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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="koi8-r" standalone="no"?>
<!--
     The FreeBSD Russian Documentation Project

     $FreeBSD$
     $FreeBSDru: frdp/doc/ru_RU.KOI8-R/books/handbook/disks/chapter.sgml,v 1.88 2007/06/15 13:01:18 den Exp $

     Original revision: r36743
-->

<chapter id="disks">
  <chapterinfo>
    <authorgroup>
      <author>
	<firstname>áÎÄÒÅÊ</firstname>
	<surname>úÁÈ×ÁÔÏ×</surname>
	<contrib>ðÅÒÅ×ÏÄ ÎÁ ÒÕÓÓËÉÊ ÑÚÙË: </contrib>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>
  </chapterinfo>
  <title>õÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ</title>

  <sect1 id="disks-synopsis">
    <title>ëÒÁÔËÉÊ ÏÂÚÏÒ</title>

    <para>÷ ÜÔÏÊ ÇÌÁ×Å ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÄÉÓËÏ× ×Ï FreeBSD.  ë ÎÉÍ
      ÏÔÎÏÓÑÔÓÑ ÄÉÓËÉ × ÐÁÍÑÔÉ, ÄÉÓËÉ, ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÅ ÐÏ ÓÅÔÉ, ÏÂÙÞÎÙÅ
      ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ SCSI/IDE É ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÝÉÅ
      ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓ USB.</para>

    <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÊ ÇÌÁ×Ù ×Ù ÂÕÄÅÔÅ ÚÎÁÔØ:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para>ôÅÒÍÉÎÏÌÏÇÉÀ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÕÀ ×Ï FreeBSD ÄÌÑ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÑ ÏÒÇÁÎÉÚÁÃÉÉ
	  ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÎÁ ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÏÍ ÄÉÓËÅ (ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ É ÓÌÁÊÓÙ).</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>ëÁË ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒÙ Ë ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>ëÁË ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ &os; ÄÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÈ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×
	  USB.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>ëÁË ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÔÁËÉÅ, ËÁË ÄÉÓËÉ ×
	  ÏÐÅÒÁÔÉ×ÎÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>ëÁË ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ Ë×ÏÔÙ ÄÌÑ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ
	  ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>ëÁË ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÉÓËÉ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÚÁÝÉÔÉÔØ ÉÈ ÏÔ ×ÚÌÏÍÁ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>ëÁË ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØ É ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÔØ CD É DVD ×Ï FreeBSD.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>òÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ ÄÌÑ
	  ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÊ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>ëÁË ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, ÉÍÅÀÝÉÅÓÑ
	  ÄÌÑ FreeBSD.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>ëÁË ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÅ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>þÔÏ ÔÁËÏÅ ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ É ËÁË
	  ÉÈ ÜÆÆÅËÔÉ×ÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>ðÅÒÅÄ ÐÒÏÞÔÅÎÉÅÍ ÜÔÏÊ ÇÌÁ×Ù ×ÁÍ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para>õÚÎÁÔØ ËÁË ÎÁÓÔÒÁÉ×ÁÔØ É ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÔØ ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ FreeBSD
	  (<xref linkend="kernelconfig"/>).</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="disks-naming">
    <title>éÍÅÎÁ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×</title>

    <para>äÁÌÅÅ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ,
      ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ×Ï FreeBSD, É ÉÍÅÎÁ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÍ
      ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÔ.</para>

    <table id="disk-naming-physical-table" frame="none">
      <title>óÏÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÑ ÐÏ ÉÍÅÎÏ×ÁÎÉÀ ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÄÉÓËÏ×</title>

      <tgroup cols="2">
	<thead>
	  <row>
	    <entry>ôÉÐ ÄÉÓËÁ</entry>

	    <entry>éÍÑ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á</entry>
	  </row>
	</thead>

	<tbody>
	  <row>
	    <entry>÷ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒÙ IDE</entry>

	    <entry><literal>ad</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>ðÒÉ×ÏÄÙ IDE CDROM</entry>

	    <entry><literal>acd</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>÷ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒÙ SCSI É ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á USB</entry>

	    <entry><literal>da</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>ðÒÉ×ÏÄÙ SCSI CDROM</entry>

	    <entry><literal>cd</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>òÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÎÅÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙÅ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÙ CDROM</entry>

	    <entry><literal>mcd</literal> ÄÌÑ Mitsumi CD-ROM,
	      <literal>scd</literal> ÄÌÑ Sony CD-ROM
	    </entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>äÉÓËÅÔÙ</entry>

	    <entry><literal>fd</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>ìÅÎÔÏÞÎÙÅ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÙ SCSI</entry>

	    <entry><literal>sa</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>ìÅÎÔÏÞÎÙÅ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÙ IDE</entry>

	    <entry><literal>ast</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>æÌÜÛ-ÄÉÓËÉ</entry>

	    <entry><literal>fla</literal> ÄÌÑ ÆÌÜÛ-ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×
	      &diskonchip;</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>äÉÓËÉ RAID</entry>

	    <entry><literal>aacd</literal> ÄÌÑ &adaptec; AdvancedRAID,
	      <literal>mlxd</literal> É <literal>mlyd</literal> ÄÌÑ &mylex;,
	      <literal>amrd</literal> ÄÌÑ AMI &megaraid;,
	      <literal>idad</literal> ÄÌÑ Compaq Smart RAID,
	      <literal>twed</literal> ÄÌÑ &tm.3ware; RAID.</entry>
	  </row>
	</tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </table>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="disks-adding">
    <sect1info>
      <authorgroup>
	<author>
	  <firstname>David</firstname>
	  <surname>O'Brien</surname>
	  <contrib>éÚÎÁÞÁÌØÎÙÊ ÔÅËÓÔ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌ </contrib>
	</author>
      </authorgroup>
      <!-- 26 Apr 1998 -->
    </sect1info>

    <title>äÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÄÉÓËÏ×</title>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>ÄÉÓËÉ</primary>
      <secondary>ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÐÉÓÁÎ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ
      <acronym>SCSI</acronym> ÄÉÓËÁ ÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ,
      ÉÍÅÀÝÕÀ × ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÄÉÎ ÄÉÓË.  óÎÁÞÁÌÁ ×ÙËÌÀÞÉÍ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒ É
      ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÍ ÄÉÓË × ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÎÏ ÉÎÓÔÒÕËÃÉÑÍ Ë ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÕ,
      ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÕ É ÏÔ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÑ ÄÉÓËÁ.  éÚ-ÚÁ ÂÏÌØÛÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÎÏÏÂÒÁÚÉÑ
      ÜÔÉÈ ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒ ÉÈ ÒÁÓÓÍÏÔÒÅÎÉÅ ×ÙÈÏÄÉÔ ÚÁ ÒÁÍËÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ..</para>

    <para>÷ÏÊÄÉÔÅ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ËÁË ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ <username>root</username>.
      ðÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ×Ù ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÌÉ ÄÉÓË, ÐÒÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ
      <filename>/var/run/dmesg.boot</filename>, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÕÂÅÄÉÔØÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ÎÏ×ÙÊ
      ÄÉÓË ÂÙÌ ÎÁÊÄÅÎ.	ðÒÏÄÏÌÖÁÑ ÎÁÛ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÔÏÌØËÏ ÞÔÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÎÙÊ ÄÉÓË
      ÂÕÄÅÔ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÔØÓÑ <devicename>da1</devicename> É ÍÙ ÈÏÔÉÍ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÅÇÏ
      × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>/1</filename> (ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÑÅÔÅ ÄÉÓË IDE, ÔÏ
      ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÂÕÄÅÔ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÔØÓÑ <devicename>ad1</devicename>).</para>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>ÓÌÁÊÓÙ</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>fdisk</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>FreeBSD ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÎÁ IBM-PC ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÙÈ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁÈ, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÏÎÁ
      ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÕÍÅÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁÍÉ PC BIOS.  ïÄÎÁËÏ ÏÎÉ ÏÔÌÉÞÁÀÔÓÑ ÏÔ
      ÔÒÁÄÉÃÉÏÎÎÙÈ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ× BSD.  äÉÓË ðë ÍÏÖÅÔ ÉÍÅÔØ ÄÏ ÞÅÔÙÒ£È
      ÚÁÐÉÓÅÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ× BIOS.  åÓÌÉ ÄÉÓË ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ
      ÉÓËÌÀÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÐÏÄ FreeBSD, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÒÅÖÉÍ
      <emphasis>dedicated</emphasis>.  ÷ ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ FreeBSD ÂÕÄÅÔ
      ÒÁÓÐÏÌÁÇÁÔØÓÑ × ÏÄÎÏÍ ÉÚ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ× PC BIOS.  ÷Ï FreeBSD ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ PC BIOS
      ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÀÔÓÑ <emphasis>ÓÌÁÊÓÁÍÉ</emphasis>, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÎÅ ÐÕÔÁÔØ ÉÈ Ó
      ÔÒÁÄÉÃÉÏÎÎÙÍÉ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁÍÉ BSD.  ÷Ù ÔÁËÖÅ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÌÁÊÓÙ É Ó
      ÄÉÓËÏÍ, ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÎÙÍ ÉÓËÌÀÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÄÌÑ FreeBSD, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÍ
      × ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÅ, ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÁÑ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ.
      üÔÏ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÈÏÒÏÛÉÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ ÉÚÂÅÖÁÔØ ÐÕÔÁÎÉÃÙ × ÕÔÉÌÉÔÅ
      <command>fdisk</command> ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ, ÎÅ Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÙÈ Ó
      FreeBSD.</para>

    <para>÷ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÓÌÁÊÓÏ× ÄÉÓË ÂÕÄÅÔ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎ ËÁË
      <filename>/dev/da1s1e</filename>.  üÔÏ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍ
      ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ: ÄÉÓË SCSI, ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÎÏÍÅÒ 1 (×ÔÏÒÏÊ ÄÉÓË SCSI), ÓÌÁÊÓ 1
      (ÒÁÚÄÅÌ PC BIOS 1), É ÒÁÚÄÅÌ BSD <filename>e</filename>.	÷ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ
      ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ × ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÎÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ÄÉÓË ÂÕÄÅÔ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ËÁË
      <filename>/dev/da1e</filename>.</para>

    <para>÷ÓÌÅÄÓÔ×ÉÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ 32-ÒÁÚÒÑÄÎÙÈ ÃÅÌÙÈ ÞÉÓÅÌ ÄÌÑ ÁÄÒÅÓÁÃÉÉ
      ÓÅËÔÏÒÏ×, &man.bsdlabel.8; ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎ 2^32-1 ÓÅËÔÏÒÁÍÉ ÎÁ ÄÉÓË, ÉÌÉ 2TB
      × ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Å ÓÌÕÞÁÅ×.  æÏÒÍÁÔ &man.fdisk.8; ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÎÁÌÉÞÉÅ
      ÐÅÒ×ÏÇÏ ÓÅËÔÏÒÁ ÓÏ ÓÍÅÝÅÎÉÅÍ ÎÅ ÂÏÌÅÅ 2^32-1 É ÄÌÉÎÕ ÎÅ ÂÏÌÅÅ
      2^32-1, ÞÔÏ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉ×ÁÅÔ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ ÄÏ 2TB, Á ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÄÉÓËÁ
      ÄÏ 4TB × ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Å ÓÌÕÞÁÅ×.  æÏÒÍÁÔ &man.sunlabel.8; ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎ
      2^32-1 ÓÅËÔÏÒÁÍÉ ÎÁ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ É 8 ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁÍÉ, ÞÔÏ ÓÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ 16TB.
      äÌÑ ÄÉÓËÏ× ÂÏÌØÛÅÇÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÙ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ
      &man.gpt.8;.</para>

    <sect2>
      <title>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ &man.sysinstall.8;</title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary><application>sysinstall</application></primary>
	<secondary>ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÄÉÓËÏ×</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>su</primary>
      </indexterm>

      <procedure>
	<step>
	  <title>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ <application>Sysinstall</application></title>

	  <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÏÓÔÙÅ ÍÅÎÀ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ
	    <command>sysinstall</command> ÄÌÑ ÒÁÚÂÉÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ É
	    ÒÁÚÍÅÔËÉ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ.  ÷ÏÊÄÉÔÅ ËÁË ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ
	    <username>root</username> ÉÌÉ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ
	    <command>su</command>.  úÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ
	    <command>sysinstall</command> É ×ÏÊÄÉÔÅ × ÍÅÎÀ
	    <literal>Configure</literal>.  ÷ÎÕÔÒÉ <literal>FreeBSD
	    Configuration Menu</literal>, ÐÒÏÌÉÓÔÁÊÔÅ É ×ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ ÐÕÎËÔ
	    <literal>Fdisk</literal>.</para>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <title>òÅÄÁËÔÏÒ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ× <application>fdisk</application></title>

	  <para>ðÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ Ó ÕÔÉÌÉÔÏÊ <application>fdisk</application> ÎÁÖÁÔÉÅ
	    <keycap>A</keycap> ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÄ
	    FreeBSD ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ.  ëÏÇÄÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁÄÁÎ ×ÏÐÒÏÓ Ï ÔÏÍ,
	    ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÌÉ ×Ù <quote>ÓÏÈÒÁÎÉÔØ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÏÓÔØ Ó ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÍÉ
	    ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÍÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍÉ × ÂÕÄÕÝÅÍ</quote>, ÏÔ×ÅÔØÔÅ
	    <literal>YES</literal>.  úÁÐÉÛÉÔÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ ÄÉÓË ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ
	    ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ <keycap>W</keycap>.  á ÔÅÐÅÒØ ×ÙÊÄÉÔÅ ÉÚ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÁ
	    FDISK, ÎÁÖÁ× <keycap>Q</keycap>.  ÷ ÜÔÏÔ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ×ÁÍ ÂÕÄÅÔ
	    ÚÁÄÁÎ ×ÏÐÒÏÓ Ï <quote>Master Boot Record</quote> (ÇÌÁ×ÎÏÊ
	    ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÏÊ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ).  ôÁË ËÁË ×Ù ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÑÅÔÅ ÄÉÓË Ë ÕÖÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÅÊ
	    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ, ×ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ <literal>None</literal>.</para>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <title>òÅÄÁËÔÏÒ ÍÅÔËÉ ÄÉÓËÁ</title>

	  <indexterm><primary>ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ BSD</primary></indexterm>

	  <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ×ÙÊÔÉ ÉÚ <application>sysinstall</application>
	    É ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ ÜÔÕ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÕ ÓÎÏ×Á.  óÌÅÄÕÊÔÅ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑÍ ×ÙÛÅ, ÎÏ ÎÁ ÜÔÏÔ
	    ÒÁÚ ×ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ ÐÕÎËÔ <literal>Label</literal>.  ÷Ù ÐÅÒÅÊÄ£ÔÅ Ë
	    ÍÅÎÀ <literal>Disk Label Editor</literal>.
	    úÄÅÓØ ×Ù ÓÏÚÄÁÄÉÔÅ ÔÒÁÄÉÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ BSD.  îÁ ÄÉÓËÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ
	    ÄÏ ×ÏÓØÍÉ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×, ÉÍÅÀÝÉÈ ÍÅÔËÉ <literal>a-h</literal>.
	    îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÚ ÍÅÔÏË ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×
	    ÉÍÅÀÔ ÏÓÏÂÙÊ ÓÍÙÓÌ.  òÁÚÄÅÌ <literal>a</literal> ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ
	    ÒÁÚÍÅÝÅÎÉÑ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ (<filename>/</filename>).  ðÏ ÜÔÏÊ
	    ÐÒÉÞÉÎÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ ×ÁÛ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÊ ÄÉÓË (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÔÏÔ, Ó ËÏÔÏÒÏÇÏ
	    ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÁ), ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÉÍÅÔØ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ <literal>a</literal>.
	    òÁÚÄÅÌ <literal>b</literal> ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÐÏÄ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ, É ×Ù
	    ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÍÅÔØ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÏ× Ó ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁÍÉ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ.  òÁÚÄÅÌ
	    <literal>c</literal> ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ ËÏ ×ÓÅÍÕ ÄÉÓËÕ ×
	    ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ÜËÓËÌÀÚÉ×ÎÏÇÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÉÌÉ ËÏ ×ÓÅÍÕ ÓÌÁÊÓÕ FreeBSD ÐÒÉ
	    ÒÁÂÏÔÅ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ Ó ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ ÓÌÁÊÓÏ×.  ïÓÔÁÌØÎÙÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ ÉÍÅÀÔ
	    ÏÂÙÞÎÏÅ ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ.</para>

	  <para>òÅÄÁËÔÏÒ ÍÅÔËÉ ÄÉÓËÁ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ
	    <application>sysinstall</application> ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ
	    <literal>e</literal> ÄÌÑ ÎÅËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ É ÎÅ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ
	    ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ.  ÷ÎÕÔÒÉ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÁ ÍÅÔËÉ ÄÉÓËÁ ÓÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÕÀ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ
	    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ, ÎÁÖÁ× <keycap>C</keycap>.  ëÏÇÄÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁÄÁÎ
	    ×ÏÐÒÏÓ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÂÕÄÅÔ ÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ Ó ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ (FS) ÉÌÉ ÜÔÏ
	    ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ, ×ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ <literal>FS</literal> É ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ
	    ÔÏÞËÕ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, <filename>/mnt</filename>).  ðÒÉ
	    ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÉ ÄÉÓËÁ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ
	    <application>sysinstall</application> ÎÅ
	    ÂÕÄÅÔ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
	    <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÔÏÞËÁ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÎÅ ÔÁË
	    ÕÖ É ×ÁÖÎÁ.</para>

	  <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ×Ù ÇÏÔÏ×Ù ÚÁÐÉÓÁÔØ ÎÏ×ÕÀ ÍÅÔËÕ ÎÁ ÄÉÓË É ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÎÁ ÎÅÍ
	    ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ.  óÄÅÌÁÊÔÅ ÜÔÏ, ÎÁÖÁ× <keycap>W</keycap>.
	    ðÒÏÉÇÎÏÒÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ ÏÂ ÏÛÉÂËÁÈ ÏÔ
	    <application>sysinstall</application> Ï ÎÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ
	    ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ.  ðÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ×ÙÊÄÉÔÅ ÉÚ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÁ ÍÅÔËÉ ÄÉÓËÁ É ÉÚ
	    ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ <application>sysinstall</application>.</para>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <title>úÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÅ</title>

	  <para>ðÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÊ ÛÁÇ ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ × ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÆÁÊÌÁ
	    <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> É ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÉ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÄÌÑ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ
	    ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ.</para>
	</step>
      </procedure>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÕÔÉÌÉÔ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÉ</title>

      <sect3>
	<title>òÁÂÏÔÁ ÓÏ ÓÌÁÊÓÁÍÉ</title>

	<para>óÌÅÄÕÀÝÁÑ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔ ×ÁÛÅÍÕ ÄÉÓËÕ ËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó
	  ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÍÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÙ ÎÁ
	  ×ÁÛÅÍ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÅ, É ÎÅ ×ÙÚÏ×ÅÔ ËÏÎÆÌÉËÔÁ Ó ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁÍÉ
	  <command>fdisk</command> ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ.  üÔÏÔ ÓÐÏÓÏÂ
	  ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÔÓÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÌÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÏË ÎÏ×ÙÈ ÄÉÓËÏ×.  éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ
	  <literal>ÜËÓËÌÀÚÉ×ÎÙÊ</literal> ÒÅÖÉÍ, ÔÏÌØËÏ ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ
	  ÒÅÁÌØÎÙÅ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÙ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ!</para>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/da1 bs=1k count=1</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>fdisk -BI da1</userinput> # éÎÉÃÉÁÌÉÚÉÒÕÅÍ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÄÉÓË.
&prompt.root; <userinput>bsdlabel -B -w da1s1 auto</userinput> # òÁÚÍÅÞÁÅÍ ÅÇÏ.
&prompt.root; <userinput>bsdlabel -e da1s1</userinput> # òÅÄÁËÔÉÒÕÅÍ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÞÔÏ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÎÕÀ ÍÅÔËÕ ÄÉÓËÁ É ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÑÅÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ.
&prompt.root; <userinput>mkdir -p /1</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs /dev/da1s1e</userinput> # ðÏ×ÔÏÒÑÅÍ ÜÔÏÔ ÛÁÇ ÄÌÑ ×ÓÅÈ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×.
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/da1s1e /1</userinput> # íÏÎÔÉÒÕÅÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ(Ù)
&prompt.root; <userinput>vi /etc/fstab</userinput> # äÏÂÁ×ÌÑÅÍ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÕÀ ÚÁÐÉÓØ/ÚÁÐÉÓÉ × ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>.</screen>

	<para>åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ ÄÉÓË IDE, ÐÏÄÓÔÁ×ØÔÅ
	  <filename>ad</filename> ×ÍÅÓÔÏ <filename>da</filename>.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3>
	<title>üËÓËÌÀÚÉ×ÎÙÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ</title>

	<indexterm><primary>OS/2</primary></indexterm>

	<para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÄÉÓË ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÎÏ Ó ÄÒÕÇÏÊ
	  ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÒÅÖÉÍ
	  <literal>ÜËÓËÌÀÚÉ×ÎÏÇÏ</literal> ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.  ïÔÍÅÔØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏÔ
	  ÒÅÖÉÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ××ÅÓÔÉ × ÚÁÂÌÕÖÄÅÎÉÅ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÏÔ Microsoft;
	  ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ ÏÎÉ ÎÅ ÒÁÚÒÕÛÁÔ.  á ×ÏÔ &os2; ËÏÍÐÁÎÉÉ IBM ÂÕÄÅÔ
	  <quote>ÚÁÂÉÒÁÔØ ÓÅÂÅ</quote> ÌÀÂÏÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÏÎÁ ÎÁÊÄÅÔ É ÎÅ
	  ÓÍÏÖÅÔ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁÔØ.</para>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/da1 bs=1k count=1</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>bsdlabel -Bw da1 auto</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>bsdlabel -e da1</userinput>                           # create the `e' partition
&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs /dev/da1e</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>mkdir -p /1</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>vi /etc/fstab</userinput>                              # add an entry for /dev/da1e
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /1</userinput></screen>

	<para>áÌØÔÅÒÎÁÔÉ×ÎÙÊ ÍÅÔÏÄ ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ × ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍ:</para>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/da1 count=2</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>bsdlabel /dev/da1 | bsdlabel -BR da1 /dev/stdin</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs /dev/da1e</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>mkdir -p /1</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>vi /etc/fstab</userinput>                              # add an entry for /dev/da1e
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /1</userinput></screen>

      </sect3>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="raid">
    <title>RAID</title>

    <sect2 id="raid-soft">
      <title>ðÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÙÊ RAID</title>

      <sect3 id="ccd">
	<sect3info>
	  <authorgroup>
	    <author>
	      <firstname>Christopher</firstname>
	      <surname>Shumway</surname>
	      <contrib>ïÒÉÇÉÎÁÌØÎÙÊ ÔÅËÓÔ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌ </contrib>
	    </author>
	  </authorgroup>

	  <authorgroup>
	    <author>
	      <firstname>Jim</firstname>
	      <surname>Brown</surname>
	      <contrib>éÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ×Î£Ó </contrib>
	    </author>
	  </authorgroup>
	</sect3info>

	<title>ëÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÑ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÁ ÏÂßÅÄÉΣÎÎÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ (CCD)</title>

	<indexterm>
	  <primary>RAID</primary><secondary>ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÙÊ</secondary>
	</indexterm>

	<indexterm>
	  <primary>RAID</primary><secondary>CCD</secondary>
	</indexterm>

	<para>ðÒÉ ×ÙÂÏÒÅ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ ÄÌÑ ÏÒÇÁÎÉÚÁÃÉÉ ÈÒÁÎÉÌÉÝÁ ÓÁÍÙÍÉ ×ÁÖÎÙÍÉ
	  ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉËÁÍÉ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØ, ÎÁÄÅÖÎÏÓÔØ É ÓÔÏÉÍÏÓÔØ.  òÅÄËÏ
	  ×ÓÅ ÜÔÉ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉËÉ ÎÁÌÉÞÅÓÔ×ÕÀÔ ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ; ÏÂÙÞÎÏ
	  ÂÙÓÔÒÏÅ É ÎÁÄ£ÖÎÏÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ ÓÔÏÉÔ ÄÏÒÏÇÏ, Á ÐÒÉ
	  ÕÍÅÎØÛÅÎÉÉ ÓÔÏÉÍÏÓÔÉ × ÖÅÒÔ×Õ ÐÒÉÎÏÓÑÔÓÑ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÉÌÉ
	  ÎÁÄ£ÖÎÏÓÔØ.</para>

	<para>ðÒÉ ÐÒÏÅËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÍÏÊ ÄÁÌÅÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å
	  ÓÁÍÏÇÏ ×ÁÖÎÏÇÏ ÆÁËÔÏÒÁ ÂÙÌÁ ×ÙÂÒÁÎÁ Å£ ÓÔÏÉÍÏÓÔØ, ÚÁÔÅÍ
	  ÂÙÓÔÒÏÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÅ É ÎÁÄ£ÖÎÏÓÔØ.  óËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÊ
	  ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉ×ÁÌÁÓØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÒÏÐÕÓËÎÏÊ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÎÏÓÔØÀ ÓÅÔÉ.  é,
	  ÈÏÔÑ ÎÁÄ£ÖÎÏÓÔØ ÏÞÅÎØ ×ÁÖÎÁ, CCD-ÄÉÓË, ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÍÙÊ ÎÉÖÅ,
	  ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÌ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ Ó ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ, ÐÏÌÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÕÖÅ ÈÒÁÎÉÌÉÓØ ÎÁ
	  ÄÉÓËÁÈ CD-R, ÔÁË ÏÎÉ ÍÏÇÌÉ ÂÙÔØ Ó Ì£ÇËÏÓÔØÀ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÙ.</para>

	<para>ðÒÉ ×ÙÂÏÒÅ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ ÄÌÑ ÍÁÓÓÏ×ÏÇÏ ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÐÅÒ×ÙÍ ÛÁÇÏÍ
	  Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ ×ÁÛÉÈ ÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÎÉÊ Ë ÎÅÍÕ.  åÓÌÉ × ×ÁÛÉÈ
	  ÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÎÉÑÈ ÇÌÁ×ÎÙÍÉ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÉÌÉ ÎÁÄ£ÖÎÏÓÔØ, Á ÎÅ
	  ÓÔÏÉÍÏÓÔØ, ÔÏ ×ÁÛ ×ÙÂÏÒ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÔÌÉÞÁÔØÓÑ ÏÔ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÍÏÊ × ÜÔÏÍ
	  ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>

	<sect4 id="ccd-installhw">
	  <title>õÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÑ</title>

	  <para>ëÒÏÍÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÇÏ IDE-ÄÉÓËÁ, ÏÓÎÏ×Õ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÍÏÇÏ ÄÁÌÅÅ CCD-ÄÉÓËÁ
	    ÏÂÝÉÍ ÏÂߣÍÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ × 90 çÂÁÊÔ ÓÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌÉ ÔÒÉ IDE-ÄÉÓËÁ Western
	    Digital 30GB, 5400 RPM.  ÷ ÉÄÅÁÌØÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÄÉÓË IDE ÉÍÅÅÔ
	    ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÊ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒ É ËÁÂÅÌØ, ÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÍÉÎÉÍÉÚÁÃÉÉ ÓÔÏÉÍÏÓÔÉ
	    ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÙ IDE ÎÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÉÓØ.  ÷ÍÅÓÔÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ
	    ÄÉÓËÉ ÂÙÌÉ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅÎÙ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ÐÅÒÅËÌÀÞÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÔÁË, ÞÔÏ ÎÁ ËÁÖÄÏÍ
	    IDE-ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÅ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÌÏÓØ ÐÏ ÏÄÎÏÍÕ ×ÅÄÕÝÅÍÕ É ÏÄÎÏÍÕ ×ÅÄÏÍÏÍÕ
	    ÄÉÓËÕ.</para>

	  <para>äÏ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ BIOS ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÂÙÌÁ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅÎÁ ÎÁ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÅ
	    ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁ×ÁÎÉÅ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÈ ÄÉÓËÏ×.  âÏÌÅÅ ×ÁÖÎÏ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÉ
	    ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ ÉÈ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁÌÁ FreeBSD:</para>

	  <programlisting>ad0: 19574MB &lt;WDC WD205BA&gt; [39770/16/63] at ata0-master UDMA33
ad1: 29333MB &lt;WDC WD307AA&gt; [59598/16/63] at ata0-slave UDMA33
ad2: 29333MB &lt;WDC WD307AA&gt; [59598/16/63] at ata1-master UDMA33
ad3: 29333MB &lt;WDC WD307AA&gt; [59598/16/63] at ata1-slave UDMA33</programlisting>

	  <note>
	    <para>åÓÌÉ FreeBSD ÎÅ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁÌÁ ×ÓÅ ÄÉÓËÉ, ÐÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ ËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÏÓÔØ
	      ÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ ÐÅÒÅËÌÀÞÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÎÁ ÎÉÈ.  îÁ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Å IDE-ÄÉÓËÏ×
	      ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÅÒÅËÌÀÞÁÔÅÌØ <quote>Cable Select</quote>.  ïÎ
	      <emphasis>ÎÅ ÉÍÅÅÔ</emphasis> ÏÔÎÏÛÅÎÉÑ Ë ×ÙÂÏÒÕ ×ÅÄÕÝÅÇÏ É
	      ×ÅÄÏÍÏÇÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×.  äÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ÐÏ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏÍÕ
	      ÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÀ ÐÅÒÅËÌÀÞÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÉ ÐÏ
	      ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÁÍ.</para>
	  </note>

	  <para>úÁÔÅÍ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔÅ, ËÁË ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÉÈ ÞÁÓÔØÀ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.
	    éÚÕÞÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ &man.vinum.4; (<xref linkend="vinum-vinum"/>) É
	    &man.ccd.4;.  ÷ ÎÁÛÅÍ ËÏÎËÒÅÔÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÂÙÌÁ ×ÙÂÒÁÎÁ ÔÅÈÎÏÌÏÇÉÑ
	    &man.ccd.4;.</para>
	</sect4>

	<sect4 id="ccd-setup">
	  <title>îÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁ CCD</title>

	  <para>äÒÁÊ×ÅÒ &man.ccd.4; ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ×ÁÍ ×ÚÑÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ
	    ÉÄÅÎÔÉÞÎÙÈ ÄÉÓËÏ× É ÏÂßÅÄÉÎÉÔØ ÉÈ × ÏÄÎÕ ÌÏÇÉÞÅÓËÕÀ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ
	    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ.  äÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ &man.ccd.4; ÎÕÖÎÏ
	    ÑÄÒÏ ÓÏ ×ÓÔÒÏÅÎÎÏÊ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÏÊ &man.ccd.4;.
	    äÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÔÁËÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ × ÆÁÊÌ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ, ÐÅÒÅÓÔÒÏÊÔÅ É
	    ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ:</para>

	  <programlisting>device   ccd</programlisting>

	  <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ &man.ccd.4;
	    ÔÁËÖÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÁ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÏÊ ÐÏÄÇÒÕÖÁÅÍÏÇÏ ÍÏÄÕÌÑ
	    ÑÄÒÁ.</para>

	  <para>äÌÑ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ &man.ccd.4; ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ×ÁÍ
	    ÎÕÖÎÏ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÏÊ &man.bsdlabel.8; ÄÌÑ ÒÁÚÍÅÔËÉ
	    ÄÉÓËÏ×:</para>

	  <programlisting>bsdlabel -w ad1 auto
bsdlabel -w ad2 auto
bsdlabel -w ad3 auto</programlisting>

	  <para>ðÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÓÏÚÄÁÀÔÓÑ ÍÅÔËÉ ÄÌÑ <devicename>ad1c</devicename>,
	    <devicename>ad2c</devicename> É <devicename>ad3c</devicename>,
	    ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÚÁÎÉÍÁÀÔ ÄÉÓË ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ.</para>

	  <para>óÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍ ÛÁÇÏÍ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ ÔÉÐÁ ÍÅÔËÉ ÄÉÓËÁ.  äÌÑ
	    ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÉÓËÏ× ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÕ
	    &man.bsdlabel.8;:</para>

	  <programlisting>bsdlabel -e ad1
bsdlabel -e ad2
bsdlabel -e ad3</programlisting>

	  <para>ðÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ × ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÅ, ÚÁÄÁ×ÁÅÍÏÍ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ
	    <envar>EDITOR</envar> (ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÜÔÏ &man.vi.1;),
	    ÏÔËÒÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÔÅËÕÝÁÑ ÍÅÔËÁ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ.</para>

	  <para>îÅ ÍÏÄÉÆÉÃÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÁÑ ÍÅÔËÁ ÄÉÓËÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÔØ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ
	    ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ:</para>

	  <programlisting>8 partitions:
#        size   offset    fstype   [fsize bsize bps/cpg]
  c: 60074784        0    unused        0     0     0   # (Cyl.    0 - 59597)</programlisting>

	  <para>äÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ <literal>e</literal> ÄÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ
	    ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÏÍ &man.ccd.4;.  ëÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÏÎ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÓËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎ Ó
	    ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ <literal>c</literal>, ÎÏ ÐÏÌÅ <option>fstype</option>
	    <emphasis>ÄÏÌÖÎÏ</emphasis> ÉÍÅÔØ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ
	    <userinput>4.2BSD</userinput>.  ôÅÐÅÒØ ÍÅÔËÁ ÄÉÓËÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÔØ
	    ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÔÁË:</para>

	  <programlisting>8 partitions:
#        size   offset    fstype   [fsize bsize bps/cpg]
  c: 60074784        0    unused        0     0     0   # (Cyl.    0 - 59597)
  e: 60074784        0    4.2BSD        0     0     0   # (Cyl.    0 - 59597)</programlisting>
	</sect4>

	<sect4 id="ccd-buildingfs">
	  <title>ðÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ</title>

	  <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×ÓÅ ÄÉÓËÉ ÒÁÚÍÅÞÅÎÙ, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÉÔØ
	    &man.ccd.4;.  äÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÕ
	    &man.ccdconfig.8; Ó ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁÍÉ, ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÍÉ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍ:</para>

	  <programlisting>ccdconfig ccd0<co id="co-ccd-dev"/> 32<co id="co-ccd-interleave"/> 0<co id="co-ccd-flags"/> /dev/ad1e<co id="co-ccd-devs"/> /dev/ad2e /dev/ad3e</programlisting>

	  <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ É ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ
	    ÎÉÖÅ:</para>

	  <calloutlist>
	    <callout arearefs="co-ccd-dev">
	      <para>ðÅÒ×ÙÍ ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÏÍ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÕÅÍÏÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï,
		× ÎÁÛÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ <filename>/dev/ccd0c</filename>.  þÁÓÔØ
		<filename>/dev/</filename> Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÅÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÏÊ.</para>
	    </callout>

	    <callout arearefs="co-ccd-interleave">
	      <para>þÅÒÅÄÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  ïÎÏ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ
		ÅÄÉÎÉÃÙ ÂÌÏËÁ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ × ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Å ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÈ ÂÌÏËÏ×, ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÉÚ
		ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÏÂß£Í × 512 ÂÁÊÔ.  ôÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ, ÐÒÉ
		ÞÅÒÅÄÏ×ÁÎÉÉ × 32 ÜÔÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÔØ 16384 ÂÁÊÔ.</para>
	    </callout>

