Import libcxxrt / libc++ into a vendor branch.vendor/libc++/r145065

Approved by:	dim (mentor)

26 files changed, 10997 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/algorithm.cpp b/src/algorithm.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6d5cf7c0bc81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/algorithm.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+//===----------------------- algorithm.cpp --------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "algorithm"
+#include "random"
+#include "mutex"
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template void __sort<__less<char>&, char*>(char*, char*, __less<char>&);
+template void __sort<__less<wchar_t>&, wchar_t*>(wchar_t*, wchar_t*, __less<wchar_t>&);
+template void __sort<__less<signed char>&, signed char*>(signed char*, signed char*, __less<signed char>&);
+template void __sort<__less<unsigned char>&, unsigned char*>(unsigned char*, unsigned char*, __less<unsigned char>&);
+template void __sort<__less<short>&, short*>(short*, short*, __less<short>&);
+template void __sort<__less<unsigned short>&, unsigned short*>(unsigned short*, unsigned short*, __less<unsigned short>&);
+template void __sort<__less<int>&, int*>(int*, int*, __less<int>&);
+template void __sort<__less<unsigned>&, unsigned*>(unsigned*, unsigned*, __less<unsigned>&);
+template void __sort<__less<long>&, long*>(long*, long*, __less<long>&);
+template void __sort<__less<unsigned long>&, unsigned long*>(unsigned long*, unsigned long*, __less<unsigned long>&);
+template void __sort<__less<long long>&, long long*>(long long*, long long*, __less<long long>&);
+template void __sort<__less<unsigned long long>&, unsigned long long*>(unsigned long long*, unsigned long long*, __less<unsigned long long>&);
+template void __sort<__less<float>&, float*>(float*, float*, __less<float>&);
+template void __sort<__less<double>&, double*>(double*, double*, __less<double>&);
+template void __sort<__less<long double>&, long double*>(long double*, long double*, __less<long double>&);
+
+template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<char>&, char*>(char*, char*, __less<char>&);
+template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<wchar_t>&, wchar_t*>(wchar_t*, wchar_t*, __less<wchar_t>&);
+template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<signed char>&, signed char*>(signed char*, signed char*, __less<signed char>&);
+template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<unsigned char>&, unsigned char*>(unsigned char*, unsigned char*, __less<unsigned char>&);
+template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<short>&, short*>(short*, short*, __less<short>&);
+template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<unsigned short>&, unsigned short*>(unsigned short*, unsigned short*, __less<unsigned short>&);
+template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<int>&, int*>(int*, int*, __less<int>&);
+template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<unsigned>&, unsigned*>(unsigned*, unsigned*, __less<unsigned>&);
+template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<long>&, long*>(long*, long*, __less<long>&);
+template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<unsigned long>&, unsigned long*>(unsigned long*, unsigned long*, __less<unsigned long>&);
+template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<long long>&, long long*>(long long*, long long*, __less<long long>&);
+template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<unsigned long long>&, unsigned long long*>(unsigned long long*, unsigned long long*, __less<unsigned long long>&);
+template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<float>&, float*>(float*, float*, __less<float>&);
+template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<double>&, double*>(double*, double*, __less<double>&);
+template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<long double>&, long double*>(long double*, long double*, __less<long double>&);
+
+template unsigned __sort5<__less<long double>&, long double*>(long double*, long double*, long double*, long double*, long double*, __less<long double>&);
+
+static pthread_mutex_t __rs_mut = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
+unsigned __rs_default::__c_ = 0;
+
+__rs_default::__rs_default()
+{
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&__rs_mut);
+    __c_ = 1;
+}
+
+__rs_default::__rs_default(const __rs_default&)
+{
+    ++__c_;
+}
+
+__rs_default::~__rs_default()
+{
+    if (--__c_ == 0)
+        pthread_mutex_unlock(&__rs_mut);
+}
+
+__rs_default::result_type
+__rs_default::operator()()
+{
+    static mt19937 __rs_g;
+    return __rs_g();
+}
+
+__rs_default
+__rs_get()
+{
+    return __rs_default();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
diff --git a/src/bind.cpp b/src/bind.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cab0b7c03a91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bind.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+//===-------------------------- bind.cpp ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "functional"
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace placeholders
+{
+
+__ph<1>   _1;
+__ph<2>   _2;
+__ph<3>   _3;
+__ph<4>   _4;
+__ph<5>   _5;
+__ph<6>   _6;
+__ph<7>   _7;
+__ph<8>   _8;
+__ph<9>   _9;
+__ph<10> _10;
+
+}  // placeholders
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
diff --git a/src/chrono.cpp b/src/chrono.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..416b95013ef2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/chrono.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+//===------------------------- chrono.cpp ---------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "chrono"
+#include <sys/time.h>        //for gettimeofday and timeval
+#if __APPLE__
+#include <mach/mach_time.h>  // mach_absolute_time, mach_timebase_info_data_t
+#else  /* !__APPLE__ */
+#include <cerrno>  // errno
+#include <system_error>  // __throw_system_error
+#include <time.h>  // clock_gettime, CLOCK_MONOTONIC
+#endif  // __APPLE__
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace chrono
+{
+
+// system_clock
+
+system_clock::time_point
+system_clock::now() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    timeval tv;
+    gettimeofday(&tv, 0);
+    return time_point(seconds(tv.tv_sec) + microseconds(tv.tv_usec));
+}
+
+time_t
+system_clock::to_time_t(const time_point& t) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return time_t(duration_cast<seconds>(t.time_since_epoch()).count());
+}
+
+system_clock::time_point
+system_clock::from_time_t(time_t t) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return system_clock::time_point(seconds(t));
+}
+
+// steady_clock
+
+#if __APPLE__
+//   mach_absolute_time() * MachInfo.numer / MachInfo.denom is the number of
+//   nanoseconds since the computer booted up.  MachInfo.numer and MachInfo.denom
+//   are run time constants supplied by the OS.  This clock has no relationship
+//   to the Gregorian calendar.  It's main use is as a high resolution timer.
+
+// MachInfo.numer / MachInfo.denom is often 1 on the latest equipment.  Specialize
+//   for that case as an optimization.
+
+#pragma GCC visibility push(hidden)
+
+static
+steady_clock::rep
+steady_simplified()
+{
+    return mach_absolute_time();
+}
+
+static
+double
+compute_steady_factor()
+{
+    mach_timebase_info_data_t MachInfo;
+    mach_timebase_info(&MachInfo);
+    return static_cast<double>(MachInfo.numer) / MachInfo.denom;
+}
+
+static
+steady_clock::rep
+steady_full()
+{
+    static const double factor = compute_steady_factor();
+    return static_cast<steady_clock::rep>(mach_absolute_time() * factor);
+}
+
+typedef steady_clock::rep (*FP)();
+
+static
+FP
+init_steady_clock()
+{
+    mach_timebase_info_data_t MachInfo;
+    mach_timebase_info(&MachInfo);
+    if (MachInfo.numer == MachInfo.denom)
+        return &steady_simplified;
+    return &steady_full;
+}
+
+#pragma GCC visibility pop
+
+steady_clock::time_point
+steady_clock::now() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    static FP fp = init_steady_clock();
+    return time_point(duration(fp()));
+}
+
+#else  // __APPLE__
+// FIXME: We assume that clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) works on
+// non-apple systems.  Instead, we should check _POSIX_TIMERS and
+// _POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK and fall back to something else if those
+// don't exist.
+
+// Warning:  If this is not truly steady, then it is non-conforming.  It is
+//  better for it to not exist and have the rest of libc++ use system_clock
+//  instead.
