOM Sun/Solaris partitioning support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_bsd</code></td>
<td>GEOM BSD disklabels support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_pc98</code></td>
<td>GEOM NEC PC9800 partitioning support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_linux_lvm</code></td>
<td>GEOM Linux LVM partitioning support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_part_pc98</code></td>
<td>GEOM partitioning class for PC-9800 disk partitions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_part_vtoc8</code></td>
<td>GEOM partitioning class for SMI VTOC8 disk labels</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_part_bsd</code></td>
<td>GEOM partitioning class for BSD disklabels</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_part_ebr</code></td>
<td>GEOM partitioning class for extended boot records support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_part_ebr_compat</code></td>
<td>GEOM EBR partitioning class: backward-compatible partition names</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_part_gpt</code></td>
<td>GEOM partitioning class for GPT partitions support</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_part_apm</code></td>
<td>GEOM partitioning class for Apple-style partitions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="VARNAME">kern.features.geom_part_mbr</code></td>
<td>GEOM partitioning class for MBR support</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="SECT3">
<hr />
<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="BOOT" name="BOOT">2.2.1 Boot Loader Changes</a></h4>
<p>The default boot loader menu has been updated.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=222417"
target="_top">r222417</a>]</p>
<p>[ia64] The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=loader&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">loader</span>(8)</span></a> loader
now supports PBVM (Pre-Boot Virtual Memory). This allows linking the kernel at a fixed
virtual address without having to make any assumptions about the physical memory layout.
The PBVM also allows fine control of the address where the kernel and its modules are to
be loaded.[<a href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219541"
target="_top">r219541</a>]</p>
</div>
<div class="SECT3">
<hr />
<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="PROC" name="PROC">2.2.2 Hardware Support</a></h4>
<p>[powerpc] FreeBSD/powerpc now supports Sony Playstation 3 using the OtherOS feature
available on firmwares 3.15 and earlier.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217044"
target="_top">r217044</a>]</p>
<p>A new <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=loader&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">loader</span>(8)</span></a>
tunable <code class="VARNAME">machdep.disable_tsc</code> has been added. Setting this to
a non-zero value disables use of TSC (Time Stamp Counter) by turning off boot-time CPU
frequency calibration, DELAY(9) with TSC, and using TSC as a CPU ticker. Another new <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=loader&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">loader</span>(8)</span></a>
tunable <code class="VARNAME">machdep.disable_tsc_calibration</code> allows to skip the
TSC frequency calibration only. This is useful when one wants to use the nominal
frequency of the chip in Intel processors, for example.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219473"
target="_top">r219473</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=220577"
target="_top">r220577</a>]</p>
<p>[amd64, i386] The FreeBSD <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=usb&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">usb</span>(4)</span></a> subsystem
now supports USB 3.0 by default.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=223098"
target="_top">r223098</a>]</p>
<p>The FreeBSD <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=usb&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">usb</span>(4)</span></a> subsystem
now supports USB packet filter. This allows to capture packets which go through each USB
host controller. The implementation is almost based on <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=bpf&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">bpf</span>(4)</span></a> code. The
userland program <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=usbdump&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">usbdump</span>(8)</span></a> has
been added.[<a href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=215649"
target="_top">r215649</a>]</p>
<div class="SECT4">
<hr />
<h5 class="SECT4"><a id="NET-IF" name="NET-IF">2.2.2.1 Network Interface Support</a></h5>
<p>A bug in the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=alc&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">alc</span>(4)</span></a> driver
which could make AR8152-based network interfaces stop working has been fixed.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217649"
target="_top">r217649</a>]</p>
<p>A bxe(4) driver for Broadcom NetXtreme II 10GbE controllers (BCM57710, BCM57711,
BCM57711E) has been added.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219647"
target="_top">r219647</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cxgb&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cxgb</span>(4)</span></a> driver
has been updated to version 7.11.0.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=220009"
target="_top">r220009</a>]</p>
<p>A <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cxgbe&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cxgbe</span>(4)</span></a> driver
for Chelsio T4 (Terminator 4) based 10Gb/1Gb adapters has been added.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218794"
target="_top">r218794</a>]</p>
<p>[i386] The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dc&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">dc</span>(4)</span></a> driver now
works correctly in kernels with the <code class="OPTION">PAE</code> option.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218832"
target="_top">r218832</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=em&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">em</span>(4)</span></a> driver has been
updated to version 7.3.2.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219753"
target="_top">r219753</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=igb&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">igb</span>(4)</span></a> driver
has been updated to version 2.2.5.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=223350"
target="_top">r223350</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=igb&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">igb</span>(4)</span></a> driver
now supports Intel I350 PCIe Gigabit Ethernet controllers.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218530"
target="_top">r218530</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ixgbe&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ixgbe</span>(4)</span></a> driver
has been updated to version 2.3.8.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217593"
target="_top">r217593</a>]</p>
<p>Firmware images in the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=iwn&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">iwn</span>(4)</span></a> driver
for 1000, 5000, 6000, and 6500 series cards have been updated.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=220892"
target="_top">r220892</a>]</p>
<p>A bug in the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=msk&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">msk</span>(4)</span></a> driver
has been fixed. It could prevent RX checksum offloading from working.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=216860"
target="_top">r216860</a>]</p>
<p>A bug in the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=nfe&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">nfe</span>(4)</span></a> driver
which could prevent reinitialization after changing the MTU has been fixed.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217794"
target="_top">r217794</a>]</p>
<p>A bug in the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ral&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ral</span>(4)</span></a> and <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=run&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">run</span>(4)</span></a> drivers
which could prevent <tt class="LITERAL">hostap</tt> mode from working has been fixed.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217511"
target="_top">r217511</a>]</p>
<p>A rdcphy(4) driver for RDC Semiconductor R6040 10/100 PHY has been added.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=216828"
target="_top">r216828</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=re&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">re</span>(4)</span></a> driver now
supports RTL8168E/8111E-VL PCIe Gigabit Ethernet controllers and RTL8401E PCIe Fast
Ethernet controllers.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217498"
target="_top">r217498</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218760"
target="_top">r218760</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=re&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">re</span>(4)</span></a> driver now
supports TX interrupt moderation on RTL810xE PCIe Fast Ethernet controllers.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217766"
target="_top">r217766</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=re&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">re</span>(4)</span></a> driver now
supports another mechanism for RX interrupt moderation because of performance problems. A
<a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysctl</span>(8)</span></a>
variable <code class="VARNAME">dev.re.<tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>N</i></tt>.int_rx_mod</code> has been added to control amount of
time to delay RX interrupt processing, in units of microsecond. Setting it to <tt
class="LITERAL">0</tt> completely disables RX interrupt moderation. A <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=loader&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">loader</span>(8)</span></a>
tunable <code class="VARNAME">hw.re.intr_filter</code> controls whether the old mechanism
utilizing MSI/MSI-X capability on supported controllers is used or not. When set to a
non-zero value, the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=re&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">re</span>(4)</span></a> driver uses the
old mechanism. The default value is <tt class="LITERAL">0</tt> and this tunable has no
effect on controllers without MSI/MSI-X capability.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217902"
target="_top">r217902</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=re&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">re</span>(4)</span></a> driver now
supports TSO (TCP Segmentation Offload) on RealTek RTL8168/8111 C or later controllers.
