1999a revision of timezone data from Arthur Olson and friends.

Obtained from:	ftp://elsie.nci.nih.gov/pub/tzdata1999a.tar.gz

14 files changed, 1176 insertions, 778 deletions

diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/africa b/share/zoneinfo/africa
index f58719da5b8f..b84d6dcd209b 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/africa
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/africa
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)africa	7.20
+# @(#)africa	7.25
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
@@ -105,9 +105,6 @@ Zone	Africa/Luanda	0:52:56	-	LMT	1892
 			0:52:04	-	LMT	1911 May 26 # Luanda Mean Time?
 			1:00	-	WAT
 
-# Bassas da India
-# uninhabited
-
 # Benin
 # Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1946, not 1934; go with Shanks.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -209,9 +206,10 @@ Rule	Egypt	1983	only	-	Jul	12	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1984	1988	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1989	only	-	May	 6	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1990	1994	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
-# IATA (after 1990) says transitions are at 0:00; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Egypt	1995	max	-	Apr	lastFri	1:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Egypt	1995	max	-	Sep	lastFri	3:00	0	-
+# IATA (after 1990) says transitions are at 0:00.
+# Go with IATA starting in 1995.
+Rule	Egypt	1995	max	-	Apr	Fri>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1995	max	-	Sep	lastFri	23:00s	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Cairo	2:05:00 -	LMT	1900 Oct
@@ -240,9 +238,6 @@ Zone Africa/Addis_Ababa	2:34:48 -	LMT	1870
 			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May 5    # Adis Dera MT
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
-# Europa Island
-# uninhabited
-
 # Gabon
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Libreville	0:37:48 -	LMT	1912
@@ -264,9 +259,6 @@ Rule	Ghana	1936	1942	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	GMT
 Zone	Africa/Accra	-0:00:52 -	LMT	1918
 			 0:00	Ghana	%s
 
-# Glorioso Is
-# uninhabited
-
 # Guinea
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Conakry	-0:54:52 -	LMT	1912
@@ -280,9 +272,6 @@ Zone	Africa/Bissau	-1:02:20 -	LMT	1911 May 26
 			-1:00	-	WAT	1975
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
-# Juan de Nova
-# uninhabited
-
 # Kenya
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Nairobi	2:27:16	-	LMT	1928 Jul
@@ -301,7 +290,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Maseru	1:50:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 # Liberia
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
 # In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch
-# from a GMT offset that was not a multiple of 15 minutes.
+# from a UTC offset that was not a multiple of 15 minutes.
 # Howse reports that it was in honor of their president's birthday.
 # Shanks reports the date as May 1, whereas Howse reports Jan; go with Shanks.
 # For Liberia before 1972, Shanks reports -0:44, whereas Howse and Whitman
@@ -335,15 +324,16 @@ Rule	Libya	1987	1990	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	1990	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1996	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1996	only	-	Sep	30	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Libya	1997	max	-	Mar	lastThu	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Libya	1997	max	-	Oct	Thu>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Tripoli	0:52:44 -	LMT	1920
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1959
 			2:00	-	EET	1982
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1991
 			2:00	-	EET	1996 Mar 30 3:00
-			1:00	Libya	CE%sT
+			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1997 Oct  4 0:00
+			2:00	-	EET
 
 # Madagascar
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -450,6 +440,19 @@ Zone	Africa/Lagos	0:13:36 -	LMT	1919 Sep
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Indian/Reunion	3:41:52 -	LMT	1911 Jun	# Saint-Denis
 			4:00	-	RET	# Reunion Time
+#
+# Scattered Islands (Iles Eparses) administered from Reunion are as follows.
+# The following information about them is taken from
+# <a href="http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/domtom/ile.htm">
+# Iles Eparses
+# </a>
+# (1997-07-22, in French).  We have no info about their time zone histories.
+#
+# Bassas da India - uninhabited
+# Europa Island - inhabited from 1905 to 1910 by two families
+# Glorioso Is - inhabited until at least 1958
+# Juan de Nova - uninhabited
+# Tromelin - inhabited until at least 1958
 
 # Rwanda
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -553,9 +556,6 @@ Zone Africa/Dar_es_Salaam 2:37:08 -	LMT	1931
 Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
 			0:00	-	GMT
 
-# Tromelin
-# uninhabited
-
 # Tunisia
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Tunisia	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/antarctica b/share/zoneinfo/antarctica
index 83f0cfed760f..f5422b2bf1a6 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/antarctica
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/antarctica
@@ -1,9 +1,16 @@
-# @(#)antarctica	7.8
+# @(#)antarctica	7.14
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1997-03-28):
 # To keep things manageable, we list only locations occupied year-round;
-# see <URL:http://earth.agu.org/amen/nations.html> (1996-05-24)
-# and <URL:http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/bob/periant.htm> (1996-09-05).
+# see
+# <a href="http://earth.agu.org/amen/nations.html">
+# Antarctic Activities of Member Nations of the Antarctic Treaty (1996-05-24)
+# </a>
+# and
+# <a href="http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/bob/periant.htm">
+# Summary of the Peri-Antarctic Islands (1996-09-05)
+# </a>
+# for information.
 # Unless otherwise specified, we have no time zone information.
 #
 # Except for the French entries,
@@ -34,17 +41,27 @@ Rule	ChileAQ	1970	max	-	Mar	Sun>=9	0:00	0	-
 #
 # year-round bases
 # Casey, Bailey Peninsula, since 1969
-# Davis, Vestfold Hills, since 1957-01-13 (except 1965-01 -  1969-02)
+# Davis, Vestfold Hills, since 1957-01-13 (except 1964-11 - 1969-02)
 # Mawson, Holme Bay, since 1954-02-13
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Antarctica/Casey	0	-	___	1969
 			8:00	-	WST	# Western (Aus) Standard Time
-#Zone Antartica/Davis	unknown
+Zone Antarctica/Davis	0	-	___	1957 Jan 13
+			7:00	-	DAVT	1964 Nov # Davis Time
+			0	-	___	1969 Feb
+			7:00	-	DAVT
 Zone Antarctica/Mawson	0	-	___	1954 Feb 13
 			6:00	-	MAWT	# Mawson Time
 # References:
-# <URL:http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/casey/casey_aws.html> (1996-07-15)
-# <URL:http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/mawson/video.html> (1996-04-19)
+# <a href="http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/casey/casey_aws.html">
+# Casey Weather (1998-02-26)
+# </a>
+# <a href="http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/davis/video.html">
+# Davis Station, Antarctica (1998-02-26)
+# </a>
+# <a href="http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/mawson/video.html">
+# Mawson Station, Antarctica (1998-02-25)
+# </a>
 
 # Brazil - year-round base
 # Ferraz, King George Island, since 1983/4
@@ -92,7 +109,9 @@ Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	___	1947
 			0	-	___	1956 Nov
 			10:00	-	DDUT	# Dumont-d'Urville Time
 # Reference:
-# <URL:http://www.icair.iac.org.nz/science/reports/fr/IFRTP.html> (1996-09-10)
+# <a href="http://www.icair.iac.org.nz/science/reports/fr/IFRTP.html">
+# Support and Development of Polar Research and Technology (1997-02-03)
+# </a>
 
 
 # Germany - year-round base
@@ -198,8 +217,10 @@ Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	___	1956
 # which was on GMT+12 because New Zealand was on GMT+12 all year
 # at that time (1957).  (Source: Siple's book 90 degrees SOUTH.)
 #
-# From Susan Smith <URL:http://www.cybertours.com/whs/pole10.html>
-# (1995-11-13 16:24:56 +1300): We use the same time as McMurdo does.
+# From Susan Smith
+# http://www.cybertours.com/whs/pole10.html
+# (1995-11-13 16:24:56 +1300, no longer available):
+# We use the same time as McMurdo does.
 # And they use the same time as Christchurch, NZ does....
 # One last quirk about South Pole time.
 # All the electric clocks are usually wrong.
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/asia b/share/zoneinfo/asia
index 673474917937..9406aca86a06 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/asia
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/asia
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)asia	7.30
+# @(#)asia	7.40
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
 #
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
 # Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below.
 #
 # Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
@@ -45,8 +45,6 @@
 #	9:30	CST	(Australian) Central Standard Time
 #
 # See the `europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
-#
-# See the `africa' file for time zone naming and abbreviation conventions.
 
 # From Guy Harris:
 # Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
@@ -80,24 +78,30 @@ Zone	Asia/Kabul	4:36:48 -	LMT	1890
 			4:30	-	AFT
 
 # Armenia
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-04):
+# From Paul Eggert (1998-??-??):
 # Shanks has Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST) in spring 1991,
 # but usno1995 has Armenia at 4:00 (with DST), and Edgar Der-Danieliantz
-# <edd@AIC.NET> reported today that Yerevan probably won't use DST this year,
-# though it did use DST in 1995.  We guess Yerevan stayed in sync with Moscow
-# between 1990 and 1995, but stopped using DST in 1996.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Armenia	1991	1995	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Armenia	1991	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
+# <edd@AIC.NET> reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
+# in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995.  IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
+# Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
+# but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
+# What a mess!  We guess Yerevan DST stayed in sync with Moscow between 1990
+# and 1995, did not use DST in 1996, and started using DST again in 1997.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Yerevan	2:58:00 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			3:00	-	YERT	1957 Mar    # Yerevan Time
 			4:00 RussiaAsia YER%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			3:00	1:00	YERST	1991 Sep 23 # independence
-			3:00	Armenia	AM%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Armenia Time
-			4:00	Armenia	AM%sT
+			3:00	1:00	AMST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s # Armenia Time
+			3:00	-	AMT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	AM%sT	1996
+			4:00	-	AMT	1997
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	AM%sT			
 
 # Azerbaijan
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Azer	1997	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Azer	1997	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			3:00	-	BAKT	1957 Mar    # Baku Time
@@ -105,7 +109,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			3:00	1:00	BAKST	1991 Aug 30 # independence
 			3:00 RussiaAsia	AZ%sT	1992 Sep lastSun 2:00s
 			4:00	-	AZT	1996 # Azerbaijan time
-			4:00	EUAsia	AZ%sT
+			4:00	EUAsia	AZ%sT	1997
+			4:00	Azer	AZ%sT
 
 # Bahrain
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -156,7 +161,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Phnom_Penh	6:59:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
 			8:00	-	ICT	1931 May
 			7:00	-	ICT
 
-# People's Republic of China
+# China
 
 # From Guy Harris:
 # People's Republic of China.  Yes, they really have only one time zone.
@@ -185,7 +190,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Phnom_Penh	6:59:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
 # note about Time magazine, though apparently _something_ happened in 1986.
 # Go with Shanks for now.  I made up names for the other pre-1980 time zones.
 