	    <callout arearefs="co-ccd-flags">
	      <para>ïÐÃÉÉ ÄÌÑ &man.ccdconfig.8;.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ
		ÚÅÒËÁÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÄÉÓËÁ, ÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÁÄÁÔØ ÜÔÏ ÚÄÅÓØ.  ÷ ÎÁÛÅÊ
		ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÚÅÒËÁÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ &man.ccd.4; ÎÅ ÐÒÅÄÕÓÍÏÔÒÅÎÏ,
		ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÚÄÅÓØ ÚÁÄÁÎ 0 (ÎÏÌØ).</para>
	    </callout>

	    <callout arearefs="co-ccd-devs">
	      <para>ðÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÍ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏÍ ÄÌÑ &man.ccdconfig.8;
		Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× ÄÌÑ ÏÂßÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ × ÍÁÓÓÉ×.  äÌÑ
		ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÎÕÖÎÏ ÚÁÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÐÏÌÎÏÅ ÉÍÑ.</para>
	    </callout>
	  </calloutlist>

	  <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ &man.ccdconfig.8; ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï
	    &man.ccd.4; ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÔËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÏ.  íÏÖÅÔ
	    ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ.  ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÐÒÁ×ËÅ ÐÏ
	    ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ &man.newfs.8; ÄÌÑ ×ÙÑÓÎÅÎÉÑ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÍÙÈ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ×, ÉÌÉ
	    ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ: </para>

	  <programlisting>newfs /dev/ccd0c</programlisting>
	</sect4>

	<sect4 id="ccd-auto">
	  <title>á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ</title>

	  <para>÷ÏÏÂÝÅ ÇÏ×ÏÒÑ, ×ÁÍ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ
	    &man.ccd.4; ÐÒÉ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ.  äÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ
	    ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÏÔËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÜÔÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï.  úÁÐÉÛÉÔÅ
	    ×ÁÛÕ ÔÅËÕÝÕÀ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÀ × ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/ccd.conf</filename>
	    ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ÔÁËÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ:</para>

	  <programlisting>ccdconfig -g &gt; /etc/ccd.conf</programlisting>

	  <para>ðÒÉ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ ÓËÒÉÐÔ <command>/etc/rc</command> ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔ
	    ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>ccdconfig -C</command>, ÅÓÌÉ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÆÁÊÌ
	    <filename>/etc/ccd.conf</filename>.  ðÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ
	    &man.ccd.4; Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ÔÁË,
	    ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÎ ÍÏÇ ÂÙÔØ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎ.</para>

	  <note>
	    <para>åÓÌÉ ÐÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ ×Ù ×ÈÏÄÉÔÅ × ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ, ÔÏ
	      ÐÅÒÅÄ ÔÅÍ, ËÁË ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ &man.ccd.4; ÐÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ
	      &man.mount.8;, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÄÌÑ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÍÁÓÓÉ×Á
	      ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

	    <programlisting>ccdconfig -C</programlisting>
	  </note>

	  <para>äÌÑ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ &man.ccd.4;
	    ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ÚÁÐÉÓØ Ï &man.ccd.4; × ÆÁÊÌ
	    <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÎ ÍÏÇ ÂÙÔØ
	    ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ:</para>

	  <programlisting>/dev/ccd0c              /media       ufs     rw      2       2</programlisting>
	</sect4>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="vinum">
	<title>íÅÎÅÄÖÅÒ ÔÏÍÏ× Vinum</title>

	<indexterm>
	  <primary>RAID</primary><secondary>ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÙÊ</secondary>
	</indexterm>

	<indexterm>
	  <primary>RAID</primary><secondary>Vinum</secondary>
	</indexterm>

	<para>íÅÎÅÄÖÅÒ ÔÏÍÏ× Vinum Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÏÍ ÂÌÏÞÎÏÇÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á,
	  ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÒÅÁÌÉÚÕÅÔ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÅ ÄÉÓËÉ.  ïÎ ÏÔÄÅÌÑÅÔ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÅ
	  ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÏÔ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÁ ÂÌÏÞÎÏÇÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á É ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ Ó ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ
	  ÔÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ, ÞÔÏ × ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÅ ÐÏ×ÙÛÁÅÔÓÑ ÇÉÂËÏÓÔØ,
	  ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ É ÎÁÄ£ÖÎÏÓÔØ ÐÏ ÓÒÁ×ÎÅÎÉÀ Ó ÔÒÁÄÉÃÉÏÎÎÙÍ
	  ×ÚÇÌÑÄÏÍ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÅ ÈÒÁÎÉÌÉÝÅ ËÁË ÎÁ ËÕÓÏË ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á.
	  &man.vinum.4; ÒÅÁÌÉÚÕÅÔ ÍÏÄÅÌÉ RAID-0, RAID-1 É RAID-5, ËÁË ÐÏ
	  ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ, ÔÁË É × ËÏÍÂÉÎÁÃÉÑÈ.</para>

	<para>ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë <xref linkend="vinum-vinum"/> ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ
	  ÐÏÌÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ Ï &man.vinum.4;.</para>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="raid-hard">
      <title>áÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÙÊ RAID</title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>RAID</primary>
	<secondary>ïÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÅ</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>FreeBSD ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÔÁËÖÅ ÃÅÌÙÊ ÒÑÄ ÁÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÙÈ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÏ×
	<acronym>RAID</acronym>.  üÔÉ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÓÁÍÏÓÔÏÑÔÅÌØÎÏ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÑÀÔ
	<acronym>RAID</acronym>-ÐÏÄÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ, ÂÅÚ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÉÍÅÔØ
	ÓÐÅÃÉÆÉÞÎÏÅ ÄÌÑ FreeBSD ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÅ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÑ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ
	ÍÁÓÓÉ×ÏÍ.</para>

      <para>ðÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ×ÓÔÒÏÅÎÎÏÊ × ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ <acronym>BIOS</acronym>, ÏÎ
	ÓÁÍ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×ÏÍ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÈ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÊ.  äÁÌÅÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ËÒÁÔËÏÅ
	ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÁ Promise
	<acronym>IDE</acronym> <acronym>RAID</acronym>.
	ðÏÓÌÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁ É ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ×ÙÄÁ£ÔÓÑ
	ÚÁÐÒÏÓ ÎÁ ××ÏÄ.  óÌÅÄÕÊÔÅ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑÍ ÄÌÑ ×ÈÏÄÁ × ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÕ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁ.
	ïÔÓÀÄÁ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÂßÅÄÉÎÉÔØ ×ÓÅ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÅ ÄÉÓËÉ.  ðÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ
	×Ï FreeBSD ÄÉÓË(É) ÂÕÄÕÔ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÔØ ËÁË ÏÄÉÎ ÄÉÓË.  áÎÁÌÏÇÉÞÎÏ ÍÏÇÕÔ
	ÂÙÔØ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅÎÙ É ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÕÒÏ×ÎÉ <acronym>RAID</acronym>.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>ðÅÒÅÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÅ ÍÁÓÓÉ×Ï× ATA RAID1</title>

      <para>FreeBSD ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ×ÁÍ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ÇÏÒÑÞÕÀ ÚÁÍÅÎÕ ×ÙÛÅÄÛÅÇÏ ÉÚ ÓÔÒÏÑ
	ÄÉÓËÁ.  ðÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ×Ù ÚÁÍÅÔÉÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÄÏ
	ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ.</para>

      <para>÷ÅÒÏÑÔÎÏ, × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/var/log/messages</filename> ÉÌÉ ×
	×ÙÄÁÞÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ &man.dmesg.8; ×Ù Õ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:</para>

      <programlisting>ad6 on monster1 suffered a hard error.
ad6: READ command timeout tag=0 serv=0 - resetting
ad6: trying fallback to PIO mode
ata3: resetting devices .. done
ad6: hard error reading fsbn 1116119 of 0-7 (ad6 bn 1116119; cn 1107 tn 4 sn 11)\\
status=59 error=40
ar0: WARNING - mirror lost</programlisting>

      <para>ðÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ &man.atacontrol.8; ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÕÀ
	ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>atacontrol list</userinput>
ATA channel 0:
        Master:      no device present
        Slave:       acd0 &lt;HL-DT-ST CD-ROM GCR-8520B/1.00&gt; ATA/ATAPI rev 0

ATA channel 1:
        Master:      no device present
        Slave:       no device present

ATA channel 2:
        Master:      ad4 &lt;MAXTOR 6L080J4/A93.0500&gt; ATA/ATAPI rev 5
        Slave:       no device present

ATA channel 3:
        Master:      ad6 &lt;MAXTOR 6L080J4/A93.0500&gt; ATA/ATAPI rev 5
        Slave:       no device present

&prompt.root; <userinput>atacontrol status ar0</userinput>
ar0: ATA RAID1 subdisks: ad4 ad6 status: DEGRADED</screen>

      <procedure>
	<step>
	  <para>óÎÁÞÁÌÁ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÏÔËÌÀÞÉÔØ ËÁÎÁÌ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÁ ATA, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÊ
	    ÏÔËÁÚÁ×ÛÉÊ ÄÉÓË, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÅÇÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÂÙÌÏ ÂÅÚ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÓÔ×ÉÊ
	    ÉÚ×ÌÅÞØ:</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>atacontrol detach ata3</userinput></screen>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <para>úÁÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÄÉÓË.</para>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <para>ðÏ×ÔÏÒÎÏ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔÅ ËÁÎÁÌ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÁ:</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>atacontrol attach ata3</userinput>
Master:  ad6 &lt;MAXTOR 6L080J4/A93.0500&gt; ATA/ATAPI rev 5
Slave:   no device present</screen>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <para>äÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÄÉÓË Ë ÍÁÓÓÉ×Õ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ:</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>atacontrol addspare ar0 ad6</userinput></screen>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <para>ðÅÒÅÓÔÒÏÊÔÅ ÍÁÓÓÉ×:</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>atacontrol rebuild ar0</userinput></screen>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <para>ðÒÏ×ÅÒÉÔØ ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ ÄÅÌ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ:</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dmesg | tail -10</userinput>
[×ÙÄÁÞÁ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÁ]
ad6: removed from configuration
ad6: deleted from ar0 disk1
ad6: inserted into ar0 disk1 as spare

&prompt.root; <userinput>atacontrol status ar0</userinput>
ar0: ATA RAID1 subdisks: ad4 ad6 status: REBUILDING 0% completed</screen>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <para>äÏÖÄÉÔÅÓØ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÊ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÉ.</para>
	</step>
      </procedure>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="usb-disks">
    <sect1info>
      <authorgroup>
	<author>
	  <firstname>Marc</firstname>
	  <surname>Fonvieille</surname>
	  <contrib>ðÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌ </contrib>
	</author>
      </authorgroup>
      <!-- Jul 2004 -->
    </sect1info>

    <title>USB ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ</title>
    <indexterm>
      <primary>USB</primary>
      <secondary>ÄÉÓËÉ</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>íÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Ï ÓÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ Universal
      Serial Bus (USB): ÖÅÓÔËÉÅ ÄÉÓËÉ, ÂÒÅÌÏËÉ USB, CD-R ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÙ,
      É Ô.Ä.  &os; ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ ÜÔÉÈ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×.</para>

    <sect2>
      <title>îÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁ</title>

      <para>äÒÁÊ×ÅÒ &man.umass.4; ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×
	ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ USB.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ <filename>GENERIC</filename>
	ÑÄÒÏ, ÉÚÍÅÎÑÔØ ÞÔÏ-ÌÉÂÏ × ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁÈ ÎÅ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅÎÎÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ, ÕÂÅÄÉÔÅÓØ, ÞÔÏ × ÆÁÊÌÅ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ
	ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÀÔ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ:</para>

      <programlisting>device scbus
device da
device pass
device uhci
device ohci
device ehci
device usb
device umass</programlisting>

      <para>äÌÑ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÁÍ ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ USB ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ &man.umass.4;
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÐÏÄÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ SCSI, ×ÁÛÉ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á USB ÂÕÄÕÔ ×ÉÄÎÙ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ËÁË SCSI ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á.  ÷ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ÞÉÐÓÅÔÁ USB
	ÎÁ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÎÓËÏÊ ÐÌÁÔÅ, ÄÌÑ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÉ USB 1.X ×ÁÍ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÄÉÎ ÉÚ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ×
	<literal>device uhci</literal> ÉÌÉ <literal>device ohci</literal>.
	ïÄÎÁËÏ, ÎÁÌÉÞÉÅ ÏÂÏÉÈ ÜÔÉÈ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× ÎÅ ÐÏÍÅÛÁÅÔ.  ðÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ
	ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÏ× USB 2.0 ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÏÍ &man.ehci.4; (ÓÔÒÏËÁ
	<literal>device ehci</literal>).  îÅ ÚÁÂÕÄØÔÅ
	ÓËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ É ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ËÁËÉÈ-ÌÉÂÏ
	ÓÔÒÏË.</para>

      <note>
	<para>åÓÌÉ ×ÁÛÅ USB ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÜÔÏ ÐÉÛÕÝÉÊ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄ CD-R ÉÌÉ DVD,
	  ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ
	  × ÑÄÒÏ SCSI CD-ROM ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ, &man.cd.4;, ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÓÔÒÏËÏÊ:</para>

	<programlisting>device cd</programlisting>

	<para>ðÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ×ÉÄÎÏ ËÁË SCSI ÄÉÓË, ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ
	  &man.atapicam.4; ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
	  ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ.</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>ôÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ</title>

      <para>ëÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÑ ÇÏÔÏ×Á Ë ÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÀ, ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï USB,
	É × ÂÕÆÅÒÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÈ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÊ (&man.dmesg.8;), ÄÉÓË ÄÏÌÖÅÎ
	ÏÔÏÂÒÁÚÉÔØÓÑ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÔÁË:</para>

      <screen>umass0: USB Solid state disk, rev 1.10/1.00, addr 2
GEOM: create disk da0 dp=0xc2d74850
da0 at umass-sim0 bus 0 target 0 lun 0
da0: &lt;Generic Traveling Disk 1.11&gt; Removable Direct Access SCSI-2 device
da0: 1.000MB/s transfers
da0: 126MB (258048 512 byte sectors: 64H 32S/T 126C)</screen>

      <para>ëÏÎÅÞÎÏ, ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌØ, ÉÍÑ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á
	(<devicename>da0</devicename>) É ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÄÅÔÁÌÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ
	ÏÔÌÉÞÁÔØÓÑ × ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ.</para>

      <para>ðÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï USB ×ÉÄÉÔÓÑ ËÁË SCSI, ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ
	<command>camcontrol</command> ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÁ ÄÌÑ
	×Ù×ÏÄÁ ÓÐÉÓËÁ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ USB, ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÈ Ë ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>camcontrol devlist</userinput>
&lt;Generic Traveling Disk 1.11&gt;      at scbus0 target 0 lun 0 (da0,pass0)</screen>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅ ÅÓÔØ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ, Õ ×ÁÓ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ
	×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÅÅ.  <xref linkend="disks-adding"/>
	ÐÏÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÁÍ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ É ÏÔÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅ
	USB ÅÓÌÉ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ.</para>

      <warning>
	<para>îÉÖÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÎÙÊ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍ (<literal>vfs.usermount</literal>),
	  ÄÏÐÕÓËÁÀÝÉÊ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÙÈ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÅÊ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍÉ,
	  ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÀÝÉÍÉÓÑ ÄÏ×ÅÒÅÎÎÙÍÉ, ÓÞÉÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÅÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÙÍ.  âÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï
	  ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ ×Ï &os; ÎÉËÁË ÎÅ ÏÇÒÁÖÄÅÎÏ ÏÔ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ
	  <emphasis>ÎÅÓÁÎËÃÉÏÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÇÏ</emphasis> ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ
	  ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×.</para>
      </warning>

      <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÜÔÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÍÏÇ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÊ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ,
	ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÅ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑ.  äÌÑ ÎÁÞÁÌÁ, ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ
	ÄÁÔØ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÁÍ, ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÍ ÐÒÉ
	ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÉ USB ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á.  òÅÛÅÎÉÅ ÓÏÓÔÏÉÔ ×Ï ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÉÉ ×ÓÅÈ
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× × ÇÒÕÐÐÕ <groupname>operator</groupname>.
	üÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÏÊ  &man.pw.8;.  úÁÔÅÍ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÓÏÚÄÁÎÙ,
	Õ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ <groupname>operator</groupname> ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ ÎÁ
	ÞÔÅÎÉÅ É ÚÁÐÉÓØ ÄÌÑ ÜÔÉÈ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×.  üÔÏ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÕÔÅÍ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ
	ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÈ ÓÔÒÏË × <filename>/etc/devfs.rules</filename>:</para>

      <programlisting>[localrules=5]
add path 'da*' mode 0660 group operator</programlisting>

      <note>
	<para>åÓÌÉ Ë ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÙ SCSI ÄÉÓËÉ, ÜÔÏ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÏ
	  ÎÅÍÎÏÇÏ ÉÎÁÞÅ.  ôÁË, ÅÓÌÉ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÕÖÅ ÅÓÔØ ÄÉÓËÉ Ó
	  <devicename>da0</devicename> ÐÏ <devicename>da2</devicename>,
	  ×ÔÏÒÁÑ ÓÔÒÏËÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÔØ ÔÁË:</para>

	<programlisting>add path 'da[3-9]*' mode 0660 group operator</programlisting>

	<para>üÔÏ ÉÓËÌÀÞÉÔ ÕÖÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÅ ÄÉÓËÉ ÉÚ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ
	  <groupname>operator</groupname>.</para>
      </note>

      <para>÷ÁÍ ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ ÎÁÂÏÒ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌ &man.devfs.rules.5;
	× ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>

      <programlisting>devfs_system_ruleset="localrules"</programlisting>

      <para>úÁÔÅÍ, ÑÄÒÏ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ÔÁË, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÎÏ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÌÏ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÍ
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  ðÒÏÓÔÅÊÛÉÊ ÓÐÏÓÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ
	ÜÔÏ - ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ × ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename>
	ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ:</para>

      <programlisting>vfs.usermount=1</programlisting>

      <para>üÔÏÔ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÓÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ.
	äÌÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ÜÔÏÊ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÔÁËÖÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
	&man.sysctl.8;.</para>

      <para>ðÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÊ ÛÁÇ - ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁ, ËÕÄÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ
	ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ.  ëÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÐÒÉÎÁÄÌÅÖÁÔØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ,
	ÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÀÝÅÍÕ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ.  ïÄÉÎ ÉÚ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏ× ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ
	ÐÏÄ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ <username>root</username> - ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ
	<filename>/mnt/<replaceable>username</replaceable></filename>
	(ÚÁÍÅÎÉÔÅ <replaceable>username</replaceable> ÉÍÅÎÅÍ
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, Á <replaceable>usergroup</replaceable> &mdash; ÉÍÅÎÅÍ
	ÇÌÁ×ÎÏÊ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ):</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mkdir /mnt/<replaceable>username</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>chown <replaceable>username</replaceable>:<replaceable>usergroup</replaceable> /mnt/<replaceable>username</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>ðÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÉÍ, ÞÔÏ USB ÂÒÅÌÏË ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎ, É ÐÏÑ×ÉÌÏÓØ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï
	<filename>/dev/da0s1</filename>.  ðÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÜÔÉ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ
	ÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÍÉ Ó ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ FAT, ÉÈ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÔÁË:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>mount -t msdosfs -o -m=644,-M=755 /dev/da0s1 /mnt/<replaceable>username</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÏÔËÌÀÞÉÔÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï (ÄÉÓË ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ
	ÒÁÚÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎ), ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ × ÂÕÆÅÒÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÈ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÊ
	ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÏÅ:</para>

      <screen>umass0: at uhub0 port 1 (addr 2) disconnected
(da0:umass-sim0:0:0:0): lost device
(da0:umass-sim0:0:0:0): removing device entry
GEOM: destroy disk da0 dp=0xc2d74850
umass0: detached</screen>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>äÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ</title>

      <para>ðÏÍÉÍÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ× <link linkend="disks-adding">äÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ
	ÄÉÓËÏ×</link> É <link linkend="mount-unmount">íÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
	É ÒÁÚÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ</link>, ÔÁËÖÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÏ
	ÞÔÅÎÉÅ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÈ ÓÔÒÁÎÉà ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ: &man.umass.4;,
	&man.camcontrol.8;, É &man.usbconfig.8; ÄÌÑ &os;&nbsp; 8.X ÉÌÉ &man.usbdevs.8; ÄÌÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÒÁÎÎÉÈ ×ÅÒÓÉÊ &os;.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="creating-cds">
    <sect1info>
      <authorgroup>
	<author>
	  <firstname>Mike</firstname>
	  <surname>Meyer</surname>
	  <contrib>ôÅËÓÔ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌ </contrib>
	  <!-- mwm@mired.org -->
	</author>
      </authorgroup>
      <!-- Apr 2001 -->
    </sect1info>

    <title>úÁÐÉÓØ É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÏÐÔÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÅÊ (CD)</title>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>CDROM</primary>
      <secondary>ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <sect2>
      <title>÷×ÅÄÅÎÉÅ</title>

      <para>ëÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÉ (CD) ÉÍÅÀÔ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔÅÊ, ÏÔÌÉÞÁÀÝÉÈ ÉÈ ÏÔ
	ÏÂÙÞÎÙÈ ÄÉÓËÏ×.  ÷Ï-ÐÅÒ×ÙÈ, ÎÁ ÎÉÈ ÎÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔØ ÚÁÐÉÓØ.  ïÎÉ
	ÓÐÒÏÅËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÙ Ó ÒÁÓÞÅÔÏÍ ÎÁ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÉÈ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÞÉÔÁÔØ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏ ÂÅÚ
	ÚÁÄÅÒÖÅË ÎÁ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÅÎÉÅ ÇÏÌÏ×ËÉ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÄÏÒÏÖËÁÍÉ.  ë ÔÏÍÕ ÖÅ ÉÈ ÇÏÒÁÚÄÏ
	ÐÒÏÝÅ ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÉÔØ ÏÔ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ Ë ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ, ÞÅÍ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÉ ÂÌÉÚËÏÇÏ
	ÏÂßÅÍÁ.</para>

      <para>õ CD ÉÍÅÀÔÓÑ ÄÏÒÏÖËÉ, ÎÏ ÏÎÉ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÔ ÓÏÂÏÊ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ
	ÄÁÎÎÙÈ, ÞÉÔÁÅÍÕÀ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏ, É ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÏÊ
	ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉËÏÊ ÄÉÓËÁ.  äÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ CD ×Ï FreeBSD ×Ù ÇÏÔÏ×ÉÔÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ
	ÄÁÎÎÙÈ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÂÕÄÕÔ ÆÏÒÍÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÏÒÏÖËÉ ÎÁ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÅ, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ
	ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔÅ ÄÏÒÏÖËÉ ÎÁ CD.</para>

      <indexterm><primary>ISO 9660</primary></indexterm>
      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ</primary>
	<secondary>ISO 9660</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>æÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ISO 9660 ÂÙÌÁ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÁÎÁ Ó ÕÞÅÔÏÍ ÜÔÉÈ ÏÔÌÉÞÉÊ,  ë
	ÓÏÖÁÌÅÎÉÀ, ÏÎÁ ÕÎÁÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÌÁ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÂÙÌÉ
	ÔÏÇÄÁ.  ë ÓÞÁÓÔØÀ, ÏÎÁ ÄÁÅÔ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÀÔ
	ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ ÚÁÐÉÓÁÎÎÙÍ ÄÉÓËÁÍ ÏÂÈÏÄÉÔØ ÜÔÉ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ É ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ
	ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÁÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÎÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔ ÜÔÉ
	ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÑ.</para>

      <indexterm>
	<primary><filename role="package">sysutils/cdrtools</filename></primary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>äÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÅÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ISO 9660,
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ &man.mkisofs.8;, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÁ × ÐÏÒÔ
	<filename role="package">sysutils/cdrtools</filename>.  ïÎÁ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÏÐÃÉÉ,
	ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÝÉÅ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÑ, É ÏÐÉÓÁÎÁ ÎÉÖÅ.</para>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÚÁÐÉÓÉ CD</primary>

	<secondary>ATAPI</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>ëÁËÏÊ ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ CD, ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÔ ÏÔ ÔÏÇÏ,
	Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÌÉ
	×ÁÛÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ CD ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÏÍ ATAPI ÉÌÉ ËÁËÉÍ-ÌÉÂÏ ÄÒÕÇÉÍ.
	ó ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÁÍÉ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÁ ATAPI ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ
	<command><link linkend="burncd">burncd</link></command>, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ
	Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÞÁÓÔØÀ ËÏÍÐÌÅËÔÁ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ËÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  ó ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÁÍÉ SCSI É USB
	ÎÕÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ <command><link
	linkend="cdrecord">cdrecord</link></command> ÉÚ ÐÏÒÔÁ
	<filename role="package">sysutils/cdrtools</filename>.
	õÔÉÌÉÔÕ <command><link linkend="cdrecord">cdrecord</link></command> É
	ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔÙ ÄÌÑ SCSI-ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÏ× ÔÁËÖÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÉ
	ÒÁÂÏÔÅ Ó ATAPI-ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ ÞÅÒÅÚ <link linkend="atapicam">ÍÏÄÕÌØ
	ATAPI/CAM</link>.</para>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ CD ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÁ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ Ó ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÍ
	ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÏÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ×ÚÇÌÑÎÉÔÅ ÎÁ
	<application>X-CD-Roast</application> ÉÌÉ
	<application>K3b</application>.  ïÎÉ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙ × ×ÉÄÅ ÐÁËÅÔÏ×
	ÉÌÉ ÉÚ ÐÏÒÔÏ× <filename
	role="package">sysutils/xcdroast</filename> É <filename
	role="package">sysutils/k3b</filename>.
	ðÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁÍ <application>X-CD-Roast</application> É
	<application>K3b</application> ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ
	ATAPI ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ <link
	linkend="atapicam">ÍÏÄÕÌØ ATAPI/CAM</link>.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="mkisofs">
      <title>mkisofs</title>

      <para>ðÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ &man.mkisofs.8;, ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÍÁÑ Ó ÐÏÒÔÏÍ <filename
	role="package">sysutils/cdrtools</filename> ÓÏÚÄÁ£Ô
	ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ISO 9660, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ ÄÅÒÅ×Á ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ× ×
	ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Å ÉͣΠÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ &unix;.  ÷ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÐÒÏÓÔÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÏÎÁ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÔÁË:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mkisofs -o <replaceable>imagefile.iso</replaceable> <replaceable>/path/to/tree</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ</primary>
	<secondary>ISO 9660</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>üÔÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÓÏÚÄÁÓÔ ÆÁÊÌ <replaceable>imagefile.iso</replaceable>,
	ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ISO 9660, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ËÏÐÉÅÊ ÄÅÒÅ×Á
	ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ× <replaceable>/path/to/tree</replaceable>.  ÷Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ
	ÏÎÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×Ù×ÁÔØ ÉÍÅÎÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ× × ÉÍÅÎÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÕÄÏ×ÌÅÔ×ÏÒÑÀÔ
	ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑÍ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ISO 9660, É ÉÓËÌÀÞÉÔ ÆÁÊÌÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÎÏÓÑÔ
	ÉÍÅÎÁ, ÎÅÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÝÉÅ ÄÌÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ISO.</para>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ</primary>
	<secondary>HFS</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ</primary>
	<secondary>Joliet</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÂÏÊÔÉ ÜÔÉ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ, ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÏÐÃÉÊ.  ÷
	ÞÁÓÔÎÏÓÔÉ, <option>-R</option> ×ËÌÀÞÁÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÊ
	Rock Ridge, ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÅÎÎÙÈ × &unix;-ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ, Ó <option>-J</option>
	ÂÕÄÕÔ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÅÎÙ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÑ Joliet, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ ÏÔ
	Microsoft, Á <option>-hfs</option> ÍÏÖÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ
	ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ HFS, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÈ × &macos;.</para>

      <para>äÌÑ CD, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÂÕÄÕÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ Ó ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍÉ FreeBSD,
	ÍÏÖÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÏÐÃÉÑ <option>-U</option>, ÏÔÍÅÎÑÀÝÁÑ ×ÓÅ
	ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ ÉÍÅÎÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ×.  ðÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ Ó ÏÐÃÉÅÊ
	<option>-R</option>
	ÇÅÎÅÒÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ÏÂÒÁÚ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÉÄÅÎÔÉÞÎÙÊ ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏÍÕ ÄÅÒÅ×Õ
	FreeBSD, ÈÏÔÑ ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔ ISO 9660 ÍÏÖÅÔ ÎÁÒÕÛÁÔØÓÑ × ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ
	ÍÅÓÔÁÈ.</para>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>CDROM</primary>
	<secondary>ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÏÇÏ</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>ðÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÊ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÊ ÏÐÃÉÅÊ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ <option>-b</option>.
	ïÎÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÏÇÏ ÏÂÒÁÚÁ ÄÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÐÒÉ
	ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÏÇÏ CD × ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÅ <quote>El Torito</quote>.  üÔÏÊ
	ÏÐÃÉÉ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÏÍ Ë ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÏÍÕ
	ÏÂÒÁÚÕ ÉÚ ËÏÒÎÑ ÄÅÒÅ×Á, ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÍÏÇÏ ÎÁ CD.
	ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ, &man.mkisofs.8; ÓÏÚÄÁÅÔ ÏÂÒÁÚ ISO × ÔÁË ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ
	<quote>ÜÍÕÌÑÃÉÉ ÆÌÏÐÐÉ-ÄÉÓËÁ</quote>, É ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÏÖÉÄÁÅÔ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÙÊ
	ÏÂÒÁÚ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ ÓÔÒÏÇÏ 1200, 1440 ÉÌÉ 2880&nbsp;KB.  îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ
	ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉËÉ, × ÔÏÍ ÞÉÓÌÅ É ÔÏÔ, ÞÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×ÎÙÈ
	ÄÉÓËÁÈ &os;, ÎÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ ÒÅÖÉÍ ÜÍÕÌÑÃÉÉ; × ÜÔÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÏÐÃÉÑ <option>-no-emul-boot</option>.  ôÁË ÞÔÏ, ÅÓÌÉ
	<filename>/tmp/myboot</filename> ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ FreeBSD Ó
	ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÙÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ × <filename>/tmp/myboot/boot/cdboot</filename>, ×Ù
	ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÏÂÒÁÚ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ISO 9660 ×
	<filename>/tmp/bootable.iso</filename> ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mkisofs -R -no-emul-boot -b boot/cdboot -o /tmp/bootable.iso /tmp/myboot</userinput></screen>

      <para>óÄÅÌÁ× ÜÔÏ, É ÉÍÅÑ × ÑÄÒÅ ÏÔËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï
	<devicename>md</devicename>, ×Ù
	ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉ×:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mdconfig -a -t vnode -f /tmp/bootable.iso -u 0</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -t cd9660 /dev/md0 /mnt</userinput></screen>

      <para>÷ ÜÔÏÔ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ <filename>/mnt</filename> É
	<filename>/tmp/myboot</filename> ÉÄÅÎÔÉÞÎÙ.</para>

      <para>éÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÏÐÃÉÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ Ó
	ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ &man.mkisofs.8; ÄÌÑ
	ÔÏÎËÏÊ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ Å£ ÐÏ×ÅÄÅÎÉÑ.  ÷ ÞÁÓÔÎÏÓÔÉ: ÍÏÄÉÆÉËÁÃÉÉ × ÒÁÚÍÅÝÅÎÉÉ
	ISO 9660 É ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ ÄÉÓËÏ× × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁÈ Joliet É HFS.  ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë
	ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÙÍ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁÍ ÐÏ &man.mkisofs.8; ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÊ
	ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="burncd">
      <title>burncd</title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>CDROM</primary>
	<secondary>ÚÁÐÉÓØ</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ×ÁÛÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ CD ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÕ ATAPI,
	ÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ISO-ÏÂÒÁÚÁ ÎÁ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓË ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ
	ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ <command>burncd</command>.  <command>burncd</command> ×ÈÏÄÉÔ
	× ÂÁÚÏ×ÙÊ ËÏÍÐÌÅËÔ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ É ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÁ ËÁË
	<filename>/usr/sbin/burncd</filename>.  éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ Å£ ÏÞÅÎØ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ,
	ÔÁË ËÁË ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× Õ ÎÅÊ ÎÅÍÎÏÇÏ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>burncd -f <replaceable>cddevice</replaceable> data <replaceable>imagefile.iso</replaceable> fixate</userinput></screen>

      <para>ðÏ ÜÔÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ ÆÁÊÌ <replaceable>imagefile.iso</replaceable> ÂÕÄÅÔ
	ÓËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎ ÎÁ <replaceable>cddevice</replaceable>.  ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï <filename>/dev/acd0</filename>.  äÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ
	ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ Ï ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁÈ, ÚÁÄÁÀÝÉÈ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ, ×ÙÂÒÏÓ ÄÉÓËÁ ÐÏÓÌÅ
	ÚÁÐÉÓÉ É ÚÁÐÉÓØ Ú×ÕËÏ×ÙÈ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ, ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë &man.burncd.8;.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="cdrecord">
      <title>cdrecord</title>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ×ÁÛÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ CD ÎÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÕ
	ATAPI, ÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÏ× ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ
	<command>cdrecord</command>.  <command>cdrecord</command> ÎÅ ×ÈÏÄÉÔ ×
	ËÏÍÐÌÅËÔ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ËÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ; ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ Å£ ÉÚ ÐÏÒÔÁ
	<filename role="package">sysutils/cdrtools</filename> ÉÌÉ ÉÚ
	ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÐÁËÅÔÁ.  éÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔØ Ë ÔÏÍÕ,
	ÞÔÏ ÏÔËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÕÔ, ÉÌÉ
	ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔØ Ë ÐÏÒÞÅ ÄÉÓËÏ×.  ðÏÜÔÏÍÕ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÒÉ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ
	ÌÉÂÏ ÏÂÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÐÏÒÔ, ÌÉÂÏ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù <link linkend="stable">ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔÅ
	-STABLE</link>, ÏÂÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÐÏÒÔ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÉ ÅÇÏ ÎÏ×ÏÊ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ.</para>