Note that this is disabled by default because broken frames can be sent under certain
conditions.[<a href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217246"
target="_top">r217246</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217832"
target="_top">r217832</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=re&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">re</span>(4)</span></a> driver now
supports enabling TX and/or RX checksum offloading independently from each other. Note
that TX IP checksum is disabled on some RTL8168C-based network interfaces because it can
generate an incorrect IP checksum when the packet contains IP options.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217381"
target="_top">r217381</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218289"
target="_top">r218289</a>]</p>
<p>A bug in the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=re&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">re</span>(4)</span></a> driver has been
fixed. It could cause a panic when receiving a jumbo frame on an RTL8169C, 8169D, or
8169E controller-based network interface.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217296"
target="_top">r217296</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=re&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">re</span>(4)</span></a> driver now
supports RTL8105E PCIe Fast Ethernet controllers.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217911"
target="_top">r217911</a>]</p>
<p>The rlphy(4) driver now supports the Realtek RTL8201E 10/100 PHY found in RTL8105E
controllers.[<a href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217910"
target="_top">r217910</a>]</p>
<p>A bug in the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sis&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sis</span>(4)</span></a> driver
has been fixed. It could prevent a proper reinitialization on DP83815, DP83816, and SiS
900/7016 controllers when the configuration of multicast packet handling and/or
promiscuous mode is changed.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217548"
target="_top">r217548</a>]</p>
<p>A bug in the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=vlan&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">vlan</span>(4)</span></a> pseudo
interface han been fixed. It could have a random interface identifier in an automatically
configured IPv6 link-local address, instead of one generated with the parent interface's
IEEE 802 48-bit MAC address and an algorithm described in RFC 4291.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=216650"
target="_top">r216650</a>]</p>
<p>A <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=vte&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">vte</span>(4)</span></a> driver
for RDC R6040 Fast Ethernet controllers, which are commonly found on the Vortex86 System
On a Chip, has been added.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=216829"
target="_top">r216829</a>]</p>
<p>A <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=vxge&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">vxge</span>(4)</span></a> driver
for the Neterion X3100 10GbE Server/Storage adapter has been added.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=221167"
target="_top">r221167</a>]</p>
<p>A bug in the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=wpi&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">wpi</span>(4)</span></a> driver
has been fixed. It could display the following error messages and result in the device
being unusable:[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=216824"
target="_top">r216824</a>]</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
wpi0: could not map mbuf (error 12)
wpi0: wpi_rx_intr: bus_dmamap_load failed, error 12
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="SECT3">
<hr />
<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="NET-PROTO" name="NET-PROTO">2.2.3 Network Protocols</a></h4>
<p><a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ipfw&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ipfw</span>(8)</span></a> now
supports IPv6 in the <tt class="COMMAND">fwd</tt> action.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=225044"
target="_top">r225044</a>]</p>
<p><a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ipfw&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ipfw</span>(8)</span></a> now
supports the <tt class="COMMAND">call</tt> and <tt class="COMMAND">return</tt> actions.
Upon the <tt class="COMMAND">call <tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>number</i></tt></tt> action,
the current rule number is saved in the internal stack and ruleset processing continues
with the first rule numbered <tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>number</i></tt> or higher. The
<tt class="COMMAND">return</tt> action takes the rule number saved to internal stack by
the latest <tt class="COMMAND">call</tt> action and returns ruleset processing to the
first rule with number greater than that saved number.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=223666"
target="_top">r223666</a>]</p>
<p>FreeBSD's <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ipsec&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ipsec</span>(4)</span></a> support
now uses half of the hash size as the authenticator hash size in Hashed Message
Authentication Mode (HMAC-SHA-256, HMAC-SHA-384, and HMAC-SHA-512) as described in RFC
4868. This was a fixed 96-bit length in prior releases because the implementation was
based on an old Internet draft draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-sha-256-00. Note that this means
9.0-RELEASE and later are no longer interoperable with the older FreeBSD releases.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218794"
target="_top">r218794</a>]</p>
<p>For Infiniband support, OFED (OpenFabrics Enterprise Distribution) version 1.5.3 has
been imported into the base system. Note that this is not built nor installed by default.
To build and install them, specify <tt class="LITERAL">WITH_OFED=yes</tt> in <tt
class="FILENAME">/etc/src.conf</tt> and rebuild the base system as described in the <a
href="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/makeworld.html"
target="_top">FreeBSD Handbook</a>.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219820"
target="_top">r219820</a>]</p>
<p>The FreeBSD TCP/IP network stack now supports IPv4 prefixes with /31 as described in
RFC 3021, “Using 31-Bit Prefixes on IPv4 Point-to-Point Links”.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=226572"
target="_top">r226572</a>]</p>
<p>A bug in the FreeBSD TCP/IP network stack has been fixed. Source address selection
could not be performed when multicast options were present but without an interface being
specified.[<a href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217169"
target="_top">r217169</a>]</p>
<p>A bug in the <tt class="LITERAL">IPV6_PKTINFO</tt> option used in <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sendmsg&sektion=2&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sendmsg</span>(2)</span></a> has
been fixed. The <tt class="LITERAL">IPV6_USE_MIN_MTU</tt> state set by <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=setsockopt&sektion=2&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">setsockopt</span>(2)</span></a>
was ignored.[<a href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=225682"
target="_top">r225682</a>]</p>
<p>The FreeBSD TCP/IP network stack now supports the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=mod_cc&sektion=9&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">mod_cc</span>(9)</span></a>
pluggable congestion control framework. This allows TCP congestion control algorithms to
be implemented as dynamically loadable kernel modules. The following kernel modules are
available as of 9.0-RELEASE: <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cc_chd&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cc_chd</span>(4)</span></a> for
the CAIA-Hamilton-Delay algorithm, <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cc_cubic&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cc_cubic</span>(4)</span></a> for
the CUBIC algorithm, <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cc_hd&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cc_hd</span>(4)</span></a> for the
Hamilton-Delay algorithm, <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cc_htcp&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cc_htcp</span>(4)</span></a> for
the H-TCP algorithm, <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cc_newreno&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cc_newreno</span>(4)</span></a>
for the NewReno algorithm, and <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cc_vegas&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cc_vegas</span>(4)</span></a> for
the Vegas algorithm. The default algorithm can be set by a new <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysctl</span>(8)</span></a>
variable <code class="VARNAME">net.inet.tcp.cc.algorithm</code>. The value must be set to
one of the names listed by <code class="VARNAME">net.inet.tcp.cc.available</code>, and
<tt class="LITERAL">newreno</tt> is the default set at boot time. For more detail, see
the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=mod_cc&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">mod_cc</span>(4)</span></a> and <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=mod_cc&sektion=9&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">mod_cc</span>(9)</span></a> manual
pages.[<a href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=216109"
target="_top">r216109</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=216114"
target="_top">r216114</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=216115"
target="_top">r216115</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218152"
target="_top">r218152</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218153"
target="_top">r218153</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218155"
target="_top">r218155</a>]</p>
<p>An <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=h_ertt&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">h_ertt</span>(4)</span></a>
(Enhanced Round Trip Time) <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=khelp&sektion=9&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">khelp</span>(9)</span></a> module
has been added. This module allows per-connection, low noise estimates of the
instantaneous RTT in the TCP/IP network stack with a robust implementation even in the
face of delayed acknowledgments and/or TSO (TCP Segmentation Offload) being in use for a
connection.[<a href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217806"
target="_top">r217806</a>]</p>
<p>A new <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tcp&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">tcp</span>(4)</span></a> socket
option <tt class="LITERAL">TCP_CONGESTION</tt> has been added. This allows to select or
query the congestion control algorithm that the TCP/IP network stack will use for
connections on the socket.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218912"
target="_top">r218912</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ng_ipfw&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ng_ipfw</span>(4)</span></a> <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=netgraph&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">netgraph</span>(4)</span></a> node