-# From Shanks (1991):
+# From Shanks (1995):
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Shang	1940	1941	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	S
@@ -239,7 +244,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:36 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
 
 ###############################################################################
 
-# Republic of China
+# Taiwan
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Taiwan	1945	1951	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -354,8 +359,11 @@ Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
 
 # Iran
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-12-17), following up a suggestion by Rich Wales:
-# Ahmad Alavi <URL:http://tehran.stanford.edu/Iran_Lib/Calendar/taghveem.txt>
-# (1993-08-04) writes ``Daylight saving time in Iran starts from the first day
+# Ahmea Alavi in
+# <a href="http://tehran.stanford.edu/Iran_Lib/Calendar/taghveem.txt">
+# TAGHVEEM (1993-08-04)
+# </a>
+# writes ``Daylight saving time in Iran starts from the first day
 # of Farvardin and ends the first day of Mehr.''  This disagrees with the SSIM:
 #
 #		   DST start	   DST end
@@ -457,12 +465,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Baghdad	2:57:40	-	LMT	1890
 # ISRAEL              2 H  AHEAD OF UTC
 # ISRAEL              3 H  AHEAD OF UTC  APR 10 - SEP 3
 
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
-#
-# Shanks gives the following rules for Jerusalem from 1918 through 1991.
-# After 1989 Shanks often disagrees with Silverberg; we go with Silverberg.
-
-# From Shanks (1991):
+# From Shanks (1995):
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Zion	1940	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1942	1944	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	S
@@ -505,7 +508,8 @@ Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Sep	13	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Apr	 9	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Sep	 3	0:00	0	S
 
-# From Ephraim Silverberg (ephraim@cs.huji.ac.il), 1997-03-04:
+# From Ephraim Silverberg <ephraim@cs.huji.ac.il>
+# (1997-03-04 and 1998-03-16):
 
 # According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
 # Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
@@ -546,16 +550,18 @@ Rule	Zion	1995	only	-	Sep	 3	0:00	0	S
 
 # The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
 # time, Haim Ramon.  The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
-# (with the dates for 1997 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
+# (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
 #
 #   ftp://ftp.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
 #
-# The dates for 1997 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
-# No changes have been made regarding 1998 as of yet.
-#
+# The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
 # The official announcement for the year 1997 can be viewed at:
 #
 #   ftp://ftp.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1997.ps.gz
+#
+# The official announcement for the year 1998 can be viewed at:
+#
+#   ftp://ftp.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1998.ps.gz
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Zion	1996	only	-	Mar	15	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -563,14 +569,20 @@ Rule	Zion	1996	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	1997	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1997	only	-	Sep	14	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	1998	only	-	Mar	20	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1998	only	-	Oct	18	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1998	only	-	Sep	 6	0:00	0	S
+
+# From Member of Knesset Avraham Poraz, as quoted in Ha'aretz (1998-09-02):
+# [The 1998-09-06 transition is to] serve the interests of a small minority
+# of ultra-Orthodox Sephardic Jews who, during the [Hebrew] month of Elul,
+# recite Slihot penitential prayers in the early morning hours
+# and thus find daylight time inconvenient.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (1997-03-15):
+# From Paul Eggert (1998-01-12):
 # Here are guesses for rules after 1998.
 # They are probably wrong, but they are more likely than no DST at all.
 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 Rule	Zion	1999	max	-	Mar	Fri>=15	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1999	max	-	Sep	Sun>=15	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1999	max	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:56 -	LMT	1880
@@ -640,7 +652,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
 # IATA SSIM mentions a third time zone in Kazakhstan.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Alma-Ata	5:07:48 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Almaty
+Zone	Asia/Almaty	5:07:48 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Alma-Ata
 			5:00	-	ALMT	1957 Mar # Alma-Ata Time
 			6:00 RussiaAsia ALM%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			5:00	1:00	ALMST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
@@ -662,25 +674,27 @@ Zone	Asia/Aqtau	3:21:04	-	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Aktau
 
 # Kirgizstan
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Kirgiz	1992	max	-	Apr	Sun>=7	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Kirgiz	1991	max	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Kirgiz	1992	1996	-	Apr	Sun>=7	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Kirgiz	1991	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Kirgiz	1997	max	-	Mar	lastSun	2:30	1:00	S
+Rule	Kirgiz	1997	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:30	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Bishkek	4:58:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			5:00	-	FRUT	1957 Mar    # Frunze Time
+			5:00	-	FRUT	1930 Jun 21 # Frunze Time
 			6:00 RussiaAsia FRU%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			5:00	1:00	FRUST	1991 Aug 31 # independence
 			5:00	Kirgiz	KG%sT		    # Kirgizstan Time
 
 ###############################################################################
 
-# Korea
+# Korea (North and South)
 
 # From Guy Harris:
 # According to someone at the Korean Times in San Francisco,
 # Daylight Savings Time was not observed until 1987.  He did not know
 # at what time of day DST starts or ends.
 
-# From Shanks (1991):
+# From Shanks (1995):
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	ROK	1960	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	ROK	1960	only	-	Sep	13	0:00	0	S
@@ -775,8 +789,9 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 			5:00	-	MVT		# Maldives Time
 
 # Mongolia
-# Shanks says that Mongolia has three time zones, but usno1995 and
-# <URL:http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/95fact/802389h.gif> (1995)
+# Shanks says that Mongolia has three time zones, but usno1995 and the CIA map
+# Standard Time Zones of the World (1997-01)
+# </a>
 # both say that it has just one.
 # Let's comment out the western and eastern Mongolian time zones
 # till we know what their principal towns are.
@@ -821,6 +836,69 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 			5:00	-	PKT	# Pakistan Time
 
 # Palestine
+
+# From Amos Shapir <amos@nsof.co.il> (1998-02-15):
+#
+# From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
+# known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
+# Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
+#
+# The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
+# (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
+# time zone was affected then).  It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
+# though.
+#
+# The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
+# annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
+# the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
+# Trans-Jordan").  So the rules for Jordan for that time apply.  Major
+# towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
+# East Jerusalem.
+#
+# Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
+# for East Jerusalem).  They were on Israel time since then; there might
+# have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
+# of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
+# time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
+#
+# The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
+# towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995.  I know that in order to
+# demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
+# summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
+# know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
+# Jordanian one).
+#
+# To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
+#
+# Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
+# ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
+# Israel      | Zion      | Zion      | Zion      | Zion
+# West bank   | Zion      | Jordan    | Zion      | Jordan
+# Gaza        | Zion      | Egypt     | Zion      | Jordan
+#
+# I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
+# have one).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1998-02-25):
+# Shanks writes that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but we'll go
+# with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
+# and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
+# We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
+# the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
+# occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
+# However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
+# for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
+# to Palestine's rules.  If you have more info about this, please
+# send it to tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for incorporation into future editions.
+
+# From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
+# forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
+#
+# Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
+# last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
+# one-hour forward at this time.  As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
+# the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
+
 # These rules for Egypt are stolen from the `africa' file.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule EgyptAsia	1957	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -831,9 +909,10 @@ Rule EgyptAsia	1959	1965	-	Sep	30	3:00	0	-
 Rule EgyptAsia	1966	only	-	Oct	 1	3:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Gaza	2:17:52	-	LMT	1900 Oct
-			2:00	-	EET	1957 May 10
-			2:00 EgyptAsia	EE%sT	1967 Jun 30
-			2:00	Zion	I%sT
+			2:00	Zion	EET	1948 May 15
+			2:00 EgyptAsia	EE%sT	1967 Jun  5
+			2:00	Zion	I%sT	1996
+			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT
 
 # Paracel Is
 # no information
@@ -883,19 +962,24 @@ Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:24 -	LMT	1880
 
 # Sri Lanka
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
-# <URL:http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html> (1996-05-24)
+# <a href="http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html">
+# Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout (1996-05-24)
+# </a>
 # reported ``the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
 # midnight Friday (1830 GMT) `in the light of the present power crisis'.''
-# Transitions before 1996 are from Shanks (1991).
+# Transitions before 1996 are from Shanks (1995).
 #
 # From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
-# in <URL:news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> (1996-10-26):
+# by Shamindra in
+# <a href="news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net">
+# Daily News - Hot News Section (1996-10-26)
+# </a>:
 # With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
 # Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Colombo	5:19:24 -	LMT	1880
-			5:20	-	CEYT	1906	# Ceylon Time
+			5:19:32	-	MMT	1906	# Moratuwa Mean Time
 			5:30	-	IST	1942 Jan  5
 			5:30	0:30	IHST	1942 Sep
 			5:30	1:00	IST	1945 Oct 16 2:00
@@ -933,7 +1017,8 @@ Rule	Syria	1991	1992	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Syria	1992	only	-	Apr	 8	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Syria	1993	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Syria	1993	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	0	-
-# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says 1997-03-31; assume that it should be 1997-04-01.
+# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says 1997-03-31; (1998-02) says 1998-04-02,
+# 1999-03-29, and 1999-09-29; ignore all these claims for now.
 Rule	Syria	1994	max	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Syria	1994	max	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -941,9 +1026,10 @@ Zone	Asia/Damascus	2:25:12 -	LMT	1920
 			2:00	Syria	EE%sT
 
 # Tajikistan
+# From Shanks (1995), who writes ``date of change uncertain'' for 1991.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Dushanbe	4:35:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			5:00	-	DUST	1957 Mar    # Dushanbe Time
+			5:00	-	DUST	1930 Jun 21 # Dushanbe Time
 			6:00 RussiaAsia DUS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			5:00	1:00	DUSST	1991 Sep  9 # independence
 			5:00 RussiaAsia	TJ%sT	1992
@@ -956,14 +1042,17 @@ Zone	Asia/Bangkok	6:42:04	-	LMT	1880
 			7:00	-	ICT
 
 # Turkmenistan
+# From Shanks (1995):
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Ashkhabad	3:53:32 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ashgabat
-			4:00	-	ASHT	1957 Mar    # Ashkhabad Time
-			5:00 RussiaAsia ASH%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			4:00	1:00	ASHST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			4:00	-	ASHT	1991 Oct 27 # independence
-			4:00	-	TMT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			5:00	-	TMT	# Turkmenistan Time
+			4:00	-	ASHT	1930 Jun 21 # Ashkhabad Time
+			5:00	-	ASHT	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	ASHST	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	ASHT	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	ASH%sT	1991
+			5:00	-	ASHT	1991 Oct 27 # independence
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	TM%sT	1993	# Turkmenistan Time
+			5:00	-	TMT
 
 # United Arab Emirates
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -971,18 +1060,24 @@ Zone	Asia/Dubai	3:41:12 -	LMT	1920
 			4:00	-	GST
 
 # Uzbekistan
+# From Shanks (1995):
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Samarkand	4:27:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			4:00	-	SAMT	1930 Jun 21 # Samarkand Time
+			5:00	-	SAMT	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	SAMST	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00 RussiaAsia TAS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00 # Tashkent Time
+			5:00	-	TAST	1991 Sep  1 # independence
+			5:00	-	UZT	1992
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	UZ%sT	1993
+			5:00	-	UZT
 Zone	Asia/Tashkent	4:37:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			5:00	-	TAST	1957 Mar    # Tashkent Time
+			5:00	-	TAST	1930 Jun 21 # Tashkent Time
 			6:00 RussiaAsia TAS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			5:00	1:00	TASST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			5:00	-	UZT		    # Uzbekistan Time
-# Shanks has Tashkent using DST after 1991, but usno1995 says they don't.
-# Guess no DST after 1991.
-# <URL:http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/95fact/802389h.gif> (1995)
-# says that Uzbekistan has two time zones, but a cable
-# <URL:http://www.itaiep.doc.gov/bisnis/cables/960510uz.html> (1996-05-10)
-# from the American Embassy in Tashkent implies that they have just one.
+			5:00	-	TAST	1991 Sep  1 # independence
+			5:00	-	UZT	1992
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	UZ%sT	1993
+			5:00	-	UZT
 
 # Vietnam
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/australasia b/share/zoneinfo/australasia
index d981a6a9168b..7e52f181fe57 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/australasia
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/australasia
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)australasia	7.34
+# @(#)australasia	7.44
 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
 
 # Notes are at the end of this file
@@ -158,9 +158,6 @@ Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			10:30	LH	LHST
 
 # Australian miscellany
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Indian/Christmas	7:02:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			7:00	-	CXT	# Christmas Island Time
 #
 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
@@ -178,12 +175,17 @@ Zone Indian/Christmas	7:02:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 # Manihiki, Penrhyn, Rakehanga
 # no information
 
+# Christmas
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Indian/Christmas	7:02:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
+			7:00	-	CXT	# Christmas Island Time
 
 # Cook Is
+# From Shanks (1995):
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Cook	1979	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Cook	1979	max	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	HS
+Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	HS
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901		# Avarua
 			-10:30	-	CKT	1978 Nov 12	# Cook Is Time
@@ -207,27 +209,14 @@ Zone	Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 -	LMT	1912 Oct
 			 -9:30	-	MART	# Marquesas Time
 Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Papeete
 			-10:00	-	TAHT	# Tahiti Time
+# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
+# it is uninhabited.
 