      <para>èÏÔÑ <command>cdrecord</command> ÉÍÅÅÔ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÏÐÃÉÊ, × ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÍ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ Å£ ÅÝ£ ÐÒÏÝÅ, ÞÅÍ <command>burncd</command>. úÁÐÉÓØ ÏÂÒÁÚÁ
	ISO 9660 ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ ÔÁËÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cdrecord dev=<replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>imagefile.iso</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>ôÏÎËÉÍ ÍÏÍÅÎÔÏÍ ÐÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ <command>cdrecord</command>
	Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏÇÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á <option>dev</option>.  þÔÏÂÙ
	ÚÁÄÁÔØ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ, ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ÆÌÁÇÏÍ
	<option>-scanbus</option> ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ <command>cdrecord</command>, ×
	ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÅ ÞÅÇÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØÓÑ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÔÁËÏÊ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔ:</para>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>CDROM</primary>
	<secondary>ÚÁÐÉÓØ</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cdrecord -scanbus</userinput>
Cdrecord-Clone 2.01 (i386-unknown-freebsd7.0) Copyright (C) 1995-2004 J&ouml;rg Schilling
Using libscg version 'schily-0.1'
scsibus0:
	0,0,0     0) 'SEAGATE ' 'ST39236LW       ' '0004' Disk
	0,1,0     1) 'SEAGATE ' 'ST39173W        ' '5958' Disk
	0,2,0     2) *
	0,3,0     3) 'iomega  ' 'jaz 1GB         ' 'J.86' Removable Disk
	0,4,0     4) 'NEC     ' 'CD-ROM DRIVE:466' '1.26' Removable CD-ROM
	0,5,0     5) *
	0,6,0     6) *
	0,7,0     7) *
scsibus1:
	1,0,0   100) *
	1,1,0   101) *
	1,2,0   102) *
	1,3,0   103) *
	1,4,0   104) *
	1,5,0   105) 'YAMAHA  ' 'CRW4260         ' '1.0q' Removable CD-ROM
	1,6,0   106) 'ARTEC   ' 'AM12S           ' '1.06' Scanner
	1,7,0   107) *</screen>

      <para>úÄÅÓØ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÙ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ×
	<option>dev</option> ÄÌÑ ÉÍÅÀÝÉÈÓÑ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×.  îÁÊÄÉÔÅ ÚÄÅÓØ ×ÁÛÅ
	ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ CD, Á × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× ÄÌÑ
	<option>dev</option> ÚÁÄÁ×ÁÊÔÅ ÔÒÉ ÞÉÓÌÁ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÚÁÐÑÔÙÅ.  ÷ ÎÁÛÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ
	CRW-ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Õ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÔ ÞÉÓÌÁ 1,5,0, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÍ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏÍ
	ÂÕÄÅÔ <option>dev=1,5,0</option>.  éÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ
	ÐÒÏÓÔÏÊ ÓÐÏÓÏ ÚÁÄÁÔØ ÜÔÉ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ; ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ
	Ï &man.cdrecord.1; ÄÌÑ ×ÙÑÓÎÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÓÔÅÊ.  ôÁÍ ÖÅ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ
	ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÚÁÐÉÓÉ Ú×ÕËÏ×ÙÈ ÄÏÒÏÖÅË, ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÉ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØÀ É ÄÒÕÇÉÍ
	×ÅÝÁÍ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="duplicating-audiocds">
      <title>ëÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÁÕÄÉÏ CD</title>

      <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÍÕÚÙËÁÌØÎÙÅ CD, ÉÚ×ÌÅËÁÑ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÁÕÄÉÏ Ó CD
	× ÎÁÂÏÒ ÆÁÊÌÏ×, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÑ ÜÔÉ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÎÁ ÞÉÓÔÙÊ CD.  ðÒÏÃÅÓÓ
	ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÅÎ × ÓÌÕÞÁÑÈ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× ATAPI É
	SCSI.</para>

      <procedure>
	<title>õÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á SCSI</title>

	<step>
	  <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ <command>cdda2wav</command> ÄÌÑ ÉÚ×ÌÅÞÅÎÉÑ
	    ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÁÕÄÉÏ.</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cdda2wav -vall -D2,0 -B -Owav</userinput></screen>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <para>÷ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ <command>cdrecord</command> ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ×
	    <filename>.wav</filename>.</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cdrecord -v dev=<replaceable>2,0</replaceable> -dao -useinfo  *.wav</userinput></screen>

	  <para>úÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ, ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÅ <replaceable>2,0</replaceable>,
	    ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÏ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ, ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÏ × <xref
	    linkend="cdrecord"/>.</para>
	</step>
      </procedure>

      <procedure>
	<title>õÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ATAPI</title>

	<note>
	  <para>îÁ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÁÈ ATAPI ÔÁËÖÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÕ
	    <command>cdda2wav</command>.  äÌÑ Å£ ÆÕÎËÃÉÏÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ
	    <link linkend="atapicam">ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ATAPI/CAM</link>.  óÌÅÄÕÅÔ
	    ÏÔÍÅÔÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÄÁÎÎÁÑ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÁ ÄÌÑ ËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÏÇÏ
	    ÉÚ×ÌÅÞÅÎÉÑ É ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÉ ÁÕÄÉÏ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ, × ÏÔÌÉÞÉÅ ÏÔ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ,
	    ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÏÊ × ÎÉÖÅÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ.</para>
	</note>

	<step>
	  <para>äÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× ATAPI CD ÄÅÌÁÅÔ ËÁÖÄÕÀ ÄÏÒÏÖËÕ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÏÊ ËÁË
	    <filename>/dev/acd<replaceable>d</replaceable>t<replaceable>nn</replaceable></filename>,
	    ÇÄÅ <replaceable>d</replaceable> Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÏÍÅÒÏÍ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÁ, Á
	    <replaceable>nn</replaceable> ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÎÏÍÅÒÕ ÄÏÒÏÖËÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ
	    ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ Ä×ÕÍÑ ÄÅÓÑÔÉÞÎÙÍÉ ÃÉÆÒÁÍÉ Ó ÎÕÌ£Í × ÎÁÞÁÌÅ, ÅÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ
	    ÎÕÖÎÏ.  ôÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ, ÐÅÒ×ÁÑ ÄÏÒÏÖËÁ ÎÁ ÐÅÒ×ÏÍ ÄÉÓËÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÎÏÓÉÔØ
	    ÉÍÑ <filename>/dev/acd0t01</filename>, ×ÔÏÒÁÑ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÍÅÎÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ
	    <filename>/dev/acd0t02</filename>, ÔÒÅÔØÑ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÎÏÓÉÔØ ÉÍÑ
	    <filename>/dev/acd0t03</filename> É ÔÁË ÄÁÌÅÅ.</para>

	  <para>õÄÏÓÔÏ×ÅÒØÔÅÓØ, ÞÔÏ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ
	    <filename>/dev</filename>.  ðÒÉ ÅÇÏ ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÉÉ ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ
	    ÐÒÉÎÕÄÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÔÁÔØ ÏÇÌÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÄÉÓËÁ:</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=/dev/acd0 of=/dev/null count=1</userinput></screen>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <para>éÚ×ÌÅËÉÔÅ ËÁÖÄÕÀ ÄÏÒÏÖËÕ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ &man.dd.1;.  ðÒÉ
	    ÉÚ×ÌÅÞÅÎÉÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÔÁËÖÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÐÅÃÉÆÉÞÅÓËÏÅ
	    ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ ÂÌÏËÁ.</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=/dev/acd0t01 of=track1.cdr bs=2352</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=/dev/acd0t02 of=track2.cdr bs=2352</userinput>
...
</screen>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <para>úÁÐÉÛÉÔÅ ÉÚ×ÌÅÞ£ÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÎÁ ÄÉÓË ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ
	    <command>burncd</command>.  ÷Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÆÁÊÌÙ Ó
	    ÁÕÄÉÏ, É ÞÔÏ <command>burncd</command> ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÚÁÆÉËÓÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÉÓË
	    ÐÏ ÏËÏÎÞÁÎÉÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ.</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>burncd -f <replaceable>/dev/acd0</replaceable> audio track1.cdr track2.cdr <replaceable>...</replaceable> fixate</userinput></screen>
	</step>
      </procedure>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="imaging-cd">
      <title>ëÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÏ× Ó ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ</title>

      <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ CD Ó ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ × ÆÁÊÌ ÏÂÒÁÚÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ
	ÆÕÎËÃÉÏÎÁÌØÎÏ ÜË×É×ÁÌÅÎÔÅÎ ÆÁÊÌÕ ÏÂÒÁÚÁ, ÓÏÚÄÁÎÎÏÍÕ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ
	&man.mkisofs.8;, É ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÅÇÏ ÄÌÑ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÌÀÂÏÇÏ CD Ó ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ.  ÷ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÍÏÍ
	ÚÄÅÓØ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÛ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄ CDROM ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ
    	<devicename>acd0</devicename>.  ðÏÄÓÔÁ×ØÔÅ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÁ
	CDROM.</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=/dev/acd0 of=file.iso bs=2048</userinput></screen>

      <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÉÍÅÅÔÅ ÏÂÒÁÚ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÁÔØ ÅÇÏ ÎÁ CD ÔÁË,
	ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÏ ×ÙÛÅ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="mounting-cd">
      <title>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÉ Ó ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ</title>

      <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ, ÐÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ×Ù ÓÏÚÄÁÌÉ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙÊ CDROM Ó ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ, ×Ù,
	ÎÁ×ÅÒÎÏÅ, ÚÁÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÅÇÏ É ÓÞÉÔÁÔØ Ó ÎÅÇÏ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ.  ðÏ
	ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ &man.mount.8; ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÔÉÐ
	<literal>ufs</literal>.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÏÐÙÔÁÅÔÅÓØ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ
	×ÒÏÄÅ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/cd0 /mnt</userinput></screen>

      <para>×Ù ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ <errorname>Incorrect super block</errorname>,
	É ÄÉÓË ÎÅ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ.  CDROM ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ
	<literal>UFS</literal>, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÐÏÐÙÔËÉ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÅÇÏ ÔÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ
	ÂÕÄÕÔ ÔÅÒÐÅÔØ ÎÅÕÄÁÞÕ.  ÷ÁÍ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ &man.mount.8;,
	ÞÔÏ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÔÉÐ <literal>ISO9660</literal>, É ×Ó£ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ
	ÚÁÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ.  óÄÅÌÁÊÔÅ ÜÔÏ, ÚÁÄÁ× ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ <option>-t cd9660</option>
	ÐÒÉ ×ÙÚÏ×Å &man.mount.8;.  ë ÐÒÉÍÅÒÕ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ
	ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï CDROM, <filename>/dev/cd0</filename>, × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ
	<filename>/mnt</filename>, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -t cd9660 /dev/cd0 /mnt</userinput></screen>

      <para>úÁÍÅÔØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÉÍÑ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á
   	(<filename>/dev/cd0</filename> × ÜÔÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ) ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÄÒÕÇÉÍ,
	× ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÁ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÇÏ × CDROM.  ëÒÏÍÅ ÔÏÇÏ,
	ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ <option>-t cd9660</option> ×ÓÅÇÏ ÌÉÛØ ÚÁÄÁ£Ô ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ
	ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ &man.mount.cd9660.8;.  ðÒÉÍÅÒ ×ÙÛÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÕÐÒÏÝ£Î
	ÄÏ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount_cd9660 /dev/cd0c /mnt</userinput></screen>

      <para>ôÁËÉÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ, ×ÏÏÂÝÅ ÇÏ×ÏÒÑ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÉ
	ÌÀÂÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÑ.  äÉÓËÉ Ó ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÍÉ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÑÍÉ ISO 9660 ÍÏÇÕÔ,
	ÏÄÎÁËÏ, ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÓÏ ÓÔÒÁÎÎÏÓÔÑÍÉ.  ë ÐÒÉÍÅÒÕ ÄÉÓËÉ Joliet ÈÒÁÎÑÔ ×ÓÅ
	ÉÍÅÎÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ× × ×ÉÄÅ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÅÊ Ä×ÕÈÂÁÊÔÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏ× Unicode.
	ñÄÒÏ FreeBSD ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó Unicode, ÎÏ CD9660 ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÅÎ
	ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×Ù×ÁÔØ Unicode ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÙ ÎÁ ÌÅÔÕ.  åÓÌÉ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÙ ÎÅ
	ÁÎÇÌÉÊÓËÏÇÏ ÁÌÆÁ×ÉÔÁ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÑÔ, ËÁË ÚÎÁËÉ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÁ, ÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÕÀ ×ÁÍÉ ËÏÄÉÒÏ×ËÕ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÏÐÃÉÉ <option>-C</option>.  úÁ
	ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ, ÏÂÒÁÝÁÊÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ
	&man.mount.cd9660.8;.</para>

      <note>
	<para>þÔÏÂÙ ÓÍÏÞØ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÅÓÔÉ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏ×  ÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÏÍ
	  ÏÐÃÉÉ <option>-C</option>, ÑÄÒÕ ÐÏÎÁÄÏÂÉÔÓÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔØ ÍÏÄÕÌØ
	  <filename>cd9660_iconv.ko</filename>.  üÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÏ
	  ÌÉÂÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅÍ ÎÉÖÅ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏÞËÉ ×
	  <filename>loader.conf</filename>:</para>

	<programlisting>cd9660_iconv_load="YES"</programlisting>

	<para>Ó ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ, ÌÉÂÏ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÏÊ ÍÏÄÕÌÑ ×ÒÕÞÎÕÀ
	  Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ &man.kldload.8;.</para>
      </note>

      <para>÷ÒÅÍÑ ÏÔ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÔØ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ <errorname>Device not
	configured</errorname> ÐÒÉ ÐÏÐÙÔËÅ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ CDROM.  üÔÏ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ
	ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄ CDROM ÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ × Î£Í ÎÅÔ ÄÉÓËÁ, ÉÌÉ ÞÔÏ
	ÐÒÉ×ÏÄ ÎÅ ×ÉÄÅÎ ÎÁ ÛÉÎÅ.  ðÒÉ×ÏÄÕ CDROM ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÎÁÄÏÂÉÔØÓÑ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ
	ÓÅËÕÎÄ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÎÑÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎ ÂÙÌ ÚÁËÒÙÔ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÂÕÄØÔÅ
	ÔÅÒÐÅÌÉ×Ù.</para>

      <para>éÎÏÇÄÁ SCSI CDROM ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÔÅÒÑÔØÓÑ ÉÚ-ÚÁ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ Õ ÎÅÇÏ ÎÅ ÂÙÌÏ
	ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÔ×ÅÔÉÔØ ÎÁ ÓÂÒÏÓ ÛÉÎÙ.  åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ
	SCSI CDROM, ÔÏ, ÐÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÀ
	×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÑÄÒÁ É <link linkend="kernelconfig-building">ÐÅÒÅÓÔÒÏÊÔÅ
	ÅÇÏ</link>.</para>

      <programlisting>options SCSI_DELAY=15000</programlisting>

      <para>üÔÏ ÕËÁÖÅÔ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÛÉÎÅ SCSI ×ÙÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÔØ 15-ÓÅËÕÎÄÎÕÀ ÐÁÕÚÕ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ
	ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÄÁÔØ ×ÁÛÅÍÕ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÕ CDROM ÛÁÎÓ ÏÔ×ÅÔÉÔØ ÎÁ ÓÂÒÏÓ
	ÛÉÎÙ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="rawdata-cd">
      <title>úÁÐÉÓØ ÎÅÏÂÒÁÂÏÔÁÎÎÙÈ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÎÁ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÉ</title>

      <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÞÅÓÔØ ÚÁÐÉÓØ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÎÅÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ ÎÁ CD ÂÅÚ
	ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ISO 9660.  îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÐÏÓÔÕÐÁÀÔ ÔÁË ÐÒÉ
	ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÉ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÊ.  üÔÏ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔÓÑ ÇÏÒÁÚÄÏ ÂÙÓÔÒÅÅ. ÞÅÍ ÚÁÐÉÓØ
	ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÏÇÏ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÁ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>burncd -f /dev/acd1 -s 12 data archive.tar.gz fixate</userinput></screen>

      <para>äÌÑ ÉÚ×ÌÅÞÅÎÉÑ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ, ÚÁÐÉÓÁÎÎÙÈ ÔÁË ÎÁ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓË, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ
	ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÔØ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÉÚ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÎÅÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë
	ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Õ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>tar xzvf /dev/acd1</userinput></screen>

      <para>÷Ù ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÜÔÏÔ ÄÉÓË ËÁË ÏÂÙÞÎÙÊ CDROM.  ôÁËÏÊ
	ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓË ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÒÏÞÉÔÁÎ ÎÉ × ËÁËÏÊ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ, ËÒÏÍÅ FreeBSD.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ CD ÉÌÉ
	ÏÂÍÅÎÑÔØÓÑ ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ Ó ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ &man.mkisofs.8; ÔÁË,
	ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÂÙÌÏ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÏ ×ÙÛÅ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="atapicam">
      <sect2info>
	<authorgroup>
	  <author>
	    <firstname>Marc</firstname>
	    <surname>Fonvieille</surname>
	    <contrib>ðÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌ </contrib>
	  </author>
	</authorgroup>
      </sect2info>

      <title>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÁ ATAPI/CAM</title>

      <indexterm>
	 <primary>ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÚÁÐÉÓÉ CD</primary>

	 <secondary>ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ATAPI/CAM</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>üÔÏÔ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ATAPI-ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÁÍÉ (ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÙ
	CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD É ÔÁË ÄÁÌÅÅ) ÞÅÒÅÚ ÐÏÄÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ SCSI, ÔÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ
	ÒÁÓÛÉÒÑÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÔÁËÉÈ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÊ, ËÁË <filename
	 role="package">sysutils/cdrdao</filename> ÉÌÉ &man.cdrecord.1;.</para>

      <para>äÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÁ ×ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ × ÆÁÊÌ
	<filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename> ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ:</para>

      <programlisting>atapicam_load="YES"</programlisting>

      <para>Ó ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ.</para>

      <note>
	<para>åÓÌÉ ÄÌÑ ×ÁÓ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÞÔÉÔÅÌØÎÅÅ ÓÔÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÓËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ
	  ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ &man.atapicam.4; × ÑÄÒÏ, ÔÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÜÔÕ ÓÔÒÏÞËÕ
	  × ÆÁÊÌ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ:</para>

      <programlisting>device atapicam</programlisting>

      <para>ëÒÏÍÅ ÔÏÇÏ, × ÆÁÊÌÅ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ
	ÓÔÒÏËÉ:</para>

      <programlisting>device ata
device scbus
device cd
device pass</programlisting>

      <para>ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÕÖÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÔÁÍ ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ.  úÁÔÅÍ ÐÅÒÅÓÏÂÅÒÉÔÅ, ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ
	ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ É ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔÅ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒ.</para>
      </note>

      <para>÷ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ×ÁÛ ÐÉÛÕÝÉÊ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ
	ÐÏÑ×ÉÔØÓÑ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ:</para>

      <screen>acd0: CD-RW &lt;MATSHITA CD-RW/DVD-ROM UJDA740&gt; at ata1-master PIO4
cd0 at ata1 bus 0 target 0 lun 0
cd0: &lt;MATSHITA CDRW/DVD UJDA740 1.00&gt; Removable CD-ROM SCSI-0 device
cd0: 16.000MB/s transfers
cd0: Attempt to query device size failed: NOT READY, Medium not present - tray closed</screen>

      <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ Ó ÎÉÍ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï
	<filename>/dev/cd0</filename>, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ
	CD-ROM × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>/mnt</filename>, ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ
	ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -t cd9660 <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable> /mnt</userinput></screen>

      <para>äÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ SCSI-ÁÄÒÅÓÁ ÐÉÛÕÝÅÇÏ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÁ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ, ÒÁÂÏÔÁÑ ËÁË
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ <username>root</username>, ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ ÔÁËÕÀ
	ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>camcontrol devlist</userinput>
&lt;MATSHITA CDRW/DVD UJDA740 1.00&gt;   at scbus1 target 0 lun 0 (pass0,cd0)</screen>

      <para>ôÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ, <literal>1,0,0</literal> ÂÕÄÅÔ SCSI-ÁÄÒÅÓÏÍ ÄÌÑ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ Ó &man.cdrecord.1; É ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑÍÉ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÓÏ
	SCSI.</para>

      <para>äÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ Ï ATAPI/CAM É ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ
	SCSI, ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁÍ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÏ &man.atapicam.4; É
	&man.cam.4;.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="creating-dvds">
    <sect1info>
      <authorgroup>
	<author>
	  <firstname>Marc</firstname>
	  <surname>Fonvieille</surname>
	  <contrib>ðÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌ </contrib>
	</author>
      </authorgroup>
      <authorgroup>
	<author>
	  <firstname>Andy</firstname>
	  <surname>Polyakov</surname>
	  <contrib>äÏÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌ </contrib>
	</author>
      </authorgroup>
      <!-- Feb 2004 -->
    </sect1info>

    <title>óÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÏÐÔÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÅÊ (DVD)</title>
    <indexterm>
      <primary>DVD</primary>
      <secondary>ÚÁÐÉÓØ</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <sect2>
      <title>÷×ÅÄÅÎÉÅ</title>

      <para>DVD ÜÔÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ ÐÏÓÌÅ CD ÐÏËÏÌÅÎÉÅ ÏÐÔÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÅÊ.
	DVD ÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÍÅÝÁÔØ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÞÅÍ ÌÀÂÏÊ CD É Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
	ÓÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÍ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÏÍ ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ ×ÉÄÅÏ.</para>

      <para>äÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÍÙÈ DVD ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÐÑÔØ ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÏ×
	ÚÁÐÉÓÉ:</para>

      <itemizedlist>
	<listitem>
	  <para>DVD-R: âÙÌ ÐÅÒ×ÙÍ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÏÍ ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÍÙÈ DVD.  óÔÁÎÄÁÒÔ
	    DVD-R ÂÙÌ ÓÏÚÄÁÎ <ulink
	    url="http://www.dvdforum.com/forum.shtml">DVD Forum</ulink>.
	    üÔÏ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ ÄÌÑ ÏÄÎÏËÒÁÔÎÏÊ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>DVD-RW: üÔÏ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÍÁÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÁ DVD-R.
	    îÏÓÉÔÅÌÉ DVD-RW ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÉÓÁÎÙ ÏËÏÌÏ 1000 ÒÁÚ.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>DVD-RAM: üÔÏ ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÍÙÊ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ, ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÍÙÊ
	    DVD Forum.  DVD-RAM ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ×ÉÄÅÎ ËÁË ÓßÅÍÎÙÊ ÖÅÓÔËÉÊ ÄÉÓË.
	    ïÄÎÁËÏ, ÜÔÏÔ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌØ ÎÅ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍ Ó ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×ÏÍ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÏ×
	    DVD-ROM É ÐÒÏÉÇÒÙ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍÉ DVD-Video;  ÌÉÛØ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ
	    ÐÉÛÕÝÉÅ DVD ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ DVD-RAM.  âÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏ
	    Ï ÒÁÂÏÔÅ Ó DVD-RAM ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÒÏÞÉÔÁÔØ × ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ
	    <xref linkend="creating-dvd-ram"/>.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>DVD+RW: üÔÏ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÍÙÊ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ, ÓÏÚÄÁÎÎÙÊ
	    <ulink url="http://www.dvdrw.com/">DVD+RW
	    Alliance</ulink>.  îÏÓÉÔÅÌØ DVD+RW ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÉÓÁÎ ÏËÏÌÏ
	    1000 ÒÁÚ.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>DVD+R: üÔÏÔ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ &mdash; ÏÄÎÏËÒÁÔÎÏ ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÍÁÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ
	    ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ DVD+RW.</para>
	</listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <para>ïÄÎÏÓÌÏÊÎÙÊ ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÍÙÊ DVD ÍÏÖÅÔ ÈÒÁÎÉÔØ ÄÏ
	4,700,000,000&nbsp;ÂÁÊÔ, ÞÔÏ ÒÁ×ÎÏ 4.38&nbsp;çÂÁÊÔ, ÉÌÉ
	4485&nbsp;íÂÁÊÔ (1 ËÉÌÏÂÁÊÔ ÜÔÏ 1024 ÂÁÊÔ).</para>

      <note>
	<para>îÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÁÔØ ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌØ É ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ.
	  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, DVD-Video ÜÔÏ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÁÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÒÁÓËÌÁÄËÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ
	  ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÏÍÅÝÅÎÁ ÎÁ ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÍÙÊ DVD ÌÀÂÏÇÏ ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ
	  ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ: DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW É Ô.Ä.  ðÅÒÅÄ ×ÙÂÏÒÏÍ ÔÉÐÁ
	  ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÑ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÕÂÅÄÉÔØÓÑ, ÞÔÏ É ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÚÁÐÉÓÉ É
	  DVD-Video ÐÒÏÉÇÒÙ×ÁÔÅÌØ (ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÙÊ ÉÌÉ DVD-ROM ÐÒÉ×ÏÄ
	  ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ) ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÙ Ó ÄÁÎÎÙÍ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÅÍ.</para></note>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>îÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁ</title>

      <para>äÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ DVD ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ &man.growisofs.1;.
	üÔÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ×ÈÏÄÉÔ × ÎÁÂÏÒ ÕÔÉÌÉÔ
	<application>dvd+rw-tools</application> (<filename
	role="package">sysutils/dvd+rw-tools</filename>), ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ
	×ÓÅ ÔÉÐÙ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÅÊ DVD.</para>

      <para>üÔÉ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ ÐÏÄÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ SCSI ÄÌÑ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÁÍ,
	ÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ × ÑÄÒÏ <link
	linkend="atapicam">ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ ATAPI/CAM</link>.  åÓÌÉ ÐÉÛÕÝÉÊ
	ÐÒÉ×ÏÄ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ USB ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓ, ÜÔÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÂÅÓÐÏÌÅÚÎÏ É
	ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÐÒÏÞÅÓÔØ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÕÀ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ ÐÏ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÅ
	ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× USB × <xref linkend="usb-disks"/></para>

      <para>÷ÁÍ ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ DMA ÄÏÓÔÕÐ ÄÌÑ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× ATAPI,
	ÜÔÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÄÏÂÁ×É× ×
	<filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename> ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ:</para>

      <programlisting>hw.ata.atapi_dma="1"</programlisting>

      <para>ðÅÒÅÄ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ
	<application>dvd+rw-tools</application> ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ Ó×ÅÒÉÔØÓÑ ÓÏ
	<ulink
	url="http://fy.chalmers.se/~appro/linux/DVD+RW/hcn.html">ÓÐÉÓËÏÍ
	ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÏÇÏ ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÑ dvd+rw-tools</ulink> Ó ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ
	ÐÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÁÍ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ DVD.</para>

      <note>
	<para>åÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÅÎ ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ,
	  ×ÚÇÌÑÎÉÔÅ ÎÁ <application>K3b</application> (<filename
	  role="package">sysutils/k3b</filename>), ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ
	  ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÄÒÕÖÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÊ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓ Ë
	  &man.growisofs.1; É ÍÎÏÇÉÍ ÄÒÕÇÉÍ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁÍ
	  ÚÁÐÉÓÉ.</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>úÁÐÉÓØ DVD Ó ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ</title>

      <para>ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ &man.growisofs.1; Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÏÊ ÄÌÑ <link
	linkend="mkisofs">mkisofs</link>, ÏÎÁ ×ÙÚÏ×ÅÔ
	&man.mkisofs.8; ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ É ÚÁÐÉÛÅÔ
	DVD.  üÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÅ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÏÂÒÁÚ
	Ó ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ ÐÅÒÅÄ ÎÁÞÁÌÏÍ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ.</para>

      <para>äÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÉÚ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁ <filename
	class="directory">/path/to/data</filename> ÎÁ DVD+R ÉÌÉ DVD-R,
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>growisofs -dvd-compat -Z <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable> -J -R <replaceable>/path/to/data</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>ðÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ <option>-J -R</option> ÐÅÒÅÄÁÀÔÓÑ
	&man.mkisofs.8; ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ (× ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ:
	ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ISO 9660 Ó ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÑÍÉ Joliet É Rock Ridge),
	ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ &man.mkisofs.8; ÚÁ ÂÏÌÅÅ
	ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ.</para>

      <para>ðÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ <option>-Z</option> ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒ×ÏÊ ÓÅÓÓÉÉ
	ÚÁÐÉÓÉ × ÌÀÂÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ: ÄÌÑ ÏÄÎÏÊ ÉÌÉ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ ÓÅÓÓÉÊ.
	õÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï DVD, <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable>, ÄÏÌÖÎÏ
	ÂÙÔØ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÏ × ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÉ Ó ÉÍÅÀÝÉÍÉÓÑ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁÍÉ.
	ðÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ <option>-dvd-compat</option> ÚÁËÒÏÅÔ ÄÉÓË É ÄÏÚÁÐÉÓØ
	ÓÔÁÎÅÔ ÎÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÁ.  üÔÏ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÕÌÕÞÛÉÔØ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÏÓÔØ Ó
	ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÁÍÉ DVD-ROM.</para>

      <para>÷ÏÚÍÏÖÎÁ ÔÁËÖÅ ÚÁÐÉÓØ ÐÒÅÄ×ÁÒÉÔÅÌØÎÏÇÏ (pre-mastered) ÏÂÒÁÚÁ,
	ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ
	<replaceable>imagefile.iso</replaceable> ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÍ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>growisofs -dvd-compat -Z <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable>=<replaceable>imagefile.iso</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>óËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÁ É Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ
	ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÁ × ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÉ Ó ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÅÍ É ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÏÍ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ
	Ñ×ÎÏ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ
	<option>-speed=</option>.  úÁ ÄÁÌØÎÅÊÛÅÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë
	ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ &man.growisofs.1;.</para>

      <note>
	<para>åÓÌÉ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ×ÎÕÔÒÉ ÎÁÂÏÒÁ ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÁÅÔ 4.38çÂ, ÔÏ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ
	  ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÇÉÂÒÉÄÎÕÀ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ UDF/ISO-9660, ÄÌÑ ÞÅÇÏ
	  ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÐÅÒÅÄÁÔØ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ <option>-udf -iso-level 3</option>
	  × &man.mkisofs.8; É × ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÙÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ,
	  &man.growisofs.1;).  õËÁÚÁÎÉÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× ÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÏ ÌÉÛØ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ
	  ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÏÂÒÁÚÁ ÉÌÉ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÎÅÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÊ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ
	  ÎÁ ÄÉÓË.  óÏÚÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÔÁËÉÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ ÄÉÓË ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ
	  ÕÔÉÌÉÔÏÊ &man.mount.udf.8;.  äÉÓË ÂÕÄÅÔ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÅÎ ÌÉÛØ ÔÅÍ
	  ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÍ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔ UDF; × ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ
	  ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌØ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÔØÓÑ ËÁË ÐÏ×ÒÅÖÄÅÎÎÙÊ.</para>

	<para>äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÔÁËÏÊ ÏÂÒÁÚ, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ:</para>

	<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>mkisofs -R -J -udf -iso-level 3 -o <replaceable>imagefile.iso</replaceable> <replaceable>/path/to/data</replaceable></userinput></screen>

	<para>äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÚÁÐÉÓÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÐÒÑÍÏ ÎÁ ÄÉÓË, ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ:</para>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>growisofs -dvd-compat -udf -iso-level 3 -Z <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable> -J -R <replaceable>/path/to/data</replaceable></userinput></screen>

	<para>åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ × ÒÁÓÐÏÒÑÖÅÎÉÉ ÕÖÅ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÏÂÒÁÚ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÊ
	  × ÓÅÂÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÂÏÌØÛÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ, ÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÏÂÒÁÚÁ ÎÁ ÄÉÓË ÎÉËÁËÉÈ
	  ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÈ ÏÐÃÉÊ ÄÌÑ &man.growisofs.1; ÎÅ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ.</para>

	<para>ôÁËÖÅ ÕÄÏÓÔÏ×ÅÒØÔÅÓØ, ÞÔÏ Õ ×ÁÓ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÁ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÑÑ
	  ×ÅÒÓÉÑ <filename role="package">sysutils/cdrtools</filename>
	  (&man.mkisofs.8; ÐÒÉÎÁÄÌÅÖÉÔ Ë ÜÔÏÍÕ ÐÏÒÔÕ), ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÉÅ
	  ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ÕÔÉÌÉÔ ÎÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ Ó ÂÏÌØÛÉÍÉ ÆÁÊÌÁÍÉ.  åÓÌÉ
	  Ó ÜÔÉÍ ÐÏÒÔÏÍ ×ÏÚÎÉËÁÀÔ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ, ÔÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ
	  <filename role="package">sysutils/cdrtools-devel</filename>
	  É ÐÒÏÞÉÔÁÊÔÅ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÕ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ &man.mkisofs.8;.</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>úÁÐÉÓØ DVD-Video</title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>DVD</primary>
	<secondary>DVD-Video</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>DVD-Video ÜÔÏ ÏÓÏÂÁÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ, ÂÁÚÉÒÕÀÝÁÑÓÑ ÎÁ ISO 9660
	É ÓÐÅÃÉÆÉËÁÃÉÑÈ micro-UDF (M-UDF).  DVD-Video ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ
	ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÕÀ ÉÅÒÁÒÈÉÀ ÓÔÒÕËÔÕÒÙ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ DVD
	ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÏÓÏÂÁÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ, ÔÁËÁÑ ËÁË <filename
	role="package">multimedia/dvdauthor</filename>.</para>

      <para>åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÕÖÅ ÅÓÔØ ÏÂÒÁÚ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ DVD-Video,
	ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÚÁÐÉÛÉÔÅ ÅÇÏ ËÁË ÌÀÂÏÊ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÏÂÒÁÚ, ÐÒÉÍÅÒÙ ÎÁÈÏÄÑÔÓÑ
	× ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÅÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÓÏÚÄÁÌÉ DVD É ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ
	× ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ <filename class="directory">/path/to/video</filename>,
	ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ DVD-Video ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÁ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÁÑ
	ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>growisofs -Z <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable> -dvd-video <replaceable>/path/to/video</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>ðÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ <option>-dvd-video</option> ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÅÒÅÄÁÎ
	&man.mkisofs.8; É ÕËÁÖÅÔ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ DVD-Video.
	ðÏÍÉÍÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ, ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ <option>-dvd-video</option> ÐÏÄÒÁÚÕÍÅ×ÁÅÔ
	ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ &man.growisofs.1; <option>-dvd-compat</option>.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ DVD+RW</title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>DVD</primary>
	<secondary>DVD+RW</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>÷ ÏÔÌÉÞÉÅ ÏÔ CD-RW, ÎÏ×ÙÊ DVD+RW ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÏÔÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÅÒÅÄ
	ÐÅÒ×ÙÍ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ.  ðÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ &man.growisofs.1; ÐÏÚÁÂÏÔÉÔÓÑ ÏÂ
	ÜÔÏÍ ÓÁÍÁ ÐÒÉ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏÓÔÉ, É ÜÔÏ
	<emphasis>ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ</emphasis> ÓÐÏÓÏÂ.  ôÅÍ ÎÅ ÍÅÎÅÅ,
	ÄÌÑ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ DVD+RW ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ
	<command>dvd+rw-format</command>:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dvd+rw-format <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>üÔÕ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÀ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÌÉÛØ ÏÄÎÁÖÄÙ, ÐÏÍÎÉÔÅ,
	ÞÔÏ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÎÏ×ÙÅ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÉ DVD+RW ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ.
	úÁÔÅÍ ÚÁÐÉÛÉÔÅ DVD+RW ÔÅÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÏÐÉÓÁÎ × ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÅÍ
	ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ.</para>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÁÔØ ÎÏ×ÙÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ (ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÎÏ×ÕÀ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ, Á ÎÅ ÄÏÐÉÓÁÔØ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ) ÎÁ DVD+RW, ÅÇÏ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÏÞÉÝÁÔØ,
	ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÚÁÐÉÛÉÔÅ ÐÏ×ÅÒÈ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÅÊ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ (ÓÏÚÄÁ× ÎÏ×ÕÀ ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÕÀ
	ÓÅÓÓÉÀ) ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÔÁË :</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>growisofs -Z <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable> -J -R <replaceable>/path/to/newdata</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>æÏÒÍÁÔ DVD+RW ÄÅÌÁÅÔ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÍ ÌÅÇËÏ ÄÏÐÉÓÁÔØ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ Ë ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÅÊ
	ÚÁÐÉÓÉ.  ïÐÅÒÁÃÉÑ ÓÏÓÔÏÉÔ × ÐÒÉÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÉ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÅÊ ÓÅÓÓÉÉ Ë
	ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÊ, ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÍÕÌØÔÉÓÅÓÓÉÏÎÎÁÑ ÚÁÐÉÓØ, &man.growisofs.1;
	<emphasis>ÒÁÓÛÉÒÉÔ</emphasis> (grow) ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ISO 9660,
	ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÕÀ ÎÁ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÅ.</para>