now supports IPv6.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=225586"
target="_top">r225586</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ng_one2many&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ng_one2many</span>(4)</span></a>
<a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=netgraph&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">netgraph</span>(4)</span></a> node
now supports the <tt class="LITERAL">XMIT_FAILOVER</tt> transmit algorithm. This makes
packets deliver out of the first active <tt class="LITERAL">many</tt> hook.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219127"
target="_top">r219127</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ng_netflow&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ng_netflow</span>(4)</span></a> <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=netgraph&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">netgraph</span>(4)</span></a> node
now supports NetFlow version 9. A new <tt class="LITERAL">export9</tt> hook has been
added for NetFlow v9 data. Note that data export can be done simultaneously in both
version 5 and version 9.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219183"
target="_top">r219183</a>]</p>
</div>
<div class="SECT3">
<hr />
<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="DISKS" name="DISKS">2.2.4 Disks and Storage</a></h4>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ada&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ada</span>(4)</span></a> driver
now supports write cache control. A new <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysctl</span>(8)</span></a>
variable <code class="VARNAME">kern.cam.ada.write_cache</code> determines whether the
write cache of <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ada&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ada</span>(4)</span></a> devices
is enabled or not. Setting to <tt class="LITERAL">1</tt> enables and <tt
class="LITERAL">0</tt> disables the write cache, and <tt class="LITERAL">-1</tt> leaves
the device default behavior. <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysctl</span>(8)</span></a>
variables <code class="VARNAME">kern.cam.ada.<tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>N</i></tt>.write_cache</code> can override the configuration in a
per-device basis (the default value is <tt class="LITERAL">-1</tt>, which means to use
the global setting). Note that the value can be changed at runtime, but it takes effect
only after a device reset.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=220412"
target="_top">r220412</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=arcmsr&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">arcmsr</span>(4)</span></a> driver
has been updated to version 1.20.00.22.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=224905"
target="_top">r224905</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cam&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cam</span>(4)</span></a> subsystem
now supports the descriptor format sense data of the SPC-3 (SCSI Primary Commands 3)
specification.[<a href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=226067"
target="_top">r226067</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=geom_map&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">geom_map</span>(4)</span></a> GEOM
class has been added. This allows to generate multiple geom providers based on a
hard-coded layout of a device with no explicit partition table such as embedded flash
storage. For more information, see the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=geom_map&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">geom_map</span>(4)</span></a>
manual page.[<a href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=220559"
target="_top">r220559</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gpart&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">gpart</span>(8)</span></a> GEOM
class now supports the following aliases for the MBR and EBR schemes: <tt
class="LITERAL">fat32</tt>, <tt class="LITERAL">ebr</tt>, <tt
class="LITERAL">linux-data</tt>, <tt class="LITERAL">linux-raid</tt>, and <tt
class="LITERAL">linux-swap</tt>.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218014"
target="_top">r218014</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gpart&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">gpart</span>(8)</span></a> GEOM
class now supports <tt class="LITERAL">bios-boot</tt> GUID for the GPT scheme which is
used in GRUB 2 loader.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218014"
target="_top">r218014</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=graid&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">graid</span>(8)</span></a> GEOM
class has been added. This is a replacement of the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ataraid&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ataraid</span>(4)</span></a>
driver supporting various BIOS-based software RAID.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219974"
target="_top">r219974</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysctl</span>(8)</span></a>
variable <code class="VARNAME">kern.geom.confxml</code> now contains information about
disk identification in an <tt class="SGMLTAG"><ident></tt> tag and disk model
strings in a <tt class="SGMLTAG"><descr></tt> tag.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219056"
target="_top">r219056</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=md&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">md</span>(4)</span></a> memory-backed
pseudo disk device driver now supports a <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysctl</span>(8)</span></a>
variable <code class="VARNAME">vm.md_malloc_wait</code> to specify whether a
malloc-backed disk will use <code class="VARNAME">M_WAITOK</code> or <code
class="VARNAME">M_NOWAIT</code> for <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=malloc&sektion=9&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">malloc</span>(9)</span></a> calls.
The <code class="VARNAME">M_WAITOK</code> setting can prevent memory allocation failure
under high load. If it is set to <tt class="LITERAL">0</tt>, a malloc-backed disk uses
<code class="VARNAME">M_NOWAIT</code> for memory allocation. The default value is <tt
class="LITERAL">0</tt>.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=216793"
target="_top">r216793</a>]</p>
<p>A bug in the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=mmc&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">mmc</span>(4)</span></a> driver
that could cause device detection to fail has been fixed.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=216941"
target="_top">r216941</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217509"
target="_top">r217509</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=mxge&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">mxge</span>(4)</span></a> driver
has been updated.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=223958"
target="_top">r223958</a>]</p>
<p>A <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tws&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">tws</span>(4)</span></a> driver
for 3ware 9750 SATA+SAS 6Gb/s RAID controllers has been added.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=226115"
target="_top">r226115</a>]</p>
</div>
<div class="SECT3">
<hr />
<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="FS" name="FS">2.2.5 File Systems</a></h4>
<p>The FreeBSD Fast File System now supports softupdates journaling. It introduces a
intent log into a softupdates-enabled file system which eliminates the need for
background <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fsck&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">fsck</span>(8)</span></a> even on
unclean shutdown. This can be enabled in a per-filesystem basis by using the <code
class="OPTION">-j</code> flag of the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=newfs&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">newfs</span>(8)</span></a> utility
or the <code class="OPTION">-j enable</code> option of the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tunefs&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">tunefs</span>(8)</span></a>
utility. Note that the 9.0-RELEASE installer automatically enables softupdates journaling
for newly-created UFS file systems.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=207141"
target="_top">r207141</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218726"
target="_top">r218726</a>]</p>
<p>The FreeBSD Fast File System now supports the <tt class="LITERAL">TRIM</tt> command
when freeing data blocks. A new flag <code class="OPTION">-t</code> in the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=newfs&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">newfs</span>(8)</span></a> and <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tunefs&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">tunefs</span>(8)</span></a>
utilities sets the TRIM-enable flag for a file system. The TRIM-enable flag makes the
file system send a delete request to the underlying device for each freed block. The <tt
class="LITERAL">TRIM</tt> command is specified as a Data Set Management Command in the
ATA8-ACS2 standard to carry the information related to deleted data blocks to a device,
especially for a SSD (Solid-State Drive) for optimization.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=216796"
target="_top">r216796</a>]</p>
<p>A new flag <code class="OPTION">-E</code> has been added to the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=newfs&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">newfs</span>(8)</span></a> and <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fsck_ffs&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">fsck_ffs</span>(8)</span></a>
utilities. This clears unallocated blocks, notifying the underlying device that they are
not used and that their contents may be discarded. This is useful in <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fsck_ffs&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">fsck_ffs</span>(8)</span></a> for
file systems which have been mounted on systems without <tt class="LITERAL">TRIM</tt>
support, or with <tt class="LITERAL">TRIM</tt> support disabled, as well as filesystems
which have been copied from one device to another.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=221233"
target="_top">r221233</a>]</p>
<p>The FreeBSD NFS subsystem has been updated. The new implementation supports NFS
version 4 in addition to 2 and 3. The kernel options for the NFS server and client are
changed from <tt class="LITERAL">NFSSERVER</tt> and <tt class="LITERAL">NFSCLIENT</tt> to
<tt class="LITERAL">NFSD</tt> and <tt class="LITERAL">NFSCL</tt>. <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysctl</span>(8)</span></a>
variables which start with <code class="VARNAME">vfs.nfssrv.</code> have been renamed to
<code class="VARNAME">vfs.nfsd.</code>. The NFS server now supports <code
class="VARNAME">vfs.nfsd.server_max_nfsvers</code> and <code
class="VARNAME">vfs.nfsd.server_min_nfsvers</code> <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysctl</span>(8)</span></a>
variables to specify the maximum and the minimum NFS version number which the server
accepts. The default value is set to <tt class="LITERAL">3</tt> and <tt
class="LITERAL">2</tt>, respectively.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=221124"