 # Guam
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Guam	 9:39:00 -	LMT	1901		# Agana
 			10:00	-	GST
 
-# Howland, Baker
-# uninhabited since World War II
-# no information; was probably like Pacific/Pago_Pago
-
-# Jarvis
-# uninhabited since 1958
-# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
-
-# Johnston
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Johnston	-10:00	-	HST
-
-# Kingman
-# uninhabited
-
 # Kiribati
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901		# Bairiki
@@ -282,9 +271,8 @@ Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15	# Uaobe
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	NC	1977	1978	-	Dec	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	NC	1978	1979	-	Feb	27	0:00	0	-
-Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	1	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	NC	1997	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	NC	1997	max	-	Nov	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	NC	1997	only	-	Mar	 2	2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13
 			11:00	NC	NC%sT
@@ -303,7 +291,7 @@ Rule	NZ	1928	only	-	Nov	 4	2:00	0:30	HD
 Rule	NZ	1929	only	-	Oct	30	2:00	0:30	HD
 Rule	NZ	1930	1933	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	S
 Rule	NZ	1930	1933	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00	0:30	HD
-# Whitman says DST went on and off during war years, and the base GMT offset
+# Whitman says DST went on and off during war years, and the base UT offset
 # didn't change until 1945 Apr 30; go with Shanks.
 Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	NZ	1934	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0:30	HD
@@ -352,9 +340,6 @@ Zone	Pacific/Norfolk	11:11:52 -	LMT	1901		# Kingston
 Zone Pacific/Palau	8:57:56 -	LMT	1901		# Koror
 			9:00	-	PWT	# Palau Time
 
-# Palmyra
-# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
-
 # Papua New Guinea
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880
@@ -402,6 +387,39 @@ Zone Pacific/Tongatapu	12:19:20 -	LMT	1901
 Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
 			12:00	-	TVT	# Tuvalu Time
 
+
+# US minor outlying islands
+
+# Howland, Baker
+# uninhabited since World War II
+# no information; was probably like Pacific/Pago_Pago
+
+# Jarvis
+# uninhabited since 1958
+# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
+
+# Johnston
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Johnston	-10:00	-	HST
+
+# Kingman
+# uninhabited
+
+# Midway
+Zone Pacific/Midway	-11:49:28 -	LMT	1901
+			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr	# N=Nome
+			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30	# B=Bering
+			-11:00	-	SST			# S=Samoa
+
+# Palmyra
+# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
+
+# Wake
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Wake	11:06:28 -	LMT	1901
+			12:00	-	WAKT	# Wake Time
+
+
 # Vanuatu
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Vanuatu	1983	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -414,11 +432,6 @@ Rule	Vanuatu	1992	only	-	Oct	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	S
 Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13		# Vila
 			11:00	Vanuatu	VU%sT	# Vanuatu Time
 
-# Wake
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Wake	11:06:28 -	LMT	1901
-			12:00	-	WAKT	# Wake Time
-
 # Wallis and Futuna
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
@@ -434,8 +447,8 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
 #
 # Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
@@ -472,8 +485,6 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 #
 # See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
 # See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
-#
-# See the `africa' file for time zone naming and abbreviation conventions.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
@@ -511,6 +522,25 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
 
+# From Eric Ulevik <eau@zip.com.au> (1998-01-05):
+# 
+# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
+# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
+# relevant entries in this database.
+# 
+# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
+# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
+# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
+# </a>
+# ACT
+# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
+# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
+# </a>
+# SA
+# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
+# Standard Time Act, 1898
+# </a>
+
 # Northern Territory
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
@@ -783,7 +813,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # # YANCOWINNA..  [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
 # #					[ Dec 1990 ]
 # ...
-# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite it's location on the
+# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
@@ -804,7 +834,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # hour ahead of NSW time.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
-# For Lord Howe we use Shanks through its time of publication (1991).
+# For Lord Howe we use Shanks through 1991.
 # Lord Howe is part of NSW, so we'll guess it has used the same transition
 # times as NSW since 1991, even though Shanks writes that Lord Howe went
 # with Victoria when NSW and Victoria disagreed in 1982.
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/backward b/share/zoneinfo/backward
index 59fcffcdffe3..84f3de51b15a 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/backward
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/backward
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)backward	7.13
+# @(#)backward	7.15
 
 # This file provides links between current names for time zones
 # and their old names.  Many names changed in late 1993.
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ Link	America/Havana		Cuba
 Link	Africa/Cairo		Egypt
 Link	Europe/Dublin		Eire
 Link	Europe/London		GB
-Link	Etc/GMT			GMT
 Link	Etc/GMT+0		GMT+0
 Link	Etc/GMT-0		GMT-0
 Link	Etc/GMT0		GMT0
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/etcetera b/share/zoneinfo/etcetera
index c47fae7a68c3..4fb27acff37c 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/etcetera
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/etcetera
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)etcetera	7.6
+# @(#)etcetera	7.10
 
 # These entries are mostly present for historical reasons, so that
 # people in areas not otherwise covered by the tz files could "zic -l"
@@ -10,6 +10,12 @@ Zone	Etc/GMT		0	-	GMT
 Zone	Etc/UTC		0	-	UTC
 Zone	Etc/UCT		0	-	UCT
 
+# The following link uses older naming conventions,
+# but it belongs here, not in the file `backward',
+# as functions like gmtime load the "GMT" file to handle leap seconds properly.
+# We want this to work even on installations that omit the other older names.
+Link	Etc/GMT				GMT
+
 Link	Etc/UTC				Etc/Universal
 Link	Etc/UTC				Etc/Zulu
 
@@ -20,7 +26,7 @@ Link	Etc/GMT				Etc/GMT0
 
 # We use POSIX-style signedness in the names and output,
 # internal-style signedness in the specifications.
-# For example, TZ=Etc/GMT+4 corresponds to 4 hours _behind_ GMT;
+# For example, TZ=Etc/GMT+4 corresponds to 4 hours _behind_ UTC;
 # it is equivalent to TZ=GMT+4, which is implemented directly as per POSIX.
 
 # Earlier incarnations of this package were not POSIX-compliant,
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/europe b/share/zoneinfo/europe
index 2948ba1cafda..9e908327590f 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/europe
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/europe
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)europe	7.46
+# @(#)europe	7.57
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
 #
 # Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
@@ -37,8 +37,6 @@
 #	 2:00	EET EEST Eastern Europe
 #	 3:00	MSK MSD	Moscow
 #
-# See the `africa' file for time zone naming and abbreviation conventions.
-#
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
 # is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
 # Oxford University Press (1980).
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@
 
 ###############################################################################
 
-# United Kingdom
+# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
 # The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14.
 
 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
@@ -143,299 +141,387 @@
 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
 
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-09-03):
-#
-# Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation
-# exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift
-# (different from deciding to keep the status quo).  According to the
-# Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993
-# and 1994 are:
-#	Start		End
-# 1993	28 March	24 October
-# 1994	27 March	23 October
-# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
-#
-# There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981.
-# The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT
-# as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since.
-#
-# I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the
-# Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order
-# in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day
-# after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in
-# which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday.
-# It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday
-# in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.)
-# This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by
-# an Order in Council (a Statutory Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above)
-# to specify the EC specified dates.
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-18):
-#
-# My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department
-# accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following,
-# from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers,
-# 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60:
-#
-# `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
-# Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
-# regarding double summer time.
-#
-# [two other similar questions omitted]
-#
-# Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
-# considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
-# double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
-# maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
-# when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
-# double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
-# Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from
-# Monday, 2nd April.'
-
 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published
 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
 