+
+steady_clock::time_point
+steady_clock::now() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    struct timespec tp;
+    if (0 != clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &tp))
+        __throw_system_error(errno, "clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) failed");
+    return time_point(seconds(tp.tv_sec) + nanoseconds(tp.tv_nsec));
+}
+#endif  // __APPLE__
+
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
diff --git a/src/condition_variable.cpp b/src/condition_variable.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ca1dca3280e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/condition_variable.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+//===-------------------- condition_variable.cpp --------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "condition_variable"
+#include "thread"
+#include "system_error"
+#include "cassert"
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+condition_variable::~condition_variable()
+{
+    int e = pthread_cond_destroy(&__cv_);
+//     assert(e == 0);
+}
+
+void
+condition_variable::notify_one()
+{
+    pthread_cond_signal(&__cv_);
+}
+
+void
+condition_variable::notify_all()
+{
+    pthread_cond_broadcast(&__cv_);
+}
+
+void
+condition_variable::wait(unique_lock<mutex>& lk)
+{
+    if (!lk.owns_lock())
+        __throw_system_error(EPERM,
+                                  "condition_variable::wait: mutex not locked");
+    int ec = pthread_cond_wait(&__cv_, lk.mutex()->native_handle());
+    if (ec)
+        __throw_system_error(ec, "condition_variable wait failed");
+}
+
+void
+condition_variable::__do_timed_wait(unique_lock<mutex>& lk,
+               chrono::time_point<chrono::system_clock, chrono::nanoseconds> tp)
+{
+    using namespace chrono;
+    if (!lk.owns_lock())
+        __throw_system_error(EPERM,
+                            "condition_variable::timed wait: mutex not locked");
+    nanoseconds d = tp.time_since_epoch();
+    timespec ts;
+    seconds s = duration_cast<seconds>(d);
+    ts.tv_sec = static_cast<decltype(ts.tv_sec)>(s.count());
+    ts.tv_nsec = static_cast<decltype(ts.tv_nsec)>((d - s).count());
+    int ec = pthread_cond_timedwait(&__cv_, lk.mutex()->native_handle(), &ts);
+    if (ec != 0 && ec != ETIMEDOUT)
+        __throw_system_error(ec, "condition_variable timed_wait failed");
+}
+
+void
+notify_all_at_thread_exit(condition_variable& cond, unique_lock<mutex> lk)
+{
+    __thread_local_data()->notify_all_at_thread_exit(&cond, lk.release());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
diff --git a/src/debug.cpp b/src/debug.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8b660f5f39ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/debug.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,484 @@
+//===-------------------------- debug.cpp ---------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#define _LIBCPP_DEBUG2 1
+#include "__config"
+#include "__debug"
+#include "functional"
+#include "algorithm"
+#include "__hash_table"
+#include "mutex"
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE
+__libcpp_db*
+__get_db()
+{
+    static __libcpp_db db;
+    return &db;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE
+const __libcpp_db*
+__get_const_db()
+{
+    return __get_db();
+}
+
+namespace
+{
+
+typedef mutex mutex_type;
+typedef lock_guard<mutex_type> WLock;
+typedef lock_guard<mutex_type> RLock;
+
+mutex_type&
+mut()
+{
+    static mutex_type m;
+    return m;
+}
+
+}  // unnamed namespace
+
+__i_node::~__i_node()
+{
+    if (__next_)
+    {
+        __next_->~__i_node();
+        free(__next_);
+    }
+}
+
+__c_node::~__c_node()
+{
+    free(beg_);
+    if (__next_)
+    {
+        __next_->~__c_node();
+        free(__next_);
+    }
+}
+
+__libcpp_db::__libcpp_db()
+    : __cbeg_(nullptr),
+      __cend_(nullptr),
+      __csz_(0),
+      __ibeg_(nullptr),
+      __iend_(nullptr),
+      __isz_(0)
+{
+}
+
+__libcpp_db::~__libcpp_db()
+{
+    if (__cbeg_)
+    {
+        for (__c_node** p = __cbeg_; p != __cend_; ++p)
+        {
+            if (*p != nullptr)
+            {
+                (*p)->~__c_node();
+                free(*p);
+            }
+        }
+        free(__cbeg_);
+    }
+    if (__ibeg_)
+    {
+        for (__i_node** p = __ibeg_; p != __iend_; ++p)
+        {
+            if (*p != nullptr)
+            {
+                (*p)->~__i_node();
+                free(*p);
+            }
+        }
+        free(__ibeg_);
+    }
+}
+
+void*
+__libcpp_db::__find_c_from_i(void* __i) const
+{
+    RLock _(mut());
+    __i_node* i = __find_iterator(__i);
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(i != nullptr, "iterator constructed in translation unit with debug mode not enabled."
+                   "  #define _LIBCPP_DEBUG2 1 for that translation unit.");
+    return i->__c_ != nullptr ? i->__c_->__c_ : nullptr;
+}
+
+void
+__libcpp_db::__insert_ic(void* __i, const void* __c)
+{
+    WLock _(mut());
+    __i_node* i = __insert_iterator(__i);
+    const char* errmsg =
+        "Container constructed in a translation unit with debug mode disabled."
+        " But it is being used in a translation unit with debug mode enabled."
+        " Enable it in the other translation unit with #define _LIBCPP_DEBUG2 1";
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__cbeg_ != __cend_, errmsg);
+    size_t hc = hash<const void*>()(__c) % (__cend_ - __cbeg_);
+    __c_node* c = __cbeg_[hc];
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(c != nullptr, errmsg);
+    while (c->__c_ != __c)
+    {
+        c = c->__next_;
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(c != nullptr, errmsg);
+    }
+    c->__add(i);
+    i->__c_ = c;
+}
+
+__c_node*
+__libcpp_db::__insert_c(void* __c)
+{
+    WLock _(mut());
+    if (__csz_ + 1 > __cend_ - __cbeg_)
+    {
+        size_t nc = __next_prime(2*(__cend_ - __cbeg_) + 1);
+        __c_node** cbeg = (__c_node**)calloc(nc, sizeof(void*));
+        if (cbeg == nullptr)
+            throw bad_alloc();
+        for (__c_node** p = __cbeg_; p != __cend_; ++p)
+        {
+            __c_node* q = *p;
+            while (q != nullptr)
+            {
+                size_t h = hash<void*>()(q->__c_) % nc;
+                __c_node* r = q->__next_;
+                q->__next_ = cbeg[h];
+                cbeg[h] = q;
+                q = r;
+            }
+        }
+        free(__cbeg_);
+        __cbeg_ = cbeg;
+        __cend_ = __cbeg_ + nc;
+    }
+    size_t hc = hash<void*>()(__c) % (__cend_ - __cbeg_);
+    __c_node* p = __cbeg_[hc];
+    __c_node* r = __cbeg_[hc] = (__c_node*)malloc(sizeof(__c_node));
+    if (__cbeg_[hc] == nullptr)
+        throw bad_alloc();
+    r->__c_ = __c;
+    r->__next_ = p;
+    ++__csz_;
+    return r;
+}
+
+void
+__libcpp_db::__erase_i(void* __i)
+{
+    WLock _(mut());
+    if (__ibeg_ != __iend_)
+    {
+        size_t hi = hash<void*>()(__i) % (__iend_ - __ibeg_);
+        __i_node* p = __ibeg_[hi];
+        if (p != nullptr)
+        {
+            __i_node* q = nullptr;
+            while (p->__i_ != __i)
+            {
+                q = p;
+                p = p->__next_;
+                if (p == nullptr)
+                    return;
+            }
+            if (q == nullptr)
+                __ibeg_[hi] = p->__next_;
+            else
+                q->__next_ = p->__next_;
+            __c_node* c = p->__c_;
+            free(p);
+            --__isz_;
+            if (c != nullptr)
+                c->__remove(p);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void
+__libcpp_db::__invalidate_all(void* __c)
+{
+    WLock _(mut());
+    size_t hc = hash<void*>()(__c) % (__cend_ - __cbeg_);
+    __c_node* p = __cbeg_[hc];
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(p != nullptr, "debug mode internal logic error __invalidate_all A");
+    while (p->__c_ != __c)
+    {
+        p = p->__next_;
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(p != nullptr, "debug mode internal logic error __invalidate_all B");
+    }
+    while (p->end_ != p->beg_)
+    {