target="_top">r221124</a>]</p>
<p>To enable NFSv4, the following variables are needed on the server side in <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rc.conf&sektion=5&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">rc.conf</span>(5)</span></a>:</p>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
nfsv_server_enable="YES"
nfsv4_server_enable="YES"
nfsuserd_enable="YES"
</pre>
<p>and the following line is needed in <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/exports</tt>:</p>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
V4: /
</pre>
<p>For more information about NFSv4 and its configuration, see the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=nfsv4&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">nfsv4</span>(4)</span></a> and <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=exports&sektion=5&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">exports</span>(5)</span></a>
manual pages.</p>
<p>The FreeBSD NFS subsystem now supports a <code class="OPTION">nocto</code> mount
option. This disables the close-to-open cache coherency check at open time. This option
may improve performance for read-only mounts, but should only be used only if the data on
the server changes rarely. The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=mount_nfs&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">mount_nfs</span>(8)</span></a>
utility now also supports this flag keyword.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=221436"
target="_top">r221436</a>]</p>
<p>A <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=loader&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">loader</span>(8)</span></a>
tunable <code class="VARNAME">vfs.typenumhash</code> has been added and set to <tt
class="LITERAL">1</tt> by default. This enables to use a hash calculation on the file
system identification number internally used in the kernel. This fixes the “Stale
NFS file handle” error on NFS clients when upgrading or rebuilding the kernel on
the NFS server due to unexpected change of these identification number values.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=225537"
target="_top">r225537</a>]</p>
<p>The FreeBSD ZFS subsystem has been updated to the SPA (Storage Pool Allocator, also
known as zpool) version 28. It now supports data deduplication, triple parity RAIDZ
(raidz3), snapshot holds, log device removal, zfs diff, zpool split, zpool import <code
class="OPTION">-F</code>, and read-only zpool import.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219089"
target="_top">r219089</a>]</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="SECT2">
<hr />
<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="USERLAND" name="USERLAND">2.3 Userland Changes</a></h3>
<p>Complex exponential functions <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cexp&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cexp</span>(3)</span></a> and <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cexpf&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cexpf</span>(3)</span></a>, and
cube root function <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cbrtl&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cbrtl</span>(3)</span></a> have
been added to <b class="APPLICATION">libm</b>.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219359"
target="_top">r219359</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219571"
target="_top">r219571</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=bsdtar&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">bsdtar</span>(1)</span></a> and <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cpio&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cpio</span>(1)</span></a>
utilities are now based on <b class="APPLICATION">libarchive</b> version 2.8.4.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=224152"
target="_top">r224152</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=224153"
target="_top">r224153</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=224154"
target="_top">r224154</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cpuset&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cpuset</span>(1)</span></a>
utility now supports a <code class="OPTION">-C</code> flag to create a new cpuset and
assign an existing process into that set, and an <tt class="LITERAL">all</tt> keyword in
the <code class="OPTION">-l <tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>cpu-list</i></tt></code> option to
specify all CPUs in the system.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217416"
target="_top">r217416</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dhclient&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">dhclient</span>(8)</span></a>
utility now uses <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=resolvconf&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">resolvconf</span>(8)</span></a> to
manage the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=resolv.conf&sektion=5&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">resolv.conf</span>(5)</span></a>
file by default. A <code class="VARNAME">resolvconf_enable</code> variable in <tt
class="FILENAME">/etc/dhclient-enter-hooks</tt> controls the behavior.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219739"
target="_top">r219739</a>]</p>
<p>A bug in the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fetch&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">fetch</span>(1)</span></a> utility
which could prevent the <tt class="COMMAND">STAT</tt> FTP command from working properly
has been fixed.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217505"
target="_top">r217505</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gpart&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">gpart</span>(8)</span></a> utility
now supports a <code class="OPTION">-p</code> flag to the <tt class="COMMAND">show</tt>
subcommand. This allows showing providers' names of partitions instead of the partitions'
indexes.[<a href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219415"
target="_top">r219415</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=hastd&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">hastd</span>(8)</span></a> utility
now drops <tt class="LITERAL">root</tt> privileges of the worker processes to the <tt
class="LITERAL">hast</tt> user.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218049"
target="_top">r218049</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=hastd&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">hastd</span>(8)</span></a> utility
now supports a <tt class="LITERAL">checksum</tt> keyword to specify the checksum
algorithm in a <tt class="LITERAL">resource</tt> section. As of 9.0-RELEASE, <tt
class="LITERAL">none</tt>, <tt class="LITERAL">sha256</tt>, and <tt
class="LITERAL">crc32</tt> are supported.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219351"
target="_top">r219351</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=hastd&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">hastd</span>(8)</span></a> utility
now supports a <tt class="LITERAL">compression</tt> keyword to specify the compression
algorithm in a <tt class="LITERAL">resource</tt> section. As of 9.0-RELEASE, <tt
class="LITERAL">none</tt>, <tt class="LITERAL">hole</tt> and <tt class="LITERAL">lzf</tt>
are supported.[<a href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219354"
target="_top">r219354</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=hastd&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">hastd</span>(8)</span></a> utility
now supports a <tt class="LITERAL">source</tt> keyword to specify the local address to
bind to before connecting the remote <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=hastd&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">hastd</span>(8)</span></a>
daemon.[<a href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219818"
target="_top">r219818</a>]</p>
<p>An implementation of <code class="FUNCTION">iconv()</code> API libraries and utilities
which are standardized in Single UNIX Specification has been imported. These are based on
NetBSD's Citrus implementation. Note that these are not built nor installed by default.
To build and install them, specify <tt class="LITERAL">WITH_ICONV=yes</tt> in <tt
class="FILENAME">/etc/src.conf</tt> and rebuild the base system as described in the <a
href="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/makeworld.html"
target="_top">FreeBSD Handbook</a>.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219019"
target="_top">r219019</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ifconfig&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ifconfig</span>(8)</span></a>
utility now supports <tt class="LITERAL">fdx</tt>, <tt class="LITERAL">flow</tt>, <tt
class="LITERAL">hdx</tt>, and <tt class="LITERAL">loop</tt> keywords as aliases of <tt
class="LITERAL">full-duplex</tt>, <tt class="LITERAL">flowcontrol</tt>, <tt
class="LITERAL">half-duplex</tt>, and <tt class="LITERAL">loopback</tt>, respectively.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217013"
target="_top">r217013</a>]</p>
<p>A <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=readline&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">readline</span>(3)</span></a> API
set has been imported into <b class="APPLICATION">libedit</b>. This is based on NetBSD's
implementation and BSD licensed utilities now use it instead of GNU <b
class="APPLICATION">libreadline</b>.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=220370"
target="_top">r220370</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=makefs&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">makefs</span>(8)</span></a>
utility now supports the ISO 9660 format.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=224762"
target="_top">r224762</a>]</p>
<p><b class="APPLICATION">libmd</b> and <b class="APPLICATION">libcrypt</b> now support
the SHA-256 and SHA-512 algorithms.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=220496"
target="_top">r220496</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=220497"
target="_top">r220497</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=netstat&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">netstat</span>(1)</span></a>
utility now does not expose the internal scope address representation used in the FreeBSD
kernel, which is derived from KAME IPv6 stack, in the results of <tt
class="COMMAND">netstat -ani</tt> and <tt class="COMMAND">netstat -nr</tt>.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217642"
target="_top">r217642</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=newsyslog&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">newsyslog</span>(8)</span></a>
utility now supports <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=xz&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">xz</span>(1)</span></a> compression. An
<tt class="LITERAL">X</tt> flag in the optional field has been added to specify the
compression.[<a href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218127"
target="_top">r218127</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pam_group&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">pam_group</span>(8)</span></a>
module now supports <code class="OPTION">ruser</code> and <code
class="OPTION">luser</code> options. The <code class="OPTION">ruser</code> make it accept
or reject based on the supplicant's group membership and this is the default behavior.