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-09-03):
-#
-# > # Current rules
-# > Rule GB-Eire 1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	BST
-# > Rule GB-Eire 1981	max	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00s	0	GMT
+# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19):
+# The following list attempts to show the complete history of Summer Time
+# legislation in the United Kingdom, and has quite a bit to say about
+# the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well.
 #
-# The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth
-# Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't
-# followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then
-# and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with
-# the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time
-# Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history
-# and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows
-# what will happen.
+# Things that I have not personally seen are marked (???). Things that
+# I haven't seen but Joseph Myers has are marked (jsm). The problem
+# with finding old Orders (rather than Acts) is that nobody seems to
+# keep the actual documents themselves, not even the Government. They
+# get bound into annual volumes, which are published, but by the time
+# this happens the Orders are mainly spent as the years they refer
+# to have come and gone, so they don't get included in the annual
+# volumes.
 #
-# There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another
-# attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start
-# asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically
-# state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want
-# common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone
-# and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap
-# summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should
-# be the end of it.
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-22):
+# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
+# the dusty old statutes, to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
+# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
+# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter),
+# and to Joseph Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk>, who tracked down the Orders
+# up to 1945, some of the old Acts, and the first five EC Directives.
 #
-# I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all.
-# It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland
-# being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the
-# summer months'.
+# Some definitions:
 #
-# It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever
-# dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years.
+# Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales
+# United Kingdom: Great Britain plus Ireland (up to 1922) or Northern
+# Ireland (since 1922)
+# S.I.: Statutory Instrument, the modern name for secondary legislation
+# S.R.&O.: Statutory Rules and Orders, the older name for secondary legislation
 #
-# Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it
-# applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references
-# to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.'
+# Unless otherwise specified, Acts and secondary legislation are assumed
+# to apply throughout the United Kingdom, but not to the Isle of Man
+# or the Channel Islands.
 #
-# Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote
-# from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts:
+# Some of the Acts and Orders I found in various libraries, and I don't
+# have copies. When I looked at them I was looking for dates and not things
+# like whether they applied to the Bailiwick of Jersey. I will try to
+# check these documents again.
 #
-# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
-# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
-# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
-# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
-# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
+# ---
 #
-# She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of
-# the Irish Free State, now called Eire.
+# - The Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880 (43 & 44 Vict. c. 9)
 #
-# The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert
-# that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales
-# was different.
+# Defined Greenwich mean time to be the standard time in Great Britain
+# and Dublin mean time to be the standard time in Ireland, superseding
+# various forms of local mean time.
 #
-# It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then,
-# and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct.
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-28):
+# - The Statutory Time Act, 1883 (???)
 #
-# I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of
-# the Time (Ireland) Act 1916.
+# An Act of Tynwald, the Isle of Man Parliament. It appears to have
+# defined the standard time on the Isle of Man as GMT but as I haven't
+# seen it I don't know if it used Greenwich mean time, some other definition,
+# or just said that Isle of Man time would be the same as in Great Britain.
 #
-# It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time
-# for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great
-# Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time
-# Act 1916)....  As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would
-# have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the
-# sequence would have been:
-# Dublin		London
-# 02:34 DST	02:59 BST
-# 02:35 DST	02:00 GMT
-# 02:59 DST	02:24 GMT
-# 02:25 GMT	02:25 GMT
-# with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once.
+# - The Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914 (4 & 5 Geo. 5. c. 62)
 #
-# In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the
-# Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source
-# of the 1880 date in Shanks.  The little bit of it that is repealed
-# also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time.
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-29):
+# Gives the power, by Order in Council, to extend wartime legislation
+# to the Isle of Man.
+#
+# - The Summer Time Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 14)
+#
+# Introduced Summer Time for the first time, in Great Britain and Ireland.
+# Specified a one hour offset from GMT (DMT in Ireland), dates of
+# Sunday 21 May and Sunday 1 October and times of 02:00 (GMT/DMT).
+# Gave a power to make Orders in subsequent years, for the duration
+# of the then current war.
+#
+# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 45)
+#
+# This abolished Dublin mean time at 02:00 DMT on Sunday 1 October 1916,
+# bringing the whole of the United Kingdom onto GMT. As Ireland was behind
+# GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct Great Britain had already put the clocks back.
+# Using Paul Eggert's suggestion of IST for Irish Summer Time and the figure
+# derived from Whitman for the offset of IST from GMT (00:34:39) the sequence
+# would have been:
+# Dublin        London
+# 02:34:38 IST  02:59:59 BST
+# 02:34:39 IST  02:00:00 GMT
+# 02:59:59 IST  02:25:20 GMT
+# 02:25:21 GMT  02:25:21 GMT
+# with the transition 03:00:00 IST -> 02:00:00 DMT -> 02:25:21 GMT all at once.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382
+#
+# An Order made under the Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914
+# extending the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man. Dated
+# 23 May 1916, two days after the start of Summer Time, but it says that
+# the Act is deemed to have taken effect in the Isle of Man at the same
+# time as it took effect in the United Kingdom.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 362
+#
+# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
+# for Summer Time in 1917 of Sunday 8 April to Monday 17 September,
+# both at 02:00 GMT. Note that Summer Time ends on a Monday.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
+#
+# An Order made under the Summer Time (Isle of Man) Act, 1916
+# (the thing created by S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382) specifying the same
+# dates of 8 April to 17 September, at 02:00 GMT for the Isle of Man.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
+#
+# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
+# for Summer Time in 1918 of Sunday 24 March to Monday 30 September,
+# both at 02:00 GMT.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 429
+#
+# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1918 with the same dates and times.
+#
+# - The Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918
+#   (8 & 9 Geo. 5. c. 59)
+#
+# This gave power to specify a legal end date for the war just ended,
+# which would affect things like the Summer Time Act, 1916, which applied
+# only in wartime. This date was to be close to the date of formal
+# ratification of the treaty or treaties of peace.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
+#
+# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
+# for Summer Time in 1919 of Sunday 30 March to Monday 29 September,
+# both at 02:00 GMT.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 366
+#
+# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1919 with the same dates and times.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
+#
+# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
+# for Summer Time in 1920 of Sunday 28 March to Monday 27 September,
+# both at 02:00 GMT.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573
+#
+# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1920 with the same dates and times.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
+#
+# An Order modifying both S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 and S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573 to
+# change the end date for Summer Time from Monday 27 September to
+# Monday 25 October (the time remaining 02:00 GMT). The 1989 Green
+# Paper (Cm 722) says this was done because of a coal strike.
+#
+# - The War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 (10 Geo. 5. c. 5)
+#
+# This extends the power to make Orders under the Summer Time Act, 1916
+# for a period of 12 months after the termination of the war.
+# Came into force on 31 March 1920. Although the war had been over for more
+# than 12 months by then the legal end date had not yet been set.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
+#
+# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War
+# Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time
+# in 1921 of Sunday 3 April to Monday 3 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
 #
-# My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin
-# Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom
-# ever since it first started in 1916.
+# - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 364
 #
-# The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from
-# 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date.
+# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1921 with the same dates and times.
 #
-# The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation
-# Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a
-# change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail
-# and the table itself is also wrong.  The correct date is 13 April.
-# The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on,
-# except for wartime double summer time.
+# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
 #
-# As evidence I would cite:
+# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War
+# Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time
+# in 1921 of Sunday 26 March to Sunday 8 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
+# It also mentions the arrangements for defining the legal end date
+# for the late war. An Order was made on 10 August 1921, under the
+# Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918, setting
+# a date of 31 August 1921. This means the powers of the Summer Time
+# Act, 1916 would finally expire on 31 August 1922.
 #
-# - The Summer Time Act, 1916.
+# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 290 (???)
 #
-# This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of
-# 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the
-# times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour.
-#
-# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916
-#
-# This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916.
-# It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880
-# that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least
-# from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK.
+# This is probably the matching Isle of Man Order.
 #
-# - The Summer Time Act, 1922
+# - The Summer Time Act, 1922 (12 & 13 Geo. 5. c. 22)
 #
 # This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
 # Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
 # the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
 # The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
-# so approved.
+# so approved. It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well.
+# Came into Force on 20 July 1920. Note the reversion to ending on a Sunday.
 #
-# It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel
-# Islands, and the Isle of Man.
+# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 1205
 #
-# - The Summer Time Act, 1925
+# An Order made under the War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920
+# dated 13 October 1922. It revokes (among other things) the Order extending
+# the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man.
+#
+# - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1923 (13 & 14 Geo. 5. c. 37)
+#
+# This extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until
+# 31 December 1924.
+#
+# - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1924 (15 Geo. 5. c. 1) (jsm)
+#
+# This further extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until
+# 31 December 1925.
+#
+# - The Time Act (Northern Ireland), 1924 (14 & 15 Geo. 5. c. 24 (N.I.))
+#
+# This Act says that while it remains in force, any Act or Order relating
+# to the time for general purposes in Great Britain shall also apply
+# in Northern Ireland, and the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 shall have effect
+# accordingly.
+#
+# - The Summer Time Act, 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 5. c. 64)
 #
 # This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
-# day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent,
-# so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply.
+# day after the first Saturday in October. Came into force on 7 August 1925.
+#
+# - The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939 (2 & 3 Geo. 6. c. 62) (???)
+#
+# I haven't seen this one. It presumably gave the Government powers to
+# do all manner of things during the newly started war.
 #
-# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379
-#   [SR&O == Statutory Regulation and Order]
+# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
 #
 # These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
-# It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
-# It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation,
-# which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act,
-# 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland.
+# They change the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
 #
-# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
-#   1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883
+# - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172
 #
+# An Order in Council amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
+# It changed the start date to the day after the fourth Saturday in February
+# (ie. 25 Feb 1940).
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 1883
+#
+# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
 # This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
-# It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes.
 #
-# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
-#   1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476
+# - S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
 #
+# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
 # This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
 # the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
 # second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
-# which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about
-# consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part
-# `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as
-# if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and
-# 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation)
-# Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section
-# for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board
-# for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that
-# England and Wales were indivisible.
+# which continues throughout the rest of the year.
 #
-# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
-#   1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506
+# - S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
 #
-# This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first
-# Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent.
+# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
+# This changes the start date of Double Summer Time to the day after the first
+# Saturday in April, bringing it forward from May.
 #
-# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
-#   1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932
+# - S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
 #
-# This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944.
-# (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost
-# certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.)
+# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
+# This changed the end date of Double Summer Time to the day after the
+# third Saturday in September (ie. 17 September 1944).
 #
-# (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945
-# and the Summer Time Act, 1947.)
+# - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
 #
-# - The British Standard Time Act, 1968
+# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
+# This changes the start and end dates of Double Summer Time to the
+# day after the first Sunday in April and the day after the second Saturday
+# in July (ie. Mon 2 April to Sun 15 July).
 #
-# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
-# the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971.
-# There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all.
-# It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it
-# applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed
-# measures saying it didn't.
+# I have this quote from Hansard (the official record of the United Kingdom
+# Parliament), Oral Answers, 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60, explaining the
+# unusual start on a Monday:
 #
-# - The Manx Time Act, 1968
+#  `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
+#   Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
+#   regarding double summer time.
 #
-# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
-# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
+#   [two other similar questions omitted]
 #
-# - The Summer Time Act, 1972
+#   Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
+#   considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
+#   double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
+#   maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
+#   when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
+#   double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
+#   Sunday, but in the night of Sunday-Monday so that it will operate from
+#   Monday, 2nd April.'
 #
-# This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start
-# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
-# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
-# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
-# 1 hour.
+# - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
 #
-# It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968,
-# applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the
-# Isle of Man if they don't do something about it.
+# An Order under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Acts, 1939 and 1940 revoking
+# a long list of things, including the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
+# This meant that Summer Time reverted to being set by the 1922 and 1925 Acts.
+# It was made on 28 September, early enough to end Summer Time on the
+# date defined by the 1925 Act: 7 October.
 #
-# (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to
-# harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes
-# to 01:00 GMT.)
+# - The Summer Time Act, 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 16)
 #
-# - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutory Instrument]
+# Came into force on 11 March 1947. Amended the Summer Time Acts, 1922 and
+# 1925 to change the dates of Summer Time and to introduce Double Summer Time
+# (although it doesn't give this, or any, name for this period of 2 hour
+# offset from GMT). Dates are given for 1947 only and are: 02:00 GMT Sunday
+# 16 March, 01:00 GMT Sunday 13 April, 01:00 GMT Sunday 10 August, and 02:00
+# Sunday 2 November. It gave a power to make Orders for subsequent years,
+# both to vary the dates and to continue Double Summer Time. It applied
+# to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
 #
-# This specifies dates of:
-#       Start       End
-# 1993  28 March    24 October
-# 1994  27 March    23 October
-# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT....
+# - Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
 #
-# - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes
+# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1948 of
+# 14 March and 31 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
 #
-# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
-# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
-# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
-# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
-# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
+# Although the 1947 Act had legislated for Double Summer Time, this was
+# not continued after 1947.
 #
-# So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland,
-# the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any
-# part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply
-# throughout the UK.
+# - Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
 #
-# With that, I rest my case Milud :-)
+# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1949
+# of 3 April and 30 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
 #
-# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
-# the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
-# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
-# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter).
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-05-29):
-# I have now got a copy of the British Standard Time Act 1968.
-# It says (S4(2)) that it expires at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971 unless
-# an Order in Council was passed in Parliament to make the Act permanent.
-# No Order was passed, so 02:00 1971-10-31 it is...
+# - Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
+#
+# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1950
+# of 16 April and 22 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
+#
+# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1951
+# of 15 April and 21 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
+#
+# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1952
+# of 20 April and 26 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
+#
+# This is the last of this run of Orders, so for 1953 things reverted
+# to the 1922 and 1925 Acts.
+#
+# - The Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland), 1954 (1954 c. 33 (N.I.)) (???)
+#
+# I presume that section 39 of this Act is similar to section 9 of the
+# Interpretation Act, 1978 (listed below) in specifying GMT as the
+# legal time in Northern Ireland, replacing the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916.
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
+#
+# Specified dates of 26 March and 29 October (02:00 GMT) for 1961
+#
+# - Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
+#
+# Specified dates of 25 March to 28 October (02:00 GMT) for 1962.
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
+#
+# Specified dates of 31 March to 27 October (02:00 GMT) for 1963.
+#
+# - Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
+#
+# Specified dates of 22 March to 25 October (02:00 GMT) for 1964.
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
+#
+# Specified dates for three years (all 02:00 GMT):
+#   1965: 21 March to 24 October
+#   1966: 20 March to 23 October
+#   1967: 19 March to 29 October
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
+# - Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
+#
+# The first of these specifies dates for 1968 of 18 February for the United
+# Kingdom but 7 April for the Isle of Man, both ending on 27 October,
+# all at 02:00 GMT. The second Order changes the Isle of Man start date
+# to 18 February to match the United Kingdom.
+#
+# - The British Standard Time Act 1968 (1968 c. 45)
+#
+# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
+# the year. It expired at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971, as specified in the
+# Act, as Parliament did not move to make this experment permanent.
+# It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
 #
 # Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
 # 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
@@ -445,218 +531,184 @@
 # possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
 # especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
 # thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
-# summer time in 1968....
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-11-18)
-#
-# Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent
-# before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and
-# all the Acts.
-#
-# There are no changes to the dates we already have.
-#
-# My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order
-# does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a
-# different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed
-# before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone.
-#
-# I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders.
-# The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time
-# Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in
-# italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all.
-# I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the
-# end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent.
-# They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it
-# again so they leave it out.
-#
-# It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript
-# showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in
-# place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government
-# paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)].
-#
-#		Peter Ilieve		peter@memex.co.uk
-#
-#
-# ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates
-# ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper.
-# ## Lines like this are comments.
-# ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output
-# ## Control lines are of the form
-# ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end>
-# ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with --
-# ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot.
-# ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name.
-# ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>.
-# ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71.
-# ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double'
-# ## to indicate double summer time dates are present.
-# ## At present double requires fixed as well.
-# ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with
-# ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature.
-#
-# ## Blank lines are also ignored.
-#
-# ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates
-# ## against the Act or Order, are marked ???
-# ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table.
-#
-# # Summer Time Act, 1916
-# 1916 21 May 1 October fixed
-#
-# ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them.
-# # unknown Order or Orders ???
-# 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed
-# 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed
-# 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed
-# # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722)
-# 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed
-# 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed
-#
-# # Summer Time Act, 1922
-# # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ???
-# 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed
-# 1923-1924 3 April 3 September
-#
-# # Summer Time Act, 1925
-# 1925--1938 3 April 1 October
-#
-# # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939
-# 1939 3 April 3 November
-# # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883)
-# 1940 4 feb 0 none
-# # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476)
-# 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug
-# # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506)
-# 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug
-# 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug
-# # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932)
-# 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep
-# # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945
-# 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul
-#
-# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
-# 1946 3 April 1 October
-#
-# # Summer Time Act, 1947
-# # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time
-# 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug
-# ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948.
-# # Unknown Order ???
-# 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed
-# ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the
-# ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc.
-# # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ???
-# 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed
-# # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ???
-# 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed
-# # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ???
-# 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed
-# # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ???
-# 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed
-#
-# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
-# 1953--1960 3 April 1 October
-#
-# ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday
-# ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967.
-# ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967.
-# # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71)
-# 1961 26 March 29 October fixed
-# # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465)
-# 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
-# # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81)
-# 1963 31 March 27 October fixed
-# # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101)
-# 1964 22 March 25 October fixed
-# # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201)
-# 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed
-# 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed
-# 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed
-# # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148)
-# # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man
-# # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117)
-# # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK
-# # British Standard Time Act, 1968
-# 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed
-# 1969--1970 0 none 0 none
-# 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed
-#
-# # Summer Time Act, 1972
-# 1972-1980 3 March 4 October
-#
-# # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct
-# # First EC Directive ???
-# # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089)
-# 1981    29 Mar  25 Oct fixed
-# 1982    28 Mar  24 Oct fixed
-# # Second EC Directive ???
-# # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673)
-# 1983    27 Mar  23 Oct fixed
-# 1984    25 Mar  28 Oct fixed
-# 1985    31 Mar  27 Oct fixed
-# # Third EC Directive ???
-# # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223)
-# 1986    30 Mar  26 Oct fixed
-# 1987    29 Mar  25 Oct fixed
-# 1988    27 Mar  23 Oct fixed
-# # Fourth EC Directive ???
-# # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931)
-# 1989    26 Mar  29 Oct fixed
-# # Fifth EC Directive ???
-# # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985)
-# 1990    25 Mar  28 Oct fixed
-# 1991    31 Mar  27 Oct fixed
-# 1992    29 Mar  25 Oct fixed
-# # Sixth EC Directive
-# # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729)
-# 1993    28 Mar  24 Oct fixed
-# 1994    27 Mar  23 Oct fixed
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-08-18):
-# I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements
-# (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May....
-# The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year
-# that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else,
-# and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October.
-# Year	 Start		End		End (UK & Eire, 1995 only)
-# (rule) (last Sun)	(last Sun)	(4th Sun)
-# 1995	26 March	24 September	22 October
-# 1996	31 March	27 October
-# 1997	30 March	26 October
-#
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-01):
-# The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for
-# 1995-97 is now in place.  The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798)
-# came into force on 16 November.  It restates the dates from the EC
-# seventh Summer Time Directive....
-#
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1997-08-06):
-# I now have a copy of the ... Eighth Directive 97/44/EC of the European
-# Parliament and of the Council of 22 July 1997 on summer-time arrangements.
-# It runs for 4 years, 1998--2001, and confirms the current rules of
-# last Sunday in March to last Sunday in October....
-# The directive does not apply in overseas territories of the Member States.
-# It says the Commission should produce a proposal for 2002 and beyond
-# by 1 Jan 2000 and this should be adopted by 1 Jan 2001.  I doubt that
-# this will happen though....
-# There is no mention of the French desire to abandon the whole idea.
-# France has had a change of government recently so maybe it will
-# be quietly dropped.
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-03-28):
-# The [GB-Eire] end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule
-# of Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat.
-# The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989,
-# when 29 October was used.  That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order
-# for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC
-# directive for just this year.  I don't have the text of the 5th EC
-# directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun.
-# To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule
-# of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990.
+# summer time in 1968.
+#
+# - The Manx Time Act 1968
+#
+# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
+# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
+#
+# - The Summer Time Act 1972 (1972 c. 6)
+#
+# This specified a reversion to normal Summer Time behaviour with a start
+# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
+# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
+# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
+# 1 hour. It gives the power to make Orders to vary these dates and
+# times. This Act is still in force and is the legal authority for
+# implementing the EC Directives in the United Kingdom.
+#
+# - The Interpretation Act 1978 (1978 c. 30)
+#
+# Section 9 of this Act replaces section 1 of the Statutes (Definition of
+# Time) Act, 1880 with very similar wording maintaining GMT as the legal
+# time in Great Britain. This does not apply in Northern Ireland (it
+# has its own Interpretation Act listed above).
+#
+# - Council Directive of 22 July 1980 on summertime arrangements (80/737/EEC)
+#
+# The first of the European Directives on Summer Time. It specified start
+# dates for 1981 and 1982. No agreement had been reached on end dates.
+# Only dates were given, there was no rule like `last Sunday in March'.
+# The main change for the United Kingdom was a move to a 01:00 GMT change
+# time. The dates:
+#   1981: 29 March
+#   1982: 28 March
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
+#
+# Specified dates for 1981 and 1982, with the start dates as in the
+# EC Directive and all times 01:00 GMT:
+#   1981: 29 March to 25 October
+#   1982: 28 March to 24 October
+#
+# - Second Council Directive of 10 June 1982 on summertime arrangements
+#   (82/399/EEC)
+#
+# The next European Directive. Specified dates for three years, 1983 to 1985.
+# Agreement still hadn't been reached on a common end date, and wouldn't
+# be until 1994 with the appeareance of the seventh Directive with a common
+# date for 1996 and beyond, but this time the Directive gave two sets of
+# end dates. The start date was specified by rule: the last Sunday in March.
+# All times were 01:00 GMT. The end dates were given without rule, as:
+#   1983: 25 September or 23 October
+#   1984: 30 September or 28 october
+#   1985: 29 September or 27 October
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
+#
+# Implemented the second EC Directive, using the October end dates.
+#   1983: 27 March to 23 October
+#   1984: 25 March to 28 october
+#   1985: 31 March to 27 October
+#
+# - Third Council Directive of 12 December 1984 on summertime arrangements
+#   (84/634/EEC)
+#
+# Specified start dates of the last Sunday in March and two sets of end
+# dates, last Sunday in September and fourth Sunday in October, all at
+# 01:00 GMT. The end dates were also specified as dates:
+#   1986: 28 September or 26 October
+#   1987: 27 September or 25 October
+#   1988: 25 September or 23 October
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
+#
+# Implemented the third EC Directive, using the October end dates.
+#   1986: 30 March to 26 October
+#   1987: 29 March to 25 October
+#   1988: 27 March to 23 October
+#
+# - Council Directive of 20 December 1985 amending Directive 84/634/EEC
+#   on summertime arrangements (85/582/EEC)
+#
+# This was to do with the accession of Spain and Portugal to the EEC.
+# The previous directve had used wording like `Member States belonging
+# to the zero (Greenwich) time zone' when refering to the different
+# sets of end dates. Portugal was in that time zone but was not going
+# to follow the United Kingdom and Ireland dates, so the text was reworded
+# without any change to the dates themselves.
+#
+# - Fourth Council Directive of 22 December 1987 on summertime arrangements
+#   (88/14/EEC)
+#
+# This Directive covered only a single year: 1989. My guess is that
+# this was because 1989 was one of the years when the historic United Kingdom
+# end date of the Sunday after the fourth Saturday in October differed from
+# the rule in the previous Directive of the fourth Sunday in October.
+# All times are 01:00 GMT. No rule was specified, specific dates were given:
+#   1989: 26 March to 24 September or 29 October
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
+#
+# Implemented the dates of 26 March to 29 October for 1989.
+#
+# - Fifth Council Directive of 21 December 1988 on summertime arrangements
+#   (89/47/EEC)
+#
+# Covered the three years 1990 to 1992. All times are 01:00 GMT. Gave both
+# rules (last Sunday in March, last Sunday in September or fourth Sunday
+# in October) and specific dates:
+#   1990: 25 March to 30 September or 28 October
+#   1991: 31 March to 29 September or 27 October
+#   1992: 29 March to 27 September or 25 October
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
+#
+# Implemented the fifth Directive using the October end dates.
+#
+# - Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC of 26 March 1992 on summertime
+#   arrangements
+#
+# Covered the two years 1993 and 1994. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specified
+# both rules (same as the fifth Directive) and specific dates:
+#   1993: 28 March to 26 September or 24 October
+#   1994: 27 March to 25 September or 23 October
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
+#
+# Implemented the sixth Directive using the October end dates.
+#
+# - Seventh Directive 94/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
+#   of 30 May 1994 on summer-time arrangements
+#
+# Covered the three years 1995 to 1997. Agreement had finally been reached
+# on a common end date, to start in 1996. Both rules and dates were given.
+# The rules were the same last Sunday in March to last Sunday in September
+# or fourth Sunday in October for 1995, with the end rule changing to the
+# last Sunday in October for 1996 and 1997. The year 1995 was another of
+# the tricky ones where the EC and traditional United Kingdom rules differed
+# but this time the UK changed on the fourth Sunday, 22 October, earlier
+# than usual. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specific dates were also given:
+#   1995: 26 March to 24 September or 22 October
+#   1996: 31 March to 27 October
+#   1997: 30 March to 26 October
+#
+# - Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
+#
+# Implements the seventh Directive using the October end date in 1995.
+# Applies also to the Bailiwick of Guernsey but not to the Bailiwick of
+# Jersey or the Isle of Man, which have their own (unspecified) legislation
+# on the subject.
+#
+# - Eighth Directive 97/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
+#   of 22 July 1997 on summer-time arrangements
+#
+# Covers four years: 1998 to 2001. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specifies both
+# rules, last Sunday in March and last Sunday in October, and specific dates:
+#   1998: 29 March to 25 October
+#   1999: 28 March to 31 October
+#   2000: 26 March to 29 October
+#   2001: 25 March to 28 October
+#
+# <a href="http://www.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1997/97298201.htm">
+# - Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
+# </a>
+#
+# Implements the eighth Directive. Has the same text about the Isle of Man,
+# Guernsey and Jersey as the 1994 Order.
+
+# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@hermes.cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
+#
+# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
+# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
+# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
+# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
+# </a>.
 