+        --p->end_;
+        (*p->end_)->__c_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+__c_node*
+__libcpp_db::__find_c_and_lock(void* __c) const
+{
+    mut().lock();
+    size_t hc = hash<void*>()(__c) % (__cend_ - __cbeg_);
+    __c_node* p = __cbeg_[hc];
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(p != nullptr, "debug mode internal logic error __find_c_and_lock A");
+    while (p->__c_ != __c)
+    {
+        p = p->__next_;
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(p != nullptr, "debug mode internal logic error __find_c_and_lock B");
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+__c_node*
+__libcpp_db::__find_c(void* __c) const
+{
+    size_t hc = hash<void*>()(__c) % (__cend_ - __cbeg_);
+    __c_node* p = __cbeg_[hc];
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(p != nullptr, "debug mode internal logic error __find_c A");
+    while (p->__c_ != __c)
+    {
+        p = p->__next_;
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(p != nullptr, "debug mode internal logic error __find_c B");
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+void
+__libcpp_db::unlock() const
+{
+    mut().unlock();
+}
+
+void
+__libcpp_db::__erase_c(void* __c)
+{
+    WLock _(mut());
+    size_t hc = hash<void*>()(__c) % (__cend_ - __cbeg_);
+    __c_node* p = __cbeg_[hc];
+    __c_node* q = nullptr;
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(p != nullptr, "debug mode internal logic error __erase_c A");
+    while (p->__c_ != __c)
+    {
+        q = p;
+        p = p->__next_;
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(p != nullptr, "debug mode internal logic error __erase_c B");
+    }
+    if (q == nullptr)
+        __cbeg_[hc] = p->__next_;
+    else
+        q->__next_ = p->__next_;
+    while (p->end_ != p->beg_)
+    {
+        --p->end_;
+        (*p->end_)->__c_ = nullptr;
+    }
+    free(p->beg_);
+    free(p);
+    --__csz_;
+}
+
+void
+__libcpp_db::__iterator_copy(void* __i, const void* __i0)
+{
+    WLock _(mut());
+    __i_node* i = __find_iterator(__i);
+    __i_node* i0 = __find_iterator(__i0);
+    __c_node* c0 = i0 != nullptr ? i0->__c_ : nullptr;
+    if (i == nullptr && c0 != nullptr)
+        i = __insert_iterator(__i);
+    __c_node* c = i != nullptr ? i->__c_ : nullptr;
+    if (c != c0)
+    {
+        if (c != nullptr)
+            c->__remove(i);
+        if (i != nullptr)
+        {
+            i->__c_ = nullptr;
+            if (c0 != nullptr)
+            {
+                i->__c_ = c0;
+                i->__c_->__add(i);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+__libcpp_db::__dereferenceable(const void* __i) const
+{
+    RLock _(mut());
+    __i_node* i = __find_iterator(__i);
+    return i != nullptr && i->__c_ != nullptr && i->__c_->__dereferenceable(__i);
+}
+
+bool
+__libcpp_db::__decrementable(const void* __i) const
+{
+    RLock _(mut());
+    __i_node* i = __find_iterator(__i);
+    return i != nullptr && i->__c_ != nullptr && i->__c_->__decrementable(__i);
+}
+
+bool
+__libcpp_db::__addable(const void* __i, ptrdiff_t __n) const
+{
+    RLock _(mut());
+    __i_node* i = __find_iterator(__i);
+    return i != nullptr && i->__c_ != nullptr && i->__c_->__addable(__i, __n);
+}
+
+bool
+__libcpp_db::__subscriptable(const void* __i, ptrdiff_t __n) const
+{
+    RLock _(mut());
+    __i_node* i = __find_iterator(__i);
+    return i != nullptr && i->__c_ != nullptr && i->__c_->__subscriptable(__i, __n);
+}
+
+bool
+__libcpp_db::__comparable(const void* __i, const void* __j) const
+{
+    RLock _(mut());
+    __i_node* i = __find_iterator(__i);
+    __i_node* j = __find_iterator(__j);
+    __c_node* ci = i != nullptr ? i->__c_ : nullptr;
+    __c_node* cj = j != nullptr ? j->__c_ : nullptr;
+    return ci != nullptr && ci == cj;
+}
+
+void
+__libcpp_db::swap(void* c1, void* c2)
+{
+    WLock _(mut());
+    size_t hc = hash<void*>()(c1) % (__cend_ - __cbeg_);
+    __c_node* p1 = __cbeg_[hc];
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(p1 != nullptr, "debug mode internal logic error swap A");
+    while (p1->__c_ != c1)
+    {
+        p1 = p1->__next_;
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(p1 != nullptr, "debug mode internal logic error swap B");
+    }
+    hc = hash<void*>()(c2) % (__cend_ - __cbeg_);
+    __c_node* p2 = __cbeg_[hc];
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(p2 != nullptr, "debug mode internal logic error swap C");
+    while (p2->__c_ != c2)
+    {
+        p2 = p2->__next_;
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(p2 != nullptr, "debug mode internal logic error swap D");
+    }
+    std::swap(p1->beg_, p2->beg_);
+    std::swap(p1->end_, p2->end_);
+    std::swap(p1->cap_, p2->cap_);
+    for (__i_node** p = p1->beg_; p != p1->end_; ++p)
+        (*p)->__c_ = p1;
+    for (__i_node** p = p2->beg_; p != p2->end_; ++p)
+        (*p)->__c_ = p2;
+}
+
+void
+__libcpp_db::__insert_i(void* __i)
+{
+    WLock _(mut());
+    __insert_iterator(__i);
+}
+
+void
+__c_node::__add(__i_node* i)
+{
+    if (end_ == cap_)
+    {
+        size_t nc = 2*(cap_ - beg_);
+        if (nc == 0)
+            nc = 1;
+        __i_node** beg = (__i_node**)malloc(nc * sizeof(__i_node*));
+        if (beg == nullptr)
+            throw bad_alloc();
+        if (nc > 1)
+            memcpy(beg, beg_, nc/2*sizeof(__i_node*));
+        free(beg_);
+        beg_ = beg;
+        end_ = beg_ + nc/2;
+        cap_ = beg_ + nc;
+    }
+    *end_++ = i;
+}
+
+// private api
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDDEN
+__i_node*
+__libcpp_db::__insert_iterator(void* __i)
+{
+    if (__isz_ + 1 > __iend_ - __ibeg_)
+    {
+        size_t nc = __next_prime(2*(__iend_ - __ibeg_) + 1);
+        __i_node** ibeg = (__i_node**)calloc(nc, sizeof(void*));
+        if (ibeg == nullptr)
+            throw bad_alloc();
+        for (__i_node** p = __ibeg_; p != __iend_; ++p)
+        {
+            __i_node* q = *p;
+            while (q != nullptr)
+            {
+                size_t h = hash<void*>()(q->__i_) % nc;
+                __i_node* r = q->__next_;
+                q->__next_ = ibeg[h];
+                ibeg[h] = q;
+                q = r;
+            }
+        }
+        free(__ibeg_);
+        __ibeg_ = ibeg;
+        __iend_ = __ibeg_ + nc;
+    }
+    size_t hi = hash<void*>()(__i) % (__iend_ - __ibeg_);
+    __i_node* p = __ibeg_[hi];
+    __i_node* r = __ibeg_[hi] = (__i_node*)malloc(sizeof(__i_node));
+    if (r == nullptr)
+        throw bad_alloc();
+    ::new(r) __i_node(__i, p, nullptr);
+    ++__isz_;
+    return r;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDDEN
+__i_node*
+__libcpp_db::__find_iterator(const void* __i) const
+{
+    __i_node* r = nullptr;
+    if (__ibeg_ != __iend_)
+    {
+        size_t h = hash<const void*>()(__i) % (__iend_ - __ibeg_);
+        for (__i_node* nd = __ibeg_[h]; nd != nullptr; nd = nd->__next_)
+        {
+            if (nd->__i_ == __i)
+            {
+                r = nd;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return r;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDDEN
+void
+__c_node::__remove(__i_node* p)
+{
+    __i_node** r = find(beg_, end_, p);
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(r != end_, "debug mode internal logic error __c_node::__remove");
+    if (--end_ != r)
+        memmove(r, r+1, (end_ - r)*sizeof(__i_node*));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
diff --git a/src/exception.cpp b/src/exception.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..26d97a960825
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/exception.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+//===------------------------ exception.cpp -------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "exception"
+
+#if __APPLE__
+  #include <cxxabi.h>
+  using namespace __cxxabiv1;
+  using namespace __cxxabiapple;
+  // On Darwin, there are two STL shared libraries and a lower level ABI
+  // shared libray.  The globals holding the current terminate handler and
+  // current unexpected handler are in the ABI library.