The <code class="OPTION">luser</code> checks the target user's group membership instead
of the supplicant's one. If neither option was specified, <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pam_group&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">pam_group</span>(8)</span></a>
assumes <code class="OPTION">ruser</code> and issues a warning.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219563"
target="_top">r219563</a>]</p>
<p>A <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=poweroff&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">poweroff</span>(8)</span></a>
utility has been added. This is equivalent to:[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=216823"
target="_top">r216823</a>]</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> shutdown -p now
</pre>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ppp&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ppp</span>(8)</span></a> utility
now supports <tt class="COMMAND">iface name <tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>name</i></tt></tt>
and <tt class="COMMAND">iface description <tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>description</i></tt></tt> commands. These have the same
functionalities as the <tt class="LITERAL">name</tt> and <tt
class="LITERAL">description</tt> subcommands of the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ifconfig&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ifconfig</span>(8)</span></a>
utility.[<a href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218397"
target="_top">r218397</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ps&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ps</span>(1)</span></a> utility now
supports an <code class="OPTION">-o class</code> option to display the login class
information of each process, and <code class="OPTION">-o usertime</code> and <code
class="OPTION">-o systime</code> options for accumulated system and user CPU time,
respectively.[<a href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219307"
target="_top">r219307</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219713"
target="_top">r219713</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rtadvd&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">rtadvd</span>(8)</span></a> daemon
now supports a <tt class="LITERAL">noifprefix</tt> keyword to disable gathering on-link
prefixes from interfaces when no <tt class="LITERAL">addr</tt> keyword is specified. An
entry in <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/rtadvd.conf</tt> with <tt
class="LITERAL">noifprefix</tt> and no <tt class="LITERAL">addr</tt> generates an RA
message with no prefix information option.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=222732"
target="_top">r222732</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rtsold&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">rtsold</span>(8)</span></a> and <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rtadvd&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">rtadvd</span>(8)</span></a>
daemons now support the RDNSS and DNSSL options described in RFC 6106, “IPv6 Router
Advertisement Options for DNS Configuration”. A <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rtadvctl&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">rtadvctl</span>(8)</span></a>
utility to control the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rtadvd&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">rtadvd</span>(8)</span></a> daemon
has been added.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=222732"
target="_top">r222732</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=224006"
target="_top">r224006</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rtld&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">rtld</span>(1)</span></a> runtime
linker now supports shared objects as filters in ELF shared libraries. Both standard and
auxiliary filtering have been supported. The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rtld&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">rtld</span>(1)</span></a> linker's
processing of a filter defers loading a filtee until a filter symbol is referenced unless
the <code class="VARNAME">LD_LOADFLTR</code> environment variable is defined or a <tt
class="LITERAL">-z loadfltr</tt> option was specified when the filter was created.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=216695"
target="_top">r216695</a>]</p>
<p>A race condition in the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sed&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sed</span>(1)</span></a> utility
has been fixed. When an <code class="OPTION">-i</code> option is specified, there could
be a short time window with no file with the original file name.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217133"
target="_top">r217133</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sh&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sh</span>(1)</span></a> program now
supports <tt class="COMMAND">kill</tt> as a built-in command. This allows specifying <tt
class="LITERAL">%<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>job</i></tt></tt> which is equivalent to the
corresponding process group. Note that this built-in command returns the exit status <tt
class="LITERAL">2</tt> instead of <tt class="LITERAL">1</tt> if a fatal error occurs as
other built-in commands do.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=216629"
target="_top">r216629</a>]</p>
<p>A bug in the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sh&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sh</span>(1)</span></a> program has
been fixed for POSIX conformance. It could return an incorrect exit status when an <tt
class="COMMAND">exit</tt> command with no parameter is specified in the <tt
class="LITERAL">EXIT trap</tt> handler, which is triggered when the shell terminates. In
trap actions for other signals, an <tt class="COMMAND">exit</tt> command with no
parameter returns an exit status corresponding to the received signal.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217176"
target="_top">r217176</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217472"
target="_top">r217472</a>]</p>
<p>A bug in the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sh&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sh</span>(1)</span></a> program has
been fixed. When a foreground job exits on a signal, a message is printed to <tt
class="FILENAME">stdout</tt> about this. The buffer was not flushed after printing which
could result in the message being written to the wrong file if the next command was a
built-in and had <tt class="FILENAME">stdout</tt> redirected.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217557"
target="_top">r217557</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sh&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sh</span>(1)</span></a> program now
supports a <code class="OPTION">--</code> flag in <tt class="COMMAND">trap</tt> command
to stop the option processing.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217461"
target="_top">r217461</a>]</p>
<p>The <tt class="LITERAL">%builtin</tt> keyword support in the <code
class="VARNAME">$PATH</code> variable has been removed from the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sh&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sh</span>(1)</span></a> program. All
built-in commands are always found before looking up directories in <code
class="VARNAME">$PATH</code>.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217206"
target="_top">r217206</a>]</p>
<p>Arithmetic expression handling code in the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sh&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sh</span>(1)</span></a> program has
been updated by importing code from <b class="APPLICATION">dash</b>. It now supports the
conditional operator (<tt class="LITERAL">?:</tt>) and a bug in evaluation of &&
and || around an arithmetic expression has been fixed.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218466"
target="_top">r218466</a>]</p>
<p>A bug in the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tftpd&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">tftpd</span>(8)</span></a> daemon
has been fixed. It had an interoperability issue when transferring a large file.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=224536"
target="_top">r224536</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=utmp&sektion=5&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">utmp</span>(5)</span></a> user
accounting database has been replaced by <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=utmpx&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">utmpx</span>(3)</span></a>. User
accounting utilities will now use <tt class="FILENAME">utmpx</tt> database files
exclusively. The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=wtmpcvt&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">wtmpcvt</span>(1)</span></a>
utility can be used to convert <tt class="FILENAME">wtmp</tt> files to the new format,
making it possible to read them using the updated utilities.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=202188"
target="_top">r202188</a>]</p>
<p>A <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=utxrm&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">utxrm</span>(8)</span></a> utility
has been added. This allows one to remove an entry from the <tt
class="FILENAME">utmpx</tt> database by hand. This is useful when a login daemon crashes
or fails to remove the entry during shutdown.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218847"
target="_top">r218847</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=zpool&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">zpool</span>(8)</span></a>:
utility now supports a <tt class="COMMAND">zpool labelclear</tt> command. This allows to
wipe the label data from a drive that is not active in a pool.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=224171"
target="_top">r224171</a>]</p>
</div>
<div class="SECT2">
<hr />
<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="CONTRIB" name="CONTRIB">2.4 Contributed Software</a></h3>
<p><tt class="LITERAL">ACPI CA</tt> has been updated to version 20110527.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=222544"
target="_top">r222544</a>]</p>
<p>The <b class="APPLICATION">awk</b> has been updated to the 7 August 2011 release.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=224731"
target="_top">r224731</a>]</p>
<p><b class="APPLICATION">ISC BIND</b> has been updated to version 9.8.1-P1.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=228189"
target="_top">r228189</a>]</p>
<p><b class="APPLICATION">GNU binutils</b> has been updated to 2.17.50 (as of 3 July
2007), which is the last available version under GPLv2.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218822"
target="_top">r218822</a>]</p>
<p>The <b class="APPLICATION">compiler-rt</b> library, which provides low-level
target-specific interfaces such as functions in <b class="APPLICATION">libgcc</b>, has
been imported.[<a href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=222656"
target="_top">r222656</a>]</p>
<p><tt class="LITERAL">dialog</tt> has been updated to version 1.1-20110707.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=224014"
target="_top">r224014</a>]</p>
<p>The <tt class="LITERAL">netcat</tt> utility has been updated to version 4.9.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=221793"