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12):
 #
-# As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
+# The date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
 # Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
 # 20 April was an Easter Sunday.  Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
 # Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
@@ -697,79 +749,113 @@
 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# 1916 to 1925--irregular
+# Summer Time Act, 1916
 Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	May	21	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
 Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
 Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Mar	24	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Sep	30	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
 Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Sep	29	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
 Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Mar	28	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
 Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Oct	25	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
 Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
 Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# The Summer Time Act, 1922
 Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	0	GMT
 Rule	GB-Eire	1923	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1923	1924	-	Sep	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
-Rule	GB-Eire	1924	only	-	Apr	13	2:00s	1:00	BST
-# 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter
+Rule	GB-Eire	1924	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1926	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# The Summer Time Act, 1925
 Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
-Rule	GB-Eire	1927	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1927	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1928	1929	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1930	only	-	Apr	13	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1930	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1931	1932	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1933	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1933	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1934	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1935	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1935	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1936	1937	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1938	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1938	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
-# 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time
-Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Nov	19	2:00s	0	GMT
-Rule	GB-Eire	1940	only	-	Feb	25	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
+Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Nov	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
+Rule	GB-Eire	1940	only	-	Feb	Sun>=23	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
 Rule	GB-Eire	1941	only	-	May	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1941	1943	-	Aug	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
+# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
 Rule	GB-Eire	1942	1944	-	Apr	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
+# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
 Rule	GB-Eire	1944	only	-	Sep	Sun>=16	1:00s	1:00	BST
-# Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above.
-Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Jul	15	1:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	GMT
-Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
+Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Apr	Mon>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Jul	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
+# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
+Rule	GB-Eire	1945	1946	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
+Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# The Summer Time Act, 1947
 Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Mar	16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Apr	13	1:00s	2:00	BDST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Aug	10	1:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Nov	 2	2:00s	0	GMT
-# So much for double saving time.  1948 and 1949, irregular.
+# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1948	1949	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	0	GMT
+Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Oct	31	2:00s	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
-# 1950 through start of 1953, regular.
-Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1953	-	Apr	Sun>=14	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Oct	30	2:00s	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
+# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
+# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
+Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Apr	Sun>=14	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00s	0	GMT
-# 1954 to 1980, starting rules
-Rule	GB-Eire	1954	only	-	Apr	11	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
+Rule	GB-Eire	1953	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1953	1960	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
+Rule	GB-Eire	1954	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1955	1956	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1957	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1957	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1958	1959	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1960	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1960	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
+# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
+# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1963	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
+# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
+# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
+# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1964	1967	-	Mar	Sun>=19	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1968	only	-	Feb	18	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
+#	(no summer time)
+# The Summer Time Act, 1972
 Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
-# 1953 to 1980, ending rules
-Rule	GB-Eire	1953	1960	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	GMT
-Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
 Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
-# 1981 on
+# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
+# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
+# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
+# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1981	1995	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire 1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00u	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
+# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
+# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
 Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00u	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -780,14 +866,14 @@ Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Sep 22
 			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
 Zone	Europe/Belfast	-0:23:40 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
 			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00    # Dublin MT
-			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1 3:00    # Irish Summer Time
+			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1 2:00s   # Irish Summer Time
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
 			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
 			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
 Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:21 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
 			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00    # Dublin MT
-			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1 3:00
+			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1 2:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25 2:00
 			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6 2:00
@@ -862,13 +948,17 @@ Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
 # Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
 # From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (1993-11-12):
 # My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
-Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	DS
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
 Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
 Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Russia	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
+# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
 Rule	Russia	1984	1991	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Russia	1985	1991	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+#
 Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Mar	lastSat	 23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Sep	lastSat	 23:00	0	-
 Rule	Russia	1993	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
@@ -970,15 +1060,17 @@ Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:20 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Belarus
+# Transitions before 1991 are from Shanks (1995).
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
-			2:30:20	Russia	%s	1919 Jul 1 2:00
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
+			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
+			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 28
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul  3
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 29 0:00
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1992 Sep 27 0:00
+			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 29 2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1992 Sep 27 2:00s
 			2:00	Russia	EE%sT
 