      <para>îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÄÌÑ ÄÏÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ Ë ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÅÊ ÓÅÓÓÉÉ ÎÁ
	DVD+RW, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÁÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>growisofs -M <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable> -J -R <replaceable>/path/to/nextdata</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>ðÒÉ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÈ ÚÁÐÉÓÑÈ &man.mkisofs.8; ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÐÅÒÅÄÁ×ÁÔØ
	ÔÅ ÖÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ, ÞÔÏ É ÐÒÉ ÐÅÒ×ÏÊ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ.</para>

      <note>
	<para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ <option>-dvd-compat</option>
	  ÄÌÑ ÕÌÕÞÛÅÎÉÑ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÏÓÔÉ Ó ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÁÍÉ DVD-ROM.  ÷ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ
	  DVD+RW ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÐÏÍÅÛÁÅÔ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÀ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ.</para>
      </note>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ÐÏ ËÁËÏÊ-ÌÉÂÏ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÅ ×ÁÍ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÏÞÉÓÔÉÔØ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌØ,
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>growisofs -Z <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable>=<replaceable>/dev/zero</replaceable></userinput></screen>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ DVD-RW</title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>DVD</primary>
	<secondary>DVD-RW</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ Ä×Á ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ ÄÉÓËÏ× DVD-RW: ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏ
	ÄÏÐÏÌÎÑÅÍÙÊ É Ó ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÎÏÊ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÉÓØÀ.  ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ
	ÆÏÒÍÁÔ ÄÉÓËÏ× DVD-RW ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÊ.</para>

      <para>îÏ×ÙÊ DVD-RW ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÐÉÓÁÎ ÎÅÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ ÂÅÚ
	ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ DVD-RW Ó ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ
	× ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÍ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÏÞÉÓÔÉÔØ ÐÅÒÅÄ
	ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÅÍ ÎÏ×ÏÊ ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏÊ ÓÅÓÓÉÉ.</para>

      <para>äÌÑ ÏÞÉÓÔËÉ DVD-RW × ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÍ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ, ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dvd+rw-format -blank=full <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <note>
	<para>ðÏÌÎÁÑ ÏÞÉÓÔËÁ (<option>-blank=full</option>) ÚÁÊÍÅÔ
	  ÏËÏÌÏ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÞÁÓÁ ÎÁ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔÉ 1x.  âÙÓÔÒÕÀ ÏÞÉÓÔËÕ ÍÏÖÎÏ
	  ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ Ó ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏÍ <option>-blank</option>, ÅÓÌÉ
	  DVD-RW ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁÐÉÓÁÎ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ Disk-At-Once (DAO).
	  äÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ DVD-RW × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ DAO, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>growisofs -use-the-force-luke=dao -Z <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable>=<replaceable>imagefile.iso</replaceable></userinput></screen>

	<para>ðÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ <option>-use-the-force-luke=dao</option> ÎÅ
	  ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ, ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ &man.growisofs.1; ÐÏÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ
	  ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ ÂÙÌ ÌÉ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌØ ÂÙÓÔÒÏ ÏÞÉÝÅÎ É ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ
	  DAO ÚÁÐÉÓØ.</para>

	<para>æÁËÔÉÞÅÓËÉ, ÌÕÞÛÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÒÅÖÉÍ Ó ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÎÏÊ
	  ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÉÓØÀ Ó ÌÀÂÙÍ DVD-RW, ÜÔÏÔ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÇÉÂËÉÊ, ÞÅÍ
	  ÆÏÒÍÁÔ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ Ó ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÚÁÐÉÓØÀ.</para>
      </note>

      <para>äÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÎÁ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÊ DVD-RW, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ
	ÔÕ ÖÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ, ÞÔÏ É ÄÌÑ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÏ× DVD:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>growisofs -Z <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable> -J -R <replaceable>/path/to/data</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ Ë ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÅÊ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ,
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ &man.growisofs.1; <option>-M</option>.
	ïÄÎÁËÏ ÐÒÉ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÎÁ DVD-RW × ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÍ
	ÒÅÖÉÍÅ, ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÁ ÎÏ×ÁÑ ÓÅÓÓÉÑ É × ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÅ
	ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÓÑ ÍÕÌØÔÉÓÅÓÓÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÄÉÓË.</para>

      <para>÷ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ DVD-RW Ó ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÎÏÊ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÉÓØÀ ÎÅ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ
	ÏÞÉÝÁÔØ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌØ ÐÅÒÅÄ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÅÍ ÎÏ×ÏÊ ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏÊ ÓÅÓÓÉÉ,
	×ÁÍ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÌÉÛØ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÅÒÅÐÉÓÁÔØ ÄÉÓË Ó ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏÍ
	<option>-Z</option>, ÐÏÄÏÂÎÏ DVD+RW.  ÷ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ÔÁËÖÅ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÉÅ
	ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ISO 9660, ÚÁÐÉÓÁÎÎÏÊ ÎÁ ÄÉÓË
	ÔÅÍ ÖÅ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ, ËÁË ÄÌÑ DVD+RW Ó ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏÍ <option>-M</option>.
	÷ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÓÑ ÏÄÎÏÓÅÓÓÉÏÎÎÙÊ DVD.</para>

      <para>äÌÑ ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÄÁ DVD-RW × ÆÏÒÍÁÔ Ó ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÎÏÊ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÉÓØÀ,
	ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dvd+rw-format <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>äÌÑ ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÄÁ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏ × ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dvd+rw-format -blank=full <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable></userinput></screen>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>íÕÌØÔÉÓÅÓÓÉÑ</title>

      <para>ìÉÛØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ DVD-ROM É ÐÒÏÉÇÒÙ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔ
	ÍÕÌØÔÉÓÅÓÓÉÏÎÎÙÅ DVD, × ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÍ ÏÎÉ × ÌÕÞÛÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÐÒÏÞÔÕÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ
	ÐÅÒ×ÕÀ ÓÅÓÓÉÀ.  DVD+R, DVD-R É DVD-RW × ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÍ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ
	ÍÏÇÕÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÍÉ ÓÅÓÓÉÑÍÉ, É ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÏÔÎÏÓÉÔÓÑ Ë
	ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁÍ DVD+RW É DVD-RW × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÎÏÊ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÉÓÉ.</para>

      <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÐÅÒ×ÏÊ (ÎÅ ÚÁËÒÙÔÏÊ) ÓÅÓÓÉÉ
	ÄÌÑ DVD+R, DVD-R, ÉÌÉ DVD-RW × ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÍ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ, ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔ
	ÎÁ ÄÉÓË ÎÏ×ÕÀ ÓÅÓÓÉÀ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>growisofs -M <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable> -J -R <replaceable>/path/to/nextdata</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÜÔÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÉ Ó DVD+RW ÉÌÉ DVD-RW ×
	ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÎÏÊ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ, ÏÂßÅÄÉÎÉ× ÎÏ×ÕÀ ÓÅÓÓÉÀ
	Ó ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÅÊ.  ÷ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÓÑ ÏÄÎÏÓÅÓÓÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÄÉÓË.
	ôÁËÏÊ ÓÐÏÓÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÐÅÒ×ÏÊ
	ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÎÁ ÜÔÉ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÉ.</para>

      <note>
	<para>îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÏÂßÅÍ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÓÅÓÓÉÑÍÉ ÄÌÑ
	  ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÑ É ÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÓÅÓÓÉÉ.  óÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏ, ÄÌÑ ÏÐÔÉÍÉÚÁÃÉÉ
	  ÏÂßÅÍÁ ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ ÓÅÓÓÉÉ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ÂÏÌØÛÉÍÉ.  ëÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÓÅÓÓÉÊ
	  ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÏ 154 ÄÌÑ DVD+R, ÏËÏÌÏ 2000 ÄÌÑ DVD-R É 127 ÄÌÑ
	  DVD+R Double Layer.</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>äÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ</title>

      <para>äÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ Ï DVD, ÍÏÖÎÏ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ
	ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>dvd+rw-mediainfo
	<replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable></command>, ÄÉÓË ÄÏÌÖÅÎ
	ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔØÓÑ × ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÅ.</para>

      <para>äÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï
	<application>dvd+rw-tools</application> ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÎÁÊÄÅÎÁ ÎÁ
	ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ &man.growisofs.1;, ÎÁ <ulink
	url="http://fy.chalmers.se/~appro/linux/DVD+RW/">Web-ÓÁÊÔÅ
	dvd+rw-tools</ulink> É × ÁÒÈÉ×ÁÈ <ulink
	url="http://lists.debian.org/cdwrite/">ÓÐÉÓËÁ ÒÁÓÓÙÌËÉ
	cdwrite</ulink>.</para>

      <note>
	<para>÷Ù×ÏÄ <command>dvd+rw-mediainfo</command> ÐÒÉ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ
	  ÉÌÉ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÎÙÊ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌØ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÙ ÄÌÑ ÌÀÂÏÇÏ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ
	  Ï ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÅ.  âÅÚ ÜÔÏÇÏ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÏ×ÅÒÛÅÎÎÏ ÎÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ
	  ÐÏÍÏÞØ ×ÁÍ.</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="creating-dvd-ram">
      <title>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ DVD-RAM</title>
      <indexterm>
	<primary>DVD</primary>
	<secondary>DVD-RAM</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <sect3>
	<title>ëÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÑ</title>

	<para>úÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÝÉÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á DVD-RAM ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ Ó ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÁÍÉ
	  SCSI É ATAPI.  ÷ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÕÂÅÄÉÔØÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ÄÌÑ
	  ÎÉÈ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎ ÒÅÖÉÍ DMA, ÄÏÂÁ×É× × ÆÁÊÌ
	  <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename> ÓÔÒÏËÕ</para>

	<programlisting>hw.ata.atapi_dma="1"</programlisting>
      </sect3>

      <sect3>
	<title>ðÏÄÇÏÔÏ×ËÁ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÑ</title>

	<para>ëÁË ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÌÏÓØ ÒÁÎÅÅ, DVD-RAM ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓßÅÍÎÙÍ ÖÅÓÔËÉÍ
	  ÄÉÓËÏÍ.  ëÁË É ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á, DVD-RAM ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ
	  <quote>ÐÏÄÇÏÔÏ×ÌÅÎ</quote> Ë ÐÅÒ×ÏÍÕ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÀ.  ÷ ÎÁÛÅÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ
	  ÍÙ ÚÁÊÍ£Í ×ÓÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Ï ÄÉÓËÁ ÏÄÎÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ
	  UFS2:</para>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=/dev/zero of=<replaceable>/dev/acd0</replaceable> bs=2k count=1</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>bsdlabel -Bw <replaceable>acd0</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs <replaceable>/dev/acd0</replaceable></userinput></screen>

	<para>éÍÑ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á DVD device, <devicename>acd0</devicename>, ÄÏÌÖÎÏ
	  ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ ×ÁÛÅÊ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3>
	<title>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÑ</title>

	<para>ðÏÓÌÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÙÈ ×ÙÛÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄ, DVD-RAM ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ
	  ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎ ËÁË ÏÂÙÞÎÙÊ ÖÅÓÔËÉÊ ÄÉÓË:</para>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount <replaceable>/dev/acd0</replaceable> <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput></screen>

	<para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÞÉÔÁÔØ É ÐÉÓÁÔØ ÎÁ DVD-RAM.</para>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="floppies">
    <sect1info>
      <authorgroup>
	<author>
	  <firstname>Julio</firstname>
	  <surname>Merino</surname>
	  <contrib>ðÅÒ×ÏÎÁÞÁÌØÎÙÊ ÔÅËÓÔ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌ </contrib>
	</author>
      </authorgroup>
      <!-- 24 ÄÅËÁÂÒÑ 2001 -->

      <authorgroup>
	<author>
	  <firstname>Martin</firstname>
	  <surname>Karlsson</surname>
	  <contrib>ðÅÒÅÐÉÓÁÌ </contrib>
	</author>
      </authorgroup>
      <!-- 27 ÁÐÒÅÌÑ 2003 -->
    </sect1info>

    <title>äÉÓËÅÔÙ</title>

    <para>èÒÁÎÅÎÉÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅÔÁÈ ÉÎÏÇÄÁ ÂÙ×ÁÅÔ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÙÍ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ,
      ËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅÔ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÓߣÍÎÙÈ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÅÊ ÉÌÉ ËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÐÅÒÅÎÅÓÔÉ
      ÎÅÂÏÌØÛÏÊ ÏÂß£Í ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÎÁ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒ.</para>

    <para>÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÏ, ËÁË ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ ×Ï FreeBSD.
      ÷ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÍ ÒÅÞØ ÐÏÊÄ£Ô Ï ÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ
      ÄÉÓËÅÔ DOS ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏÍ 3.5 ÄÀÊÍÁ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÏÂÝÉÅ ÐÒÉÎÃÉÐÙ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÉÍÙ É ÄÌÑ
      ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÏ× ÇÉÂËÉÈ ÄÉÓËÏ×.</para>

    <sect2>
      <title>æÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÄÉÓËÅÔ</title>

      <sect3>
	<title>õÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï</title>

	<para>äÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ÇÉÂËÉÍ ÄÉÓËÁÍ, ËÁË, ×ÐÒÏÞÅÍ, É Ë ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÙÍ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÁÍ,
	  ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ×
	  ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁ <filename>/dev</filename>.  þÔÏÂÙ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔØÓÑ Ë ÄÉÓËÅÔÅ,
	  ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ
	  <filename>/dev/fd<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename>.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3>
	<title>æÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ</title>

	<para>ðÅÒÅÄ ÔÅÍ, ËÁË ÄÉÓËÅÔÏÊ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ, Å£
	  ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÏÔÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÁ ÎÉÚËÏÍ ÕÒÏ×ÎÅ.  ïÂÙÞÎÏ ÜÔÏ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔÓÑ
	  ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÅÍ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÈÏÒÏÛÉÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ
	  ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÉÔØ ÃÅÌÏÓÔÎÏÓÔØ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÑ.  âÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÇÉÂËÉÈ ÄÉÓËÏ×
	  ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÙ ÄÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ Ó ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏÍ 1440kB, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ
	  ÚÁÄÁÔØ ÍÅÎØÛÉÊ ÉÌÉ ÂÏÌØÛÉÊ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ.</para>

	<para>äÌÑ ÎÉÚËÏÕÒÏ×ÎÅ×ÏÇÏ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÉÓËÅÔ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
	  &man.fdformat.1;.  ÷ ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁ ÜÔÏÊ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÅ ÐÅÒÅÄÁ£ÔÓÑ
	  ÉÍÑ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á.</para>

	<para>ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅ ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ ÎÁ ÐÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÊ Ï ÏÛÉÂËÁÈ, ÔÁË ËÁË
	  ÏÎÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÐÏÍÏÞØ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ, ÈÏÒÏÛÁÑ ÜÔÏ ÄÉÓËÅÔÁ ÉÌÉ ÐÌÏÈÁÑ.</para>

	<sect4>
	  <title>æÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÇÉÂËÉÈ ÄÉÓËÏ×</title>

	  <para>äÌÑ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÇÉÂËÉÈ ÄÉÓËÏ× ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á
	    <filename>/dev/fd<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename>.  ÷ÓÔÁ×ØÔÅ
	    ÎÏ×ÕÀ 3.5-ÄÀÊÍÏ×ÕÀ ÄÉÓËÅÔÕ × ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÄ É ××ÅÄÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/usr/sbin/fdformat -f 1440 /dev/fd0</userinput></screen>
	</sect4>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>íÅÔËÁ ÄÉÓËÁ</title>

      <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÎÉÚËÏÕÒÏ×ÎÅ×ÏÇÏ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÉÓËÁ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔØ ÎÁ
	ÎÅÇÏ ÍÅÔËÕ ÄÉÓËÁ.  üÔÁ ÍÅÔËÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÏÔÏÍ ÒÁÚÒÕÛÅÎÁ, ÎÏ ÏÎÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÎÕÖÎÁ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÄÌÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ ÄÉÓËÁ É ÅÇÏ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉË.</para>

      <para>îÏ×ÁÑ ÍÅÔËÁ ÄÉÓËÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ËÁÓÁÔØÓÑ ÄÉÓËÁ × ÃÅÌÏÍ, É ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ
	ÐÏÌÎÕÀ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁÈ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ.
	úÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÇÅÏÍÅÔÒÉÉ ÄÌÑ ÍÅÔËÉ ÄÉÓËÁ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÙ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
	<filename>/etc/disktab</filename>.</para>

      <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ &man.bsdlabel.8; ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÔÁË:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/sbin/bsdlabel -B -w /dev/fd0 fd1440</userinput></screen>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>æÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ</title>

      <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ×ÁÛÁ ÄÉÓËÅÔÁ ÇÏÔÏ×Á Ë ×ÙÓÏËÏÕÒÏ×ÎÅ×ÏÍÕ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÀ.
	ðÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÎÁ ÎÅ£ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÏÍÅÝÁÔØÓÑ ÎÏ×ÁÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ
	ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔ FreeBSD ÞÉÔÁÔØ É ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÔØ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ ÎÁ ÄÉÓË.  ðÏÓÌÅ
	ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÎÏ×ÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÍÅÔËÁ ÄÉÓËÁ ÕÎÉÞÔÏÖÁÅÔÓÑ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÅÓÌÉ
	×Ù ÚÁÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÅÒÅÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÉÓË, ×ÁÍ ÐÒÉÄ£ÔÓÑ ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÍÅÔËÕ ÄÉÓËÁ
	ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÎÏ.</para>

      <para>æÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ ÄÌÑ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÌÕÖÉÔØ UFS ÉÌÉ FAT.
	÷ÏÏÂÝÅ ÇÏ×ÏÒÑ, FAT ÄÌÑ ÄÉÓËÅÔ ÐÏÈÏÄÉÔ ÌÕÞÛÅ.</para>

      <para>äÌÑ ÒÁÚÍÅÝÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅÔÅ ÎÏ×ÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ,
	×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/sbin/newfs_msdos /dev/fd0</userinput></screen>

      <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ÄÉÓË ÇÏÔÏ× Ë ÒÁÂÏÔÅ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÄÉÓËÅÔ</title>

      <para>äÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÇÉÂËÉÍ ÄÉÓËÏÍ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÅÇÏ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ÕÔÉÌÉÔ
	&man.mount.msdosfs.8;.  íÏÖÎÏ ÔÁËÖÅ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÁËÅÔ <filename role="package">emulators/mtools</filename>
	ÉÚ ËÏÌÌÅËÃÉÉ ÐÏÒÔÏ×.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="backups-tapebackups">
    <title>óÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÁÒÈÉ×ÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÊ ÎÁ ÍÁÇÎÉÔÎÏÊ ÌÅÎÔÅ</title>

    <indexterm><primary>ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÉ ÎÁ ÍÁÇÎÉÔÎÏÊ ÌÅÎÔÅ</primary></indexterm>
    <para>ë ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÍ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÑÍ ÎÁ ÍÁÇÎÉÔÎÏÊ ÌÅÎÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ
      ÏÔÎÅÓÔÉ ÌÅÎÔÙ ÛÉÒÉÎÏÊ 4ÍÍ É 8ÍÍ, Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÔÉÐÁ QIC, ÍÉÎÉ-ËÁÒÔÒÉÄÖÉ É
      DLT.</para>

    <sect2 id="backups-tapebackups-4mm">
      <title>4ÍÍ (DDS: Digital Data Storage)</title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÉ ÎÁ ÍÁÇÎÉÔÎÏÊ ÌÅÎÔÅ</primary>
	<secondary>ÍÁÇÎÉÔÎÙÅ ÌÅÎÔÙ DDS (4ÍÍ)</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÉ ÎÁ ÍÁÇÎÉÔÎÏÊ ÌÅÎÔÅ</primary>
	<secondary>ÍÁÇÎÉÔÎÙÅ ÌÅÎÔÙ QIC</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>ìÅÎÔÙ ÛÉÒÉÎÏÊ 4ÍÍ ÚÁÍÅÎÑÀÔ QIC × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ
	ÐÒÅÄÐÏÞÔÉÔÅÌØÎÏÇÏ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÑ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÊ.  üÔÁ ÔÅÎÄÅÎÃÉÑ
	ÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÕÓÉÌÉÌÁÓØ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÐÏËÕÐËÉ ËÏÍÐÁÎÉÅÊ Conner ÆÉÒÍÙ Archive,
	×ÅÄÕÝÅÇÏ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÑ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÅÊ QIC É ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÐÒÅËÒÁÝÅÎÉÑ
	ÉÈ ×ÙÐÕÓËÁ.  îÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÉ 4ÍÍ ÍÁÌÙ ÐÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÕ É ÍÁÌÏ ÛÕÍÑÔ, ÎÏ Õ ÎÉÈ ÎÅÔ
	ÒÅÐÕÔÁÃÉÉ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÑ, ÏÂÌÁÄÁÀÝÅÇÏ ÎÁÄÅÖÎÏÓÔØÀ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÏ× 8ÍÍ.  ëÁÒÔÒÉÄÖÉ
	ÂÏÌÅÅ ÄÅÛÅ×Ù É ÍÅÎØÛÅ ÐÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÕ (3&nbsp;x 2&nbsp;x 0.5 ÄÀÊÍÏ×;
	76&nbsp;x 51&nbsp;x 12 ÍÍ),
	ÞÅÍ 8ÍÍ-ËÁÒÔÒÉÄÖÉ.  îÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÉ ÄÌÑ ÌÅÎÔ ÛÉÒÉÎÏÊ 4ÍÍ, ËÁË É 8ÍÍ, ÉÍÅÀÔ
	ÓÒÁ×ÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÍÁÌÙÊ ÓÒÏË ÓÌÕÖÂÙ ÇÏÌÏ×ÏË, ÐÏ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ×
	ÏÂÏÉÈ ÓÌÕÞÁÑÈ ÔÅÈÎÏÌÏÇÉÉ ÓÐÉÒÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÓËÁÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ (helical
	scan).</para>

      <para>ðÒÏÐÕÓËÎÁÑ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÎÏÓÔØ Õ ÔÁËÉÈ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÅÊ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÅÔÓÑ Ó ÃÉÆÒÙ
	~150&nbsp;kB/s, ÐÉËÏ×ÁÑ ÄÏÓÔÉÇÁÅÔ ~500&nbsp;kB/s.  ³ÍËÏÓÔØ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÅÊ
	ÎÁÞÉÎÁÅÔÓÑ Ó 1.3&nbsp;GB É ÍÏÖÅÔ ÄÏÓÔÉÇÁÔØ 2.0&nbsp;GB.  áÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÏÅ
	ÓÖÁÔÉÅ, ÉÍÅÀÝÅÅÓÑ ÎÁ
	ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Å ÔÁËÉÈ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÅÊ, ÄÁ£Ô Õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÉÅ £ÍËÏÓÔÉ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ×Ä×ÏÅ.
	âÌÏËÉ ÍÎÏÇÏÐÒÉ×ÏÄÎÙÈ ÌÅÎÔÏÞÎÙÈ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅË ÍÏÇÕÔ ÉÍÅÔØ ÄÏ 6 ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÅÊ
	× ÏÄÎÏÍ ÍÏÄÕÌÅ Ó Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÓÍÅÎÏÊ ÌÅÎÔÙ.  ³ÍËÏÓÔØ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅË ÍÏÖÅÔ
	ÄÏÓÔÉÇÁÔØ 240&nbsp;çÂÁÊÔ.</para>

      <para>óÔÁÎÄÁÒÔ DDS-3 × ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÅÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ £ÍËÏÓÔÉ ÌÅÎÔ ×ÐÌÏÔØ
	ÄÏ 12&nbsp;çÂÁÊÔ (ÉÌÉ 24&nbsp;çÂÁÊÔ ÓÖÁÔÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ).</para>

      <para>÷ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÑÈ 4ÍÍ, ËÁË É × ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÁÈ 8ÍÍ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÔÅÈÎÏÌÏÇÉÑ
	ÓÐÉÒÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÓËÁÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.  ÷ÓÅ ÐÌÀÓÙ É ÍÉÎÕÓÙ ÜÔÏÊ ÔÅÈÎÏÌÏÇÉÉ ÏÔÎÏÓÑÔÓÑ
	ËÁË Ë 4ÍÍ, ÔÁË É 8ÍÍ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÁÍ.</para>

      <para>îÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÌÅÎÔÙ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ÏÎÉ ÂÙÌÉ ÐÏÄ×ÅÒÇÎÕÔÙ
	2000 ÐÒÏÈÏÄÏ×, ÉÌÉ ÂÙÌÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÙ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ 100 ÐÏÌÎÙÈ
	ËÏÐÉÊ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="backups-tapebackups-8mm">
      <title>8ÍÍ (Exabyte)</title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÉ ÎÁ ÍÁÇÎÉÔÎÏÊ ÌÅÎÔÅ</primary>

	<secondary>ÍÁÇÎÉÔÎÙÅ ÌÅÎÔÙ Exabyte (8ÍÍ)</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>ìÅÎÔÙ ÛÉÒÉÎÏÊ 8ÍÍ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÓÁÍÙÍ ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁΣÎÎÙÍ ÔÉÐÏÍ ÄÌÑ
	ÌÅÎÔÏÞÎÙÈ SCSI-ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÅÊ; ÏÎÉ ÖÅ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÕÄÁÞÎÙÍ ×ÙÂÏÒÏÍ ÐÒÉ
	×ÙÂÏÒÅ ÔÉÐÁ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÅÊ ÄÌÑ ÏÂÍÅÎÁ ÌÅÎÔÁÍÉ.  îÁ×ÅÒÎÏÅ, ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
	ÉÍÅÅÔ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄ Exabyte ÛÉÒÉÎÏÊ 8ÍÍ É ÏÂߣÍÏÍ 2&nbsp;çÂÁÊÔ.  üÔÉ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÙ
	ÕÄÏÂÎÙ, ÏÎÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ ÎÁÄ£ÖÎÏ É ÔÉÈÏ.  ëÁÒÔÒÉÄÖÉ ÄÅÛÅ×Ù É ÍÁÌÙ ÐÏ
	ÒÁÚÍÅÒÕ (4.8 x 3.3 x 0.6 ÄÀÊÍÏ×; 122 x 84 x 15 ÍÍ).  ïÄÎÉÍ ÍÉÎÕÓÏÍ
	ÌÅÎÔ ÛÉÒÉÎÏÊ
	8ÍÍ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÒÁ×ÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÍÁÌÏÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÓÌÕÖÂÙ ÇÏÌÏ×ÏË É ÌÅÎÔ ÉÚ-ÚÁ
	×ÙÓÏËÏÊ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔÉ Ä×ÉÖÅÎÉÑ ÌÅÎÔÙ ×ÄÏÌØ ÇÏÌÏ×ÏË.</para>

      <para>óËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ×ÁÒØÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ÏÔ ~250&nbsp;kB/s
	ÄÏ ~500&nbsp;kB/s.  ïÂß£Í ÈÒÁÎÉÍÙÈ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÅÔÓÑ Ó 300&nbsp;íÂÁÊÔ É
	ÍÏÖÅÔ ÄÏÓÔÉÇÁÔØ 7&nbsp;çÂÁÊÔ.
	áÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÏÅ ÓÖÁÔÉÅ, ÉÍÅÀÝÅÅÓÑ ÐÒÁËÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÎÁ ×ÓÅÈ ÔÁËÉÈ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÁÈ,
	Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉ×ÁÅÔ ÅÍËÏÓÔØ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ×Ä×ÏÅ.  üÔÉ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÙ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÔ ËÁË × ×ÉÄÅ
	ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÙÈ ÍÏÄÕÌÅÊ, ÔÁË É × ×ÉÄÅ ÍÎÏÇÏÐÒÉ×ÏÄÎÙÈ ÌÅÎÔÏÞÎÙÈ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅË Ó
	6 ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÁÍÉ É 120 ÌÅÎÔÁÍÉ × ÏÄÎÏÍ ÏÔÓÅËÅ.  ìÅÎÔÙ ÓÍÅÎÑÀÔÓÑ
	Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÍÏÄÕÌÅÍ.  åÍËÏÓÔÉ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅË ÄÏÓÔÉÇÁÀÔ ×ÅÌÉÞÉÎ,
	ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÁÀÝÉÈ 840&nbsp;çÂÁÊÔ.</para>

      <para>íÏÄÅÌØ Exabyte <quote>Mammoth</quote> ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ £ÍËÏÓÔØ ÌÅÎÔÙ ×
	12&nbsp;çÂÁÊÔ (24&nbsp;çÂÁÊÔ ÓÏ ÓÖÁÔÉÅÍ) É ÓÔÏÉÔ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ×Ä×ÏÅ ÂÏÌØÛÅ, ÞÅÍ
	ÏÂÙÞÎÙÊ ÌÅÎÔÏÞÎÙÊ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌØ.</para>

      <para>äÁÎÎÙÅ ÎÁ ÌÅÎÔÕ ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÐÏ ÔÅÈÎÏÌÏÇÉÉ ÓÐÉÒÁÌØÎÏÇÏ
	ÓËÁÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, ÇÏÌÏ×ËÉ ÐÏÚÉÃÉÏÎÉÒÕÀÔÓÑ ÐÏÄ ÕÇÌÏÍ Ë ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÀ (ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ×
	6 ÇÒÁÄÕÓÏ×).  ìÅÎÔÁ ÏÂÏÒÁÞÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ 270 ÇÒÁÄÕÓÏ× ×ÏËÒÕÇ ÛÐÕÌØËÉ,
	ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÇÏÌÏ×ËÉ.  ÷Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÓËÏÌØÖÅÎÉÑ ÌÅÎÔÙ ×ÏËÒÕÇ ÛÐÕÌØËÉ
	ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÑÑ ×ÒÁÝÁÅÔÓÑ.  ÷ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÅ ÄÏÓÔÉÇÁÅÔÓÑ ×ÙÓÏËÁÑ ÐÌÏÔÎÏÓÔØ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ
	ÄÁÎÎÙÈ Ó ÏÞÅÎØ ÂÌÉÚËÏ ÌÅÖÁÝÉÍÉ ÄÏÒÏÖËÁÍÉ, ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÎÙÍÉ ÐÏÄ ÎÁËÌÏÎÏÍ
	ÐÏ ×ÓÅÊ ÌÅÎÔÅ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="backups-tapebackups-qic">
      <title>QIC</title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÉ ÎÁ ÍÁÇÎÉÔÎÏÊ ÌÅÎÔÅ</primary>

	<secondary>QIC-150</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>ìÅÎÔÙ É ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÉ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ QIC-150, ÎÁ×ÅÒÎÏÅ, Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ
	ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÅÎÎÙÍ ÔÉÐÏÍ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÅÊ.  ðÒÉ×ÏÄÙ ÌÅÎÔ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ QIC Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ
	ÓÁÍÙÍÉ ÄÅÛ£×ÙÍÉ <quote>ÓÅÒØ£ÚÎÙÍÉ</quote> ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÑÍÉ ÄÌÑ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ
	ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.
	íÉÎÕÓÏÍ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÔÏÉÍÏÓÔØ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÅÊ.  ìÅÎÔÙ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ QIC ÐÏ ÓÒÁ×ÎÅÎÉÀ
	Ó ÌÅÎÔÁÍÉ ÛÉÒÉÎÏÊ 8ÍÍ ÉÌÉ 4ÍÍ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÄÏÒÏÇÉÍÉ, ÐÒÅ×ÏÓÈÏÄÑ ÉÈ ÐÏ
	ÓÔÏÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÇÉÇÁÂÁÊÔÁ × ÐÑÔØ ÒÁÚ.  ïÄÎÁËÏ ÅÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ
	ÂÕÄÕÔ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÐÏÌÏ×ÉÎÙ ÌÅÎÔÙ, QIC ÍÏÖÅÔ ÏËÁÚÁÔØÓÑ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÍ
	×ÙÂÏÒÏÍ.  QIC Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ <emphasis>ÓÁÍÙÍ</emphasis> ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÅÎÎÙÍ
	ÔÉÐÏÍ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÁ.  ëÁÖÄÙÊ ÓÁÊÔ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄ QIC ËÁËÏÊ-ÌÉÂÏ ÅÍËÏÓÔÉ.  QIC
	ÉÍÅÅÔ ÂÏÌØÛÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÐÌÏÔÎÏÓÔÅÊ ÎÁ ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉ ÐÏÈÏÖÉÈ (ÉÎÏÇÄÁ
	ÄÁÖÅ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÞÎÙÈ) ÌÅÎÔÁÈ.  ðÒÉ×ÏÄÙ QIC ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ ×Ï×ÓÅ ÎÅ ÔÉÈÏ.  üÔÉ
	ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÉ ÇÒÏÍËÏ ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÌÑÀÔ ÐÏÉÓË ÐÅÒÅÄ ÔÅÍ, ËÁË ÎÁÞÁÔØ ÚÁÐÉÓØ
	ÄÁÎÎÙÈ É ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÛÕÍÎÙ × ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ, ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÉÌÉ ÐÏÉÓËÁ.  ìÅÎÔÙ
	QIC ÉÍÅÀÔ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÙ (6 x 4 x 0.7 ÄÀÊÍÏ×; 152 x 102 x 17 ÍÍ).</para>

      <para>óËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÏÂÍÅÎÁ ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ ÌÅÖÉÔ × ÇÒÁÎÉÃÁÈ ÏÔ ~150&nbsp;kB/s
	ÄÏ ~500&nbsp;kB/s.  ³ÍËÏÓÔØ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÅÊ ×ÁÒØÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ÏÔ 40&nbsp;íÂÁÊÔ
	ÄÏ 15&nbsp;çÂÁÊÔ.  áÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÏÅ ÓÖÁÔÉÅ
	ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ×Ï ÍÎÏÇÉÈ ÓÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÑÈ QIC.  ðÒÉ×ÏÄÙ QIC
	ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÍÅÎÅÅ ÞÁÓÔÏ; ÏÎÉ ×ÙÔÅÓÎÑÀÔÓÑ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÑÍÉ DAT.</para>