target="_top">r221793</a>]</p>
<p>The <b class="APPLICATION">tnftp</b> (formerly known as <b
class="APPLICATION">lukemftp</b>) has been updated to tnftp-20100108.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=223328"
target="_top">r223328</a>]</p>
<p><b class="APPLICATION">GNU GCC</b> and <b class="APPLICATION">libstdc++</b> have been
updated to rev 127959 of <tt class="LITERAL">gcc-4_2-branch</tt> (the last GPLv2-licensed
version).[<a href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=220150"
target="_top">r220150</a>]</p>
<p><b class="APPLICATION">gdtoa</b>, a set of binary from/to decimal number conversion
routines used in FreeBSD's <b class="APPLICATION">libc</b> library has been updated to a
snapshot as of 4 March, 2011.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219557"
target="_top">r219557</a>]</p>
<p>The <b class="APPLICATION">LESS</b> program has been updated to version v444.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=222906"
target="_top">r222906</a>]</p>
<p>The <b class="APPLICATION">LLVM</b> compiler infrastructure and <b
class="APPLICATION">clang</b>, a C language family front-end, version 3.0 have been
imported. Note that it is not used for building the FreeBSD base system by default. In
the FreeBSD build infrastructure, the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=clang&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">clang</span>(1)</span></a>, <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=clang++&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">clang++</span>(1)</span></a>, and
<a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=clang-cpp&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">clang-cpp</span>(1)</span></a>
utilities can be used in <code class="VARNAME">CC</code>, <code
class="VARNAME">CXX</code>, and <code class="VARNAME">CPP</code> <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=make&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">make</span>(1)</span></a>
variables, respectively.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=208954"
target="_top">r208954</a>]</p>
<p><b class="APPLICATION">Openresolv</b> version 3.4.4 has been imported. The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=resolvconf&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">resolvconf</span>(8)</span></a>
utility now manages the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=resolv.conf&sektion=5&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">resolv.conf</span>(5)</span></a>
file.[<a href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=219734"
target="_top">r219734</a>]</p>
<p>The <b class="APPLICATION">OpenSSH</b> utility has been updated to 5.8p2, and
optimization for large bandwidth-delay product connection and <tt
class="LITERAL">none</tt> cipher support have been merged[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=221484"
target="_top">r221484</a>, <a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=224638"
target="_top">r224638</a>]</p>
<p>The <b class="APPLICATION">pf</b> packet filter has been updated to version 4.5.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=223637"
target="_top">r223637</a>]</p>
<p><b class="APPLICATION">sendmail</b> has been updated to version 8.14.5.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=223067"
target="_top">r223067</a>]</p>
<p>The <b class="APPLICATION">timezone</b> database has been updated to the <b
class="APPLICATION">tzdata2011m</b> release.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=226750"
target="_top">r226750</a>]</p>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=unifdef&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">unifdef</span>(1)</span></a>
utility has been updated to version 2.5.6.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=217698"
target="_top">r217698</a>]</p>
<p>The <b class="APPLICATION">xz</b> program has been updated from 5.0.0 to a snapshot as
of 11 July, 2011.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=223935"
target="_top">r223935</a>]</p>
</div>
<div class="SECT2">
<hr />
<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="RELENG" name="RELENG">2.5 Release Engineering and
Integration</a></h3>
<p>A new installer <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=bsdinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">bsdinstall</span>(8)</span></a>
has been added and integrated into installation ISO images. The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a>
utility is also available for configuration after the installation.[<a
href="http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=218799"
target="_top">r218799</a>]</p>
<p>The supported version of the <b class="APPLICATION">KDE</b> desktop environment (<a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/x11/kde4/pkg-descr"><tt
class="FILENAME">x11/kde4</tt></a>) has been updated from 4.5.5 to 4.7.3.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="SECT1">
<hr />
<h2 class="SECT1"><a id="UPGRADE" name="UPGRADE">3 Upgrading from previous releases of
FreeBSD</a></h2>
<div class="SECT2">
<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN1251" name="AEN1251">3.1 Upgrading using freebsd-update(8) or
a source-based procedure</a></h3>
<p>[amd64, i386] Beginning with FreeBSD 6.2-RELEASE, binary upgrades between RELEASE
versions (and snapshots of the various security branches) are supported using the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=freebsd-update&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
class="REFENTRYTITLE">freebsd-update</span>(8)</span></a> utility. The binary upgrade
procedure will update unmodified userland utilities, as well as a unmodified GENERIC
kernel distributed as a part of an official FreeBSD release. The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=freebsd-update&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
class="REFENTRYTITLE">freebsd-update</span>(8)</span></a> utility requires that the host
being upgraded have Internet connectivity.</p>
<p>Source-based upgrades (those based on recompiling the FreeBSD base system from source
code) from previous versions are supported, according to the instructions in <tt
class="FILENAME">/usr/src/UPDATING</tt>.</p>
<p>For more specific information about upgrading instructions, see <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/9.0R/installation.html"
target="_top">http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/9.0R/installation.html</a>.</p>
<div class="IMPORTANT">
<blockquote class="IMPORTANT">
<p><b>Important:</b> Upgrading FreeBSD should, of course, only be attempted after backing
up <span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">all</i></span> data and configuration
files.</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div class="SECT2">
<hr />
<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN1267" name="AEN1267">3.2 User-visible
incompatibilities</a></h3>
<p>This section describes notable incompatibilities which you might want to know before
upgrading your system. <span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">Please read this
section and the <a href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/9.0R/errata.html"
target="_top">Errata document</a> carefully before submitting a problem report and/or
posting a question to the FreeBSD mailing lists.</i></span></p>
<div class="SECT3">
<hr />
<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN1272" name="AEN1272">3.2.1 Update of <tt
class="LITERAL">dialog</tt></a></h4>
<p>The <tt class="LITERAL">dialog</tt> library is used in FreeBSD's new installer and the
FreeBSD Ports Collection to display a dialog window and allow users to select various
options. Note that it is updated in 9.0-RELEASE and there are several differences in key
operations which might confuse users who are familiar with releases prior to 9.0-RELEASE.
For example, pushing the enter key in a checklist window will no longer check an item.
The new version consistently uses space bar for selecting an item and the enter key for
OK/Cancel selection.</p>
</div>
<div class="SECT3">
<hr />
<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN1277" name="AEN1277">3.2.2 Partition Metadata Integrity
Check</a></h4>
<p>FreeBSD now checks the integrity of partition metadata when a partition table is found
on a disk though the GEOM <b class="APPLICATION">PART</b> subsystem. This detection is
automatically performed when a disk device is ready. The GEOM <b
class="APPLICATION">PART</b> class in the kernel verifies all generic partition
parameters obtained from the disk metadata, and if some inconsistency is detected, the
partition table will be rejected with the following diagnostic message:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
GEOM_PART: Integrity check failed
</pre>
<p>This integrity check is enabled by default. On a system prior to 9.0-RELEASE, the
inconsistencies were silently ignored. Therefore, there is a possibility that this
prevents a system from booting after upgrading it to 9.0-RELEASE. More specifically, the
kernel cannot mount the system partition at boot time in some cases.</p>
<p>If this happens, a <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=loader&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">loader</span>(8)</span></a>
tunable <code class="VARNAME">kern.geom.part.check_integrity</code> can be used as a
workaround. Enter the following lines in the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=loader&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">loader</span>(8)</span></a> prompt
at boot time:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
<kbd class="USERINPUT">set kern.geom.part.check_integrity="0"</kbd>
<kbd class="USERINPUT">boot</kbd>
</pre>
<p>These commands temporarily disable the integrity check. If it was the cause of the
boot failure, the FreeBSD kernel should detect the partitions as the prior release did,
after entering the commands. This configuration can be added into <tt
class="FILENAME">/boot/loader.conf</tt> as follows:</p>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
kern.geom.part.check_integrity="0"
</pre>
<p>To check inconsistent metadata after booting on the system, use the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gpart&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">gpart</span>(8)</span></a> utility
on the system. A corrupted entry will be displayed like the following:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> gpart show
=> 63 1953525104 mirror/gm0 MBR (931G) [CORRUPT]
63 1953525105 1 freebsd [active] (931G)
</pre>
<p>For more information, see the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gpart&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">gpart</span>(8)</span></a> manual
page.</p>
</div>
<div class="SECT3">
<hr />
<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN1308" name="AEN1308">3.2.3 ATA/SATA subsystem now <span
class="CITEREFENTRY">cam(4)</span>-based</a></h4>
<p>In 9.0-RELEASE, the FreeBSD ATA/SATA disk subsystem has been replaced with a new <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cam&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cam</span>(4)</span></a>-based
implementation. <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cam&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cam</span>(4)</span></a> stands
for Common Access Method, which is an implementation of an API set originally for SCSI-2
and standardized as "SCSI-2 Common Access Method Transport and SCSI Interface Module".