 # Belgium
@@ -1042,13 +1134,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Sarajevo	1:13:40	-	LMT	1884
-			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
-			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
-			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
-			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+# see Yugoslavia
 
 # Bulgaria
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -1068,13 +1154,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT
 
 # Croatia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Zagreb	1:03:52	-	LMT	1884
-			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
-			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
-			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
-			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+# see Yugosloavia
 
 # Czech Republic
 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17.
@@ -1093,7 +1173,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
 			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1979
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
-# Denmark
+# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
@@ -1170,7 +1250,8 @@ Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 22
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26 2:00s
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24 2:00s
-			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Finland
 # See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.
@@ -1194,13 +1275,14 @@ Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:52 -	LMT	1878 May 31
 
 # France
 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
-# French Revolutionary calendar used 1792-09-22 - 1805-12-31.
+# French Revolutionary calendar used 1793-11-24 through 1805-12-31,
+# and (in Paris only) 1871-05-06 through 1871-05-23.
 #
 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
 # From Shanks (1991):
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1231,43 +1313,64 @@ Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
 # but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
-Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	DS
-Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 1:00	1:00	S
-Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 8	 0:00	2:00	DS
+Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
+# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
+# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
+# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
+# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
+Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	2:00	M
 Rule	France	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	France	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	2:00	DS
-Rule	France	1943	only	-	Nov	 4	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	France	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00	2:00	DS
+Rule	France	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	2:00	M
+Rule	France	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00	2:00	M
 Rule	France	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 1:00	1:00	S
-Rule	France	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	2:00	DS
+Rule	France	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	2:00	M
 Rule	France	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	France	1976	only	-	Mar	28	 2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
+# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
+Rule	France	1976	only	-	Mar	28	 1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	26	 1:00	0	-
 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
 # Go with Howse.  Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15 0:01
+Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
 			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
-			0:00	France	WE%sT	1940 Jun 14
+# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier's 14/6/40 22hUT.
+			0:00	France	WE%sT	1940 Jun 14 23:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 25
-			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16 3:00
+			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
 			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Germany
 
+# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
+# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
+# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
+#
+#	<a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm">
+#	Realisation of Legal Time in Germany
+#	</a>
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	May	24	2:00	2:00	DS
-Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Sep	24	3:00	1:00	S
+# Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes
+# the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem)
+# (1961-11-25), which gives dates only.  Guess 3:00 transition times.
+Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	May	31	3:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
+Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Sep	23	3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
-# Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Germany	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+# Shanks gives 1946-10-06; go with the PTB.
+Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Germany	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	May	11	2:00s	2:00	DS
+# The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times;
+# go with Shanks.
+Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	May	11	2:00s	2:00	M
 Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Jun	29	3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Germany	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Germany	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1416,9 +1519,11 @@ Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:27:24 -	LMT	1837
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
-# <URL:http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html> (1996-03-14) (`FP'
-# below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute publication.
-# When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
+# <a href="http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html">
+# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
+# </a>
+# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
+# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
 #
 # year	FP	Shanks (S)	Whitman (W)	Go with:
 # 1916	06-03	06-03 24:00	06-03 00:00	FP & W
@@ -1486,14 +1591,45 @@ Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/Vatican
 Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
 
 # Latvia
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
-# Rules after 1991 are by extension from Shanks.  They contradict
-# IATA SSIM (1992/1996), which claims Latvia uses W-Eur rules, but
-# Peter Ilieve's relative writes that Latvia switched in September this year,
-# so we'll assume that the old C-Eur-style rules still apply.
+
+# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
+
+# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
+# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
+# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
+# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
+#
+# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
+# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
+# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
+# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
+# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
+#
+# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
+# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
+# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
+# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
+# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
+# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
+#
+# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
+# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
+# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
+# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
+# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
+# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
+# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward.  The end of
+# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
+# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
+# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
+#
+# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
+# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
+# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Latvia	1992	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Latvia	1992	max	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:24	-	LMT	1880
 			1:36:24	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
@@ -1503,10 +1639,13 @@ Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:24	-	LMT	1880
 			1:36:24	-	RMT	1926 May 11
 			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  5
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jul
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug  8
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			2:00	Latvia	EE%sT
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct 13
+			# Shanks says 1944-08-08, but
+			# Riga fell to the Red Army on 1944-10-13.
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
+			2:00	Latvia	EE%sT	1997 Jan 21
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Liechtenstein
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -1526,11 +1665,17 @@ Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998
+			2:00	-	EET	1998 Mar 29 1:00u
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
 
+# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
+# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
+# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
+
 # Luxembourg
 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -1567,13 +1712,7 @@ Zone Europe/Luxembourg	0:24:36 -	LMT	1904 Jun
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Macedonia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Skopje	1:25:44	-	LMT	1884
-			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
-			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
-			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
-			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+# see Yugoslavia
 
 # Malta
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -1669,11 +1808,9 @@ Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
 			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
-#
-# Svalbard
+
+# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
 Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
-#
-# Jan Mayen
 # From Whitman:
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen	-1:00	-	EGT
@@ -1711,8 +1848,10 @@ Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
 			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1977 Apr  3 1:00
 			1:00	W-Eur	CE%sT
 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
-# <URL:http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml>
-# (1995-09-24) says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
+# <a href="http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
+# http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
+# </a>
+# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
 # Stick with W-Eur for now.
 
 # Portugal
@@ -1773,12 +1912,12 @@ Rule	Port	1940	only	-	Feb	24	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1940	1941	-	Oct	 5	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1941	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Mar	Sat>=8	23:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Apr	25	22:00s	2:00	DS
+Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Apr	25	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
 Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Aug	15	22:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Oct	Sat>=24	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Port	1943	only	-	Apr	17	22:00s	2:00	DS
+Rule	Port	1943	only	-	Apr	17	22:00s	2:00	M
 Rule	Port	1943	1945	-	Aug	Sat>=25	22:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Port	1944	1945	-	Apr	Sat>=21	22:00s	2:00	DS
+Rule	Port	1944	1945	-	Apr	Sat>=21	22:00s	2:00	M
 Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1963,13 +2102,7 @@ Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
 
 # Slovenia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Ljubljana	0:58:04	-	LMT	1884
-			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
-			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
-			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
-			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+# see Yugoslavia
 
 # Spain
 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
@@ -1996,9 +2129,9 @@ Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Mar	22	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1940	only	-	Mar	16	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	22:00s	2:00	DS
+Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
 Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	Sep	 1	22:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	22:00s	2:00	DS
+Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	22:00s	2:00	M
 Rule	Spain	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	22:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1944	only	-	Oct	10	22:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1945	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	1:00	S
@@ -2044,7 +2177,11 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
 
 # Sweden
 
-# From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader) <URL:news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com>:
+# From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader)
+# <a href="news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com">
+# Subject: Re: Gregorian reform -- a part of locale?
+# </a>
+# Date: 1996-07-06
 #
 # In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian.  Sweden
 # decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
@@ -2074,6 +2211,8 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1878 May 31
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Switzerland
+# The Gregorian calendar was introduced gradually in Switzerland,
+# by omitting leap years during 1583-1812.
 # From Howse (1988), p 82:
 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
 # and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
@@ -2179,8 +2318,8 @@ Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	CST
 Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Mar	21	23:00	2:00	CDST
 Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	CST
 Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	NMT
-Rule	Crimea	1996	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00u	1:00	-
-Rule	Crimea	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00u	0	-
+Rule	Crimea	1996	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Crimea	1996	only	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00u	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
 			2:02:04	Ukraine	%s	1924 May  2
@@ -2198,9 +2337,12 @@ Zone Europe/Simferopol	2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
 # For now, guess it changed Feb 1.
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1994 Feb
-# From IATA SSIM (1994/1996), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
+# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
 			3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996
-			3:00	Crimea	MSK/MSD
+# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
+# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
+			3:00	Crimea	MSK/MSD	1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Yugoslavia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -2213,6 +2355,10 @@ Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
 # Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
 			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana	# Slovenia
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo	# Bosnia and Herzegovina
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje	# Macedonia
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb	# Croatia
 
 ###############################################################################
 
@@ -2289,21 +2435,3 @@ Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
 # ...
 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
 # ...
-
-# ...
-# Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST
-# From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk>
-# ...
-# Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC
-# of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and
-# 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will
-# change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March
-# and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK
-# and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October.
-# It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994,
-# but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't
-# arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath.
-#
-# The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't
-# seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start
-# dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981.
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/factory b/share/zoneinfo/factory
index d95df23c1dfe..ba27c6326940 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/factory
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/factory
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)factory	7.1
+# @(#)factory	7.3
 