+  #define __terminate_handler  __cxxabiapple::__cxa_terminate_handler
+  #define __unexpected_handler __cxxabiapple::__cxa_unexpected_handler
+  #define HAVE_DEPENDENT_EH_ABI 1
+#elif defined(LIBCXXRT)
+  #include <cxxabi.h>
+  using namespace __cxxabiv1;
+  #define HAVE_DEPENDENT_EH_ABI 1
+#else  // __APPLE__
+  static std::terminate_handler  __terminate_handler;
+  static std::unexpected_handler __unexpected_handler;
+#endif  // __APPLE__
+
+#ifndef LIBCXXRT
+// libcxxrt provides implementations of these functions itself.
+std::unexpected_handler
+std::set_unexpected(std::unexpected_handler func) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __sync_lock_test_and_set(&__unexpected_handler, func);
+}
+
+std::unexpected_handler
+std::get_unexpected() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __sync_fetch_and_add(&__unexpected_handler, (std::unexpected_handler)0);
+}
+
+_ATTRIBUTE(noreturn)
+void
+std::unexpected()
+{
+    (*std::get_unexpected())();
+    // unexpected handler should not return
+    std::terminate();
+}
+
+std::terminate_handler
+std::set_terminate(std::terminate_handler func) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __sync_lock_test_and_set(&__terminate_handler, func);
+}
+
+std::terminate_handler
+std::get_terminate() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __sync_fetch_and_add(&__terminate_handler, (std::terminate_handler)0);
+}
+
+_ATTRIBUTE(noreturn)
+void
+std::terminate() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        (*std::get_terminate())();
+        // handler should not return
+        ::abort ();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        // handler should not throw exception
+        ::abort ();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+#endif // LIBCXXRT
+
+bool std::uncaught_exception() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#if __APPLE__
+    // on Darwin, there is a helper function so __cxa_get_globals is private
+    return __cxxabiapple::__cxa_uncaught_exception();
+#elif LIBCXXRT
+    __cxa_eh_globals * globals = __cxa_get_globals();
+    return (globals->uncaughtExceptions != 0);
+#else  // __APPLE__
+    #warning uncaught_exception not yet implemented
+    ::abort();
+#endif  // __APPLE__
+}
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+exception::~exception() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+}
+
+bad_exception::~bad_exception() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+}
+
+const char* exception::what() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+  return "std::exception";
+}
+
+const char* bad_exception::what() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+  return "std::bad_exception";
+}
+
+exception_ptr::~exception_ptr() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#if HAVE_DEPENDENT_EH_ABI
+    __cxa_decrement_exception_refcount(__ptr_);
+#else
+    #warning exception_ptr not yet implemented
+    ::abort();
+#endif  // __APPLE__
+}
+
+exception_ptr::exception_ptr(const exception_ptr& other) _NOEXCEPT
+    : __ptr_(other.__ptr_)
+{
+#if HAVE_DEPENDENT_EH_ABI
+    __cxa_increment_exception_refcount(__ptr_);
+#else
+    #warning exception_ptr not yet implemented
+    ::abort();
+#endif  // __APPLE__
+}
+
+exception_ptr& exception_ptr::operator=(const exception_ptr& other) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#if HAVE_DEPENDENT_EH_ABI
+    if (__ptr_ != other.__ptr_)
+    {
+        __cxa_increment_exception_refcount(other.__ptr_);
+        __cxa_decrement_exception_refcount(__ptr_);
+        __ptr_ = other.__ptr_;
+    }
+    return *this;
+#else  // __APPLE__
+    #warning exception_ptr not yet implemented
+    ::abort();
+#endif  // __APPLE__
+}
+
+nested_exception::nested_exception() _NOEXCEPT
+    : __ptr_(current_exception())
+{
+}
+
+nested_exception::~nested_exception() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+}
+
+_ATTRIBUTE(noreturn)
+void
+nested_exception::rethrow_nested() const
+{
+    if (__ptr_ == nullptr)
+        terminate();
+    rethrow_exception(__ptr_);
+}
+
+} // std
+
+std::exception_ptr std::current_exception() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#if HAVE_DEPENDENT_EH_ABI
+    // be nicer if there was a constructor that took a ptr, then
+    // this whole function would be just:
+    //    return exception_ptr(__cxa_current_primary_exception());
+    std::exception_ptr ptr;
+    ptr.__ptr_ = __cxa_current_primary_exception();
+    return ptr;
+#else  // __APPLE__
+    #warning exception_ptr not yet implemented
+    ::abort();
+#endif  // __APPLE__
+}
+
+void std::rethrow_exception(exception_ptr p)
+{
+#if HAVE_DEPENDENT_EH_ABI
+    __cxa_rethrow_primary_exception(p.__ptr_);
+    // if p.__ptr_ is NULL, above returns so we terminate
+    terminate();
+#else  // __APPLE__
+    #warning exception_ptr not yet implemented
+    ::abort();
+#endif  // __APPLE__
+}
diff --git a/src/future.cpp b/src/future.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ff59110593b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/future.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+//===------------------------- future.cpp ---------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "future"
+#include "string"
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __future_error_category
+    : public __do_message
+{
+public:
+    virtual const char* name() const _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual string message(int ev) const;
+};
+
+const char*
+__future_error_category::name() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return "future";
+}
+
+string
+__future_error_category::message(int ev) const
+{
+    switch (ev)
+    {
+    case future_errc::broken_promise:
+        return string("The associated promise has been destructed prior "
+                      "to the associated state becoming ready.");
+    case future_errc::future_already_retrieved:
+        return string("The future has already been retrieved from "
+                      "the promise or packaged_task.");
+    case future_errc::promise_already_satisfied:
+        return string("The state of the promise has already been set.");
+    case future_errc::no_state:
+        return string("Operation not permitted on an object without "
+                      "an associated state.");
+    }
+    return string("unspecified future_errc value\n");
+}
+
+const error_category&
+future_category()
+{
+    static __future_error_category __f;
+    return __f;
+}
+
+future_error::future_error(error_code __ec)
+    : logic_error(__ec.message()),
+      __ec_(__ec)
+{
+}
+
+future_error::~future_error() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+}
+
+void
+__assoc_sub_state::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    delete this;
+}
+
+void
+__assoc_sub_state::set_value()
+{
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(__mut_);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__has_value())
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::promise_already_satisfied));
+#endif
+    __state_ |= __constructed | ready;
+    __lk.unlock();
+    __cv_.notify_all();
+}
+
+void
+__assoc_sub_state::set_value_at_thread_exit()
+{
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(__mut_);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__has_value())
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::promise_already_satisfied));
+#endif
+    __state_ |= __constructed;
+    __thread_local_data()->__make_ready_at_thread_exit(this);
+    __lk.unlock();
+}
+
+void
+__assoc_sub_state::set_exception(exception_ptr __p)
+{
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(__mut_);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__has_value())
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::promise_already_satisfied));
+#endif
+    __exception_ = __p;
+    __state_ |= ready;
+    __lk.unlock();
+    __cv_.notify_all();
+}
+
+void
+__assoc_sub_state::set_exception_at_thread_exit(exception_ptr __p)
+{
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(__mut_);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__has_value())