FreeBSD has used the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cam&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cam</span>(4)</span></a> subsystem
to handle SCSI devices since 3.X.</p>
<p>Although the new <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cam&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cam</span>(4)</span></a>-based
ATA/SATA subsystem provides various functionality which the old <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ata&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ata</span>(4)</span></a> did not
have, it also has some incompatibilities:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>An ATA/SATA disk is now recognized as a device node with a name <tt
class="DEVICENAME">ada<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>0</i></tt></tt> instead of <tt
class="DEVICENAME">ad<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>0</i></tt></tt>. Currently, a symbolic
link <tt class="FILENAME">/dev/ad<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>0</i></tt></tt> is
automatically generated for <tt class="FILENAME">/dev/ada<tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>0</i></tt></tt> to keep backward compatibility. This symbolic link
generation can be controlled by a <code
class="VARNAME">kern.cam.ada.legacy_aliases</code> (enabled by default). You might want
to update <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/fstab</tt> and/or consider using volume labels (see
<a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=glabel&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">glabel</span>(8)</span></a> for
more details) for specifying each file system to be mounted.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=atacontrol&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">atacontrol</span>(8)</span></a>
utility cannot be used for <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cam&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cam</span>(4)</span></a>-based
devices. The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=camcontrol&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">camcontrol</span>(8)</span></a>
utility is a replacement.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ataraid&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ataraid</span>(4)</span></a>
software RAID is now supported by the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=graid&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">graid</span>(8)</span></a> GEOM
class. It generates a device node with a name <tt class="FILENAME">/dev/raid/r<tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>0</i></tt></tt> if you previously had <tt
class="FILENAME">/dev/ar<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>0</i></tt></tt>. Note that this is not
enabled by default. To enable it, enter the following line in the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=loader&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">loader</span>(8)</span></a>
prompt:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
set geom_raid_load="YES"
boot
</pre>
<p>or add the following line to <tt class="FILENAME">/boot/loader.conf</tt>:</p>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
geom_raid_load="YES"
</pre>
<p>and reboot the system. A symbolic link like <tt class="FILENAME">/dev/ar<tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>0</i></tt></tt> will NOT be generated for <tt
class="FILENAME">/dev/raid/r<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>0</i></tt></tt>. Therefore, if
your system used <tt class="FILENAME">/dev/ar<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>0</i></tt></tt>
as the root partition, mounting local file systems will fail because it is renamed to <tt
class="FILENAME">/dev/raid/r<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>0</i></tt></tt>. You need to
update <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/fstab</tt> manually in that case.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=burncd&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">burncd</span>(8)</span></a>
utility does not work with <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cam&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cam</span>(4)</span></a>-based
devices. Use the cdrecord(1) utility in <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/sysutils/cdrtools/pkg-descr"><tt
class="FILENAME">sysutils/cdrtools</tt></a> instead.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="SECT3">
<hr />
<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN1395" name="AEN1395">3.2.4 Network Configuration Changes in
<tt class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.conf</tt></a></h4>
<p>Although variables in <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rc.conf&sektion=5&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">rc.conf</span>(5)</span></a> are
basically compatible with earlier releases, ones related to network configuration are
changed because of reorganization of the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rc&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">rc</span>(8)</span></a> scripts.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>An address configuration now always needs an address family keyword. For example, the
following line</p>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
ifconfig_em0="192.168.2.1 netmask 255.255.255.0"
</pre>
<p>should be</p>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
ifconfig_em0="inet 192.168.2.1 netmask 255.255.255.0"
</pre>
<p>Although the old convention is still supported in the existing variables for backward
compatibility, some new variables do not support it.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <code class="VARNAME">ifconfig_<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt>_alias<tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>0</i></tt></code> variable now requires an address family keyword
to support non-IPv4 address families. For instance,</p>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
ifconfig_em0_alias0="192.168.2.10 netmask 255.255.255.255"
</pre>
<p>should be</p>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
ifconfig_em0_alias0="inet 192.168.2.10 netmask 255.255.255.255"
</pre>
<p>Different address families can coexist like the following:</p>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
ifconfig_em0_alias0="inet 192.168.2.10 netmask 255.255.255.255"
ifconfig_em0_alias1="inet6 2001:db8:1::1 prefixlen 64"
</pre>
<p>Note that IPv6 alias configurations in <code class="VARNAME">ifconfig_<tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt>_alias<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>N</i></tt></code> will
be ignored when no <code class="VARNAME">ifconfig_<tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt>_ipv6</code> variable is defined because it determines
whether IPv6 functionality is enabled on that interface or not (this variable will be
explained later).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>All alias and static routing configurations through <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rc.conf&sektion=5&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">rc.conf</span>(5)</span></a>
variables will be deactivated when invoking <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rc&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">rc</span>(8)</span></a> scripts or the
<a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=service&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">service</span>(8)</span></a>
command with the <tt class="LITERAL">stop</tt> keyword.</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> service netif stop em0
</pre>
<p>stops the interface <tt class="LITERAL">em0</tt>.</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> service routing stop
</pre>
<p>deactivates all static route configurations.</p>
<p>Releases prior to FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE did not support this functionality properly for
non-IPv4 protocols.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>IPv6 configuration handling has been changed in the following way. Before in-depth
explanations, here is a before-and-after example. What was previously:</p>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
ifconfig_em0="192.168.2.1 netmask 255.255.255.0"
ifconfig_em0_alias0="192.168.2.2 netmask 255.255.255.255"
ipv6_enable="YES"
ipv6_ifconfig_em0="2001:db8:1::1 prefixlen 64"
ipv6_ifconfig_em0_alias0="2001:db8:2::1 prefixlen 64"
# em1 uses SLAAC for IPv6 address configuration
</pre>
<p>should be in 9.0-RELEASE:</p>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
ifconfig_em0="inet 192.168.2.1 netmask 255.255.255.0"
ifconfig_em0_ipv6="inet6 2001:db8:1::1 prefixlen 64 accept_rtadv"
ifconfig_em0_alias0="inet 192.168.2.2 netmask 255.255.255.255"
ifconfig_em0_alias1="inet6 2001:db8:2::1 prefixlen 64"
ifconfig_em1_ipv6="inet6 accept_rtadv"
</pre>
<p>More specific explanations of the changes are as follows:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>The <code class="VARNAME">ipv6_enable</code> variable is deprecated. IPv6
functionality on the system is enabled by default. No IPv6 communication will happen if
you configure no IPv6 address.</p>
<p>9.0-RELEASE now supports intermediate configurations between a host and a router IPv6
node. The <code class="VARNAME">ipv6_enable</code> variable assumed that the system was a
host node when <code class="VARNAME">ipv6_gateway_enable</code> was set to <tt
class="LITERAL">NO</tt> (default), and a router node if not. A host node always accepted
ICMPv6 Router Advertise messages, and a router did not.</p>
<p>In 9.0-RELEASE, this model is still applied but on a per-interface basis, not a
system-wide basis. Specifically, if an interface has an <tt
class="LITERAL">ACCEPT_RTADV</tt> flag, RA messages will be accepted on that interface
for SLAAC (StateLess Address AutoConfiguration) regardless of whether the packet
forwarding is enabled or not.</p>
<p>In addition to them, a per-interface flag <tt class="LITERAL">NO_RADR</tt> and a <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysctl</span>(8)</span></a>
variable <code class="VARNAME">net.inet6.ip6.rfc6204w3</code> have been added. This
controls whether default router list information via RA messages on an RA-accepting
interface should be ignored or not. In an IPv6 router model, it is not supposed to accept
RA messages as an information source for the default router list. Because of that,
FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE ignores the default router list part when IPv6 packet forwarding is
enabled, even if the interface has an <tt class="LITERAL">ACCEPT_RTADV</tt> flag.