 # For companies who don't want to put time zone specification in
 # their installation procedures.  When users run date, they'll get the message.
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab b/share/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab
index 6eb4d318db52..a3b2bee9fa0d 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab
@@ -3,12 +3,16 @@
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-09-03):
 #
 # This file contains a table with the following columns:
-# 1.  ISO 3166 2-character country code.
+# 1.  ISO 3166-1:1997 2-character country code.  See: 
 # 2.  The usual English name for the country,
 #	chosen so that alphabetic sorting of subsets produces helpful lists.
+#	This is not the same as the English name in the ISO 3166 tables.
 #
-# For France in Europe, we follow common practice and use FR,
-# even though FX might be more technically correct.
+# The PS code below has been reserved for Palestine by the ISO;
+# however, the code is not yet officially assigned to Palestine.  Please see
+# <a href="ftp://ftp.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/pub/doc/ISO/ISO-3166-background">
+# Cord Wischhoefer, Country Code Elements for Palestine (1996-07-24)
+# </a>.
 #
 # Columns are separated by a single tab.
 # The table is sorted by country code.
@@ -191,6 +195,7 @@ PL	Poland
 PM	St Pierre & Miquelon
 PN	Pitcairn
 PR	Puerto Rico
+PS	Palestine
 PT	Portugal
 PW	Palau
 PY	Paraguay
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/leapseconds b/share/zoneinfo/leapseconds
index 6ff99ada3786..1cd114b91fbe 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/leapseconds
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/leapseconds
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)leapseconds	7.9
+# @(#)leapseconds	7.11
 
 # Allowance for leapseconds added to each timezone file.
 
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #	Leap	YEAR	MON	DAY	23:59:59	-	R/S
 
 # If the leapsecond is Rolling (R) the given time is local time
-# If the leapsecond is Stationary (S) the given time is GMT
+# If the leapsecond is Stationary (S) the given time is UTC
 
 # Leap	YEAR	MONTH	DAY	HH:MM:SS	CORR	R/S
 Leap	1972	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
@@ -41,3 +41,4 @@ Leap	1993	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1994	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1995	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1997	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1998	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/northamerica b/share/zoneinfo/northamerica
index 635c4ef18069..150ba3d67e2f 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/northamerica
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/northamerica
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)northamerica	7.32
+# @(#)northamerica	7.41
 # also includes Central America and the Caribbean
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
@@ -262,11 +262,6 @@ Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1900 Jan  1 12:00
 			-10:30	US	H%sT	1947 Jun  8 2:00
 			-10:00	-	HST
 
-Zone Pacific/Midway	-11:49:28 -	LMT	1901
-			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr	# N=Nome
-			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30	# B=Bering
-			-11:00	-	SST			# S=Samoa
-
 # Now we turn to US areas that have diverged from the consensus since 1970.
 
 # Arizona mostly uses MST.
@@ -464,8 +459,8 @@ Link	Pacific/Honolulu	HST
 
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the US is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
 #
 # Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
@@ -481,8 +476,6 @@ Link	Pacific/Honolulu	HST
 # I found in the UCLA library.
 #
 # See the `europe' file for Greenland.
-#
-# See the `africa' file for time zone naming and abbreviation conventions.
 
 # Canada
 
@@ -653,6 +646,20 @@ Zone America/Glace_Bay	-3:59:48 -	LMT	1902 Jun 15
 # Nipigon (EST) and Rainy River (CST) are the largest that we know of.
 # Far west Ontario is like Winnipeg; far east Quebec is like Halifax.
 
+# From Paul Eggert (1997-10-17):
+# msb@sq.com writes that an article in the 1997-10-14 Toronto Star
+# says that Atikokan, Ontario currently does not observe DST,
+# but will vote on 11-10 whether to use EST/EDT.
+# He also writes that the
+# <a href="http://www.gov.on.ca/MBS/english/publications/statregs/conttext.html">
+# Ontario Time Act (1990, Chapter T.9)
+# </a>
+# says that Ontario east of 90W uses EST/EDT, and west of 90W uses CST/CDT.
+# Officially Atikokan is therefore on CST/CDT, and most likely this report
+# concerns a non-official time observed as a matter of local practice.
+# For what it's worth, Shanks (1995) says that Atikokan has agreed with
+# Rainy River ever since standard time was introduced.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Apr	24	0:00	0	S
@@ -895,7 +902,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 
 # From Guy Harris:
 # Rules are from the Official Airline Guide, Worldwide Edition, for 1987.
-# Rules prior to 1987 are unknown.
+# Rules [before] 1987 are unknown.
 # The comments in the OAG say "Only Ensenada, Mexicale, San Felipe and Tijuana
 # observe DST."  This is presumably Baja California Norte, above 28th parallel,
 # as listed there; [there is also] "Baja California Sur and N. Pacific
@@ -973,9 +980,10 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # 
 # -------------- End Forwarded Message --------------
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
-# For an English translation of the decree,
-# see ``Diario Oficial: Time Zone Changeover'',
-# <URL:http://mexico-travel.com/extra/timezone_eng.html> (1996-01-04).
+# For an English translation of the decree, see
+# <a href="http://mexico-travel.com/extra/timezone_eng.html">
+# ``Diario Oficial: Time Zone Changeover'' (1996-01-04).
+# </a>
 
 # From Shanks (1991):
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -994,6 +1002,12 @@ Rule	BajaN	1950	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	BajaN	1950	1961	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	BajaN	1961	1966	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Quintana Roo
+Zone America/Cancun	-5:47:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  1:12:42
+			-6:00	-	CST	1996
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	1997 Oct lastSun 2:00
+			-5:00	Mexico	E%sT
+# Central Mexico
 Zone America/Mexico_City -6:36:36 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:23:24
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
@@ -1001,6 +1015,18 @@ Zone America/Mexico_City -6:36:36 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:23:24
 			-6:00	-	CST	1931 Oct
 			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Mar 30 23:00
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
+# Chihuahua
+Zone America/Chihuahua	-7:04:20 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:55:44
+			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
+			-7:00	-	MST	1931 May  1 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1931 Oct
+			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Mar 30 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1996
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	1998
+			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1 3:00
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT
+# S Baja California, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora
 Zone America/Mazatlan	-7:05:40 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:54:20
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
@@ -1011,6 +1037,7 @@ Zone America/Mazatlan	-7:05:40 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:54:20
 			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
 			-8:00	-	PST	1970
 			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT
+# N Baja California
 Zone America/Tijuana	-7:48:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:11:56
 			-8:00	-	PST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-7:00	-	MST	1930 Nov 16
@@ -1019,6 +1046,7 @@ Zone America/Tijuana	-7:48:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:11:56
 			-8:00	BajaN	P%sT	1967 Apr lastSun 2:00
 			-8:00	US	P%sT	1996
 			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT
+# Baja California
 Zone America/Ensenada	-7:46:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:13:32
 			-8:00	-	PST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-7:00	-	MST	1930 Nov 16
@@ -1061,7 +1089,7 @@ Rule	Barb	1979	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Barb	1980	only	-	Sep	25	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Barbados	-3:58:28 -	LMT	1924		# Bridgetown
-			-3:58	-	BMT	1932	  # Bridgetown Mean Time
+			-3:58:28 -	BMT	1932	  # Bridgetown Mean Time
 			-4:00	Barb	A%sT
 
 # Belize
@@ -1086,12 +1114,9 @@ Zone Atlantic/Bermuda	-4:19:04 -	LMT	1930 Jan  1 2:00    # Hamilton
 # Cayman Is
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Cayman	-5:25:32 -	LMT	1890		# Georgetown
-			-5:07	-	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:07:12 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
 			-5:00	-	EST
 
-# Clipperton
-# uninhabited
-
 # Costa Rica
 # Shanks gives some very odd dates for 1991, and stops there.
 # For now, we won't guess further.
@@ -1145,10 +1170,13 @@ Rule	Cuba	1978	1990	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Cuba	1979	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	1981	1985	-	May	Sun>=5	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=14	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Cuba	1990	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1990	1997	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	1991	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00s	0	S
-Rule	Cuba	1996	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00s	0	S
-Rule	Cuba	1997	max	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1997	only	-	Oct	12	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1998	only	-	Mar	29	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1998	max	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1999	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00s	1:00	D
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Havana	-5:29:28 -	LMT	1890
@@ -1211,8 +1239,8 @@ Rule	Haiti	1983	only	-	May	8	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Haiti	1984	1987	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Haiti	1983	1987	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
 # Shanks says AT is 2:00, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says 1:00s.  Go with IATA.
-Rule	Haiti	1988	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	1:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Haiti	1988	max	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	S
+Rule	Haiti	1988	1997	-	Apr	Sun>=1	1:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Haiti	1988	1997	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Port-au-Prince -4:49:20 -	LMT	1890
 			-4:49	-	PPMT	1917 Jan 24 12:00 # P-a-P MT
@@ -1235,7 +1263,7 @@ Zone America/Tegucigalpa -5:48:52 -	LMT	1921 Apr
 # From Shanks (1991):
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Jamaica	-5:07:12 -	LMT	1890		# Kingston
-			-5:07	-	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:07:12 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
 			-5:00	-	EST	1974 Jan 6 2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1984
 			-5:00	-	EST
@@ -1305,12 +1333,12 @@ Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 May 15	# St Pierre
 # St Vincent and the Grenadines
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/St_Vincent	-4:04:56 -	LMT	1890		# Kingstown
-			-4:05	-	KMT	1912	   # Kingstown Mean Time
+			-4:04:56 -	KMT	1912	   # Kingstown Mean Time
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # Turks and Caicos
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
-# Shanks says they use US DST rules, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996)
+# From Paul Eggert (1998-08-06):
+# Shanks says they use US DST rules, but IATA SSIM (1991/1998)
 # says they switch at midnight.  Go with IATA SSIM.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	TC	1979	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -1318,7 +1346,7 @@ Rule	TC	1979	max	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
 Rule	TC	1987	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Grand_Turk	-4:44:32 -	LMT	1890
-			-5:07	-	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:07:12 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
 			-5:00	TC	E%sT
 
 # British Virgin Is
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/pacificnew b/share/zoneinfo/pacificnew
index 883ccdca6978..86dd68834113 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/pacificnew
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/pacificnew
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)pacificnew	7.9
+# @(#)pacificnew	7.10
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-04-05):
 # On 1989-04-05, the U. S. House of Representatives passed (238-154) a bill
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/southamerica b/share/zoneinfo/southamerica
index 09e0aa6d28af..3f0cf8c56493 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/southamerica
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/southamerica
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)southamerica	7.18
+# @(#)southamerica	7.25
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
 #
 # Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
 #	-4:00	AST	ADT	Atlantic
 #	-5:00	AST	ADT	Acre
 #
-# See the `africa' file for time zone naming and abbreviation conventions.
 # Earlier editions of these tables used the North American style (e.g. ARST and
 # ARDT for Argentine Standard and Daylight Time), but the following quote
 # suggests that it's better to use European style (e.g. ART and ARST).
@@ -185,14 +184,6 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # Brazil
 
-# From Guy Harris:
-# The OAG lists 1987-10-25 and 1988-02-12 as the starting and
-# ending dates, giving them as "estimated date(s) based on previous year".  We
-# infer a rule here from one example, always a dangerous practice....  Yes,
-# they really do switch on Saturday, according to the OAG.
-# "[America/Porto_Acre]" is for the Territory of Acre;
-# "[America/Noronha]" is for Fernando De Noronha.
-
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
 # The mayor of Rio recently attempted to change the time zone rules
 # just in his city, in order to leave more summer time for the tourist trade.
@@ -243,35 +234,110 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 # Sao Paulo (UTC-3) and Cuiaba (UTC-4) always observed DST.
 # Porto Acre (UTC-5) stopped observing DST in mid-1988.
 