      <para>îÁ ÌÅÎÔÕ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÔÓÑ × ×ÉÄÅ ÄÏÒÏÖÅË.  äÏÒÏÖËÉ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÁÇÁÀÔÓÑ
	× ÄÌÉÎÕ ×ÄÏÌØ ×ÓÅÊ ÌÅÎÔÙ.  ëÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÄÏÒÏÖÅË, É, × Ó×ÏÀ ÏÞÅÒÅÄØ, ÉÈ
	ÛÉÒÉÎÁ, ÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó ÅÍËÏÓÔØÀ ÌÅÎÔÙ.  âÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï, ÅÓÌÉ ÎÅ ×ÓÅ
	ÓÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÅ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÉ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÉ×ÁÀÔ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÕÀ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÏÓÔØ ÐÏ ËÒÁÊÎÅÊ
	ÍÅÒÅ ÄÌÑ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ (ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÚÁÞÁÓÔÕÀ É ÄÌÑ ÒÅÖÉÍÁ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ).  æÏÒÍÁÔ QIC
	ÉÍÅÅÔ ÈÏÒÏÛÕÀ ÒÅÐÕÔÁÃÉÀ × ÏÂÌÁÓÔÉ ÎÁÄÅÖÎÏÓÔÉ ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ (ÍÅÈÁÎÉËÁ
	ÕÓÔÒÏÅÎÁ ÐÒÏÝÅ É ÂÏÌÅÅ ÎÁÄÅÖÎÁ, ÞÅÍ × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÅÊ, ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÎÙÈ
	ÐÏ ÔÅÈÎÏÌÏÇÉÉ ÓÐÉÒÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÓËÁÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ).</para>

      <para>ìÅÎÔÙ ÎÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ 5,000 ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÈ
	ËÏÐÉÊ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="backups-tapebackups-dlt">
      <title>DLT</title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÉ ÎÁ ÍÁÇÎÉÔÎÏÊ ÌÅÎÔÅ</primary>
	<secondary>DLT</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>æÏÒÍÁÔ DLT ÏÂÌÁÄÁÅÔ ÓÁÍÏÊ ×ÙÓÏËÏÊ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØÀ ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÓÒÅÄÉ
	×ÓÅÈ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÚÄÅÓØ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÅÊ.  ìÅÎÔÁ ÛÉÒÉÎÏÊ 1/2" (12.5ÍÍ)
	ÐÏÍÅÝÅÎÁ × ÏÄÉÎ ËÁÒÔÒÉÄÖ Ó ËÁÔÕÛËÏÊ (4 x 4 x 1 ÄÀÊÍÏ×; 100 x 100 x
	25 ÍÍ).  ÷ÄÏÌØ ÏÄÎÏÊ ÉÚ ÓÔÏÒÏÎ ËÁÒÔÒÉÄÖÁ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÁ ÓÄ×ÉÇÁÀÝÁÑÓÑ
	ËÒÙÛÅÞËÁ.  íÅÈÁÎÉÚÍ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÑ ÏÔËÒÙ×ÁÅÔ ÜÔÕ ËÒÙÛËÕ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ×ÙÔÁÝÉÔØ
	ËÏÎÅà ÌÅÎÔÙ.  îÁ ÜÔÏÍ ËÏÎÃÅ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ Ï×ÁÌØÎÏÅ ÏÔ×ÅÒÓÔÉÅ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ <quote>ÚÁÈ×ÁÔÁ</quote> ÌÅÎÔÙ.  ðÒÉÎÉÍÁÀÝÁÑ ËÁÔÕÛËÁ
	ÒÁÚÍÅÝÅÎÁ ×ÎÕÔÒÉ
	ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÑ.  ÷ÓÅ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÔÉÐÙ ËÁÒÔÒÉÄÖÅÊ, ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÅ ÚÄÅÓØ (ÚÁ
	ÉÓËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅÍ 9-ÄÏÒÏÖÅÞÎÙÈ ÌÅÎÔ), ÉÍÅÀÔ ËÁË ÐÏÄÁÀÝÉÊ, ÔÁË É ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÀÝÉÊ
	ÂÁÒÁÂÁÎÙ ×ÎÕÔÒÉ ÓÁÍÏÇÏ ËÁÒÔÒÉÄÖÁ.</para>

      <para>óËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÒÁ×ÎÁ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ 1.5&nbsp;MB/s, ÞÔÏ × ÔÒÉ
	ÒÁÚÁ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔÉ ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÄÌÑ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÅÊ 4ÍÍ, 8ÍÍ ÉÌÉ QIC.
	³ÍËÏÓÔØ ËÁÒÔÒÉÄÖÅÊ ×ÁÒØÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ÏÔ 10&nbsp;çÂÁÊÔ ÄÏ 20&nbsp;çÂÁÊÔ ÄÌÑ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ
	ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÑ.  ðÒÉ×ÏÄÙ ÍÏÇÕÔ ËÏÍÐÏÎÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ËÁË ÍÎÏÇÏÌÅÎÔÏÞÎÙÅ
	ÒÏÂÏÔÉÚÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÅ, ÔÁË É ÍÎÏÇÏÌÅÎÔÏÞÎÙÅ, ÍÎÏÇÏÐÒÉ×ÏÄÎÙÅ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÉ
	ÌÅÎÔ, ×ÍÅÝÁÀÝÉÅ ÏÔ 5 ÄÏ 900 ÌÅÎÔ É ÏÔ 1 ÄÏ 20 ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÏ×, ÞÔÏ ÄÁ£Ô
	£ÍËÏÓÔØ ÈÒÁÎÉÌÉÝÁ ÏÔ 50&nbsp;çÂÁÊÔ ÄÏ 9&nbsp;ôÂÁÊÔ.</para>

      <para>æÏÒÍÁÔ DLT Type IV ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÅÍËÏÓÔØ ÄÏ 70&nbsp;çÂÁÊÔ ÓÏ
	ÓÖÁÔÉÅÍ.</para>

      <para>äÁÎÎÙÅ ÎÁ ÌÅÎÔÕ ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÔÓÑ × ×ÉÄÅ ÄÏÒÏÖÅË, ÐÁÒÁÌÌÅÌØÎÙÈ
	ÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÀ Ä×ÉÖÅÎÉÑ (ÔÏÞÎÏ ÔÁËÖÅ, ËÁË É ÄÌÑ ÌÅÎÔ QIC).  ïÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ
	ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÔÓÑ Ä×Å ÄÏÒÏÖËÉ.  óÒÏË ÖÉÚÎÉ ÇÏÌÏ×ÏË ÞÔÅÎÉÑ/ÚÁÐÉÓÉ
	ÓÒÁ×ÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ×ÅÌÉË; ËÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ ÌÅÎÔÁ ÐÅÒÅÓÔÁÅÔ Ä×ÉÇÁÔØÓÑ, ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ
	ÐÒÅËÒÁÝÁÅÔÓÑ ÔÒÅÎÉÅ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÇÏÌÏ×ËÁÍÉ É ÌÅÎÔÏÊ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title id="backups-tapebackups-ait">AIT</title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÉ ÎÁ ÍÁÇÎÉÔÎÏÊ ÌÅÎÔÅ</primary>

	<secondary>AIT</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>AIT - ÜÔÏ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ ÆÉÒÍÙ Sony, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÈÒÁÎÉÔØ ÄÏ
	50&nbsp;çÂÁÊÔ (ÓÏ ÓÖÁÔÉÅÍ) ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ ÎÁ ÏÄÎÏÊ ÌÅÎÔÅ.  ìÅÎÔÙ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔ
	ÍÉËÒÏÓÈÅÍÙ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ, ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÒÁÚÍÅÝÁÅÔÓÑ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÇÏ ÌÅÎÔÙ.
	üÔÏÔ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÂÙÓÔÒÏ ÓÞÉÔÁÎ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÅÍ ÄÌÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ
	ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÎÁ ÌÅÎÔÅ, ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÔÒÁÔÉÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ
	ÍÉÎÕÔ ÎÁ ÐÏÉÓË, ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ Ó ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁÍÉ.  ôÁËÏÅ
	ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÅ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÅ, ËÁË
	<application>SAMS:Alexandria</application>, ÍÏÖÅÔ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÑÔØ ÓÏÒÏËÁ ÉÌÉ
	ÂÏÌØÛÉÍ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×ÏÍ
	ÌÅÎÔÏÞÎÙÈ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅË AIT, Ó×ÑÚÙ×ÁÑÓØ ÎÅÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ Ó ÐÁÍÑÔØÀ ÌÅÎÔ ÄÌÑ
	×Ù×ÏÄÁ ÉÈ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÇÏ, ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁËÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÂÙÌÉ ÓËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÙ
	ÎÁ ËÁËÕÀ ÌÅÎÔÕ, ×ÙÂÏÒÁ ÎÕÖÎÏÊ ÌÅÎÔÙ, Å£ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ É ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ
	ÄÁÎÎÙÈ Ó ÌÅÎÔÙ.</para>

      <para>âÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÉ Ó ÔÁËÉÍÉ ÆÕÎËÃÉÑÍÉ ÓÔÏÑÔ × ÒÁÊÏÎÅ $20,000, ×Ù×ÏÄÑ ÉÈ ÉÚ
	ÎÉÛÉ ÌÀÂÉÔÅÌØÓËÏÇÏ ÒÙÎËÁ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÎÏ×ÏÊ ÌÅÎÔÙ ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ÒÁÚ</title>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÏÐÙÔÁÅÔÅÓØ ÐÒÏÞÉÔÁÔØ ÉÌÉ ÚÁÐÉÓÁÔØ ÎÏ×ÕÀ, ÁÂÓÏÌÀÔÎÏ ÞÉÓÔÕÀ
	ÌÅÎÔÕ, × ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ÒÁÚ, ÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÕÄÁÓÔÓÑ.  ÷Ù×ÏÄÉÍÙÅ ÎÁ ËÏÎÓÏÌØ
	ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ ÂÕÄÕÔ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÔØ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÔÁË:</para>

      <screen>sa0(ncr1:4:0): NOT READY asc:4,1
sa0(ncr1:4:0):	Logical unit is in process of becoming ready</screen>

      <para>îÁ ÌÅÎÔÅ ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÂÌÏË (ÂÌÏË ÎÏÍÅÒ 0).  óÏ
	×ÒÅÍÅÎ ÐÒÉÎÑÔÉÑ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÁ QIC-525 ×ÓÅ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÉ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ QIC ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÔ
	ÎÁ ÌÅÎÔÕ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÂÌÏË (Identifier Block).  úÄÅÓØ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ Ä×Á
	ÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ:</para>

      <itemizedlist>
	<listitem>
	  <para>ðÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ <command>mt fsf 1</command> ÌÅÎÔÏÞÎÙÊ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌØ
	    ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÂÌÏË ÎÁ ÌÅÎÔÕ.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>÷ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ËÎÏÐËÏÊ ÎÁ ÐÅÒÅÄÎÅÊ ÐÁÎÅÌÉ ÄÌÑ ×ÙÂÒÏÓÁ
	    ÌÅÎÔÙ.</para>

	  <para>÷ÓÔÁ×ØÔÅ ÌÅÎÔÕ ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÎÏ É ÐÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ <command>dump</command>
	    ÓÂÒÏÓØÔÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÎÁ ÌÅÎÔÕ.</para>

	  <para>ðÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ <command>dump</command> ×ÙÄÁÓÔ <errorname>DUMP: End
	    of tape detected</errorname>, Á ÎÁ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ ÂÕÄÅÔ ×Ù×ÅÄÅÎÏ:
	    <errorname>HARDWARE FAILURE info:280 asc:80,96</errorname>.</para>

	  <para>ÐÅÒÅÍÏÔÁÊÔÅ ÌÅÎÔÕ ÔÁËÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ:
	    <command>mt rewind</command>.</para>

	  <para>ðÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÉ Ó ÌÅÎÔÏÊ ÂÕÄÕÔ ÕÓÐÅÛÎÙÍÉ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="backups-floppybackups">
    <title>óÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÊ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅÔÁÈ</title>

    <sect2 id="floppies-using">
      <title>íÏÖÎÏ ÌÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÊ ÍÏÉÈ
	ÄÁÎÎÙÈ?</title>

      <indexterm><primary>ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ Ó ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÍÉ ËÏÐÉÑÍÉ</primary></indexterm>

      <indexterm><primary>ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ</primary></indexterm>

      <para>îÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ ÎÅ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÔ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÊ,
	ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ:</para>

      <itemizedlist>
	<listitem>
	  <para>îÏÓÉÔÅÌØ ÎÅÎÁÄ£ÖÅÎ, ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏ ÅÓÌÉ ÒÅÞØ ÉÄÅÔ Ï ÂÏÌØÛÉÈ ÓÒÏËÁÈ
	    ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>óÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÊ É ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ
	    ÏÞÅÎØ ÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÏ.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>äÉÓËÅÔÙ ÉÍÅÀÔ ×ÅÓØÍÁ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÎÕÀ ÅÍËÏÓÔØ (ÄÎÉ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×ÅÓØ
	    ×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÌÓÑ ÎÁ ÄÅÓÑÔÏË ÉÌÉ ÏËÏÌÏ ÔÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÅÔ, ÄÁ×ÎÏ
	    ÐÒÏÛÌÉ).</para>
	</listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <para>îÅÓÍÏÔÒÑ ÎÁ ×ÓÅ ÜÔÏ, ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÎÅÔ ÄÒÕÇÏÇÏ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÁ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ
	ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÕÀ ËÏÐÉÀ ×ÁÛÉÈ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ, ÔÏ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ ×ÓÅ ÖÅ ÌÕÞÛÅ, ÞÅÍ
	ÎÉÞÅÇÏ.</para>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ, ÔÏ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎÉ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ
	ÈÏÒÏÛÅÇÏ ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Á.  äÉÓËÅÔÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×ÁÌÑÌÉÓØ ÐÏ ×ÓÅÍÕ ÏÆÉÓÕ × ÔÅÞÅÎÉÉ
	ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ ÌÅÔ, ÎÅ ÐÏÄÏÊÄÕÔ.  éÄÅÁÌØÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÏ×ÙÅ ÏÔ ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÏÇÏ
	ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÑ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="floppies-creating">
      <title>éÔÁË, ËÁË ÖÅ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÕÀ ËÏÐÉÀ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅÔÁÈ?</title>

      <para>óÁÍÙÍ ÌÕÞÛÉÍ ÍÅÔÏÄÏÍ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÊ ËÏÐÉÉ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅÔÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ &man.tar.1; Ó ÏÐÃÉÅÊ
	<option>-M</option> (ÍÎÏÇÏÔÏÍÎÙÅ ÁÒÈÉ×Ù), ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÒÁÚÍÅÝÁÔØ
	ÁÒÈÉ×Ù ÎÁ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ ÄÉÓËÅÔÁÈ.</para>

      <para>äÌÑ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ×ÓÅÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ× × ÔÅËÕÝÅÍ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ É ÐÏÄËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁÈ
	×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ (ÒÁÂÏÔÁÑ ËÁË ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ
	<username>root</username>):</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>tar Mcvf /dev/fd0 *</userinput></screen>

      <para>ëÏÇÄÁ ÐÅÒ×ÁÑ ÄÉÓËÅÔÁ ÏËÁÖÅÔÓÑ ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÚÁÐÏÌÎÅÎÎÏÊ, ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ
	&man.tar.1; ×ÙÄÁÓÔ ÚÁÐÒÏÓ ÎÁ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÔÏÍ (ÔÁË ËÁË ÒÁÂÏÔÁ
	ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ &man.tar.1; ÎÅ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÔ ÏÔ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÑ, ÏÎÁ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÄÅÌÏ Ó
	ÔÏÍÁÍÉ; ÚÄÅÓØ ÜÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ ÄÉÓËÅÔÕ).</para>

      <screen>Prepare volume #2 for /dev/fd0 and hit return:</screen>

      <para>üÔÏ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÑÔØÓÑ (ÓÏ ×ÓÅ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉ×ÁÀÝÉÍÓÑ ÎÏÍÅÒÏÍ
	ÔÏÍÁ) ÄÏ ÔÅÈ ÐÏÒ, ÐÏËÁ ×ÓÅ ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÕÔ
	ÚÁÁÒÈÉ×ÉÒÏ×ÁÎÙ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="floppies-compress">
      <title>íÏÖÎÏ ÌÉ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ ÐÏÄ×ÅÒÇÎÕÔØ ËÏÍÐÒÅÓÓÉÉ?</title>
      <indexterm><primary><command>tar</command></primary></indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary><command>gzip</command></primary></indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary>ÓÖÁÔÉÅ</primary></indexterm>

      <para>ë ÓÏÖÁÌÅÎÉÀ, &man.tar.1; ÐÒÉ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÉ ÍÎÏÇÏÔÏÍÎÙÈ ÁÒÈÉ×Ï×
	ÎÅ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÏÐÃÉÀ <option>-z</option>.  ÷Ù ËÏÎÅÞÎÏ ÖÅ,
	ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓËÏÍÐÒÅÓÓÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ×ÓÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÏÊ &man.gzip.1;,
	ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ &man.gzip.1; ÓËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÈ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ
	ÒÁÓÐÁËÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÓÎÏ×Á ÕÔÉÌÉÔÏÊ &man.gunzip.1;!</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="floppies-restoring">
      <title>ëÁË ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÉÚ ÍÏÉÈ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÊ?</title>

      <para>äÌÑ ÐÏÌÎÏÇÏ ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÁÒÈÉ×Á ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ÔÁËÏÊ
	ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>tar Mxvf /dev/fd0</userinput></screen>

      <para>åÓÔØ Ä×Á ÐÏÄÈÏÄÁ Ë ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÀ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÎÕÖÎÙÈ ×ÁÍ ÆÁÊÌÏ×.  ÷
	ÐÅÒ×ÏÍ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÁÞÁÔØ Ó ÐÅÒ×ÏÊ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ É ×ÙÄÁÔØ ÔÁËÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>tar Mxvf /dev/fd0 <replaceable>filename</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>ðÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ &man.tar.1; ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ÙÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÚÁÐÒÏÓ ÎÁ ÐÏÄÁÞÕ
	ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÈ ÄÉÓËÅÔ ÄÏ ÔÅÈ ÐÏÒ, ÐÏËÁ ÎÅ ÎÁÊÄÅÔ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÍÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ.</para>

      <para>ëÁË ÁÌØÔÅÒÎÁÔÉ×Á, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÚÎÁÅÔÅ, ÎÁ ËÁËÏÊ ÄÉÓËÅÔÅ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎ ÆÁÊÌ,
	ÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÐÏÄÁÔØ ÅÅ É ÄÁÔØ ÔÕ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ, ÞÔÏ É ×ÙÛÅ.
	úÁÍÅÔØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÅÓÌÉ ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅÔÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÅÎÉÅÍ
	ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÅÇÏ, ÔÏ &man.tar.1; ×ÙÄÁÓÔ ÐÒÅÄÕÐÒÅÖÄÅÎÉÅ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ
	ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÅÇÏ ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ, ÈÏÔÑ ×Ù ÜÔÏÇÏ É ÎÅ ÐÒÏÓÉÌÉ ÄÅÌÁÔØ!</para>
  </sect2>
</sect1>

  <sect1 id="backup-strategies">
    <sect1info>
      <authorgroup>
	<author>
	  <firstname>Lowell</firstname>
	  <surname>Gilbert</surname>
	  <contrib>ðÅÒ×ÏÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏ ÎÁÐÉÓÁÎÏ</contrib>
	</author>
      </authorgroup>
      <!-- 3 Dec 2005 -->
    </sect1info>

    <title>óÔÒÁÔÅÇÉÉ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ</title>

    <para>ðÒÉ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔËÅ ÐÌÁÎÁ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÐÅÒ×ÙÍ ÄÅÌÏÍ ÎÁÄÏ
      ÐÒÏÄÕÍÁÔØ ÍÅÔÏÄÙ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ ÏÔ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÈ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para>ïÔËÁÚ ÖÅÓÔËÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
	<para>óÌÕÞÁÊÎÏÅ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
	<para>ðÏ×ÒÅÖÄÅÎÉÅ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÏ×</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
	<para>ðÏÌÎÏÅ ÕÎÉÞÔÏÖÅÎÉÅ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÐÒÉ ÐÏÖÁÒÅ), ÐÒÉ
	  ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÐÏÇÉÂÎÕÔ ÔÁËÖÅ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ, ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉ ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÉÅÓÑ
	  ÒÑÄÏÍ.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>÷ÐÏÌÎÅ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ, ÞÔÏ ÄÌÑ ×ÁÛÉÈ ÎÕÖÄ ÎÅÔ ÅÄÉÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÁÔÅÇÉÉ, ÎÁÉÌÕÞÛÉÍ
      ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ ÐÏËÒÙ×ÁÀÝÅÊ ×ÓÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÎÙÅ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ; ÂÏÌÅÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ÓËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ,
      ÅÅ É ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ (ÒÁÚ×Å ÞÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒÓÏÎÁÌØÎÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ, ÇÄÅ ÃÅÎÎÏÓÔØ
      ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÏÞÅÎØ ÎÉÚËÁ).</para>

    <para>÷ÏÔ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÅÎÎÙÈ ÔÅÈÎÏÌÏÇÉÊ, ÐÒÉÍÅÎÑÅÍÙÈ
      ÄÌÑ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para>áÒÈÉ×ÁÃÉÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÃÅÌÉËÏÍ Ó ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ ÎÁ ËÁËÏÊ-ÌÉÂÏ ÎÁÄÅÖÎÙÊ
	  ×ÎÅÛÎÉÊ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌØ É ÒÁÚÍÅÝÅÎÉÅ ÅÇÏ ×ÄÁÌÅËÅ ÏÔ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.
	  ðÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ×Ù ÚÁÝÉÝÅÎÙ ÏÔ ×ÓÅÈ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÜÔÏÔ
	  ÍÅÔÏÄ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔ ÍÎÏÇÏ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ É ÎÅÕÄÏÂÅÎ × ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ.
	  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÈÒÁÎÉÔØ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ ÒÑÄÏÍ ÉÌÉ ÄÁÖÅ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÍÉ,
	  ÏÄÎÁËÏ ×ÓÅ ÒÁ×ÎÏ ÓÔÏÌËÎÅÔÅÓØ Ó ÎÅÕÄÏÂÓÔ×ÁÍÉ ÐÒÉ ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÉ,
	  × ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔÉ ÄÌÑ ÎÅÐÒÉ×ÉÌÅÇÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>óÎÜÐÛÏÔÙ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ.  ðÏÍÏÇÁÀÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÔ ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÏÇÏ
	  ÕÄÁÌÅÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ÎÏ ËÁË ÒÁÚ × ÜÔÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ
	  <emphasis>ÏÞÅÎØ</emphasis> ÐÏÌÅÚÎÙ É ÜÆÆÅËÔÉ×ÎÙ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>ðÏÌÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ ÉÌÉ ÄÉÓËÏ× (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÐÅÒÉÏÄÉÞÅÓËÉÊ
	  ÚÁÐÕÓË ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ &man.rsync.1; ÄÌÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ÃÅÌÉËÏÍ).
	  <!-- XXX á ÞÔÏ ÚÄÅÓØ ÈÏÔÅÌ ÓËÁÚÁÔØ Á×ÔÏÒ???
	  This is generally most useful in networks with
	  unique requirements.  -->
	  äÌÑ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ ÏÔ ÏÔËÁÚÁ ÖÅÓÔËÉÈ ÄÉÓËÏ× ÜÔÏÔ ÓÐÏÓÏ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ
	  ÕÓÔÕÐÁÅÔ <acronym>RAID</acronym>; ÄÌÑ ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÏ
	  ÕÄÁÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÓÒÁ×ÎÉÍ ÐÏ ÕÄÏÂÓÔ×Õ ÓÏ ÓÎÜÐÛÏÔÁÍÉ
	  <acronym>UFS</acronym>, × ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÉ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para><acronym>RAID</acronym>.  íÉÎÉÍÉÚÉÒÕÅÔ ÉÌÉ ÉÓËÌÀÞÁÅÔ ×Ï×ÓÅ
	  ÐÒÏÓÔÏÉ ÐÒÉ ÏÔËÁÚÅ ÖÅÓÔËÉÈ ÄÉÓËÏ×.  ðÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÓÒÅÄÎÑÑ ÞÁÓÔÏÔÁ
	  ÔÁËÉÈ ÏÔËÁÚÏ× Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ (ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÄÉÓËÏ× ÂÏÌØÛÅ),
	  ÎÏ ÒÁÚÂÉÒÁÔØÓÑ Ó ÎÉÍÉ ÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÓÑ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÓÐÏËÏÊÎÅÅ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>ðÒÏ×ÅÒËÁ ÏÔÐÅÞÁÔËÏ× ÆÁÊÌÏ× (fingerprints).  äÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ×ÅÓØÍÁ
	  ÐÏÌÅÚÎÁ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ &man.mtree.8;.  îÅ Ñ×ÌÑÑÓØ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ ÔÅÈÎÏÌÏÇÉÅÊ
	  ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, ÜÔÏÔ ÍÅÔÏÄ ÐÏÍÏÇÁÅÔ ×ÙÑÓÎÑÔØ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×ÁÍ
	  ÐÏËÁ ÏÂÒÁÝÁÔØÓÑ Ë ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÍ ËÏÐÉÑÍ.  ÷ ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔÉ ÜÔÏ ×ÁÖÎÏ ÄÌÑ
	  "ÏÆÆÌÁÊÎÏ×ÙÈ" ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÊ.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>äÏ×ÏÌØÎÏ ÌÅÇËÏ ÐÒÉÄÕÍÁÔØ É ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÓÔÒÁÔÅÇÉÉ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ;
      ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ÉÚ ÎÉÈ ÂÕÄÕÔ ËÏÍÐÏÚÉÃÉÑÍÉ ÕÖÅ ÕÐÏÍÑÎÕÔÙÈ.  îÁÌÉÞÉÅ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÈ
      ÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÎÉÊ, ËÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔ Ë ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌÉÚÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÍ ÖÅ ÔÅÈÎÏÌÏÇÉÑÍ
      (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÅ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÂÁÚÙ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ, ËÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔ
      ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÍÅÔÏÄÏ×, ÓÐÅÃÉÆÉÞÎÙÈ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÊ óõâä).
      çÌÁ×ÎÙÍ ÏÓÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÚÎÁÎÉÅ ÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÅÊ ÐÏÔÅÒÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ, ÏÔ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ
      ÓÅÂÑ ÏÇÒÁÄÉÔØ, É ÍÅÔÏÄÏ× ÚÁÝÉÔÙ ÏÔ ÎÉÈ.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="backup-basics">
    <title>ïÓÎÏ×Ù ÔÅÈÎÏÌÏÇÉÉ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ</title>

    <para>ôÒÅÍÑ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÍÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁÍÉ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ
      &man.dump.8;, &man.tar.1; É &man.cpio.1;.</para>

    <sect2>
      <title>Dump É Restore</title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ</primary>
	<secondary>ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÅ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ / ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ</secondary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary><command>dump</command></primary></indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary><command>restore</command></primary></indexterm>

      <para>äÌÑ &unix; ÔÒÁÄÉÃÉÏÎÎÙÍÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁÍÉ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ
	Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ <command>dump</command> É <command>restore</command>.  ïÎÉ
	ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ Ó ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÏÍ ËÁË Ó ÎÁÂÏÒÏÍ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÈ ÂÌÏËÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÙ
	ÎÉÖÅ ÐÏÎÑÔÉÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×, Ó×ÑÚÅÊ É ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ×, ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÍÉ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍÉ.  ÷ ÏÔÌÉÞÉÅ ÏÔ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ ÄÌÑ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ,
	ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ <command>dump</command> ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÅ
	ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ×ÓÅÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÒÁÓÐÏÌÁÇÁÀÝÅÊÓÑ ÎÁ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Å.
	îÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÅ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÞÁÓÔÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÉÌÉ
	ÄÅÒÅ×Á ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÁÇÁÀÔÓÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÞÅÍ × ÏÄÎÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.  õÔÉÌÉÔÁ <command>dump</command> ÎÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ ÎÁ ÌÅÎÔÕ ÆÁÊÌÙ
	É ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ, ÏÎÁ ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ ÂÌÏËÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ, ÉÚ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÓÔÒÏÑÔÓÑ ÆÁÊÌÙ É
	ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ.  õÔÉÌÉÔÁ <command>restore</command> ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅÎÁ
	ÔÁË, ÞÔÏ × ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ Ó×ÏÅÊ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÏÎÁ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÑÅÔ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ×
	ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>/tmp/</filename>.  ÷ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÑÈ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÏÇÏ
	× <filename>/tmp/</filename> ÍÅÓÔÁ ÂÙ×ÁÅÔ ÎÅÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ: ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ
	×Ù ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔÅ Ó ÄÉÓËÁ ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ (recovery disk).  ÷ ÔÁËÉÈ
	ÓÌÕÞÁÑÈ ÄÌÑ ÕÓÐÅÛÎÏÊ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ × ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ
	ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ <envar>TMPDIR</envar> ÐÕÔØ Ë ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÕ ÎÁ ÍÅÎÅÅ ÚÁÐÏÌÎÅÎÎÏÊ
	ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.</para>

      <note>
	<para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ <command>dump</command> ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ
	  Ó ËÏÒÎÅ×ÙÍ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏÍ, ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØÓÑ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÅ
	  ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
	  <filename>/home</filename>, <filename>/usr</filename> É ÍÎÏÇÉÈ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ
	  ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ×, ÔÁË ËÁË ÏÎÉ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÔÏÞËÁÍÉ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ
	  ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ ÉÌÉ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÉÞÅÓËÉÍÉ ÓÓÙÌËÁÍÉ ÎÁ ÜÔÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ
	  ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>
      </note>

      <para>÷ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÅ <command>dump</command> ÉÍÅÀÔÓÑ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÎÅÕÄÏÂÓÔ×Á,
	ÏÓÔÁ×ÛÉÅÓÑ
	ÏÔ Å£ ÒÁÎÎÉÈ ÄÎÅÊ × ÓÏÓÔÁ×Å Version 6 ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ AT&amp;T
	UNIX (ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ 1975).  ðÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ, ÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÔ
	ÄÌÑ 9-ÄÏÒÏÖÅÞÎÙÈ ÌÅÎÔ (6250 bpi), ÎÏ ÎÅ ÄÌÑ ÓÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÅÊ Ó
	×ÙÓÏËÏÊ ÐÌÏÔÎÏÓÔØÀ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ (ÄÏ 62,182 ftpi).  äÌÑ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ £ÍËÏÓÔÅÊ ÎÙÎÅÛÎÉÈ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÅÊ ÎÁ ÍÁÇÎÉÔÎÏÊ ÌÅÎÔÅ ÜÔÉ
	ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÄÁÎÙ × ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ.</para>

      <indexterm><primary><filename>.rhosts</filename></primary></indexterm>

      <para>ðÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ <command>rdump</command> É <command>rrestore</command>
	×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÅ
	ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÐÏ ÓÅÔÉ ÎÁ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌØ, ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÊ Ë ÄÒÕÇÏÍÕ
	ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÕ.  ïÂÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ × ÒÁÂÏÔÅ &man.rcmd.3; É
	&man.ruserok.3; ÄÌÑ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÀ ÎÁ ÍÁÇÎÉÔÎÏÊ ÌÅÎÔÅ ÎÁ
	ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÏÍ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÅ.  ðÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÀÝÉÊ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÅ
	ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ, ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ ÕËÁÚÁÎ × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>.rhosts</filename> ÎÁ
	ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÏÍ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÅ.  áÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÙ ÄÌÑ <command>rdump</command> É
	<command>rrestore</command> ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÉÔØ ÄÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÎÁ
	ÄÒÕÇÏÍ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÅ.  ðÒÉ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÉ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÐÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ
	<command>rdump</command> ÎÁ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÅ Ó FreeBSD ÎÁ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌØ Exabyte,
	ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÊ Ë ÍÁÛÉÎÅ Sun ÐÏ ÉÍÅÎÉ <hostid>komodo</hostid>, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ
	ÔÁËÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/sbin/rdump 0dsbfu 54000 13000 126 komodo:/dev/nsa8 /dev/da0a 2>&amp;1</userinput></screen>

      <para>âÕÄØÔÅ ÏÓÔÏÒÏÖÎÙ: ÅÓÔØ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ Ó ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÅÍ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ ÐÒÉ
	ÁÕÔÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÃÉÉ ÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÏÍ <filename>.rhosts</filename>.  ÷ÎÉÍÁÔÅÌØÎÏ
	ÒÁÓÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ×ÁÛÕ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÀ.</para>

      <para>ðÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ <command>dump</command> É <command>restore</command>
	ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ × ÂÏÌÅÅ ÚÁÝÉÝ£ÎÎÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÏÍ
	<command>ssh</command>.</para>

      <example>
	<title>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ <command>dump</command> ÞÅÒÅÚ
	  <application>ssh</application></title>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/sbin/dump -0uan -f - /usr | gzip -2 | ssh -c blowfish \
targetuser@targetmachine.example.com dd of=/mybigfiles/dump-usr-l0.gz</userinput></screen>
      </example>

      <para>ìÉÂÏ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ×ÓÔÒÏÅÎÎÏÊ × <command>dump</command>
	×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØÀ, ÚÁÄÁ× ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÕÀ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ <envar>RSH</envar>:</para>

      <example>
	<title>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ <command>dump</command> ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ ÞÅÒÅÚ
	  <application>ssh</application> Ó ÚÁÄÁÎÉÅÍ <envar>RSH</envar></title>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>RSH=/usr/bin/ssh /sbin/dump -0uan -f targetuser@targetmachine.example.com:/dev/sa0 /usr</userinput></screen>
      </example>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title><command>tar</command></title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ</primary>
	<secondary><command>tar</command></secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>õÔÉÌÉÔÁ &man.tar.1; ÔÁËÖÅ ×ÏÓÈÏÄÉÔ ËÏÒÎÑÍÉ Ë Version 6 ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ
	AT&amp;T UNIX (ÏËÏÌÏ 1975).  <command>tar</command> ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ Ó
	ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ, ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÑ ÎÁ ÌÅÎÔÕ ÆÁÊÌÙ É
	ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ.  üÔÁ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ
	ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÎÅ ÐÏÌÎÙÊ ÎÁÂÏÒ ÏÐÃÉÊ, ÉÍÅÀÝÉÈÓÑ × &man.cpio.1;, ÏÄÎÁËÏ
	ÎÅ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔ ÎÅÏÂÙÞÎÏÇÏ ÐÅÒÅÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ × ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ × ÕÔÉÌÉÔÅ <command>cpio</command>.</para>

      <indexterm><primary><command>tar</command></primary></indexterm>

      <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÓËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ
	ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÎÁ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌØ Exabyte, ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÊ Ë ÍÁÛÉÎÅ Sun ÐÏ ÉÍÅÎÉ
	<hostid>komodo</hostid>, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÔÁËÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>tar cf - . | rsh komodo dd of=<replaceable>tape-device</replaceable> obs=20b</userinput></screen>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÂÅÓÐÏËÏÉÔÅÓØ Ï ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÊ ÐÏ
	ÓÅÔÉ, ÔÏ ×ÍÅÓÔÏ <command>rsh</command> ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
	<command>ssh</command>.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title><command>cpio</command></title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ</primary>