However, this can make for a difficult situation when the system has to work as a CPE
(Customer Premises Equipment) which needs RA messages from the upstream network for
network configuration and acts as a router for the LAN simultaneously. For more
information about this kind of configuration, see RFC 6204.</p>
<p>To support this kind of configuration, the <code class="VARNAME">ipv6_cpe_wanif</code>
variable in <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rc.conf&sektion=5&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">rc.conf</span>(5)</span></a> can
be used.</p>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
ipv6_gateway_enable="YES"
ipv6_cpe_wanif="em0"
</pre>
<p>means the <tt class="LITERAL">em0</tt> interface accepts RA messages and the default
router information in them, and the other interfaces ignore the default router
information part even when the <tt class="LITERAL">ACCEPT_RTADV</tt> flag is set on
them.</p>
<p><code class="VARNAME">ipv6_cpe_wanif</code> handling internally sets the <code
class="VARNAME">net.inet6.ip6.rfc6204w3</code> and the <code
class="VARNAME">net.inet6.ip6.no_radr</code> <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysctl</span>(8)</span></a>
variables to <tt class="LITERAL">1</tt>. Note that both are set to <tt
class="LITERAL">0</tt> by default. When the former is set to <tt class="LITERAL">1</tt>,
FreeBSD accepts the default router list even when IPv6 packet forwarding is enabled. Note
that a system administrator needs to set a <tt class="LITERAL">NO_RADR</tt> flag on the
other RA-accepting interfaces, if any, to prevent it from accepting unexpected default
router information. The latter variable means the <tt class="LITERAL">NO_RADR</tt> flag
is automatically set on them.</p>
<p>If <tt class="LITERAL">ipv6_enable="YES"</tt> is defined in FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE, it
sets <tt class="LITERAL">ipv6_activate_all_interfaces="YES"</tt> in <tt
class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.conf</tt> and the <tt class="LITERAL">inet6 accept_rtadv</tt> <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ifconfig&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ifconfig</span>(8)</span></a>
option on all network interfaces. Note that this is only for backward compatibility. The
<code class="VARNAME">ipv6_enable</code> should not be used in FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <code class="VARNAME">ipv6_ifconfig_<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt></code>
variable is renamed to <code class="VARNAME">ifconfig_<tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt>_ipv6</code>. This variable controls whether IPv6
functionality should be enabled on that interface or not. If <code
class="VARNAME">ifconfig_<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt>_ipv6</code>, is not set,
there is no IPv6 functionality on the interface <tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt>.</p>
<p>Note that the <code class="VARNAME">ifconfig_<tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt>_ipv6</code> variable always needs the address family
keyword <tt class="LITERAL">inet6</tt>. If you need an automatic link-local address only,
the following line is enough:</p>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
ifconfig_em0_ipv6="inet6 auto_linklocal"
</pre>
<p>If you need full-blown IPv6 functionality on all interfaces like prior releases with
<tt class="LITERAL">ipv6_enable="YES"</tt>, including ones with no <code
class="VARNAME">ifconfig_<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt>_ipv6 line</code>, you
might want to use the <code class="VARNAME">ipv6_activate_all_interfaces</code> variable
as explained later.</p>
<p>If <tt class="LITERAL">ipv6_ifconfig_<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt>="..."</tt>
is defined in FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE, it means <tt class="LITERAL">ifconfig_<tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt>_ipv6="inet6 ..."</tt>. Note that this is only for
backward compatibility. The <tt class="LITERAL">inet6</tt> address family keyword is
required for <code class="VARNAME">ifconfig_<tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt>_ipv6</code>, but was NOT required for <code
class="VARNAME">ipv6_ifconfig_<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt></code>. The <code
class="VARNAME">ipv6_ifconfig_<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt></code> variables
should not be used in 9.0-RELEASE.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>An interface with no corresponding <code class="VARNAME">ifconfig_<tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt>_ipv6</code> variable is marked with an <tt
class="LITERAL">IFDISABLED</tt> flag by <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=devd&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">devd</span>(8)</span></a> daemon.
This flag means IPv6 communication is disabled on that interface. This can also be found
in output of <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ifconfig&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ifconfig</span>(8)</span></a>:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> ifconfig em0
em0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
options=9b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING,VLAN_HWCSUM>
ether xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx
inet 192.168.2.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.2.255
nd6 options=3<PERFORMNUD,IFDISABLED,ACCEPT_RTADV>
media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseT <full-duplex>)
status: active
</pre>
<p>To enable IPv6 functionality, this flag should be removed first. There are several
ways to do so. Adding an IPv6 address automatically removes this flag. It is possible to
remove this flag explicitly by using the following command:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> ifconfig em0 inet6 -ifdisabled
</pre>
<p>Note that defining an <code class="VARNAME">ifconfig_<tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt>_ipv6</code> is the most reasonable way to activate
IPv6 functionality on that interface. This <tt class="LITERAL">IFDISABLED</tt> flag is to
prevent unintended IPv6 communications in an IPv4-only environment even when the
interface has an IPv6 link-local address. If you need full-blown IPv6 functionality on
all interfaces, you might want to use the <code
class="VARNAME">ipv6_activate_all_interfaces</code> variable as explained later.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysctl</span>(8)</span></a>
variable <code class="VARNAME">net.inet6.ip6.accept_rtadv</code> has been changed. It was
a system-wide configuration knob which controlled whether the system accepts ICMPv6
Router Advertisement messages or not. In FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE, this knob is converted into
a per-interface <tt class="LITERAL">inet6 accept_rtadv</tt> <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ifconfig&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ifconfig</span>(8)</span></a>
option. Although the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysctl</span>(8)</span></a>
variable is available still in FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE, it now controls whether the
per-interface option is set by default or not. The default value is <tt
class="LITERAL">0</tt> (not accept the RA messages).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysctl</span>(8)</span></a>
variable <code class="VARNAME">net.inet6.ip6.auto_linklocal</code> has been changed. It
was a system-wide configuration knob which controlled whether an IPv6 link-local address
was generated on a network interface when it became up. In FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE, this knob
is converted into a per-interface <tt class="LITERAL">inet6 auto_linklocal</tt> <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ifconfig&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ifconfig</span>(8)</span></a>
option. Although the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysctl</span>(8)</span></a>
variable is still available in FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE, it now controls whether the
per-interface option is set by default or not. The default value is <tt
class="LITERAL">1</tt> (generate a link-local automatically).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The functionality of <code class="VARNAME">ipv6_ifconfig_<tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt>_alias<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>0</i></tt></code> is
integrated into <code class="VARNAME">ifconfig_<tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt>_alias<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>0</i></tt></code>.
Note that address family keywords are always required:</p>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
ifconfig_em0_alias0="inet 192.168.2.10 netmask 255.255.255.255"
ifconfig_em0_alias1="inet6 2001:db8:1::1 prefixlen 64
</pre>
<p>Although <code class="VARNAME">ipv6_ifconfig_<tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt>_alias<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>N</i></tt></code> is
still usable in FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE, it is only for backward compatibility.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A new <code class="VARNAME">ipv6_activate_all_interfaces</code> variable has been
added. If this variable is set to <tt class="LITERAL">YES</tt>, the <tt
class="LITERAL">IFDISABLED</tt> option will not be added even if <code
class="VARNAME">ifconfig_<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt>_ipv6</code> variables are
not defined. This can prevent <tt class="LITERAL">IFDISABLED</tt> on dynamically-added
interfaces such as <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ppp&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ppp</span>(4)</span></a>, <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tap&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">tap</span>(4)</span></a>, and <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ng_iface&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ng_iface</span>(4)</span></a>
where defining <code class="VARNAME">ifconfig_<tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>IF</i></tt>_ipv6</code> in advance is difficult.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="SECT3">
<hr />
<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN1613" name="AEN1613">3.2.5 Openresolv and <tt
class="FILENAME">/etc/resolv.conf</tt></a></h4>
<p>The <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=resolvconf&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">resolvconf</span>(8)</span></a>
utility has been added and it now handles updating the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=resolv.conf&sektion=5&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">resolv.conf</span>(5)</span></a>
file. Direct modifications to <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/resolv.conf</tt> can be
overwritten by network configuration utilities such as <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dhclient&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">dhclient</span>(8)</span></a> and
<a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rtsold&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">rtsold</span>(8)</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="SECT3">
<hr />
<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN1630" name="AEN1630">3.2.6 Disk Partition Management
Utilities</a></h4>
<p>In earlier releases various utilities were available to manage disk partition
information. They are deprecated in favor of the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gpart&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">gpart</span>(8)</span></a>
utility. Specifically, the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fdisk&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">fdisk</span>(8)</span></a>, <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=disklabel&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">disklabel</span>(8)</span></a> <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=bsdlabel&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">bsdlabel</span>(8)</span></a>, and
<a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sunlabel&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE">
<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sunlabel</span>(8)</span></a>
utilities are no longer supported actively though these are still available for backward
compatibility.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<hr />
<p align="center"><small>This file, and other release-related documents, can be
downloaded from <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/">http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/</a>.</small></p>
<p align="center"><small>For questions about FreeBSD, read the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/docs.html">documentation</a> before contacting <<a
href="mailto:questions@FreeBSD.org">questions@FreeBSD.org</a>>.</small></p>
<p align="center"><small>All users of FreeBSD 9.0-STABLE should subscribe to the <<a
href="mailto:stable@FreeBSD.org">stable@FreeBSD.org</a>> mailing list.</small></p>
<p align="center"><small>For questions about this documentation, e-mail <<a
href="mailto:doc@FreeBSD.org">doc@FreeBSD.org</a>>.</small></p>
</body>
</html>
|