+# From Rodrigo Feher <feher@pobox.com> (1998-01-17):
+# Reading "southamerica" file in timezone 7.55 I've found an
+# error. Line 193 say "Territory of Acre". It is not a territory anymore
+# but a state.
+
+# From Marcos Tadeu (1998-09-27):
+# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/verao1.html">
+# Brazilian official page
+# </a>
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1998-09-28):
+# The official decrees referenced below are taken from
+# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html">
+# Decretos sobre o Horario de Verao no Brasil
+# </a> (1998-09-25, in Portuguese).
+# I don't read Portuguese, and haven't been able to verify them against
+# the Shanks and IATA data; there do seem to be minor discrepancies.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV20466.htm">20.466</a> (1931-01-10)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV21896.htm">21.896</a> (1932-01-10)
 Rule	Brazil	1931	only	-	Oct	 3	11:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Brazil	1932	1933	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	S
 Rule	Brazil	1932	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	D
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV23195.htm">23.195</a> (1933-10-10)
+# revoked DST.
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27496.htm">27.496</a> (1949-11-24)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27998.htm">27.998</a> (1950-04-13)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV32308.htm">32.308</a> (1953-02-24)
 Rule	Brazil	1949	1952	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Brazil	1950	only	-	Apr	16	 0:00	0	S
 Rule	Brazil	1951	1953	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV34724.htm">34.724</a> (1953-11-30)
+# revoked DST.
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV52700.htm">52.700</a> (1963-10-18)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53071.htm">53.071</a> (1963-12-03)
 Rule	Brazil	1963	only	-	Dec	 9	 0:00	1:00	D
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53604.htm">53.604</a> (1964-02-25)
 Rule	Brazil	1964	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV55639.htm">55.639</a> (1965-01-27)
 Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57303.htm">57.303</a> (1965-11-22)
 Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57843.htm">57.843</a> (1966-02-18)
 Rule	Brazil	1966	1968	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	S
 Rule	Brazil	1966	1967	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV63429.htm">63.429</a> (1968-10-15)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV91698.htm">91.698</a> (1985-09-27)
 Rule	Brazil	1985	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	D
+# Decree 92.310 (1986-01-21)
+# Decree 92.463 (1986-03-13)
 Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Mar	15	 0:00	0	S
+# Decree 93.316 (1986-10-01)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV94922.htm">94.922</a> (1987-09-22)
 Rule	Brazil	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sat<=28	 0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Feb	14	 0:00	0	S
 Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Feb	 7	 0:00	0	S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV96676.htm">96.676</a> (1988-09-12)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV98077.htm">98.077</a> (1989-08-21)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV99530.htm">99.530</a> (1990-09-17)
+# Decree 99.629 (1990-10-19)
+# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1991.htm">Unnumbered decree</a> (1991-09-25):
+# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1992.htm">Unnumbered decree</a> (1992-10-16):
 Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Jan	22	 0:00	0	S
 Rule	Brazil	1988	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=10	 0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Brazil	1990	1991	-	Feb	Sun>=11	 0:00	0	S
 Rule	Brazil	1990	1992	-	Oct	Sun>=20	 0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Feb	 9	 0:00	0	S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV942.htm">942</a> (1993-09-28)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1252.htm">1.252</a> (1994-09-22)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1636.htm">1.636</a> (1995-09-14)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1674.htm">1.674</a> (1995-10-13)
 Rule	Brazil	1993	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=11	 0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Brazil	1993	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	0	S
 Rule	Brazil	1994	1995	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	S
-Rule	Brazil	1996	max	-	Feb	Sun>=11	 0:00	0	S
-Rule	Brazil	1996	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	D
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV2000.htm">2.000</a> (1996-09-04)
+Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Feb	Sun>=11	 0:00	0	S
+Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	D
+# From Daniel C. Sobral <dcs@gns.com.br> (1998-02-12):
+# In 1997, the DS began on October 6. The stated reason was that
+# because international television networks ignored Brazil's policy on DS,
+# they bought the wrong times on satellite for coverage of Pope's visit.
+# This year, the ending date of DS was postponed to March 1
+# to help dealing with the shortages of electric power.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1998-02-25):
+# <a href="http://churchnet.ucsm.ac.uk/news/files2/news165.htm">
+# Brazil Prepares for Papal Visit
+# </a>,
+# Church Net UK (1997-10-02).
+#
+# Decree 2.317 (1997-09-04)
+Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	D
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV2495.JPG">2.495</a>
+# (1998-02-10)
+Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/Hv98.jpg">2.780</a> (1998-09-11)
+# specifies only the 1998-10-11 and 1999-02-21 transitions;
+# after that, these rules are guesses and are quite possibly wrong,
+# but they are more likely than no DST at all.
+Rule	Brazil	1998	max	-	Oct	Sun>=11	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Brazil	1999	max	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	S
+
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 #
@@ -289,6 +355,8 @@ Zone America/Fortaleza	-2:34:00 -	LMT	1914
 			-3:00	-	EST
 #
 # Alagoas, Sergipe, Tocantins
+# IATA SSIM (1996/1998) keeps bouncing back and forth as to whether
+# Alagoas and Sergipe observe DST.  For now, continue to assume that they do.
 Zone America/Maceio	-2:22:52 -	LMT	1914
 			-3:00	-	EST	1963 Dec 9
 			-3:00	Brazil	E%sT	1990 Jul
@@ -326,14 +394,20 @@ Zone America/Porto_Acre	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 # From Eduardo Krell (1995-10-19):
 # The law says to switch to DST at midnight [24:00] on the second SATURDAY
 # of October....  The law is the same for March and October.
+# (1998-09-29):
+# Because of the drought this year, the government decided to go into
+# DST earlier (saturday 9/26 at 24:00). This is a one-time change only ...
+# (unless there's another dry season next year, I guess).
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Chile	1918	only	-	Sep	1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Chile	1919	only	-	Jul	2	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Chile	1927	1931	-	Sep	1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Chile	1928	1932	-	Apr	1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1969	max	-	Oct	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1969	1997	-	Oct	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Chile	1970	max	-	Mar	Sun>=9	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1998	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1999	max	-	Oct	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	S
 # IATA SSIM anomalies: (1990-09) says 1990-09-16; (1992-02) says 1992-03-14;
 # (1996-09) says 1998-03-08.  Ignore these for now.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -354,6 +428,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Easter	-7:17:28 -	LMT	1890	    # Mataveri
 # Colombia
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	CO	1992	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
+# Shanks (1995) estimates 1993-04-03 24:00 for this; go with IATA.
 Rule	CO	1992	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Bogota	-4:56:20 -	LMT	1884 Mar 13
@@ -363,6 +438,10 @@ Zone	America/Bogota	-4:56:20 -	LMT	1884 Mar 13
 # no information; probably like America/Bogota
 
 # Curacao
+# Shanks (1995) says that Bottom and Oranjestad have been at -4:00 since
+# standard time was introduced on 1912-03-02; and that Kralendijk and Rincon
+# used Kralendijk Mean Time (-4:33:08) from 1912-02-02 to 1965-01-01.
+# This all predates our 1970 cutoff, though.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Curacao	-4:35:44 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12	# Willemstad
 			-4:30	-	ANT	1965 # Netherlands Antilles Time
@@ -437,9 +516,11 @@ Rule	Para	1992	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Para	1993	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Para	1993	1995	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Para	1994	1995	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Para	1996	max	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Para	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Para	1997	max	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1996	1998	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Para	1996	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+# IATA SSIM (1998-02) claims that the 1999 switch will be on 02-27.
+# Assume this is a typo, and that 02-28 was meant.
+Rule	Para	1999	max	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Asuncion	-3:50:40 -	LMT	1890
 			-3:50:40 -	AMT	1931 Oct 10 # Asuncion Mean Time
diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab b/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab
index df4c15778868..78a0ed458a68 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ AQ	-7750+16636	Antarctica/McMurdo	McMurdo Station, Ross Island
 AQ	-9000+00000	Antarctica/South_Pole	Amundsen-Scott Station, South Pole
 AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer Station, Anvers Island
 AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson Station, Holme Bay
+AQ	-6835+07758	Antarctica/Davis	Davis Station, Vestfold Hills
 AQ	-6617+11031	Antarctica/Casey	Casey Station, Bailey Peninsula
 AQ	-6640+14001	Antarctica/DumontDUrville	Dumont-d'Urville Base, Terre Adelie
 AR	-3436-05827	America/Buenos_Aires	E Argentina (BA, DF, SC, TF)
@@ -178,8 +179,7 @@ ID	-0610+10648	Asia/Jakarta	Java & Sumatra
 ID	-0507+11924	Asia/Ujung_Pandang	Borneo & Celebes
 ID	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	Irian Jaya & the Moluccas
 IE	+5320-00615	Europe/Dublin
-IL	+3146+03514	Asia/Jerusalem	most locations
-IL	+3130+03428	Asia/Gaza	Gaza Strip
+IL	+3146+03514	Asia/Jerusalem
 IN	+2232+08822	Asia/Calcutta
 IO	-0720+07225	Indian/Chagos
 IQ	+3321+04425	Asia/Baghdad
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ KP	+3901+12545	Asia/Pyongyang
 KR	+3733+12658	Asia/Seoul
 KW	+2920+04759	Asia/Kuwait
 KY	+1918-08123	America/Cayman
-KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Alma-Ata	east Kazakhstan
+KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	east Kazakhstan
 KZ	+5017+05710	Asia/Aqtobe	central Kazakhstan
 KZ	+4431+05016	Asia/Aqtau	west Kazakhstan
 LA	+1758+10236	Asia/Vientiane
@@ -236,8 +236,10 @@ MT	+3554+01431	Europe/Malta
 MU	-2010+05730	Indian/Mauritius
 MV	+0410+07330	Indian/Maldives
 MW	-1547+03500	Africa/Blantyre
+MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Eastern Time
 MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Time
-MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Mountain Time
+MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Mountain Time - most locations
+MX	+2838-10605	America/Chihuahua	Mountain Time - Chihuahua
 MX	+3152-11637	America/Ensenada	Pacific Time - most locations
 MX	+3232-11701	America/Tijuana	Pacific Time - north Baja California
 MY	+0310+10142	Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	peninsular Malaysia
@@ -255,7 +257,7 @@ NP	+2743+08519	Asia/Katmandu
 NR	-0031+16655	Pacific/Nauru
 NU	-1901+16955	Pacific/Niue
 NZ	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	most locations
-NZ	-4355+17630	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Island
+NZ	-4355-17630	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Islands
 OM	+2336+05835	Asia/Muscat
 PA	+0858-07932	America/Panama
 PE	-1203-07703	America/Lima
@@ -269,6 +271,7 @@ PL	+5215+02100	Europe/Warsaw
 PM	+4703-05620	America/Miquelon
 PN	-2504-13005	Pacific/Pitcairn
 PR	+182806-0660622	America/Puerto_Rico
+PS	+3130+03428	Asia/Gaza
 PT	+3843-00908	Europe/Lisbon	mainland
 PT	+3238-01654	Atlantic/Madeira	Madeira Islands
 PT	+3744-02540	Atlantic/Azores	Azores
@@ -353,7 +356,8 @@ US	+643004-1652423	America/Nome	Alaska Time - west Alaska
 US	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	Aleutian Islands
 US	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii
 UY	-3453-05611	America/Montevideo
-UZ	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent
+UZ	+3940+06648	Asia/Samarkand	west Uzbekistan
+UZ	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent	east Uzbekistan
 VA	+4154+01227	Europe/Vatican
 VC	+1309-06114	America/St_Vincent
 VE	+1030-06656	America/Caracas