	<secondary><command>cpio</command></secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>&man.cpio.1; Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÏÒÉÇÉÎÁÌØÎÏÊ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ &unix; ÄÌÑ ÏÂÍÅÎÁ
	ÆÁÊÌÁÍÉ ÎÁ ÍÁÇÎÉÔÎÙÈ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÑÈ.  ÷ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÅ <command>cpio</command>
	ÉÍÅÀÔÓÑ ÏÐÃÉÉ (ËÒÏÍÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÐÒÏÞÅÇÏ), ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÀÝÉÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ
	ÐÏÒÑÄËÁ ÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÂÁÊÔÏ×, ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÝÉÅ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÙ ÁÒÈÉ×Ï× É
	×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÀÝÉÅ ÐÅÒÅÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÄÒÕÇÉÍ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁÍ.  ðÏÓÌÅÄÎÑÑ
	×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÄÅÌÁÅÔ <command>cpio</command> ÐÒÅËÒÁÓÎÙÍ ×ÙÂÏÒÏÍ ÄÌÑ
	ÃÅÌÅÊ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ.  <command>cpio</command> ÎÅ ÚÎÁÅÔ Ï ÔÏÍ, ËÁË
	ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁÍÉ, ÓÐÉÓÏË ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÄÁ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÞÅÒÅÚ
	<filename>stdin</filename>.</para>

      <indexterm><primary><command>cpio</command></primary></indexterm>

      <para><command>cpio</command> ÎÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÈ
	ËÏÐÉÊ ÐÏ ÓÅÔÉ.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÐÅÒÅÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅÍ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ É
	ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ <command>rsh</command> ÄÌÑ ÐÏÓÙÌËÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÎÁ ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÙÊ
	ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌØ.</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>for f in <replaceable>directory_list; do</replaceable></userinput>
<userinput>find $f &gt;&gt; backup.list</userinput>
<userinput>done</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cpio -v -o --format=newc &lt; backup.list | ssh <replaceable>user</replaceable>@<replaceable>host</replaceable> "cat &gt; <replaceable>backup_device</replaceable>"</userinput></screen>

      <para>çÄÅ directory_list ÜÔÏ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÊ, c ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÷Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ
	ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ,
	<replaceable>user</replaceable>@<replaceable>host</replaceable> ÜÔÏ
	ËÏÍÂÉÎÁÃÉÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ/ÈÏÓÔ ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ ÔÏÇÏ ËÔÏ
	ÚÁÎÉÍÁÅÔÓÑ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ, É <replaceable>backup_device</replaceable>
	ÜÔÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ËÕÄÁ ËÏÐÉÉ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÐÉÓÁÎÙ (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ,
	<devicename>/dev/nsa0</devicename>).</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title><command>pax</command></title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ</primary>
	<secondary><command>pax</command></secondary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary><command>pax</command></primary></indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary>POSIX</primary></indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary>IEEE</primary></indexterm>

      <para>&man.pax.1; Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÏÔ×ÅÔÏÍ IEEE/&posix; ÎÁ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ
	<command>tar</command> É <command>cpio</command>.  ÷ ÔÅÞÅÎÉÅ ÍÎÏÇÉÈ ÌÅÔ
	ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ <command>tar</command> É
	<command>cpio</command> ÐÏÌÕÞÁÌÉÓØ ÎÅ ÓÏ×ÓÅÍ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÙÍÉ.  ôÁË ÞÔÏ
	×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÐÙÔÁÔØÓÑ ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÉÈ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÉÚÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ, &posix;
	ÓÏÚÄÁÌ ÎÏ×ÕÀ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÕ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÁÒÈÉ×ÁÍÉ.  <command>pax</command>
	ÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÞÉÔÁÔØ É ÐÉÓÁÔØ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÙ <command>cpio</command>
	É <command>tar</command>, É, ËÒÏÍÅ
	ÔÏÇÏ, Ó×ÏÉ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÅ ÎÏ×ÙÅ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÙ.  îÁÂÏÒ ËÏÍÁÎÄ ÜÔÏÊ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ ÂÏÌØÛÅ
	ÎÁÐÏÍÉÎÁÅÔ <command>cpio</command>, ÞÅÍ <command>tar</command>.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="backups-programs-amanda">
      <title><application>Amanda</application></title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ</primary>
	<secondary><application>amanda</application></secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
	<primary><application>amanda</application></primary>
      </indexterm>

      <!-- õÄÁÌÉÔØ ÓÓÙÌËÕ, ÐÏËÁ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÁ ÍÅÔËÁ <port> -->
      <para><application>Amanda</application> (Advanced Maryland Network Disk
	Archiver) Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÃÅÌÏÊ ËÌÉÅÎÔ/ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ
	ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, Á ÎÅ ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÏÊ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ.  óÅÒ×ÅÒ
	<application>Amanda</application> ÓÍÏÖÅÔ ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÌÑÔØ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÅ
	ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÎÁ ÅÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÊ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌØ ÌÀÂÏÇÏ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Á ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÏ×,
	ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ËÌÉÅÎÔ <application>Amanda</application> É ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ
	ÍÏÇÕÔ Ó×ÑÚÙ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÐÏ ÓÅÔÉ Ó ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏÍ <application>Amanda</application>.
	ïÂÝÅÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ Ó ÂÏÌØÛÉÍ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×ÏÍ ÂÏÌØÛÉÈ ÄÉÓËÏ× Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
	ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ×ÒÅÍÑ, ÔÒÅÂÕÅÍÏÅ ÄÌÑ ÎÅÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÊ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÎÁ ÌÅÎÔÕ,
	ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÁÅÔ ÌÉÍÉÔ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ, ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÊ ÎÁ ÜÔÕ ÚÁÄÁÞÕ.
	<application>Amanda</application> ÒÅÛÁÅÔ ÜÔÕ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÕ.
	<application>Amanda</application> ÍÏÖÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
	<quote>ÐÒÏÍÅÖÕÔÏÞÎÙÊ ÄÉÓË</quote> ÄÌÑ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ
	ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ.  <application>Amanda</application>
	ÓÏÚÄÁ£Ô <quote>ÎÁÂÏÒÙ ÁÒÈÉ×Ï×</quote>: ÇÒÕÐÐÁ ÌÅÎÔ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÈ ×
	ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÐÅÒÉÏÄ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÐÏÌÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÊ ×ÓÅÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍ, ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÈ × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ
	<application>Amanda</application>.  <quote>áÒÈÉ×ÎÙÊ
	ÎÁÂÏÒ</quote> ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÔÁËÖÅ ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÊ ËÁÖÄÕÀ ÎÏÞØ ÉÎËÒÅÍÅÎÔÁÌØÎÙÅ
	(ÉÌÉ ÄÉÆÆÅÒÅÎÃÉÁÌØÎÙÅ) ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ ×ÓÅÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ.
	÷ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÐÏ×ÒÅÖÄ£ÎÎÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔ ÎÁÌÉÞÉÑ ÓÁÍÏÊ
	ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÊ ÐÏÌÎÏÊ ËÏÐÉÉ É ÉÎËÒÅÍÅÎÔÁÌØÎÙÈ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÊ.</para>

      <para>ëÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÄÁ£Ô ÐÒÅËÒÁÓÎÙÊ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍ ÄÌÑ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ
	ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÍ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ É ÏÂߣÍÏÍ ÔÒÁÆÉËÁ, ÇÅÎÅÒÉÒÕÅÍÏÇÏ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ <application>Amanda</application>.
	<application>Amanda</application> ÓÍÏÖÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÌÀÂÕÀ ÉÚ
	ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÈ ×ÙÛÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÎÁ ÌÅÎÔÕ.
	<application>Amanda</application> ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ × ×ÉÄÅ ËÁË
	ÐÏÒÔÁ, ÔÁË É ÐÁËÅÔÁ, É ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÏÎÁ ÎÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÁ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>îÅ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÎÉÞÅÇÏ</title>

      <para><quote>îÅ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÎÉÞÅÇÏ</quote> - ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÄÌÑ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ,
	É × ÔÏ ÖÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÜÔÏ ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÛÉÒÏËÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÁÑ ÓÔÒÁÔÅÇÉÑ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ
	ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.  úÄÅÓØ ÎÅÔ ÎÉËÁËÉÈ ÐÅÒ×ÏÎÁÞÁÌØÎÙÈ ÚÁÔÒÁÔ.  úÄÅÓØ ÎÅÔ
	ÒÁÓÐÉÓÁÎÉÑ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÍÕ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔØ.  ðÒÏÓÔÏ ÓËÁÖÉÔÅ ÎÅÔ.  åÓÌÉ ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ
	ÓÌÕÞÉÔÓÑ Ó ×ÁÛÉÍÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ, ÕÌÙÂÎÉÔÅÓØ É ÚÁÂÕÄØÔÅ Ï ÎÉÈ!</para>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ×ÁÛÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ É ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÐÒÁËÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÎÉÞÅÇÏ ÎÅ ÓÔÏÑÔ, ÔÏ <quote>ÎÅ
	ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÎÉÞÅÇÏ</quote> Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÁÍÏÊ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÝÅÊ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ ÄÌÑ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ
	ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ.  îÏ ÂÕÄØÔÅ ÏÓÔÏÒÏÖÎÙ, &posix; Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ×ÅÓØÍÁ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÙÍ
	ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔÏÍ, É ÞÅÒÅÚ ÐÏÌÇÏÄÁ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ
	ÎÁÂÏÒ ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÝÉÈ ÄÌÑ ×ÁÓ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÕÀ ÃÅÎÎÏÓÔØ.</para>

      <para><quote>îÉÞÅÇÏ ÎÅ ÄÅÌÁÔØ</quote> Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÍ ÍÅÔÏÄÏÍ
	ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÌÑ <filename>/usr/obj</filename> É ÄÒÕÇÉÈ
	ÄÅÒÅ×ØÅ× ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ × ÔÏÞÎÏÓÔÉ ÐÅÒÅÇÅÎÅÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÙ
	×ÁÛÉÍ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÏÍ.  ðÒÉÍÅÒÏÍ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÆÁÊÌÙ, ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÝÉÅ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ
	ÜÔÏÇÏ òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁÈ HTML ÉÌÉ &postscript;.  ïÎÉ ÇÅÎÅÒÉÒÕÀÔÓÑ
	ÉÚ ×ÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ× × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ SGML.  óÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ×
	ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁÈ HTML É &postscript; ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ.  éÓÈÏÄÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ SGML
	ËÏÐÉÒÕÀÔÓÑ ÒÅÇÕÌÑÒÎÏ.</para>
    </sect2>

  <sect2>
    <title>ëÁËÁÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÓÁÍÁÑ ÌÕÞÛÁÑ?</title>
    <indexterm>
      <primary>LISA</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>&man.dump.8; <emphasis>ôÏÞËÁ.</emphasis> Elizabeth D. Zwicky
      ÐÒÏÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÌÁ ×ÓÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, ÏÂÓÕÖÄÁÅÍÙÅ ÚÄÅÓØ.
      âÅÓÐÒÏÉÇÒÙÛÎÙÍ ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔÏÍ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ ×ÓÅÈ ×ÁÛÉÈ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ É
      ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔÅÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ &unix; Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ <command>dump</command>.
      üÌÉÚÁÂÅÔ ÓÏÚÄÁÌÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÅ ÂÏÌØÛÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï
      ÎÅÏÂÙÞÎÙÈ ÜÌÅÍÅÎÔÏ× (É ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÎÅ ÔÁË ÕÖ ÎÅÏÂÙÞÎÙÈ) É ÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÌÁ
      ËÁÖÄÕÀ ÉÚ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÑ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÅ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ É ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ
      ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÜÔÉÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ.  ÷ ÞÉÓÌÏ ÎÅÏÂÙÞÎÙÈ ÜÌÅÍÅÎÔÏ×
      ×ÈÏÄÉÌÉ: ÆÁÊÌÙ Ó ÄÙÒÁÍÉ, ÆÁÊÌÙ Ó ÄÙÒÁÍÉ É ÂÌÏËÏÍ ÐÕÓÔÏÇÏ ÍÅÓÔÁ, ÆÁÊÌÙ Ó
      ÎÅÏÂÙÞÎÙÍÉ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁÍÉ × ÉÈ ÉÍÅÎÁÈ, ÎÅÞÉÔÁÅÍÙÅ É ÎÅÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÍÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ,
      ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á, ÍÅÎÑÀÝÉÅ Ó×ÏÊ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, ÆÁÊÌÙ,
      ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÅ É ÕÄÁÌÑÅÍÙÅ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ É ÔÏÍÕ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÏÅ.  ïÎÁ
      ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÉÌÁ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÙ ÎÁ ËÏÎÆÅÒÅÎÃÉÉ LISA V × ÏËÔÑÂÒÅ 1991 ÇÏÄÁ.
      ðÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÓÙÌËÕ ÎÁ ÓÁÊÔÅ <ulink
      url="http://www.coredumps.de/doc/dump/zwicky/testdump.doc.html">
      torture-testing Backup and Archive Programs</ulink>.</para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
    <title>ðÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÁ ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÉ ÓÂÏÅ</title>

    <sect3>
      <title>äÏ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ÓÌÕÞÉÔÓÑ ËÁÔÁÓÔÒÏÆÁ</title>

      <para>÷ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÌÉÛØ ÞÅÔÙÒÅ ÛÁÇÁ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÂÙÔØ
	ÇÏÔÏ×ÙÍ Ë ÌÀÂÏÍÕ ÓÂÏÀ.</para>

      <indexterm>
	<primary><command>bsdlabel</command></primary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>÷Ï-ÐÅÒ×ÙÈ, ÒÁÓÐÅÞÁÔÁÊÔÅ ÒÁÚÍÅÔËÕ ÄÉÓËÁ ÄÌÑ ×ÓÅÈ ×ÁÛÉÈ ÄÉÓËÏ×
	(Ë ÐÒÉÍÅÒÕ, <command>bsdlabel da0 | lpr</command>), ÔÁÂÌÉÃÕ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍ (<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>) É ×ÓÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ, ×Ù×ÏÄÉÍÙÅ
	ÐÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ, ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÐÏ Ä×Á ÜËÚÅÍÐÌÑÒÁ.</para>

	<indexterm><primary>livefs CD</primary></indexterm>

	<para>÷Ï-×ÔÏÒÙÈ, ÚÁÐÉÛÉÔÅ CD ÄÉÓË Ó <quote>livefs</quote>.  üÔÏÔ ÄÉÓË
	  ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÚÁÇÒÕÖÁÔØÓÑ × ÒÅÖÉÍ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÏÇÏ ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ &os;,
	  ÄÁ×ÁÑ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ÒÑÄ ÕÔÉÌÉÔ, ÓÒÅÄÉ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ
	  &man.dump.8;, &man.restore.8;, &man.fdisk.8;, &man.bsdlabel.8;,
	  &man.newfs.8;, &man.mount.8; É Ô.Ä.  ïÂÒÁÚ CD Ó <quote>livefs</quote>
	  ÄÌÑ &os;/&arch.i386;&nbsp;&rel.current;-RELEASE ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ
	  ÐÏ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ <ulink url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/&arch.i386;/ISO-IMAGES/&rel.current;/&os;-&rel.current;-RELEASE-&arch.i386;-livefs.iso"></ulink>.</para>

      <para>÷-ÔÒÅÔØÉÈ, ÒÅÇÕÌÑÒÎÏ ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÊÔÅ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ ÎÁ ÌÅÎÔÅ.  ìÀÂÙÅ
	ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×Ù ÄÅÌÁÌÉ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÇÏ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ,
	ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÂÅÚ×ÏÚ×ÒÁÔÎÏ ÐÏÔÅÒÑÎÙ.  îÁ ÌÅÎÔÁÈ ×ËÌÀÞÁÊÔÅ ÚÁÝÉÔÕ ÏÔ
	ÚÁÐÉÓÉ.</para>

      <para>÷-ÞÅÔ×ÅÒÔÙÈ, ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÑÊÔÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ CD ÄÉÓËÁ
	(ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ×Ù ÓÄÅÌÁÌÉ ÐÒÉ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÉ ×ÔÏÒÏÇÏ ÛÁÇÁ) É ÌÅÎÔ
	Ó ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÍÉ ËÏÐÉÑÍÉ.  ÷ÅÄÉÔÅ ÖÕÒÎÁÌ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÍÙÈ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÊ.  èÒÁÎÉÔÅ
	ÜÔÉ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÙÍ CD ÄÉÓËÏÍ, ÒÁÓÐÅÞÁÔËÁÍÉ É ÌÅÎÔÁÍÉ.
	÷Ù ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÏÂÅÚÕÍÅÅÔÅ ÐÒÉ ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ, ÅÓÌÉ ÏËÁÖÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ
	ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÐÏÍÏÇÌÉ ÂÙ ÉÚÂÅÖÁÔØ ÒÁÚÒÕÛÅÎÉÑ ×ÁÛÉÈ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÊ (ëÁËÉÍ
	ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ?  ÷ÍÅÓÔÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ <command>tar xvf /dev/sa0</command> ×Ù
	ÍÏÇÌÉ ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÏ ÎÁÂÒÁÔØ <command>tar cvf /dev/sa0</command> É ÔÅÍ
	ÓÁÍÙÍ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÉÓÁÔØ ×ÁÛÕ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÕÀ ËÏÐÉÀ).</para>

      <para>äÌÑ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÁÈÏ×ËÉ, ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÒÁÚ ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÊÔÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÙÊ
	CD ÄÉÓË Ó <quote>livefs</quote> É Ä×Å ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ ÎÁ ÌÅÎÔÅ.
	èÒÁÎÉÔÅ ÏÄÎÕ ÉÚ ËÏÐÉÊ ×
	ËÁËÏÍ-ÔÏ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÎÏÍ ÍÅÓÔÅ É îå × ÔÏÍ ÖÅ ÚÄÁÎÉÉ, ÇÄÅ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ×ÁÛ
	ÏÆÉÓ.  äÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÂÏÌØÛÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ËÏÍÐÁÎÉÊ ×Ï ÷ÓÅÍÉÒÎÏÍ ôÏÒÇÏ×ÏÍ
	ãÅÎÔÒÅ ÉÚÕÞÉÌÏ ÜÔÏ ÎÁ Ó×ÏÅÊ ÛËÕÒÅ.  üÔÏ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÎÏÅ ÈÒÁÎÉÌÉÝÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ
	ÂÙÔØ ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉ ÏÔÄÅÌÅÎÏ ÎÁ ÂÏÌØÛÏÅ ÒÁÓÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ ÏÔ ×ÁÛÉÈ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÏ× É
	ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÈ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×.</para>
      </sect3>

    <sect3>
      <title>ðÏÓÌÅ ÓÂÏÑ</title>

      <para>çÌÁ×ÎÙÊ ×ÏÐÒÏÓ: ×ÙÖÉÌÏ ÌÉ ×ÁÛÅ ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÅ?  ÷Ù ÒÅÇÕÌÑÒÎÏ ÄÅÌÁÌÉ
	ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÎÅÔ ÎÕÖÄÙ ÂÅÓÐÏËÏÉÔØÓÑ Ï ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÍ
	ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÉ.</para>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÂÙÌÏ ÐÏ×ÒÅÖÄÅÎÏ, ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÍÅÎÅÎÙ
	ÎÅÉÓÐÒÁ×ÎÙÅ ËÏÍÐÏÎÅÎÔÙ.</para>

	<para>åÓÌÉ Ó ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ ×Ó£ × ÐÏÒÑÄËÅ, ×ÓÔÁ×ØÔÅ CD ÄÉÓË
	  Ó <quote>livefs</quote> × ÐÒÉ×ÏÄ É ÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔÅ
	ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒ.  îÁ ÜËÒÁÎ ÂÕÄÅÔ ×Ù×ÅÄÅÎÏ ÏÒÉÇÉÎÁÌØÎÏÅ ÍÅÎÀ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ.
	  ÷ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÍÕÀ ÓÔÒÁÎÕ, ÐÏÔÏÍ &mdash; ÐÕÎËÔ ÍÅÎÀ
	  <guimenuitem>Fixit -- Repair mode with CDROM/DVD/floppy or
	  start a shell.</guimenuitem>, Á × Î£Í ×ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ ÐÕÎËÔ
	  <guimenuitem>CDROM/DVD -- Use the live filesystem
	  CDROM/DVD</guimenuitem>.  õÔÉÌÉÔÁ
	<command>restore</command> É ÄÒÕÇÉÅ
	ÎÕÖÎÙÅ ×ÁÍ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÎÁÈÏÄÑÔÓÑ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ <filename
	  class="directory">/mnt2/rescue</filename>.</para>

      <para>÷ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÐÏ ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ËÁÖÄÕÀ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ.</para>

      <indexterm><primary><command>mount</command></primary></indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary>ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ</primary></indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary><command>bsdlabel</command></primary></indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary><command>newfs</command></primary></indexterm>
      <para>ðÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>mount</command> (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ,
	<command>mount /dev/da0a /mnt</command>) ÐÏ ÏÔÎÏÛÅÎÉÀ Ë ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÍÕ
	ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÐÅÒ×ÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ.  åÓÌÉ ÍÅÔËÁ ÄÉÓËÁ ÂÙÌÁ ÉÓÐÏÒÞÅÎÁ,
	ÔÏ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ <command>bsdlabel</command> ÄÌÑ
	ÐÅÒÅÒÁÚÂÉÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ
	ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ É ÒÁÚÍÅÔËÉ ÄÉÓËÁ ÔÁË, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÌÕÞÉ×ÛÁÑÓÑ ÍÅÔËÁ ÓÏ×ÐÁÌÁ Ó ÔÏÊ,
	ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ×ÁÍÉ ÂÙÌÁ ÒÁÓÐÅÞÁÔÁÎÁ É ÓÏÈÒÁÎÅÎÁ.  äÌÑ ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÎÏÇÏ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ
	ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÕ <command>newfs</command>.  ðÏ×ÔÏÒÎÏ
	ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÄÉÓËÁ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ-ÚÁÐÉÓÉ
	(<command>mount -u -o rw /mnt</command>).  ÷ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ×ÁÛÅÊ
	ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ É ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÍÉ ËÏÐÉÑÍÉ ÎÁ ÌÅÎÔÁÈ ÄÌÑ
	×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ.
	<command>restore vrf /dev/sa0</command>).  òÁÚÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, <command>umount /mnt</command>).  ðÏ×ÔÏÒÉÔÅ ÜÔÕ
	ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÕ ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÂÙÌÁ ÐÏ×ÒÅÖÄÅÎÁ.</para>

      <para>ëÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ ×ÁÛÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÚÁÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ, ÓÄÅÌÁÊÔÅ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÕÀ ËÏÐÉÀ ÎÁ
	ÎÏ×ÙÅ ÌÅÎÔÙ.  þÔÏ ÂÙ ÎÉ ×ÙÚ×ÁÌÏ ÓÂÏÊ ÉÌÉ ÐÏÔÅÒÀ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ, ÜÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ
	ÓÌÕÞÉÔØÓÑ ÓÎÏ×Á.  åÝ£ ÏÄÉÎ ÞÁÓ, ÐÏÔÒÁÞÅÎÎÙÊ × ÜÔÏÔ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ, ÍÏÖÅÔ
	ÓÐÁÓÔÉ ×ÁÓ ÏÔ ÎÅÐÒÉÑÔÎÏÓÔÅÊ × ÂÕÄÕÝÅÍ.</para>
    </sect3>

<![ %not.published; [

    <sect3>
      <title>* ñ ÎÅ ÂÙÌ ÇÏÔÏ× Ë ËÁÔÁÓÔÒÏÆÅ, É ÞÔÏ ÔÅÐÅÒØ?</title>

      <para></para>
    </sect3>
]]>

    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="disks-virtual">
    <sect1info>
      <authorgroup>
	<author>
	  <firstname>Marc</firstname>

	  <surname>Fonvieille</surname>

	  <contrib>òÅÏÒÇÁÎÉÚÁÃÉÀ É ÕÌÕÞÛÅÎÉÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÌ </contrib>
	</author>
      </authorgroup>
    </sect1info>

    <title>óÅÔÅ×ÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ × ÐÁÍÑÔÉ É Ó ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÅÍ
      × ÆÁÊÌ</title>

    <indexterm><primary>×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÅ ÄÉÓËÉ</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm>
      <primary>ÄÉÓËÉ</primary>
      <secondary>×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÅ</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>ëÒÏÍÅ ÄÉÓËÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×Ù ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉ ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÔÅ × ×ÁÛ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒ;
      ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ, ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÉ, ×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒÙ É ÔÁË ÄÁÌÅÅ, FreeBSD ×ÏÓÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÅÔ É
      ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÔÉÐÙ ÄÉÓËÏ× - <firstterm>×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÅ ÄÉÓËÉ</firstterm>.</para>

    <indexterm><primary>NFS</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm><primary>Coda</primary></indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>ÄÉÓËÉ</primary>
      <secondary>ÐÁÍÑÔØ</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>óÀÄÁ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÏÔÎÅÓÅÎÙ ÓÅÔÅ×ÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÔÁËÉÅ, ËÁË
      <link linkend="network-nfs">Network File System</link> É Coda, Á ÔÁËÖÅ
      ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ Ó ÏÒÇÁÎÉÚÁÃÉÅÊ × ÐÁÍÑÔÉ É ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÅ × ÆÁÊÌÁÈ.</para>

    <para>÷ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ FreeBSD, ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ, ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ
      É ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÍÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍÉ, ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÅÍÙÍÉ × ÏÐÅÒÁÔÉ×ÎÕÀ ÐÁÍÑÔØ ÉÌÉ
      ÆÁÊÌÙ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÒÁÚÎÙÍÉ ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔÁÍÉ.</para>

    <note>
      <para>ðÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ FreeBSD&nbsp;4.X ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÍÙÈ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×
	ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ &man.MAKEDEV.8;.  ÷Ï FreeBSD&nbsp;5.0 É ÂÏÌÅÅ
	ÐÏÚÄÎÉÈ ×ÅÒÓÉÑÈ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ
	&man.devfs.5;, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÚÒÁÞÎÏ ÄÌÑ
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ.</para>
    </note>

    <sect2 id="disks-vnconfig">
      <title>æÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ × ÆÁÊÌÅ ×Ï FreeBSD&nbsp;4.X</title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÄÉÓËÉ</primary>

	<secondary>ÈÒÁÎÉÍÙÅ × ÆÁÊÌÅ (4.X)</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>õÔÉÌÉÔÁ &man.vnconfig.8; ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÕÅÔ É ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
	ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÎÁ ÏÓÎÏ×Å ÐÓÅ×ÄÏ-ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× vnode.
	<firstterm>vnode</firstterm> ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÓÏÂÏÊ ÆÁÊÌ É ÏÔ×ÅÞÁÅÔ ÚÁ
	ÒÁÂÏÔÕ Ó ÆÁÊÌÏÍ.  üÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ &man.vnconfig.8; ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÆÁÊÌÙ
	ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ É ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ.  ïÄÎÉÍ ÉÚ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÈ
	ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏ× ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÏÂÒÁÚÏ× ÄÉÓËÅÔ ÉÌÉ
	ÏÂÒÁÚÏ× ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÏ×, ÓÂÒÏÛÅÎÎÙÈ × ÆÁÊÌÙ.</para>

      <para>äÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ &man.vnconfig.8; × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ ÑÄÒÁ
	×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ &man.vn.4;:</para>

      <programlisting>pseudo-device vn</programlisting>

      <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÍÅÀÝÉÊÓÑ ÏÂÒÁÚ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ:</para>

      <example>
	<title>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ vnconfig ÄÌÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÉÍÅÀÝÅÇÏÓÑ ÏÂÒÁÚÁ
	  ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ×Ï FreeBSD&nbsp;4.X</title>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>vnconfig vn<replaceable>0</replaceable> <replaceable>diskimage</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/vn<replaceable>0</replaceable>c <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput></screen>
      </example>

      <para>äÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÏÂÒÁÚÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ
	&man.vnconfig.8;:</para>

      <example>
	<title>óÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ × ÆÁÊÌÅ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ
	  <command>vnconfig</command></title>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=/dev/zero of=<replaceable>newimage</replaceable> bs=1k count=<replaceable>5</replaceable>k</userinput>
5120+0 records in
5120+0 records out
&prompt.root; <userinput>vnconfig -s labels -c vn<replaceable>0</replaceable> <replaceable>newimage</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>bsdlabel -r -w vn<replaceable>0</replaceable> auto</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs vn<replaceable>0</replaceable>c</userinput>
Warning: 2048 sector(s) in last cylinder unallocated
/dev/vn0c:	10240 sectors in 3 cylinders of 1 tracks, 4096 sectors
	5.0MB in 1 cyl groups (16 c/g, 32.00MB/g, 1280 i/g)
super-block backups (for fsck -b #) at:
 32
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/vn<replaceable>0</replaceable>c <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>df <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput>
Filesystem  1K-blocks	  Used	  Avail Capacity  Mounted on
/dev/vn0c	 4927	     1	   4532     0%	  /mnt</screen>
      </example>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="disks-mdconfig">
      <title>æÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÅÍÙÅ × ÆÁÊÌÙ</title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÄÉÓËÉ</primary>

	<secondary>ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÅÍÙÅ × ÆÁÊÌÙ</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>÷Ï FreeBSD&nbsp;5.X É ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÚÄÎÉÈ ÄÌÑ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ É ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ ÄÉÓËÏ×
	&man.md.4;, ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÅÍÙÈ × ÏÐÅÒÁÔÉ×ÎÕÀ ÐÁÍÑÔØ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ
	&man.mdconfig.8;.  äÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó &man.mdconfig.8; ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÏÄÇÒÕÚÉÔØ
	ÍÏÄÕÌØ &man.md.4; ÉÌÉ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ ÜÔÉÈ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× × ÆÁÊÌ
	ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ:</para>

      <programlisting>device md</programlisting>

      <para>õÔÉÌÉÔÁ &man.mdconfig.8; ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÔÒÉ ÔÉÐÁ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÈ ÄÉÓËÏ×,
	ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÅÍÙÈ × ÐÁÍÑÔØ: ÄÉÓËÉ × ÐÁÍÑÔÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ×ÙÄÅÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÁÍÉ
	&man.malloc.9; É ÄÉÓËÉ × ÐÁÍÑÔÉ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÝÉÅ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×
	ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÉÌÉ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ.  ïÄÎÉÍ ÉÚ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÈ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÊ
	ÔÁËÉÈ ÄÉÓËÏ× Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ× Ó ÏÂÒÁÚÁÍÉ ÄÉÓËÅÔ ÉÌÉ
	CD.</para>

      <para>äÌÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÏÂÒÁÚÁ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ:</para>

      <example>
	<title>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ <command>mdconfig</command> ÄÌÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ
	  Ó ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ</title>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mdconfig -a -t vnode -f <replaceable>diskimage</replaceable> -u <replaceable>0</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/md<replaceable>0</replaceable> <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput></screen>
      </example>

      <para>äÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÏÂÒÁÚÁ ÎÏ×ÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ
	&man.mdconfig.8;:</para>

      <example>
	<title>óÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ, ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÅÍÏÇÏ × ÆÁÊÌ, ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ
	  <command>mdconfig</command></title>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=/dev/zero of=<replaceable>newimage</replaceable> bs=1k count=<replaceable>5</replaceable>k</userinput>
5120+0 records in
5120+0 records out
&prompt.root; <userinput>mdconfig -a -t vnode -f <replaceable>newimage</replaceable> -u <replaceable>0</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>bsdlabel -w md<replaceable>0</replaceable> auto</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs md<replaceable>0</replaceable>a</userinput>
/dev/md0c: 5.0MB (10224 sectors) block size 16384, fragment size 2048
	using 4 cylinder groups of 1.25MB, 80 blks, 192 inodes.
super-block backups (for fsck -b #) at:
 160, 2720, 5280, 7840
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/md<replaceable>0</replaceable>a <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>df <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput>
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity  Mounted on
/dev/md0a       4710    4  4330     0%    /mnt</screen>
      </example>

      <para>åÓÌÉ × ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÅ <option>-u</option> ×Ù ÎÅ ÚÁÄÁÌÉ ÎÏÍÅÒ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á,
	ÔÏ &man.mdconfig.8; ÄÌÑ ×ÙÂÏÒÁ ÎÅÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÇÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÂÕÄÅÔ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÕÎËÃÉÀ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ × &man.md.4;.  éÍÑ
	×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ÙÄÁÎÏ ÎÁ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÏÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ×Ù×ÏÄÙ ×
	×ÉÄÅ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, <devicename>md4</devicename>.  äÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ
	ÐÏÌÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ Ï &man.mdconfig.8;, ÐÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë
	ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÊ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>

      <para>õÔÉÌÉÔÁ &man.mdconfig.8; ×ÅÓØÍÁ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÁ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ
	Ó ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÅÓÔÉ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÊ.  ÷ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó
	FreeBSD&nbsp;5.0 ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ ÐÏÄ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅÍ &man.mdmfs.8;,
	ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÓÏÚÄÁ£Ô ÄÉÓË &man.md.4; ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ &man.mdconfig.8;, ÒÁÚÍÅÝÁÅÔ
	ÎÁ Î£Í ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ UFS ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ &man.newfs.8; É ÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÅÔ Å£
	ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ &man.mount.8;.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ É
	ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÔÁËÏÊ ÖÅ ÏÂÒÁÚ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ, ËÁË ×ÙÛÅ, ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ
	ÔÁËÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

      <example>
	<title>îÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁ É ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÄÉÓËÁ, ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÅÍÏÇÏ × ÆÁÊÌ, ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ
	  ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ <command>mdmfs</command></title>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=/dev/zero of=<replaceable>newimage</replaceable> bs=1k count=<replaceable>5</replaceable>k</userinput>
5120+0 records in
5120+0 records out
&prompt.root; <userinput>mdmfs -F <replaceable>newimage</replaceable> -s <replaceable>5</replaceable>m md<replaceable>0</replaceable> <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>df <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput>
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity  Mounted on
/dev/md0        4718    4  4338     0%    /mnt</screen>
      </example>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ <option>md</option> ÂÅÚ ÎÏÍÅÒÁ
	ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á, ÔÏ &man.mdmfs.8; ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÕÀ
	ÎÕÍÅÒÁÃÉÀ &man.md.4; ÄÌÑ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ×ÙÂÏÒÁ ÎÅÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÇÏ
	ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á.  âÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÌÎÕÀ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï &man.mdmfs.8; ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÎÁ
	ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁÈ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="disks-md-freebsd4">
      <title>æÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ × ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ×Ï FreeBSD&nbsp;4.X</title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÄÉÓËÉ</primary>

	<secondary>ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ × ÐÁÍÑÔÉ (4.X)</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>äÒÁÊ×ÅÒ &man.md.4; Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÓÔÙÍ É ÜÆÆÅËÔÉ×ÎÙÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ
	ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ × ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ×Ï FreeBSD&nbsp;4.X.  äÌÑ ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ &man.malloc.9;.</para>

      <para>ðÒÏÓÔÏ ×ÏÚØÍÉÔÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ, ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ×Ù ÐÒÉÇÏÔÏ×ÉÌÉ ÐÒÉ
	ÐÏÍÏÝÉ, ÓËÁÖÅÍ, &man.vnconfig.8; É:</para>

      <example>
	<title>äÉÓË md × ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ×Ï FreeBSD&nbsp;4.X</title>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=<replaceable>newimage</replaceable> of=/dev/md<replaceable>0</replaceable></userinput>
5120+0 records in
5120+0 records out
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/md<replaceable>0c</replaceable> <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>df <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput>
Filesystem  1K-blocks	  Used	  Avail Capacity  Mounted on
/dev/md0c	 4927	     1	   4532     0%	  /mnt</screen>
      </example>