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::promise_already_satisfied));
+#endif
+    __exception_ = __p;
+    __thread_local_data()->__make_ready_at_thread_exit(this);
+    __lk.unlock();
+}
+
+void
+__assoc_sub_state::__make_ready()
+{
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(__mut_);
+    __state_ |= ready;
+    __lk.unlock();
+    __cv_.notify_all();
+}
+
+void
+__assoc_sub_state::copy()
+{
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(__mut_);
+    __sub_wait(__lk);
+    if (__exception_ != nullptr)
+        rethrow_exception(__exception_);
+}
+
+void
+__assoc_sub_state::wait()
+{
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(__mut_);
+    __sub_wait(__lk);
+}
+
+void
+__assoc_sub_state::__sub_wait(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk)
+{
+    if (!__is_ready())
+    {
+        if (__state_ & deferred)
+        {
+            __state_ &= ~deferred;
+            __lk.unlock();
+            __execute();
+        }
+        else
+            while (!__is_ready())
+                __cv_.wait(__lk);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+__assoc_sub_state::__execute()
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+#endif
+}
+
+future<void>::future(__assoc_sub_state* __state)
+    : __state_(__state)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__state_->__has_future_attached())
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::future_already_retrieved));
+#endif
+    __state_->__add_shared();
+    __state_->__set_future_attached();
+}
+
+future<void>::~future()
+{
+    if (__state_)
+        __state_->__release_shared();
+}
+
+void
+future<void>::get()
+{
+    unique_ptr<__shared_count, __release_shared_count> __(__state_);
+    __assoc_sub_state* __s = __state_;
+    __state_ = nullptr;
+    __s->copy();
+}
+
+promise<void>::promise()
+    : __state_(new __assoc_sub_state)
+{
+}
+
+promise<void>::~promise()
+{
+    if (__state_)
+    {
+        if (!__state_->__has_value() && __state_->use_count() > 1)
+            __state_->set_exception(make_exception_ptr(
+                      future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::broken_promise))
+                                                      ));
+        __state_->__release_shared();
+    }
+}
+
+future<void>
+promise<void>::get_future()
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+#endif
+    return future<void>(__state_);
+}
+
+void
+promise<void>::set_value()
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+#endif
+    __state_->set_value();
+}
+
+void
+promise<void>::set_exception(exception_ptr __p)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+#endif
+    __state_->set_exception(__p);
+}
+
+void
+promise<void>::set_value_at_thread_exit()
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+#endif
+    __state_->set_value_at_thread_exit();
+}
+
+void
+promise<void>::set_exception_at_thread_exit(exception_ptr __p)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+#endif
+    __state_->set_exception_at_thread_exit(__p);
+}
+
+shared_future<void>::~shared_future()
+{
+    if (__state_)
+        __state_->__release_shared();
+}
+
+shared_future<void>&
+shared_future<void>::operator=(const shared_future& __rhs)
+{
+    if (__rhs.__state_)
+        __rhs.__state_->__add_shared();
+    if (__state_)
+        __state_->__release_shared();
+    __state_ = __rhs.__state_;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
diff --git a/src/hash.cpp b/src/hash.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..728b9bd3831b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/hash.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,559 @@
+//===-------------------------- hash.cpp ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "__hash_table"
+#include "algorithm"
+#include "stdexcept"
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace {
+
+// handle all next_prime(i) for i in [1, 210), special case 0
+const unsigned small_primes[] =
+{
+    0,
+    2,
+    3,
+    5,
+    7,
+    11,
+    13,
+    17,
+    19,
+    23,
+    29,
+    31,
+    37,
+    41,
+    43,
+    47,
+    53,
+    59,
+    61,
+    67,
+    71,
+    73,
+    79,
+    83,
+    89,
+    97,
+    101,
+    103,
+    107,
+    109,
+    113,
+    127,
+    131,
+    137,
+    139,
+    149,
+    151,
+    157,
+    163,
+    167,
+    173,
+    179,
+    181,
+    191,
+    193,
+    197,
+    199,
+    211
+};
+
+// potential primes = 210*k + indices[i], k >= 1
+//   these numbers are not divisible by 2, 3, 5 or 7
+//   (or any integer 2 <= j <= 10 for that matter).
+const unsigned indices[] =
+{
+    1,
+    11,
+    13,
+    17,
+    19,
+    23,
+    29,
+    31,
+    37,
+    41,
+    43,
+    47,
+    53,
+    59,
+    61,
+    67,
+    71,
+    73,
+    79,
+    83,
+    89,
+    97,
+    101,
+    103,
+    107,
+    109,
+    113,
+    121,
+    127,
+    131,
+    137,
+    139,
+    143,
+    149,
+    151,
+    157,
+    163,
+    167,
+    169,
+    173,
+    179,
+    181,
+    187,
+    191,
+    193,
+    197,
+    199,
+    209
+};
+
+}
+
+// Returns:  If n == 0, returns 0.  Else returns the lowest prime number that
+// is greater than or equal to n.
+//
+// The algorithm creates a list of small primes, plus an open-ended list of
+// potential primes.  All prime numbers are potential prime numbers.  However
+// some potential prime numbers are not prime.  In an ideal world, all potential
+// prime numbers would be prime.  Candiate prime numbers are chosen as the next
+// highest potential prime.  Then this number is tested for prime by dividing it
+// by all potential prime numbers less than the sqrt of the candidate.
+//
+// This implementation defines potential primes as those numbers not divisible
+// by 2, 3, 5, and 7.  Other (common) implementations define potential primes
+// as those not divisible by 2.  A few other implementations define potential
+// primes as those not divisible by 2 or 3.  By raising the number of small
+// primes which the potential prime is not divisible by, the set of potential
+// primes more closely approximates the set of prime numbers.  And thus there
+// are fewer potential primes to search, and fewer potential primes to divide
+// against.
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+__check_for_overflow(size_t N, integral_constant<size_t, 32>)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS 
+    if (N > 0xFFFFFFFB)
+        throw overflow_error("__next_prime overflow");
+#endif
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+__check_for_overflow(size_t N, integral_constant<size_t, 64>)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS 
+    if (N > 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC5ull)
+        throw overflow_error("__next_prime overflow");
+#endif
+}
+
+size_t
+__next_prime(size_t n)
+{
+    const size_t L = 210;
+    const size_t N = sizeof(small_primes) / sizeof(small_primes[0]);
+    // If n is small enough, search in small_primes
+    if (n <= small_primes[N-1])
+        return *std::lower_bound(small_primes, small_primes + N, n);
+    // Else n > largest small_primes
+    // Check for overflow
+    __check_for_overflow(n, integral_constant<size_t, 
+                                                   sizeof(n) * __CHAR_BIT__>());
+    // Start searching list of potential primes: L * k0 + indices[in]
+    const size_t M = sizeof(indices) / sizeof(indices[0]);
+    // Select first potential prime >= n
+    //   Known a-priori n >= L
+    size_t k0 = n / L;
+    size_t in = std::lower_bound(indices, indices + M, n - k0 * L) - indices;
+    n = L * k0 + indices[in];
+    while (true)
+    {
+        // Divide n by all primes or potential primes (i) until:
+        //    1.  The division is even, so try next potential prime.
+        //    2.  The i > sqrt(n), in which case n is prime.
+        // It is known a-priori that n is not divisible by 2, 3, 5 or 7,
+        //    so don't test those (j == 5 ->  divide by 11 first).  And the
+        //    potential primes start with 211, so don't test against the last
+        //    small prime.