      <para>äÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÌÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ, ÐÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë
	ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁÍ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÏ &man.md.4;.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="disks-md-freebsd5">
      <title>æÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ Ó ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÅÍ × ÐÁÍÑÔØ</title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÄÉÓËÉ</primary>

	<secondary>ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ × ÐÁÍÑÔÉ</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>ðÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ Ó ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÍÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍÉ, ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÅÍÙÍÉ × ÆÁÊÌ ÉÌÉ ÐÁÍÑÔØ,
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ ÏÄÎÉ É ÔÅ ÖÅ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ: &man.mdconfig.8; ÉÌÉ &man.mdmfs.8;.
	ïÂÙÞÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÅÍÙÈ × ÐÁÍÑÔØ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
	ÏÐÃÉÀ <quote>ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÅ ÎÁ ÏÂÌÁÓÔÉ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ</quote>.  üÔÏ ÎÅ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ,
	ÞÔÏ ÔÁËÁÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÒÁÚÕ ÓÂÒÏÛÅÎÁ ÎÁ ÄÉÓË: ÍÅÓÔÏ ÐÏÄ ÎÅÅ
	ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÏ ÉÚ ÏÂÝÅÇÏ ÐÕÌÁ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ, É ÐÒÉ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÍÏÖÅÔ
	ÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÁÔØÓÑ × ÏÂÌÁÓÔØ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ.  ôÁËÖÅ, ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ ÍÅÓÔÁ ÐÏÄ
	ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ × ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ (ÞÅÒÅÚ &man.malloc.9;); ÏÄÎÁËÏ,
	ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ÐÏÍÎÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÔÁËÉÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ, ×
	ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔÉ ÂÏÌØÛÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ, ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÒÉ×ÅÓÔÉ Ë ÐÁÎÉËÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÏÔ
	ÉÓÞÅÒÐÁÎÉÑ ÑÄÅÒÎÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ.</para>

      <example>
	<title>óÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ Ó ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÅÍ × ÐÁÍÑÔØ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ
	  <command>mdconfig</command></title>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mdconfig -a -t swap -s <replaceable>5</replaceable>m -u <replaceable>1</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs -U md<replaceable>1</replaceable></userinput>
/dev/md1: 5.0MB (10240 sectors) block size 16384, fragment size 2048
	using 4 cylinder groups of 1.27MB, 81 blks, 192 inodes.
	with soft updates
super-block backups (for fsck -b #) at:
 160, 2752, 5344, 7936
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/md<replaceable>1</replaceable> <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>df <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput>
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity  Mounted on
/dev/md1        4718    4  4338     0%    /mnt</screen>
      </example>

      <example>
	<title>óÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ Ó ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÅÍ × ÐÁÍÑÔØ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ
	  <command>mdmfs</command></title>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mdmfs -s <replaceable>5</replaceable>m md<replaceable>2</replaceable> <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>df <replaceable>/mnt</replaceable></userinput>
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity  Mounted on
/dev/md2        4846    2  4458     0%    /mnt</screen>
      </example>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>ïÔËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ ÄÉÓËÁ, ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÅÍÏÇÏ × ÐÁÍÑÔØ, ÏÔ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ</title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÄÉÓËÉ</primary>

	<secondary>ÏÔËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ ÄÉÓËÁ, ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÅÍÏÇÏ × ÐÁÍÑÔØ</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÅÍÙÅ × ÐÁÍÑÔØ ÉÌÉ ÆÁÊÌ, ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÎÅ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ×ÙÓ×ÏÂÏÄÉÔØ ×ÓÅ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÙ ÄÌÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  ðÅÒ×ÙÍ
	ÄÅÌÏÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÒÁÚÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ, ÚÁÔÅÍ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ
	&man.mdconfig.8; ÄÌÑ ÏÔËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ ÄÉÓËÁ ÏÔ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ É ÏÓ×ÏÂÏÄÉÔØ
	ÒÅÓÕÒÓÙ.</para>

      <para>ë ÐÒÉÍÅÒÕ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÔËÌÀÞÉÔØ É ÏÓ×ÏÂÏÄÉÔØ ×ÓÅ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÙ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ
	<filename>/dev/md4</filename>:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mdconfig -d -u <replaceable>4</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>äÌÑ ×ÙÄÁÞÉ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ Ï ÏÔËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÈ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÁÈ
	&man.md.4; ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ <command>mdconfig -l</command>.</para>

      <para>÷Ï FreeBSD&nbsp;4.X ÄÌÑ ÏÔËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ
	&man.vnconfig.8;.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÄÌÑ ÏÔËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ É ÏÓ×ÏÂÏÖÄÅÎÉÑ ×ÓÅÈ
	ÒÅÓÕÒÓÏ×, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÈ <filename>/dev/vn4</filename>:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>vnconfig -u vn<replaceable>4</replaceable></userinput></screen>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="snapshots">
    <sect1info>
      <authorgroup>
	<author>
	  <firstname>Tom</firstname>
	  <surname>Rhodes</surname>
	  <contrib>ôÅËÓÔ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌ </contrib>
	</author>
      </authorgroup>
      <!-- 15 éàìñ 2002 -->
    </sect1info>

    <title>íÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ</title>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ</primary>

      <secondary>ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>÷Ï FreeBSD&nbsp;5.0 ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó ÔÅÈÎÏÌÏÇÉÅÊ <link linkend="soft-updates">
      ïÔÌÏÖÅÎÎÙÈ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÊ</link> ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÁ ÎÏ×ÁÑ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ: ÇÅÎÅÒÁÃÉÑ
      ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ.</para>

    <para>íÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÀÔ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÏÂÒÁÚÙ ÚÁÄÁÎÎÙÈ
      ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ É ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ÎÉÍÉ ËÁË Ó ÆÁÊÌÁÍÉ.
      æÁÊÌÙ ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÊ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØÓÑ × ÔÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ
      ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ, ÎÁÄ ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÅ, É ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÍÏÖÅÔ
      ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÎÅ ÂÏÌÅÅ 20 ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÊ ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.
      áËÔÉ×ÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÔÓÑ × ÓÕÐÅÒÂÌÏË, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÏÎÉ ÏÓÔÁÀÔÓÑ × ÓÉÌÅ
      ÍÅÖÄÕ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÑÍÉ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ É ÒÁÚÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ × ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÈ
      ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚÏË.  åÓÌÉ ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÁÑ ËÏÐÉÑ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÁ, ÏÎÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ
      ÕÄÁÌÅÎÁ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ &man.rm.1;.  íÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ
      ÕÄÁÌÑÔØÓÑ × ÌÀÂÏÍ ÐÏÒÑÄËÅ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ×Ó£ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÎÏÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Ï ÎÅ
      ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÏ, ÔÁË ËÁË ÄÒÕÇÁÑ ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÁÑ ËÏÐÉÑ ÍÏÖÅÔ
      ÐÒÅÔÅÎÄÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÁ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÂÌÏËÉ ÉÚ ÏÓ×ÏÂÏÖÄ£ÎÎÙÈ.</para>

    <para>îÅÉÚÍÅÎÑÅÍÙÊ ÆÌÁÇ <option>snapshot</option> ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌ
      ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ &man.mksnap.ffs.8; ÐÏÓÌÅ ÐÅÒ×ÏÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ
      ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÏÊ ËÏÐÉÉ.  ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ &man.unlink.1; ÄÅÌÁÅÔ ÉÓËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ
      ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÊ, ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÑ ÉÈ ÕÄÁÌÑÔØ.</para>

    <para>íÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ ÓÏÚÄÁÀÔÓÑ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ &man.mount.8;.  þÔÏÂÙ
      ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÕÀ ËÏÐÉÀ <filename>/var</filename> × ÆÁÊÌÅ
      <filename>/var/snapshot/snap</filename>, ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ÔÁËÏÊ
      ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ:</para>

    <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -u -o snapshot /var/snapshot/snap /var</userinput></screen>

    <para>÷ ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÁÌØÔÅÒÎÁÔÉ×ÎÏÇÏ ÓÒÅÄÓÔ×Á ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÊ
      ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÕ &man.mksnap.ffs.8;:</para>

    <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mksnap_ffs /var /var/snapshot/snap</userinput></screen>

    <para>æÁÊÌÙ ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ (Ë ÐÒÉÍÅÒÕ,
      <filename>/var</filename>) ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
      &man.find.1;:</para>

    <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>find /var -flags snapshot</userinput></screen>

    <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÏÊ ËÏÐÉÉ ÅÓÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏ× Å£
      ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para>îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÙ ÂÕÄÕÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÏÊ
	  ËÏÐÉÉ ÄÌÑ ÃÅÌÅÊ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÊ ËÏÐÉÉ, ÔÁË ËÁË ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÁÑ ËÏÐÉÑ
	  ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÅÒÅÎÅÓÅÎÁ ÎÁ CD ÉÌÉ ÍÁÇÎÉÔÎÕÀ ÌÅÎÔÕ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>õÔÉÌÉÔÁ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÁ ÃÅÌÏÓÔÎÏÓÔÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, &man.fsck.8;,
	  ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÁ ÎÁÄ ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÏÊ ËÏÐÉÅÊ.  ðÏÌÁÇÁÑ, ÞÔÏ
	  ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÂÙÌÁ × ÐÏÒÑÄËÅ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÏÎÁ ÂÙÌÁ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÁ, ×Ù
	  ×ÓÅÇÄÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÔØ ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÙÊ (É ÎÅÉÚÍÅÎÎÙÊ) ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔ.
	  üÔÏ ÉÍÅÎÎÏ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔ ÆÏÎÏ×ÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ &man.fsck.8;.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>úÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÕ &man.dump.8; Ó ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÏÊ ËÏÐÉÅÊ.  âÕÄÅÔ
	  ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÄÁÍÐ, ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÎÁ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ
	  ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÏÊ ËÏÐÉÉ.  õÔÉÌÉÔÁ &man.dump.8; ÐÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ
	  ÏÐÃÉÉ <option>-L</option> ÔÏÖÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÙÍÉ ËÏÐÉÑÍÉ,
	  ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÉÈ ÄÁÍÐÙ, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ÕÄÁÌÑÔØ ÚÁ ÏÄÉÎ ÐÒÏÈÏÄ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>óÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ &man.mount.8; ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÕÀ ËÏÐÉÀ ËÁË
	  ÚÁÍÏÒÏÖÅÎÎÙÊ ÏÂÒÁÚ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  þÔÏÂÙ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ
	  &man.mount.8; ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÕÀ ËÏÐÉÀ
	  <filename>/var/snapshot/snap</filename>, ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ:</para>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mdconfig -a -t vnode -f /var/snapshot/snap -u 4</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -r /dev/md4 /mnt</userinput></screen>

      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÒÏÊÔÉÓØ ÐÏ ÉÅÒÁÒÈÉÉ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÚÁÆÉËÓÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ
      ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ <filename>/var</filename>, ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÊ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ
      <filename>/mnt</filename>.  ðÅÒ×ÏÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏ ×Ó£ ÂÕÄÅÔ × ÔÏÍ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÏÍ
      ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÉ, × ËÁËÏÍ ÜÔÏ ÂÙÌÏ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÏÊ ËÏÐÉÉ.
      åÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÍ ÉÓËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅÍ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÌÀÂÙÅ ÒÁÎÅÅ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÎÙÅ ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÙÅ
      ËÏÐÉÉ ÂÕÄÕÔ ×ÉÄÎÙ ËÁË ÆÁÊÌÙ ÎÕÌÅ×ÏÊ ÄÌÉÎÙ.  ëÏÇÄÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
      ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÏÊ ËÏÐÉÉ ÚÁËÏÎÞÅÎÏ, ÏÎÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ:</para>

    <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>umount /mnt</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>mdconfig -d -u 4</userinput></screen>

    <para>äÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÌÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ Ï <option>softupdates</option>
      É ÍÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÙÈ ËÏÐÉÑÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ, ×ËÌÀÞÁÑ ÔÅÈÎÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ, ×Ù
      ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÓÅÔÉÔØ ÓÁÊÔ íÁÒÛÁÌÌÁ ë£ÒËÁ íÁËëÕÚÉËÁ (Marshall Kirk McKusick) ÐÏ
      ÁÄÒÅÓÕ <ulink
      url="http://www.mckusick.com/"></ulink>.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="quotas">
    <title>ë×ÏÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ</title>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>ÕÞ£Ô</primary>
      <secondary>ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Ï</secondary>
    </indexterm>
    <indexterm><primary>ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÅ Ë×ÏÔÙ</primary></indexterm>

    <para>ë×ÏÔÙ - ÜÔÏ ÏÐÃÉÏÎÁÌØÎÁÑ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ
      ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉ×ÁÔØ ÏÂßÅÍ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á É/ÉÌÉ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï
      ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÄÌÑ ËÏÎËÒÅÔÎÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ ÉÌÉ ÞÌÅÎÏ× ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÏÊ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ
      × ÒÁÍËÁÈ ÏÄÎÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.	þÁÝÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÜÔÁ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ
      ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÖÅÌÁÔÅÌØÎÏ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉÔØ
      ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÒÅÓÕÒÓÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÏÄÉÎ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÉÌÉ
      ÇÒÕÐÐÁ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ.  üÔÏ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔ ÎÅ ÄÏÐÕÓÔÉÔØ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÉ, ËÏÇÄÁ
      ÏÄÉÎ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÉÌÉ ÇÒÕÐÐÁ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÚÁÐÏÌÎÑÀÔ ×Ó£ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÏÅ
      ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Ï.</para>

    <sect2>
      <title>îÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÎÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÈ Ë×ÏÔ</title>

      <para>ðÅÒÅÄ ÔÅÍ, ËÁË ÐÏÐÙÔÁÔØÓÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÅ Ë×ÏÔÙ, ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ
	ÕÂÅÄÉÔØÓÑ, ÞÔÏ Ë×ÏÔÙ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÙ × ×ÁÛÅÍ ÑÄÒÅ.  üÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅÍ
	ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÓÔÒÏËÉ × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÑÄÒÁ:</para>

      <programlisting>options QUOTA</programlisting>

      <para>÷ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÏÍ ÑÄÒÅ <filename>GENERIC</filename> ÜÔÏ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ
	ÎÅ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÏ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÈ Ë×ÏÔ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ
	ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ, ÏÔËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ É ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ.
	ðÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë <xref linkend="kernelconfig"/> ÚÁ
	ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ Ï ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÅ ÑÄÒÁ.</para>

      <para>úÁÔÅÍ ×ÁÍ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ Ë×ÏÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÄÉÓËÏ× × ÆÁÊÌÅ
	<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.  üÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÔÁËÏÊ
	ÓÔÒÏÞËÉ:</para>

      <programlisting>enable_quotas="YES"</programlisting>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÅ Ë×ÏÔÙ</primary>
	<secondary>ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÁ</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>äÌÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÌÎÏÇÏ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÑ ÎÁÄ ÚÁÐÕÓËÏÍ Ë×ÏÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ
	ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÁÑ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÁÑ ÄÌÑ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ.  ëÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÐÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ
	ÃÅÌÏÓÔÎÏÓÔØ Ë×ÏÔ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ
	&man.quotacheck.8;.  ðÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ &man.quotacheck.8;
	ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÑÅÔÓÑ ÔÏÞÎÏÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ
	× ÂÁÚÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ Ë×ÏÔ ÄÁÎÎÙÍ × ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.  üÔÏ ×ÅÓØÍÁ ÄÏÌÇÉÊ
	ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ, ÞÔÏ ÏÔÒÁÖÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  åÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ
	ÚÁÈÏÞÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÐÕÓÔÉÔØ ÜÔÏÔ ÛÁÇ, ÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÁ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÁÑ
	ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÁÑ × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>

      <programlisting>check_quotas="NO"</programlisting>

      <para>îÁËÏÎÅÃ, ×ÁÍ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ
	<filename>/etc/fstab</filename> ÄÌÑ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÈ Ë×ÏÔ ÎÁ
	ÕÒÏ×ÎÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ.  üÔÏ ÔÏ ÍÅÓÔÏ, ÇÄÅ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ Ë×ÏÔÙ
	ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ, ÄÌÑ ÇÒÕÐÐ ÉÌÉ ÄÌÑ ÏÂÅÉÈ ÜÔÉÈ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÊ ÄÌÑ ×ÓÅÈ
	×ÁÛÉÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ.</para>

      <para>äÌÑ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÈ Ë×ÏÔ ÄÌÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ,
	ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ <option>userquota</option> × ÐÏÌÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ×
	ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ Ë×ÏÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ, × ÆÁÊÌÅ
	<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ:</para>

      <programlisting>/dev/da1s2g   /home    ufs rw,userquota 1 2</programlisting>

      <para>ðÏÄÏÂÎÙÍ ÖÅ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ ÄÌÑ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ Ë×ÏÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÎÁ ÕÒÏ×ÎÅ ÇÒÕÐÐ,
	×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏÍ <option>groupquota</option> ×ÍÅÓÔÏ
	<option>userquota</option>.  þÔÏÂÙ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ
	Ë×ÏÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ËÁË ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ, ÔÁË É ÄÌÑ ÇÒÕÐÐ, ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔÅ
	ÓÔÒÏÞËÕ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ:</para>

      <programlisting>/dev/da1s2g   /home    ufs rw,userquota,groupquota 2 2</programlisting>

      <para>ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÆÁÊÌÙ Ë×ÏÔ ÈÒÁÎÑÔÓÑ × ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÍ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ × ÆÁÊÌÁÈ Ó ÉÍÅÎÁÍÉ <filename>quota.user</filename> É
	<filename>quota.group</filename> ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÈ
	É ÇÒÕÐÐÏ×ÙÈ Ë×ÏÔ.  äÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë
	ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ &man.fstab.5;.  èÏÔÑ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÁÑ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁ ÐÏ &man.fstab.5;
	ÕÔ×ÅÒÖÄÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ÄÒÕÇÏÅ ÍÅÓÔÏÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ× Ó
	Ë×ÏÔÁÍÉ, ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÎÅ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÔÓÑ, ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ
	ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó Ë×ÏÔÁÍÉ ÎÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ × ÔÁËÏÊ
	ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÉ.</para>

      <para>îÁ ÜÔÏÍ ÜÔÁÐÅ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔØ ×ÁÛÕ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ Ó ÎÏ×ÙÍ ÑÄÒÏÍ.
	óËÒÉÐÔ <filename>/etc/rc</filename> Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔ
	ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÄÌÑ ×ÓÅÈ Ë×ÏÔ,
	ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×Ù ÓÏÚÄÁÌÉ × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ
	ÎÅÔ ÎÕÖÄÙ ×ÒÕÞÎÕÀ ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÎÉËÁËÉÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ× Ë×ÏÔ ÎÕÌÅ×ÏÊ ÄÌÉÎÙ.</para>

      <para>ðÒÉ ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏÊ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ ×ÁÍ ÎÅ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ×ÒÕÞÎÕÀ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÔØ
	ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ &man.quotacheck.8;, &man.quotaon.8; ÉÌÉ &man.quotaoff.8;.
	ïÄÎÁËÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÈÏÔÑ ÂÙ ÐÒÏÞÅÓÔØ
	ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ ÐÏ ÜÔÉÍ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁÍ, ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÚÎÁËÏÍÉÔØÓÑ
	Ó ÉÈ ÆÕÎËÃÉÑÍÉ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>õÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ Ë×ÏÔ</title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÅ Ë×ÏÔÙ</primary>
	<secondary>ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>ëÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ ×Ù ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÌÉ ×ÁÛÕ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÎÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ Ë×ÏÔ,
	ÐÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎÉ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÂÙÌÉ ÚÁÄÅÊÓÔ×Ï×ÁÎÙ.  ðÒÏÓÔÙÍ
	ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÚÁÐÕÓË ÔÁËÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>quota -v</userinput></screen>

      <para>÷Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ ÏÄÎÏÓÔÒÏÞÎÕÀ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ, ÏÔÒÁÖÁÀÝÕÀ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÄÉÓËÁ É ÔÅËÕÝÉÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÏ Ë×ÏÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ.</para>

      <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ×Ù ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÇÏÔÏ×Ù ÚÁÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ
	ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ &man.edquota.8;.</para>

      <para>õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔÏ× ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔØ × ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÅ
	ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÏ ÏÂßÅÍÕ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÚÁÎÉÍÁÔØ
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÉÌÉ ÇÒÕÐÐÁ, Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÏ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Õ ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÏÎÉ
	ÍÏÇÕÔ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ.	÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉ×ÁÔØ ÒÁÚÍÅÝÅÎÉÅ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÏ× ÎÁ ÏÓÎÏ×Å
	ÏÂßÅÍÁ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á (Ë×ÏÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÂÌÏËÏ×), ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Á
	ÆÁÊÌÏ× (Ë×ÏÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ inode) ÉÌÉ ÉÈ ËÏÍÂÉÎÁÃÉÉ.	ëÁÖÄÏÅ ÉÚ ÜÔÉÈ
	ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ, × Ó×ÏÀ ÏÞÅÒÅÄØ, ÄÅÌÉÔÓÑ ÎÁ Ä×Å ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÉ: ÍÑÇËÉÅ É
	Ö£ÓÔËÉÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ.</para>

      <indexterm><primary>Ö£ÓÔËÏÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ</primary></indexterm>

      <para>ö£ÓÔËÏÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÅÎÏ.  ëÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÄÏÓÔÉÇ Ó×ÏÉÈ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ, ÒÅÓÕÒÓÙ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÊ
	ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÅÍÕ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ×ÙÄÅÌÑÔØÓÑ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÕÔ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÖÅÓÔËÏÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ × 500 ëÂÁÊÔ ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ É × ÔÅËÕÝÉÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ 490 ëÂÁÊÔ, ÔÏ
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÅÝ£ 10 ëÂÁÊÔ.  ðÏÐÙÔËÁ
	ÚÁÎÑÔØ ÅÝ£ 11 ëÂÁÊÔ ÏËÏÎÞÉÔÓÑ ÎÅÕÄÁÞÎÏ.</para>

      <indexterm><primary>ÍÑÇËÏÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ</primary></indexterm>
      <para>ó ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ, ÍÑÇËÉÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÅÎÙ ×
	ÔÅÞÅÎÉÉ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÇÏ ÐÅÒÉÏÄÁ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ.  üÔÏÔ ÐÅÒÉÏÄ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ ÔÁËÖÅ
	ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÀÔ ÐÅÒÉÏÄÏÍ ÏÔÓÒÏÞËÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÒÁ×ÅÎ ÏÄÎÏÊ ÎÅÄÅÌÅ.
	åÓÌÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÁÅÔ Ó×Ï£ ÍÑÇËÏÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ × ÔÅÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÅÒÉÏÄÁ
	×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ, ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÁÀÝÅÇÏ ÏÔÓÒÏÞËÕ, ÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÍÑÇËÏÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÓÑ
	ÖÅÓÔËÉÍ É ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÏ× ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁÐÒÅÝÅÎÏ.  ëÏÇÄÁ
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ×ÅÒΣÔÓÑ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏ Ë ÏÔÍÅÔËÅ, ÍÅÎØÛÅÊ, ÞÅÍ ÍÑÇËÏÅ
	ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ, ÔÏ ÐÅÒÉÏÄ ÏÔÓÒÏÞËÉ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÂÒÏÛÅÎ.</para>

      <para>äÁÌÅÅ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÁÂÌÀÄÁÔØ ÐÒÉ
	ÚÁÐÕÓËÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ &man.edquota.8;.  ëÏÇÄÁ ×ÙÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ
	&man.edquota.8;, ×Ù ÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÅÓØ × ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÅ, ÚÁÄÁÎÎÏÍ
	ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ <envar>EDITOR</envar>, ÉÌÉ ×
	ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÅ <application>vi</application>, ÅÓÌÉ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÁÑ
	<envar>EDITOR</envar> ÎÅ ÚÁÄÁÎÁ, É ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ Ë×ÏÔÙ.</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>edquota -u test</userinput></screen>

      <programlisting>Quotas for user test:
/usr: kbytes in use: 65, limits (soft = 50, hard = 75)
	inodes in use: 7, limits (soft = 50, hard = 60)
/usr/var: kbytes in use: 0, limits (soft = 50, hard = 75)
	inodes in use: 0, limits (soft = 50, hard = 60)</programlisting>

      <para>äÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÏ Ë×ÏÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ,
	×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ Ä×Å ÓÔÒÏËÉ.  ÷ ÏÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÙ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ
	ÎÁ ÂÌÏËÉ, Á × ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÎÁ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï inode.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÞÔÏÂÙ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉÔØ
	ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÂÌÏËÏ× ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ Ó ÍÑÇËÏÇÏ
	ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ × 50 É Ö£ÓÔËÏÇÏ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ × 75, ÎÁ ÍÑÇËÏÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ
	× 500 É Ö£ÓÔËÏÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ × 600, ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔÅ:</para>

      <programlisting>/usr: kbytes in use: 65, limits (soft = 50, hard = 75)</programlisting>

      <para>ÎÁ:</para>

      <programlisting>/usr: kbytes in use: 65, limits (soft = 500, hard = 600)</programlisting>

      <para>îÏ×ÙÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ×ÓÔÕÐÑÔ × ÓÉÌÕ ÐÏÓÌÅ ×ÙÈÏÄÁ ÉÚ
	ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÁ.</para>

      <para>éÎÏÇÄÁ ÖÅÌÁÔÅÌØÎÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ Ë×ÏÔ ÎÁ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÊ
	ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎ UID (ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒÏ× ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ).  üÔÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÐÒÉ
	ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁ <option>-p</option> × ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ
	&man.edquota.8;.  ÷Ï-ÐÅÒ×ÙÈ, ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÖÅÌÁÅÍÏÅ
	ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ
	<command>edquota -p protouser startuid-enduid</command>.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ,
	ÅÓÌÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ <username>test</username> ÉÍÅÅÔ ÖÅÌÁÅÍÙÅ
	ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ, ÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÄÕÂÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÜÔÉÈ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ ÎÁ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ Ó
	UID ÏÔ 10000 ÄÏ 19999 ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÁ ÔÁËÁÑ
	ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>edquota -p test 10000-19999</userinput></screen>

      <para>äÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÕÀ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÉÚ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ ÐÏ
	ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ &man.edquota.8;.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>ðÒÏ×ÅÒËÁ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÉÓËÁ</title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÅ Ë×ÏÔÙ</primary>
	<secondary>ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÁ</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>äÌÑ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÉ Ë×ÏÔ É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÉÓËÏ× ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
	ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ &man.quota.1; ÉÌÉ &man.repquota.8;.
	ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ &man.quota.1; ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÁ ÄÌÑ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÉ
	Ë×ÏÔ ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÙÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ, ÇÒÕÐÐ, Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÉÓËÏ×.
	ðÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÉÔØ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÕÀ Ë×ÏÔÕ É Ë×ÏÔÕ ÔÏÊ
	ÇÒÕÐÐÙ, Ë ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÏÎ ÐÒÉÎÁÄÌÅÖÉÔ.  ôÏÌØËÏ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÍÏÖÅÔ
	ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÉÔØ Ë×ÏÔÙ ×ÓÅÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ É ÇÒÕÐÐ.  ëÏÍÁÎÄÕ
	&man.repquota.8; ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ
	ÓÕÍÍÁÒÎÏÊ ÓÔÁÔÉÓÔÉËÉ ×ÓÅÈ Ë×ÏÔ É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÉÓËÏ× ÄÌÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍ Ó ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÍÉ Ë×ÏÔÁÍÉ.</para>

      <para>äÁÌÅÅ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ <command>quota -v</command>
	ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ Ä×ÕÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ.</para>

      <programlisting>Disk quotas for user test (uid 1002):
     Filesystem  usage    quota   limit   grace   files   quota   limit   grace
           /usr      65*     50      75   5days       7      50      60
       /usr/var       0      50      75 	      0      50      60</programlisting>

      <indexterm><primary>ÐÅÒÉÏÄ ÏÔÓÒÏÞËÉ</primary></indexterm>
      <para>÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ ÄÌÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ <filename>/usr</filename>
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÐÒÅ×ÙÓÉÌ Ó×ÏÅ ÍÑÇËÏÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ × 50 ëÂÁÊÔ ÎÁ 15
	ëÂÁÊÔ É ÉÍÅÅÔ 5 ÄÎÅÊ ÄÏ ÉÓÔÅÞÅÎÉÑ ÏÔÓÒÏÞËÉ.  ïÔÍÅÔØÔÅ ÚÎÁË
	Ú×ÅÚÄÏÞËÉ <literal>*</literal>, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÎÁ ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÅÎÉÅ
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ Ó×ÏÅÇÏ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ.</para>

      <para>ëÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÎÅ
	ÚÁÎÉÍÁÅÔ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á, ÎÅ ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÀÔÓÑ × ×Ù×ÏÄÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
	&man.quota.1;, ÄÁÖÅ ÅÓÌÉ ÅÍÕ ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÁ Ë×ÏÔÁ ÎÁ
	ÜÔÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.	ðÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁ
	<option>-v</option> ÜÔÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ×Ù×ÏÄÑÔÓÑ, ËÁË, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ,
	ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ <filename>/usr/var</filename> × ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ ×ÙÛÅ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>ë×ÏÔÙ × NFS</title>

      <indexterm><primary>NFS</primary></indexterm>
      <para>ë×ÏÔÙ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÐÏÄÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ Ë×ÏÔ ÎÁ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÅ NFS.  äÁÅÍÏÎ
	&man.rpc.rquotad.8; ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï Ë×ÏÔÁÈ ÄÌÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ
	&man.quota.1; ÎÁ ËÌÉÅÎÔÁÈ NFS, ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ ÎÁ ÜÔÉÈ ÍÁÛÉÎÁÈ
	ÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ Ó×ÏÀ ÓÔÁÔÉÓÔÉËÕ Ï Ë×ÏÔÁÈ.</para>

      <para>÷ËÌÀÞÉÔÅ <command>rpc.rquotad</command> × ÆÁÊÌÅ
	<filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename> ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ:</para>

      <programlisting>rquotad/1      dgram rpc/udp wait root /usr/libexec/rpc.rquotad rpc.rquotad</programlisting>

      <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ <command>inetd</command>:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/etc/rc.d/inetd restart</userinput></screen>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="disks-encrypting">
    <sect1info>
      <authorgroup>
	<author>
	  <firstname>Lucky</firstname>

	  <surname>Green</surname>

	  <contrib>ôÅËÓÔ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌ </contrib>

	  <affiliation>
	    <address><email>shamrock@cypherpunks.to</email></address>
	  </affiliation>
	</author>
      </authorgroup>
      <!-- 11 íáòôá 2003 -->
    </sect1info>

    <title>ûÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÈ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×</title>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>ÄÉÓËÉ</primary>

      <secondary>ÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>FreeBSD ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÐÒÅËÒÁÓÎÕÀ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÐÏ ÚÁÝÉÔÅ ÏÔ
      ÎÅÓÁÎËÃÉÏÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë ÄÁÎÎÙÍ.  ðÒÁ×Á ÎÁ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ÆÁÊÌÁÍ É
      ÔÅÈÎÏÌÏÇÉÑ ÐÒÉÎÕÄÉÔÅÌØÎÏÇÏ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÑ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ MAC (Mandatory Access Control)
      (ÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ see <xref linkend="mac"/>) ÐÏÍÏÇÁÀÔ ÐÒÅÄÏÔ×ÒÁÔÉÔØ
      ÎÅÓÁÎËÃÉÏÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ ÐÏÓÔÏÒÏÎÎÉÈ ÌÉÃ Ë ÄÁÎÎÙÍ, ÐÒÉ ÕÓÌÏ×ÉÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ
      ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ É ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ.  ïÄÎÁËÏ ÐÒÁ×Á ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ, ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÉÒÕÅÍÙÅ
      ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ, ÎÅ ÉÍÅÀÔ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ, ÅÓÌÉ ÎÁÐÁÄÁÀÝÉÊ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÅÔ
      ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÕ É ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÐÅÒÅÎÅÓÔÉ Ö£ÓÔËÉÊ ÄÉÓË ÎÁ
      ÄÒÕÇÕÀ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ ÄÌÑ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ É ÄÁÌØÎÅÊÛÅÇÏ ÁÎÁÌÉÚÁ ×ÁÖÎÙÈ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ.</para>

    <para>÷ÎÅ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ÁÔÁËÕÀÝÉÊ ÚÁ×ÌÁÄÅÌ Ö£ÓÔËÉÍ ÄÉÓËÏÍ ÉÌÉ
      ×ÙËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÍ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÏÍ, ÔÅÈÎÏÌÏÇÉÉ <application>gbde</application> (GEOM
      Based Disk Encryption - ÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÄÉÓËÁ ÎÁ ÕÒÏ×ÎÅ GEOM) É
      ËÒÉÐÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ÐÏÄÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ <command>geli</command> &os; ÍÏÇÕÔ ÚÁÝÉÔÉÔØ
      ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ ÄÁÖÅ ÐÒÏÔÉ× ÏÞÅÎØ ÚÁÉÎÔÅÒÅÓÏ×ÁÎÎÏÊ
      ÁÔÁËÕÀÝÅÊ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ Ó ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÙÍÉ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÁÍÉ.  ÷ ÏÔÌÉÞÉÅ ÏÔ ÇÒÏÍÏÚÄËÉÈ
      ÓÉÓÔÅÍ ÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÛÉÆÒÕÀÔ ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ,
      <command>gbde</command> É <command>geli</command> ÛÉÆÒÕÀÔ × ÐÒÏÚÒÁÞÎÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ
      ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ × ÃÅÌÏÍ, ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ × ÏÔËÒÙÔÏÍ ×ÉÄÅ ÎÁ ÄÉÓË ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ
      ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÔÓÑ.</para>

    <sect2>
      <title>ûÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÄÉÓËÁ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ gbde</title>

      <procedure>
	<step>
	  <title>ðÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ ÐÒÁ×Á ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>root</username></title>

	  <para>îÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁ <application>gbde</application> ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔ ÐÒÁ×Á ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ
	    ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>su -</userinput>
Password:</screen>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <title>÷ËÌÀÞÉÔÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ &man.gbde.4; × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ
	    ÆÁÊÌ ÑÄÒÁ</title>

	  <para>äÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ
	    ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ × ÆÁÊÌ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÑÄÒÁ:</para>

	  <para><literal>options GEOM_BDE</literal></para>

	  <para>ðÅÒÅÓÔÒÏÊÔÅ ÑÄÒÏ
	    FreeBSD.  üÔÏÔ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÏÐÉÓÁÎ × <xref
	    linkend="kernelconfig"/>.</para>

	  <para>ðÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔÅÓØ, ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉ× ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ.</para>
	</step>

        <step>
          <para>áÌØÔÅÒÎÁÔÉ×ÏÊ ÐÅÒÅÓÂÏÒËÅ ÑÄÒÁ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
	    <command>kldload</command> ÄÌÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÍÏÄÕÌÑ
	    &man.gbde.4;:</para>

          <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>kldload geom_bde</userinput></screen>
        </step>
      </procedure>

    <sect3>
      <title>ðÏÄÇÏÔÏ×ËÁ ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÇÏ Ö£ÓÔËÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ</title>

      <para>÷ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ × ×ÁÛÕ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ×Ù
	ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÑÅÔÅ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒ, ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÁÇÁÔØÓÑ ÅÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÊ
	ÒÁÚÄÅÌ Ó ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÍÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ.  üÔÏÔ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ×
	ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>/private</filename>.  <application>gbde</application>
	ÍÏÖÅÔ ÔÁËÖÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ <filename>/home</filename> É
	<filename>/var/mail</filename>, ÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÓÌÏÖÎÏÊ
	ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÊ, ÞÔÏ ×ÙÈÏÄÉÔ ÚÁ ÒÁÍËÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ××ÏÄÎÏÇÏ
	ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌÁ.</para>

      <procedure>
	<step>
	  <title>ðÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔÅ ÎÏ×ÙÊ Ö£ÓÔËÉÊ ÄÉÓË</title>

	  <para>õÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÄÉÓË × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ, ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÏ × <xref
	    linkend="disks-adding"/>.  ÷ ÒÁÍËÁÈ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÁ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ,
	    ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ ÎÏ×ÏÍÕ Ö£ÓÔËÏÍÕ ÄÉÓËÕ, ÂÕÄÅÔ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÔØÓÑ
	    <filename>/dev/ad4s1c</filename>.  õÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á
	    <filename>/dev/ad0s1<replaceable>*</replaceable></filename>
	    ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÔ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÅ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ FreeBSD ÎÁÛÅÊ
	    ÔÅÓÔÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ls /dev/ad*</userinput>
/dev/ad0        /dev/ad0s1b     /dev/ad0s1e     /dev/ad4s1
/dev/ad0s1      /dev/ad0s1c     /dev/ad0s1f     /dev/ad4s1c
/dev/ad0s1a     /dev/ad0s1d     /dev/ad4</screen>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <title>óÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÚÍÅÝÅÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÂÌÏËÉÒÏ×ÏË GBDE</title>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mkdir /etc/gbde</userinput></screen>

	  <para>æÁÊÌ ÂÌÏËÉÒÏ×ËÉ <application>gbde</application> ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ
	    ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÎÕÖÎÁ <application>gbde</application> ÄÌÑ
	    ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÍÕ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ.  îÅ ÉÍÅÑ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë ÆÁÊÌÕ
	    ÂÌÏËÉÒÏ×ËÉ, <application>gbde</application> ÎÅ ÓÍÏÖÅÔ ÒÁÓÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÔØ
	    ÄÁÎÎÙÅ, ÈÒÁÎÉÍÙÅ × ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ, ÂÅÚ ÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏÇÏ ÒÕÞÎÏÇÏ
	    ×ÍÅÛÁÔÅÌØÓÔ×Á, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏ ÎÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ.  ëÁÖÄÙÊ
	    ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÂÌÏËÉÒÏ×ËÉ.</para>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <title>éÎÉÃÉÁÌÉÚÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ gbde</title>

	  <para>ðÅÒÅÄ ÎÁÞÁÌÏÍ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏÍ <application>gbde</application>
	    ÅÇÏ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÐÒÏÉÎÉÃÉÁÌÉÚÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ.  üÔÁ ÉÎÉÃÉÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÑ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÓÑ
	    ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÄÉÎ ÒÁÚ:</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>gbde init /dev/ad4s1c -i -L /etc/gbde/ad4s1c.lock</userinput></screen>

	  <para>&man.gbde.8; ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ, ÞÔÏ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔ ×ÁÍ ÚÁÄÁÔØ
	    × ÛÁÂÌÏÎÅ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ.  ðÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ Ó
	    ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÍÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍÉ UFS1 É UFS2 ÚÁÄÁÊÔÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ sector_size ÒÁ×ÎÙÍ
	    2048:</para>

	  <programlisting>$<!-- This is not the space you are looking
for-->FreeBSD: src/sbin/gbde/template.txt,v 1.1 2002/10/20 11:16:13 phk Exp $
#
# Sector size is the smallest unit of data which can be read or written.
# Making it too small decreases performance and decreases available space.
# Making it too large may prevent filesystems from working.  512 is the
# minimum and always safe.  For UFS, use the fragment size
#
sector_size     =       2048
[...]</programlisting>

	  <para>&man.gbde.8; Ä×ÁÖÄÙ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÉÔ ××ÏÄ ÐÁÒÏÌÑ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÂÕÄÅÔ
	    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ.  ðÁÒÏÌØ × ÏÂÏÉÈ ÓÌÕÞÁÑÈ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ
	    ××ÏÄÉÔØÓÑ ÏÄÉÎÁËÏ×ÙÊ.  ÷ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ <application>gbde</application>
	    ÐÏ ÚÁÝÉÔÅ ×ÁÛÉÈ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÚÁ×ÉÓÑÔ ÏÔ ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Á ×ÙÂÒÁÎÎÏÊ
	    ×ÁÍÉ ËÌÀÞÅ×ÏÊ ÆÒÁÚÙ.
	    <footnote>
	      <para>óÏ×ÅÔÙ ÐÏ ×ÙÂÏÒÕ ÌÅÇËÏ ÚÁÐÏÍÉÎÁÀÝÉÈÓÑ ËÌÀÞÅ×ÙÈ ÆÒÁÚ ÍÏÖÎÏ
		ÎÁÊÔÉ ÎÁ ÓÁÊÔÅ <ulink
		url="http://world.std.com/~reinhold/diceware.html">Diceware
		Passphrase</ulink>.</para>
	    </footnote></para>

	  <para>ðÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ <command>gbde init</command> ÓÏÚÄÁ£ÔÓÑ ÆÁÊÌ
	    ÂÌÏËÉÒÏ×ÏË ÄÌÑ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ <application>gbde</application>,
	    ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ × ÎÁÛÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÍÅÔØ ÉÍÑ
	    <filename>/etc/gbde/ad4s1c.lock</filename>.
	    äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÂÌÏËÉÒÏ×ÏË ËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÏ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁ×ÁÌÉÓØ
	    ÓÔÁÒÔÏ×ÙÍ ÓËÒÉÐÔÏÍ <filename>/etc/rc.d/gbde</filename>,
	    ÉÈ ÉÍÅÎÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÚÁËÁÎÞÉ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÎÁ <quote>.lock</quote>.</para>

	  <caution>
	    <para>òÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÂÌÏËÉÒÏ×ÏË
	      <application>gbde</application> <emphasis>ÄÏÌÖÎÙ</emphasis>
	      ÈÒÁÎÉÔØÓÑ ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÙÍ ÛÉÆÒÕÅÍÙÈ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×.  èÏÔÑ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÉÅ
	      ÔÏÌØËÏ ÂÌÏËÉÒÏ×ÏÞÎÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÎÅ ÓÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÓÔÏÑÔØ ÄÅÛÉÆÒÁÃÉÉ
	      ÁÔÁËÕÀÝÉÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ <application>gbde</application>, ÂÅÚ ÜÔÏÇÏ
	      ÆÁÊÌÁ ÄÁÖÅ ÌÅÇÉÔÉÍÎÙÊ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÎÅ ÓÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë
	      ÄÁÎÎÙÍ ÂÅÚ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌ£ÎÎÙÈ É ÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÙÈ ÕÓÉÌÉÊ, ÞÔÏ ÎÅ
	      ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ &man.gbde.8; É ÅÇÏ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÏÍ.</para>
	  </caution>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <title>ðÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔÅ ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ Ë ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ</title>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>gbde attach /dev/ad4s1c -l /etc/gbde/ad4s1c.lock</userinput></screen>

	  <para>âÕÄÅÔ ×ÙÄÁÎ ÚÁÐÒÏÓ ÎÁ ××ÏÄ ËÌÀÞÅ×ÏÊ ÆÒÁÚÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ×Ù ×ÙÂÉÒÁÌÉ
	    ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÉÎÉÃÉÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ.  îÏ×ÏÅ ÚÁÝÉÝ£ÎÎÏÅ
	    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ÉÄÎÏ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ <filename>/dev</filename> ÐÏÄ
	    ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅÍ <filename>/dev/device_name.bde</filename>:</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ls /dev/ad*</userinput>
/dev/ad0        /dev/ad0s1b     /dev/ad0s1e     /dev/ad4s1
/dev/ad0s1      /dev/ad0s1c     /dev/ad0s1f     /dev/ad4s1c
/dev/ad0s1a     /dev/ad0s1d     /dev/ad4        /dev/ad4s1c.bde</screen>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <title>óÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÎÁ ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÍ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Å</title>

	  <para>ëÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ ÚÁÝÉÝ£ÎÎÏÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÏ Ë ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ,
	    ×Ù ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÎÁ Î£Í ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ.  äÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ
	    ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ &man.newfs.8;.  ôÁË ËÁË ÉÎÉÃÉÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÑ ÎÏ×ÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ
	    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ UFS2 ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ ÂÙÓÔÒÅÅ, ÞÅÍ ÉÎÉÃÉÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ
	    ÓÔÁÒÏÇÏ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ UFS1, ÔÏ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÔÓÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ &man.newfs.8; Ó
	    ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏÍ <option>-O2</option>.</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs -U -O2 /dev/ad4s1c.bde</userinput></screen>

	  <note>
	    <para>úÁÐÕÓË ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ &man.newfs.8; ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØÓÑ ÎÁÄ
	      ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÎÏÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ <application>gbde</application>, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ
	      ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉÃÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ÐÏ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÀ
	      <filename><replaceable>*</replaceable>.bde</filename> × ÉÍÅÎÉ
	      ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á.</para>
	  </note>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <title>óÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ</title>

	  <para>óÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ ÔÏÞËÕ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ
	    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mkdir /private</userinput></screen>

	  <para>óÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÚÁÝÉÝ£ÎÎÕÀ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ.</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/ad4s1c.bde /private</userinput></screen>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <title>ðÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÏÓÔØ ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ</title>

	  <para>úÁÝÉÝ£ÎÎÁÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÔÅÐÅÒØ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÁ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÅ
	    &man.df.1; É ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÏÊ ÄÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>df -H</userinput>
Filesystem        Size   Used  Avail Capacity  Mounted on
/dev/ad0s1a      1037M    72M   883M     8%
/devfs            1.0K   1.0K     0B   100%    /dev
/dev/ad0s1f       8.1G    55K   7.5G     0%    /home
/dev/ad0s1e      1037M   1.1M   953M     0%    /tmp
/dev/ad0s1d       6.1G   1.9G   3.7G    35%    /usr
/dev/ad4s1c.bde   150G   4.1K   138G     0%    /private</screen>
	</step>
      </procedure>
    </sect3>

    <sect3>
      <title>íÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÉÍÅÀÝÉÈÓÑ ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ</title>

      <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÚÁÝÉÝ£ÎÎÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÅÒÅÄ
	ÉÈ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØÓÑ ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÎÏÅ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ Ë ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ,
	ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÁ ÎÁ ÎÁÌÉÞÉÅ ÏÛÉÂÏË É ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ.  ôÒÅÂÕÅÍÙÅ ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
	ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØÓÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ <username>root</username>.</para>

      <procedure>
	<step>
	  <title>ðÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ gbde-ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ Ë ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ</title>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>gbde attach /dev/ad4s1c -l /etc/gbde/ad4s1c.lock</userinput></screen>

	  <para>âÕÄÅÔ ×ÙÄÁÎ ÚÁÐÒÏÓ ÎÁ ××ÏÄ ËÌÀÞÅ×ÏÊ ÆÒÁÚÙ, ×ÙÂÒÁÎÎÏÊ ÎÁ ÜÔÁÐÅ
	    ÉÎÉÃÉÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ <application>gbde</application>.</para>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <title>ðÒÏ×ÅÒËÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÎÁ ÎÁÌÉÞÉÅ ÏÛÉÂÏË</title>

	  <para>ôÁË ËÁË ÚÁÝÉÝÁÅÍÁÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏËÁ ÂÙÔØ ÕËÁÚÁÎÁ
	    × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> ÄÌÑ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ
	    ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, ÔÏ ÏÎÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÑÔØÓÑ ÎÁ ÎÁÌÉÞÉÅ ÏÛÉÂÏË
	    ÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÏÍ ÒÕÞÎÏÇÏ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ &man.fsck.8; ÄÏ Å£ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>fsck -p -t ffs /dev/ad4s1c.bde</userinput></screen>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <title>íÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ</title>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/ad4s1c.bde /private</userinput></screen>

	  <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ÚÁÝÉÝ£ÎÎÁÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÁ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ.</para>
	</step>
      </procedure>

      <sect4>
	<title>á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÈ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×</title>

	<para>äÌÑ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ, ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÉ É ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ
	  ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÓËÒÉÐÔ, ÎÏ ÐÏ ÓÏÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑÍ
	  ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ × ÜÔÏÍ ÓËÒÉÐÔÅ ÐÁÒÏÌÑ ÄÌÑ &man.gbde.8; ÂÙÔØ ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ.
	  ðÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÔÓÑ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÔØ ÔÁËÉÅ ÓËÒÉÐÔÙ ×ÒÕÞÎÕÀ, Á ÐÁÒÏÌØ
	  ÚÁÄÁ×ÁÔØ Ó ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ ÉÌÉ ÓÅÁÎÓÁ &man.ssh.1;.</para>

	<para>ëÒÏÍÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ÂÁÚÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ
	  ÓËÒÉÐÔ <filename>rc.d</filename> ÄÌÑ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÈ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×.
	  åÇÏ ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÙ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÕËÁÚÁÎÙ × ÆÁÊÌÅ &man.rc.conf.5;:</para>

	<programlisting>gbde_autoattach_all="YES"
gbde_devices="ad4s1c"
gbde_lockdir="/etc/gbde"</programlisting>

	<para>ðÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ËÌÀÞÅ×ÁÑ ÆÒÁÚÁ ÄÌÑ <application>gbde</application>
	  ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ××ÅÄÅÎÁ ÎÁ ÜÔÁÐÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ.  ðÏÓÌÅ ××ÅÄÅÎÉÑ ËÌÀÞÅ×ÏÊ
	  ÆÒÁÚÙ ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ.
	  ôÁËÏÊ ÐÏÄÈÏÄ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÏÞÅÎØ ÕÄÏÂÎÙÍ ÄÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ
	  <application>gbde</application> ÎÁ ÎÏÕÔÂÕËÁÈ.</para>
      </sect4>
    </sect3>

    <sect3>
      <title>ëÒÉÐÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ÚÁÝÉÔÁ, ÐÒÉÍÅÎÑÅÍÁÑ × gbde</title>

      <para>&man.gbde.8; ÛÉÆÒÕÅÔ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÅ ÓÅËÔÏÒÏ× ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ 128-ÂÉÔÎÏÇÏ
	AES × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ CBC.  ëÁÖÄÙÊ ÓÅËÔÏÒ ÄÉÓËÁ ÛÉÆÒÕÅÔÓÑ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÍ ËÌÀÞÏÍ
	AES.  âÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÌÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ
	<application>gbde</application>, ×ËÌÀÞÁÑ ÁÌÇÏÒÉÔÍ ÇÅÎÅÒÁÃÉÉ ËÌÀÞÅÊ
	ÄÌÑ ÓÅËÔÏÒÏ× ÉÚ ËÌÀÞÅ×ÏÊ ÆÒÁÚÙ, ××ÏÄÉÍÏÊ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ, ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ
	ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁÈ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ Ï &man.gbde.4;.</para>
    </sect3>

    <sect3>
      <title>÷ÏÐÒÏÓÙ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÏÓÔÉ</title>

      <para>&man.sysinstall.8; ÎÅÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍ Ó ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÁÍÉ, ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÍÉ
	<application>gbde</application>.  ÷ÓÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á
	<devicename><replaceable>*</replaceable>.bde</devicename> ÐÅÒÅÄ
	ÚÁÐÕÓËÏÍ &man.sysinstall.8; ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ÏÔËÌÀÞÅÎÙ ÏÔ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÉÌÉ
	ÜÔÁ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÏ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÉÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ ÎÁ ÜÔÁÐÅ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×.
	äÌÑ ÏÔËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ ÚÁÝÉÝ£ÎÎÏÇÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÇÏ × ÎÁÛÅÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ,
	×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ÔÁËÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>gbde detach /dev/ad4s1c</userinput></screen>

      <para>ôÁËÖÅ ÚÁÍÅÔØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ, ÔÁË ËÁË &man.vinum.4; ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÎÅ ÞÅÒÅÚ
	ÐÏÄÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ &man.geom.4;, ÔÏ ×Ù ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÔÏÍÁ
	<application>vinum</application> Ó
	<application>gbde</application>.</para>
    </sect3>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <sect2info>
	<authorgroup>
	  <author>
	    <firstname>Daniel</firstname>
	    <surname>Gerzo</surname>
	    <contrib>ðÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÏ </contrib>
	  </author>
	</authorgroup>
	<!-- Date of writing: 28 November 2005 -->
      </sect2info>

      <title>ûÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÄÉÓËÏ× ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ <command>geli</command></title>

      <para>÷Ï &os; ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÁÌØÔÅÒÎÁÔÉ×ÎÙÊ ËÒÉÐÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ËÌÁÓÓ GEOM
	&mdash; <command>geli</command>.  ÷ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÉÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÏÎ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ
	&a.pjd;.  õÔÉÌÉÔÁ <command>geli</command> ÏÔÌÉÞÁÅÔÓÑ ÏÔ
	<command>gbde</command>; ÏÎÁ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ËÏÍÐÌÅËÓ
	×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÅÊ É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÉÎÕÀ ÓÈÅÍÕ ËÒÉÐÔÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.</para>

      <para>îÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÚÎÁÞÉÍÙÍÉ ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔÑÍÉ &man.geli.8; Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ:</para>

      <itemizedlist>
	<listitem>
	  <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÉÎÆÒÁÓÔÒÕËÔÕÒÙ &man.crypto.9;: ÐÒÉ ÎÁÌÉÞÉÉ
	    ÁÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÏÊ ËÒÉÐÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÉ, <command>geli</command>
	    Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÅÅ.</para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ ÒÁÚÎÏÏÂÒÁÚÎÙÈ ËÒÉÐÔÏÁÌÇÏÒÉÔÍÏ× (× ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÅÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ
	     AES, Blowfish É 3DES).</para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ ÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÇÏ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ.  äÌÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ
	    × ÔÁËÏÊ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÉ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ××ÅÓÔÉ ËÌÀÞÅ×ÕÀ ÆÒÁÚÕ.</para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ Ä×ÕÈ ÎÅÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÙÈ ËÌÀÞÅÊ ÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ,
	    <quote>ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÌÀÞÁ</quote> É <quote>ËÌÀÞÁ
	    ËÏÍÐÁÎÉÉ</quote>).</para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>÷ÙÓÏËÁÑ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ <command>geli</command> ÚÁ ÓÞÅÔ
	    ÐÒÏÓÔÏÇÏ ËÒÉÐÔÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÓÅËÔÏÒ-ÓÅËÔÏÒ.</para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ ÁÒÈÉ×ÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÈ ËÌÀÞÅÊ.  ðÒÉ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏÓÔÉ
	    ÔÅËÕÝÉÅ ËÌÀÞÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÕÎÉÞÔÏÖÅÎÙ, Á × ÄÁÌØÎÅÊÛÅÍ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë
	    ÄÁÎÎÙÍ ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ÁÒÈÉ×ÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÈ ËÌÀÞÅÊ.</para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ ËÒÉÐÔÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÙÍ ÏÄÎÏÒÁÚÏ×ÙÍ
	    ËÌÀÞÏÍ &mdash; ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÄÌÑ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ× ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ ÉÌÉ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ
	    ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <para>äÒÕÇÉÅ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ ËÌÁÓÓÁ <command>geli</command> ÏÐÉÓÁÎÙ × ÅÇÏ
	ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ: &man.geli.8;.</para>

      <para>îÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÈ ÓÔÒÁÎÉà ÂÕÄÕÔ ÐÏÓ×ÑÝÅÎÙ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÀ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ
	ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ <command>geli</command> × ÑÄÒÅ &os;, Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÏÂßÑÓÎÑÔ,
	ËÁË ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØ É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ËÒÉÐÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒ
	<command>geli</command>.</para>

      <para>ðÏÓËÏÌØËÕ × ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ×ÏÚÎÉËÎÅÔ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏÓÔØ ×ÎÅÓÅÎÉÑ
	ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÊ × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÀ ÑÄÒÁ, ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÀÔÓÑ ÔÁËÖÅ
	ÐÒÉ×ÉÌÅÇÉÉ ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ.</para>

      <procedure>
	<step>
	  <title>äÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÉ <command>geli</command> × ÑÄÒÏ</title>

	  <para>äÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÑÄÒÁ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ:</para>

	  <programlisting>options GEOM_ELI
device crypto</programlisting>

	  <para>ðÅÒÅÓÔÒÏÊÔÅ ÑÄÒÏ, ËÁË ÏÐÉÓÁÎÏ × ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ <xref
	    linkend="kernelconfig"/>.</para>

	  <para>ðÏÍÉÍÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ, ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ <command>geli</command> ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ
	    ÁËÔÉ×ÉÒÏ×ÁÎÁ ÍÏÄÕÌÅÍ ÑÄÒÁ ÎÁ ÜÔÁÐÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ.  äÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ
	    × ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename> ÓÔÒÏËÕ:</para>

	  <programlisting>geom_eli_load="YES"</programlisting>

	  <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ÑÄÒÏ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÔØ &man.geli.8;.</para>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <title>çÅÎÅÒÁÃÉÑ ÇÌÁ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÌÀÞÁ</title>

	  <para>ðÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÅÍÙÊ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÇÅÎÅÒÁÃÉÉ ËÌÀÞÅ×ÏÇÏ
	    ÆÁÊÌÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÐÏÓÌÕÖÉÔ ÞÁÓÔØÀ ÇÌÁ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÌÀÞÁ ÄÌÑ ÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÇÏ
	    ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÁ, ÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÅÍÏÇÏ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename
	    class="directory">/private</filename>.  ðÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÇÏ
	    ËÌÀÞÅ×ÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÓÏÚÄÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁÂÏÒ ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÙÈ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ
	    ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×Ù×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÇÌÁ×ÎÙÊ ËÌÀÞ.  ëÒÏÍÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ÏÎ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁÝÉÝÅÎ
	    ËÏÄÏ×ÏÊ ÆÒÁÚÏÊ.  òÁÚÍÅÒ ÓÅËÔÏÒÁ ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÔØ
	    4kB.  îÁËÏÎÅÃ, ÍÙ ÏÂÓÕÄÉÍ, ËÁË ÐÒÉÓÏÅÄÉÎÉÔØÓÑ Ë ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÕ
	    <command>geli</command>, ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÎÁ ÂÁÚÅ ÅÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ,
	    ËÁË ÅÅ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ É ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ÎÅÊ, É, × ÚÁËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ, ËÁË
	    ËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÏ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÉÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ.</para>

	  <para>âÏÌØÛÉÊ ÞÅÍ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÓÅËÔÏÒÁ (ËÁË × ÎÁÛÅÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ, 4 Ëâ)
	    ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ.</para>

	  <para>çÌÁ×ÎÙÊ ËÌÀÞ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁÝÉÝÅÎ ËÏÄÏ×ÏÊ ÆÒÁÚÏÊ; ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÄÌÑ
	    ËÌÀÞÅ×ÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÂÅÒÕÔÓÑ ÉÚ <filename>/dev/random</filename>.
	    òÁÚÍÅÒ ÓÅËÔÏÒÁ ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÅÍÏÇÏ ÎÁÍÉ ÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÁ
	    <filename>/dev/da2.eli</filename> &mdash; 4Ëâ.</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=/dev/random of=/root/da2.key bs=64 count=1</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>geli init -s 4096 -K /root/da2.key /dev/da2</userinput>
Enter new passphrase:
Reenter new passphrase:</screen>

	  <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ ËÏÄÏ×ÏÊ ÆÒÁÚÙ É ËÌÀÞÅ×ÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ
	    ÎÅ ÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÏ: ÌÀÂÏÊ ÉÚ ÜÔÉÈ ÍÅÔÏÄÏ× ÚÁÝÉÔÙ ÇÌÁ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÌÀÞÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ
	    ÐÒÉÍÅÎÑÔØÓÑ ÎÅÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏ.</para>

	  <para>åÓÌÉ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÉÍÅÎÉ ËÌÀÞÅ×ÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÕËÁÚÁÎ <quote>-</quote>,
	    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙÊ ××ÏÄ.  üÔÏ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÂÏÌÅÅ
	    ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ËÌÀÞÅ×ÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ:</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cat keyfile1 keyfile2 keyfile3 | geli init -K - /dev/da2</userinput></screen>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <title>ó×ÑÖÉÔÅ ÓÇÅÎÅÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ËÌÀÞ Ó ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÏÍ</title>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>geli attach -k /root/da2.key /dev/da2</userinput>
Enter passphrase:</screen>

	  <para>óÏÚÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÆÁÊÌ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÂÕÄÅÔ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÔØÓÑ
	    <filename>/dev/<replaceable>da2</replaceable>.eli</filename>.</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ls /dev/da2*</userinput>
/dev/da2  /dev/da2.eli</screen>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <title>óÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ ÎÏ×ÕÀ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ</title>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=/dev/random of=/dev/da2.eli bs=1m</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs /dev/da2.eli</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/da2.eli /private</userinput></screen>

	<para>úÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÁÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ÉÄÎÁ × ×Ù×ÏÄÅ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ
	  &man.df.1; É ÇÏÔÏ×Á Ë ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÀ:</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>df -H</userinput>
Filesystem     Size   Used  Avail Capacity  Mounted on
/dev/ad0s1a    248M    89M   139M    38%    /
/devfs         1.0K   1.0K     0B   100%    /dev
/dev/ad0s1f    7.7G   2.3G   4.9G    32%    /usr
/dev/ad0s1d    989M   1.5M   909M     0%    /tmp
/dev/ad0s1e    3.9G   1.3G   2.3G    35%    /var
/dev/da2.eli   150G   4.1K   138G     0%    /private</screen>

	</step>

	<step>
	  <title>òÁÚÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ É ÄÅÁËÔÉ×ÁÃÉÑ ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÁ</title>

	  <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏÍ, ËÏÇÄÁ
	    ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÅ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁ <filename class="directory">/private</filename>
	    ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ, ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÚÕÍÎÙÍ ÏÔËÌÀÞÉÔØ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÏÔ
	    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>

	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>umount /private</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>geli detach da2.eli</userinput></screen>
	</step>
      </procedure>

      <para>äÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÕÀ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï &man.geli.8; ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÎÁ
	ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÊ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ.</para>

      <sect3>
	<title>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÓÔÁÒÔÏ×ÏÇÏ ÓËÒÉÐÔÁ <filename>rc.d</filename>
	  <filename>geli</filename></title>

	<para>äÌÑ ÕÄÏÂÓÔ×Á ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÐÏÄÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ <command>geli</command>
	  × ËÏÍÐÌÅËÔ ÂÁÚÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ &os; ×ÈÏÄÉÔ ÓÔÁÒÔÏ×ÙÊ ÓËÒÉÐÔ, ÒÁÂÏÔÏÊ
	  ËÏÔÏÒÏÇÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÑÔØ ÉÚ &man.rc.conf.5;:</para>

	<programlisting>geli_devices="da2"
geli_da2_flags="-p -k /root/da2.key"</programlisting>

	<para>ðÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ <filename>/dev/da2</filename> ÂÕÄÅÔ
	  ÓËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎ ËÁË ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒ <command>geli</command>, Ó×ÑÚÁÎ Ó
	  ËÌÀÞÅ×ÙÍ ÆÁÊÌÏÍ <filename>/root/da2.key</filename>, Á ËÏÄÏ×ÁÑ
	  ÆÒÁÚÁ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ (ÏÔÍÅÔÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ÔÏÌØËÏ
	  × ÔÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ, ÅÓÌÉ ÐÒÉ ÉÎÉÃÉÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ <literal>geli init</literal> ÂÙÌ
	  ÕËÁÚÁÎ ËÌÀÞ <option>-P</option>).  ûÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒ <command>geli</command>
	  ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÔÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎ ÐÅÒÅÄ ×ÙËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅÍ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>

	<para>äÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÕÀ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÓËÒÉÐÔÏ× <filename>rc.d</filename> ÍÏÖÎÏ
	  ÎÁÊÔÉ × ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÊ
	  <link linkend="configtuning-rcd">ÇÌÁ×Å</link> òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á.</para>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="swap-encrypting">
    <sect1info>
      <authorgroup>
	<author>
	  <firstname>Christian</firstname>
	  <surname>Br&uuml;ffer</surname>
	  <contrib>îÁÐÉÓÁÎÏ </contrib>
	</author>
      </authorgroup>
    </sect1info>

    <title>ûÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÏÂÌÁÓÔÉ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ</title>
    <indexterm>
      <primary>swap</primary>
      <secondary>encrypting</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>ûÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÏÂÌÁÓÔÉ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ × &os; ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÌÅÇËÏ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ.
      ÷ÁÒÉÁÎÔÙ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÓÌÅÇËÁ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÁÀÔÓÑ × ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.
      äÌÑ ÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ× ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
      ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ &man.gbde.8; ÉÌÉ &man.geli.8;;.  ÷ ÏÂÏÉÈ ÓÌÕÞÁÑÈ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ
      ÓËÒÉÐÔ <link linkend="configtuning-rcd">rc.d</link>
      <filename>encswap</filename>.</para>

    <para>ðÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÉÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ, <link linkend="disks-encrypting">ûÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
      ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÈ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×</link>, ËÒÁÔËÏ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÍÅÔÏÄÙ
      ËÒÉÐÔÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.</para>

    <sect2>
      <title>úÁÞÅÍ ÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÏÂÌÁÓÔØ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ?</title>

      <para>ëÁË É × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÈ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×, ÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÏÂÌÁÓÔÉ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ
	ÐÒÉÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ ×ÁÖÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ.  ÷ÏÚØÍÅÍ, Ë ÐÒÉÍÅÒÕ,
	ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÍÕ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ÐÁÒÏÌÑÍÉ.  äÏ ÔÅÈ ÐÏÒ, ÐÏËÁ
	ÐÁÒÏÌÉ ÈÒÁÎÑÔÓÑ × ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ, ×ÓÅ × ÐÏÒÑÄËÅ.  åÓÌÉ ÖÅ
	ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÅÔ ×ÙÇÒÕÖÁÔØ ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÙÅ ÕÞÁÓÔËÉ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ×
	ÏÂÌÁÓÔØ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÓ×ÏÂÏÄÉÔØ ÐÁÍÑÔØ ÄÌÑ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÊ,
	ÐÁÒÏÌÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÐÉÓÁÎÙ ÎÁ ÄÉÓË × ÏÔËÒÙÔÏÍ ×ÉÄÅ É ÔÅÍ ÓÁÍÙÍ
	ÏËÁÚÁÔØÓÑ ÌÅÇËÏ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÍÉ ÚÌÏÕÍÙÛÌÅÎÎÉËÕ (ÉÍÅÀÝÅÍÕ ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë
	ÄÉÓËÕ &mdash; ÐÒÉÍ. ÐÅÒ.).  ÷ ÔÁËÉÈ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÑÈ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÅÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÔÁÔØ
	ÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>ðÏÄÇÏÔÏ×ËÁ</title>

      <note>
	<para>÷ ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ ÍÙ ÂÕÄÅÍ ÓÞÉÔÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏÍ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ
	  Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ <devicename>ad0s1b</devicename>.</para>
      </note>

      <para>äÏ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÅÇÏ ÍÏÍÅÎÔÁ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ ÎÅ ÂÙÌ ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎ.  ôÁËÉÍ
        ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ, ÎÁ ÎÅÍ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØÓÑ ÐÁÒÏÌÉ ÉÌÉ ËÁËÁÑ-ÌÉÂÏ ÉÎÁÑ ×ÁÖÎÁÑ
	ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ × ÏÔËÒÙÔÏÍ ×ÉÄÅ.  þÔÏÂÙ ÉÚÂÁ×ÉÔØÓÑ ÏÔ ÜÔÏÇÏ, ÚÁÐÏÌÎÉÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ
	ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÙÍÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=/dev/random of=/dev/ad0s1b bs=1m</userinput></screen>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>ûÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ &man.gbde.8;</title>

      <para>÷ ÓÔÒÏËÕ ÆÁÊÌÁ
	<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÝÕÀ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ,
	ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÓÕÆÆÉËÓ <literal>.bde</literal>:</para>

      <programlisting># Device                Mountpoint      FStype  Options         Dump    Pass#
/dev/ad0s1b.bde         none            swap    sw              0       0</programlisting>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>ûÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ &man.geli.8;</title>

      <para>ðÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÁ ÐÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ &man.geli.8; ÄÌÑ ÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ
	ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ ÓÈÏÄÎÁ Ó ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ &man.gbde.8;.  ÷ ÓÔÒÏËÕ ÆÁÊÌÁ
	<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÝÕÀ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ,
	ÎÕÖÎÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÓÕÆÆÉËÓ <literal>.eli</literal>:</para>

      <programlisting># Device                Mountpoint      FStype  Options         Dump    Pass#
/dev/ad0s1b.eli         none            swap    sw              0       0</programlisting>

      <para>ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ, &man.geli.8; ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÁÌÇÏÒÉÔÍ ËÒÉÐÔÏ×ÁÎÉÑ
	<acronym>AES</acronym> Ó ÄÌÉÎÏÊ ËÌÀÞÁ 256 ÂÉÔ.</para>

      <para>ðÒÉ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÜÔÉ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÙ × ÏÐÃÉÉ
	<literal>geli_swap_flags</literal> ÆÁÊÌÁ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ
	<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.  ðÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÁÑ ÎÉÖÅ ÓÔÒÏËÁ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ,
	ÞÔÏ ÓËÒÉÐÔ rc.d <filename>encswap</filename> ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÌÑ
	ËÒÉÐÔÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÁÌÇÏÒÉÔÍ Blowfish Ó ËÌÀÞÏÍ ÄÌÉÎÏÊ 128 ÂÉÔ, ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏÍ ÓÅËÔÏÒÁ
	4 ËÉÌÏÂÁÊÔÁ É ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÎÏÊ ÏÐÃÉÅÊ <quote>ÏÔÓÏÅÄÉÎÉÔØÓÑ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÍ
	ÚÁËÒÙÔÉÉ</quote>:</para>

      <programlisting>geli_swap_flags="-e blowfish -l 128 -s 4096 -d"</programlisting>

      <para>úÁ ÓÐÉÓËÏÍ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÈ ÏÐÃÉÊ ÏÂÒÁÝÁÊÔÅÓØ Ë ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
	<command>onetime</command> × ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ &man.geli.8;.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>ïËÏÎÞÁÔÅÌØÎÁÑ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÁ</title>

      <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏÓÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ
	ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÅÎÁ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
	<command>swapinfo</command>.</para>

      <para>÷ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ &man.gbde.8;:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>swapinfo</userinput>
Device          1K-blocks     Used    Avail Capacity
/dev/ad0s1b.bde    542720        0   542720     0%</screen>

      <para>ðÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ &man.geli.8;:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>swapinfo</userinput>
Device          1K-blocks     Used    Avail Capacity
/dev/ad0s1b.eli    542720        0   542720     0%</screen>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>
</chapter>