+        for (size_t j = 5; j < N - 1; ++j)
+        {
+            const std::size_t p = small_primes[j];
+            const std::size_t q = n / p;
+            if (q < p)
+                return n;
+            if (n == q * p)
+                goto next;
+        }
+        // n wasn't divisible by small primes, try potential primes
+        {
+            size_t i = 211;
+            while (true)
+            {
+                std::size_t q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 10;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 2;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 4;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 2;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 4;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 6;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 2;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 6;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 4;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 2;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 4;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 6;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 6;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 2;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 6;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 4;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 2;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 6;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 4;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 6;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 8;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 4;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 2;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 4;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 2;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 4;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 8;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 6;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 4;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 6;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 2;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 4;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 6;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 2;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 6;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 6;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 4;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 2;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 4;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 6;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 2;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 6;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 4;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 2;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 4;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 2;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                i += 10;
+                q = n / i;
+                if (q < i)
+                    return n;
+                if (n == q * i)
+                    break;
+
+                // This will loop i to the next "plane" of potential primes
+                i += 2;
+            }
+        }
+next:
+        // n is not prime.  Increment n to next potential prime.
+        if (++in == M)
+        {
+            ++k0;
+            in = 0;
+        }
+        n = L * k0 + indices[in];
+    }
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
diff --git a/src/ios.cpp b/src/ios.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..80917a046d2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ios.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,455 @@
+//===-------------------------- ios.cpp -----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "ios"
+#include "streambuf"
+#include "istream"
+#include "string"
+#include "__locale"
+#include "algorithm"
+#include "memory"
+#include "new"
+#include "limits"
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template class basic_ios<char>;
+template class basic_ios<wchar_t>;
+
+template class basic_streambuf<char>;
+template class basic_streambuf<wchar_t>;
+
+template class basic_istream<char>;
+template class basic_istream<wchar_t>;
+
+template class basic_ostream<char>;
+template class basic_ostream<wchar_t>;
+
+template class basic_iostream<char>;
+
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __iostream_category
+    : public __do_message
+{
+public:
+    virtual const char* name() const _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual string message(int ev) const;
+};
+
+const char*
+__iostream_category::name() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return "iostream";
+}
+
+string
+__iostream_category::message(int ev) const
+{
+    if (ev != static_cast<int>(io_errc::stream)
+#ifdef ELAST
+        && ev <= ELAST
+#endif
+        )
+        return __do_message::message(ev);
+    return string("unspecified iostream_category error");
+}
+
+const error_category&
+iostream_category()
+{
+    static __iostream_category s;
+    return s;
+}
+
+// ios_base::failure
+
+ios_base::failure::failure(const string& msg, const error_code& ec)
+    : system_error(ec, msg)
+{
+}
+
+ios_base::failure::failure(const char* msg, const error_code& ec)
+    : system_error(ec, msg)
+{
+}
+
+ios_base::failure::~failure() throw()
+{
+}
+
+// ios_base locale
+
+const ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::boolalpha;
+const ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::dec;
+const ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::fixed;
+const ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::hex;
+const ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::internal;
+const ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::left;
+const ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::oct;
+const ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::right;
+const ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::scientific;
+const ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::showbase;
+const ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::showpoint;
+const ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::showpos;
+const ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::skipws;
+const ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::unitbuf;
+const ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::uppercase;
+const ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::adjustfield;
+const ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::basefield;
+const ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::floatfield;
+
+const ios_base::iostate ios_base::badbit;
+const ios_base::iostate ios_base::eofbit;
+const ios_base::iostate ios_base::failbit;
+const ios_base::iostate ios_base::goodbit;
+
+const ios_base::openmode ios_base::app;
+const ios_base::openmode ios_base::ate;
+const ios_base::openmode ios_base::binary;
+const ios_base::openmode ios_base::in;
+const ios_base::openmode ios_base::out;
+const ios_base::openmode ios_base::trunc;
+
+void
+ios_base::__call_callbacks(event ev)
+{
+    for (size_t i = __event_size_; i;)
+    {
+        --i;
+        __fn_[i](ev, *this, __index_[i]);
+    }
+}
+
+// locale
+
+locale
+ios_base::imbue(const locale& newloc)
+{
+    static_assert(sizeof(locale) == sizeof(__loc_), "");
+    locale& loc_storage = *(locale*)&__loc_;
+    locale oldloc = loc_storage;
+    loc_storage = newloc;
+    __call_callbacks(imbue_event);
+    return oldloc;
+}
+
+locale
+ios_base::getloc() const
+{
+    const locale& loc_storage = *(locale*)&__loc_;
+    return loc_storage;
+}
+
+// xalloc
+
+int ios_base::__xindex_ = 0;
+
+int
+ios_base::xalloc()
+{
+    return __xindex_++;
+}
+
+long&
+ios_base::iword(int index)
+{
+    size_t req_size = static_cast<size_t>(index)+1;
+    if (req_size > __iarray_cap_)
+    {
+        size_t newcap;
+        const size_t mx = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
+        if (req_size < mx/2)
+            newcap = _VSTD::max(2 * __iarray_cap_, req_size);
+        else
+            newcap = mx;
+        long* iarray = (long*)realloc(__iarray_, newcap * sizeof(long));
+        if (iarray == 0)
+        {
+            setstate(badbit);
+            static long error;
+            error = 0;
+            return error;
+        }
+        __iarray_ = iarray;
+        for (long* p = __iarray_ + __iarray_size_; __iarray_cap_ < newcap; ++__iarray_cap_, ++p)
+            *p = 0;
+    }
+    __iarray_size_ = max<size_t>(__iarray_size_, req_size);
+    return __iarray_[index];
+}
+
+void*&
+ios_base::pword(int index)
+{
+    size_t req_size = static_cast<size_t>(index)+1;
+    if (req_size > __parray_cap_)
+    {
+        size_t newcap;
+        const size_t mx = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
+        if (req_size < mx/2)
+            newcap = _VSTD::max(2 * __parray_cap_, req_size);
+        else
+            newcap = mx;
+        void** parray = (void**)realloc(__parray_, newcap * sizeof(void*));
+        if (parray == 0)
+        {
+            setstate(badbit);
+            static void* error;
+            error = 0;
+            return error;
+        }
+        __parray_ = parray;
+        for (void** p = __parray_ + __parray_size_; __parray_cap_ < newcap; ++__parray_cap_, ++p)
+            *p = 0;
+    }
+    __parray_size_ = max<size_t>(__parray_size_, req_size);
+    return __parray_[index];
+}
+
+// register_callback
+
+void
+ios_base::register_callback(event_callback fn, int index)
+{
+    size_t req_size = __event_size_ + 1;
+    if (req_size > __event_cap_)
+    {
+        size_t newcap;
+        const size_t mx = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
+        if (req_size < mx/2)
+            newcap = _VSTD::max(2 * __event_cap_, req_size);
+        else
+            newcap = mx;
+        event_callback* fns = (event_callback*)realloc(__fn_, newcap * sizeof(event_callback));
+        if (fns == 0)
+            setstate(badbit);
+        __fn_ = fns;
+        int* indxs = (int*)realloc(__index_, newcap * sizeof(int));
+        if (indxs == 0)
+            setstate(badbit);
+        __index_ = indxs;
+    }
+    __fn_[__event_size_] = fn;
+    __index_[__event_size_] = index;
+    ++__event_size_;
+}
+
+ios_base::~ios_base()
+{
+    __call_callbacks(erase_event);
+    locale& loc_storage = *(locale*)&__loc_;
+    loc_storage.~locale();
+    free(__fn_);
+    free(__index_);
+    free(__iarray_);
+    free(__parray_);
+}
+
+// iostate
+
+void
+ios_base::clear(iostate state)
+{
+    if (__rdbuf_)
+        __rdstate_ = state;
+    else
+        __rdstate_ = state | badbit;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (((state | (__rdbuf_ ? goodbit : badbit)) & __exceptions_) != 0)
+        throw failure("ios_base::clear");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+// init
+
+void
+ios_base::init(void* sb)
+{
+    __rdbuf_ = sb;
+    __rdstate_ = __rdbuf_ ? goodbit : badbit;
+    __exceptions_ = goodbit;
+    __fmtflags_ = skipws | dec;
+    __width_ = 0;
+    __precision_ = 6;
+    __fn_ = 0;
+    __index_ = 0;
+    __event_size_ = 0;
+    __event_cap_ = 0;
+    __iarray_ = 0;
+    __iarray_size_ = 0;
+    __iarray_cap_ = 0;
+    __parray_ = 0;
+    __parray_size_ = 0;
+    __parray_cap_ = 0;
+    ::new(&__loc_) locale;
+}
+
+void
+ios_base::copyfmt(const ios_base& rhs)
+{
+    // If we can't acquire the needed resources, throw bad_alloc (can't set badbit)
+    // Don't alter *this until all needed resources are aquired
+    unique_ptr<event_callback, void (*)(void*)> new_callbacks(0, free);
+    unique_ptr<int, void (*)(void*)> new_ints(0, free);
+    unique_ptr<long, void (*)(void*)> new_longs(0, free);
+    unique_ptr<void*, void (*)(void*)> new_pointers(0, free);
+    if (__event_cap_ < rhs.__event_size_)
+    {
+        new_callbacks.reset((event_callback*)malloc(sizeof(event_callback) * rhs.__event_size_));
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (!new_callbacks)
+            throw bad_alloc();
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        new_ints.reset((int*)malloc(sizeof(int) * rhs.__event_size_));
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (!new_ints)
+            throw bad_alloc();
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    if (__iarray_cap_ < rhs.__iarray_size_)
+    {
+        new_longs.reset((long*)malloc(sizeof(long) * rhs.__iarray_size_));
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (!new_longs)
+            throw bad_alloc();
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    if (__parray_cap_ < rhs.__parray_size_)
+    {
+        new_pointers.reset((void**)malloc(sizeof(void*) * rhs.__parray_size_));
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (!new_pointers)
+            throw bad_alloc();
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    // Got everything we need.  Copy everything but __rdstate_, __rdbuf_ and __exceptions_
+    __fmtflags_ = rhs.__fmtflags_;
+    __precision_ = rhs.__precision_;
+    __width_ = rhs.__width_;
+    locale& lhs_loc = *(locale*)&__loc_;
+    locale& rhs_loc = *(locale*)&rhs.__loc_;
+    lhs_loc = rhs_loc;
+    if (__event_cap_ < rhs.__event_size_)
+    {
+        free(__fn_);
+        __fn_ = new_callbacks.release();
+        free(__index_);
+        __index_ = new_ints.release();
+        __event_cap_ = rhs.__event_size_;
+    }
+    for (__event_size_ = 0; __event_size_ < rhs.__event_size_; ++__event_size_)
+    {
+        __fn_[__event_size_] = rhs.__fn_[__event_size_];
+        __index_[__event_size_] = rhs.__index_[__event_size_];
+    }
+    if (__iarray_cap_ < rhs.__iarray_size_)
+    {
+        free(__iarray_);
+        __iarray_ = new_longs.release();
+        __iarray_cap_ = rhs.__iarray_size_;
+    }
+    for (__iarray_size_ = 0; __iarray_size_ < rhs.__iarray_size_; ++__iarray_size_)
+        __iarray_[__iarray_size_] = rhs.__iarray_[__iarray_size_];
+    if (__parray_cap_ < rhs.__parray_size_)
+    {
+        free(__parray_);
+        __parray_ = new_pointers.release();
+        __parray_cap_ = rhs.__parray_size_;
+    }
+    for (__parray_size_ = 0; __parray_size_ < rhs.__parray_size_; ++__parray_size_)
+        __parray_[__parray_size_] = rhs.__parray_[__parray_size_];
+}
+
+void
+ios_base::move(ios_base& rhs)
+{
+    // *this is uninitialized
+    __fmtflags_ = rhs.__fmtflags_;
+    __precision_ = rhs.__precision_;
+    __width_ = rhs.__width_;
+    __rdstate_ = rhs.__rdstate_;
+    __exceptions_ = rhs.__exceptions_;
+    __rdbuf_ = 0;
+    locale& rhs_loc = *(locale*)&rhs.__loc_;
+    ::new(&__loc_) locale(rhs_loc);
+    __fn_ = rhs.__fn_;
+    rhs.__fn_ = 0;
+    __index_ = rhs.__index_;
+    rhs.__index_ = 0;
+    __event_size_ = rhs.__event_size_;
+    rhs.__event_size_ = 0;
+    __event_cap_ = rhs.__event_cap_;
+    rhs.__event_cap_ = 0;
+    __iarray_ = rhs.__iarray_;
+    rhs.__iarray_ = 0;
+    __iarray_size_ = rhs.__iarray_size_;
+    rhs.__iarray_size_ = 0;
+    __iarray_cap_ = rhs.__iarray_cap_;
+    rhs.__iarray_cap_ = 0;
+    __parray_ = rhs.__parray_;
+    rhs.__parray_ = 0;
+    __parray_size_ = rhs.__parray_size_;
+    rhs.__parray_size_ = 0;
+    __parray_cap_ = rhs.__parray_cap_;
+    rhs.__parray_cap_ = 0;
+}
+
+void
+ios_base::swap(ios_base& rhs)
+{
+    _VSTD::swap(__fmtflags_, rhs.__fmtflags_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__precision_, rhs.__precision_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__width_, rhs.__width_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__rdstate_, rhs.__rdstate_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__exceptions_, rhs.__exceptions_);
+    locale& lhs_loc = *(locale*)&__loc_;
+    locale& rhs_loc = *(locale*)&rhs.__loc_;
+    _VSTD::swap(lhs_loc, rhs_loc);
+    _VSTD::swap(__fn_, rhs.__fn_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__index_, rhs.__index_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__event_size_, rhs.__event_size_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__event_cap_, rhs.__event_cap_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__iarray_, rhs.__iarray_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__iarray_size_, rhs.__iarray_size_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__iarray_cap_, rhs.__iarray_cap_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__parray_, rhs.__parray_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__parray_size_, rhs.__parray_size_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__parray_cap_, rhs.__parray_cap_);
+}
+
+void
+ios_base::__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow()
+{
+    __rdstate_ |= badbit;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__exceptions_ & badbit)
+        throw;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+void
+ios_base::__set_failbit_and_consider_rethrow()
+{
+    __rdstate_ |= failbit;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__exceptions_ & failbit)
+        throw;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+bool
+ios_base::sync_with_stdio(bool sync)
+{
+    static bool previous_state = true;
+    bool r = previous_state;
+    previous_state = sync;
+    return r;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
diff --git a/src/iostream.cpp b/src/iostream.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..157c3977d478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/iostream.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//===------------------------ iostream.cpp --------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "__std_stream"
+#include "string"
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+static __stdinbuf<char>  __cin(stdin);
+static __stdoutbuf<char> __cout(stdout);
+static __stdoutbuf<char> __cerr(stderr);
+static __stdinbuf<wchar_t>  __wcin(stdin);
+static __stdoutbuf<wchar_t> __wcout(stdout);
+static __stdoutbuf<wchar_t> __wcerr(stderr);
+
+istream cin(&__cin);
+ostream cout(&__cout);
+ostream cerr(&__cerr);
+ostream clog(&__cerr);
+wistream wcin(&__wcin);
+wostream wcout(&__wcout);
+wostream wcerr(&__wcerr);
+wostream wclog(&__wcerr);
+
+ios_base::Init __start_std_streams;
+
+ios_base::Init::Init()
+{
+    cin.tie(&cout);
+    _VSTD::unitbuf(cerr);
+    cerr.tie(&cout);
+
+    wcin.tie(&wcout);
+    _VSTD::unitbuf(wcerr);
+    wcerr.tie(&wcout);
+}
+
+ios_base::Init::~Init()
+{
+    cout.flush();
+    clog.flush();
+
+    wcout.flush();
+    wclog.flush();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
diff --git a/src/locale.cpp b/src/locale.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b90e163a02a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/locale.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,5829 @@
+//===------------------------- locale.cpp ---------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "string"
+#include "locale"
+#include "codecvt"
+#include "vector"
+#include "algorithm"
+#include "algorithm"
+#include "typeinfo"
+#include "type_traits"
+#include "clocale"
+#include "cstring"
+#include "cwctype"
+#include "__sso_allocator"
+#if _WIN32
+#include <support/win32/locale_win32.h>
+#else // _WIN32
+#include <langinfo.h>
+#endif // _!WIN32
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifdef __cloc_defined
+locale_t __cloc() {
+  // In theory this could create a race condition. In practice
+  // the race condition is non-fatal since it will just create
+  // a little resource leak. Better approach would be appreciated.
+  static locale_t result = newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, "C", 0);
+  return result;
+}
+#endif // __cloc_defined
+
+namespace {
+
+struct release
+{
+    void operator()(locale::facet* p) {p->__release_shared();}
+};
+
+template <class T, class A0>
+inline
+T&
+make(A0 a0)
+{
+    static typename aligned_storage<sizeof(T)>::type buf;
+    ::new (&buf) T(a0);
+    return *(T*)&buf;
+}
+
+template <class T, class A0, class A1>
+inline
+T&
+make(A0 a0, A1 a1)
+{
+    static typename aligned_storage<sizeof(T)>::type buf;
+    ::new (&buf) T(a0, a1);
+    return *(T*)&buf;
+}
+
+template <class T, class A0, class A1, class A2>
+inline
+T&
+make(A0 a0, A1 a1, A2 a2)
+{
+    static typename aligned_storage<sizeof(T)>::type buf;
+    ::new (&buf) T(a0, a1, a2);
+    return *(T*)&buf;
+}
+
+}
+
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN locale::__imp
+    : public facet
+{
+    enum {N = 28};
+    string         name_;
+    vector<facet*, __sso_allocator<facet*, N> > facets_;
+public:
+    explicit __imp(size_t refs = 0);
+    explicit __imp(const string& name, size_t refs = 0);
+    __imp(const __imp&);
+    __imp(const __imp&, const string&, locale::category c);
+    __imp(const __imp& other, const __imp& one, locale::category c);
+    __imp(const __imp&, facet* f, long id);
+    ~__imp();
+
+    const string& name() const {return name_;}
+    bool has_facet(long id) const {return id < facets_.size() && facets_[id];}
+    const locale::facet* use_facet(long id) const;
+
+    static const locale& make_classic();
+    static       locale& make_global();
+private:
+    void install(facet* f, long id);
+    template <class F> void install(F* f) {install(f, f->id.__get());}
+    template <class F> void install_from(const __imp& other);
+};
+
+locale::__imp::__imp(size_t refs)
+    : facet(refs),
+      name_("C"),
+      facets_(N)
+{
+    facets_.clear();
+    install(&make<_VSTD::collate<char> >(1));
+    install(&make<_VSTD::collate<wchar_t> >(1));
+    install(&make<_VSTD::ctype<char> >((ctype_base::mask*)0, false, 1));
+    install(&make<_VSTD::ctype<wchar_t> >(1));
+    install(&make<codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t> >(1));
+    install(&make<codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t> >(1));
+    install(&make<codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t> >(1));
+    install(&make<codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t> >(1));
+    install(&make<numpunct<char> >(1));
+    install(&make<numpunct<wchar_t> >(1));
+    install(&make<num_get<char> >(1));
+    install(&make<num_get<wchar_t> >(1));
+    install(&make<num_put<char> >(1));
+    install(&make<num_put<wchar_t> >(1));
+    install(&make<moneypunct<char, false> >(1));
+    install(&make<moneypunct<char, true> >(1));
+    install(&make<moneypunct<wchar_t, false> >(1));
+    install(&make<moneypunct<wchar_t, true> >(1));
+    install(&make<money_get<char> >(1));
+    install(&make<money_get<wchar_t> >(1));
+    install(&make<money_put<char> >(1));
+    install(&make<money_put<wchar_t> >(1));
+    install(&make<time_get<char> >(1));
+    install(&make<time_get<wchar_t> >(1));
+    install(&make<time_put<char> >(1));
+    install(&make<time_put<wchar_t> >(1));
+    install(&make<_VSTD::messages<char> >(1));
+    install(&make<_VSTD::messages<wchar_t> >(1));
+}
+
+locale::__imp::__imp(const string& name, size_t refs)
+    : facet(refs),
+      name_(name),
+      facets_(N)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        facets_ = locale::classic().__locale_->facets_;
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
+            if (facets_[i])
+                facets_[i]->__add_shared();
+        install(new collate_byname<char>(name_));
+        install(new collate_byname<wchar_t>(name_));
+        install(new ctype_byname<char>(name_));
+        install(new ctype_byname<wchar_t>(name_));
+        install(new codecvt_byname<char, char, mbstate_t>(name_));
+        install(new codecvt_byname<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>(name_));
+        install(new codecvt_byname<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>(name_));
+        install(new codecvt_byname<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>(name_));
+        install(new numpunct_byname<char>(name_));
+        install(new numpunct_byname<wchar_t>(name_));
+        install(new moneypunct_byname<char, false>(name_));
+        install(new moneypunct_byname<char, true>(name_));
+        install(new moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, false>(name_));
+        install(new moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, true>(name_));
+        install(new time_get_byname<char>(name_));
+        install(new time_get_byname<wchar_t>(name_));
+        install(new time_put_byname<char>(name_));
+        install(new time_put_byname<wchar_t>(name_));
+        install(new messages_byname<char>(name_));
+        install(new messages_byname<wchar_t>(name_));
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
+            if (facets_[i])
+                facets_[i]->__release_shared();
+        throw;
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+locale::__imp::__imp(const __imp& other)
+    : name_(other.name_),
+      facets_(max<size_t>(N, other.facets_.size()))
+{
+    facets_ = other.facets_;
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
+        if (facets_[i])
+            facets_[i]->__add_shared();
+}
+
+locale::__imp::__imp(const __imp& other, const string& name, locale::category c)
+    : name_("*"),
+      facets_(N)
+{
+    facets_ = other.facets_;
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
+        if (facets_[i])
+            facets_[i]->__add_shared();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (c & locale::collate)
+        {
+            install(new collate_byname<char>(name));
+            install(new collate_byname<wchar_t>(name));
+        }
+        if (c & locale::ctype)
+        {
+            install(new ctype_byname<char>(name));
+            install(new ctype_byname<wchar_t>(name));
+            install(new codecvt_byname<char, char, mbstate_t>(name));
+            install(new codecvt_byname<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>(name));
+            install(new codecvt_byname<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>(name));
+            install(new codecvt_byname<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>(name));
+        }
+        if (c & locale::monetary)
+        {
+            install(new moneypunct_byname<char, false>(name));
+            install(new moneypunct_byname<char, true>(name));
+            install(new moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, false>(name));
+            install(new moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, true>(name));
+        }
+        if (c & locale::numeric)
+        {
+            install(new numpunct_byname<char>(name));
+            install(new numpunct_byname<wchar_t>(name));
+        }
+        if (c & locale::time)
+        {
+            install(new time_get_byname<char>(name));
+            install(new time_get_byname<wchar_t>(name));
+            install(new time_put_byname<char>(name));
+            install(new time_put_byname<wchar_t>(name));
+        }
+        if (c & locale::messages)
+        {
+            install(new messages_byname<char>(name));
+            install(new messages_byname<wchar_t>(name));
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
+            if (facets_[i])
+                facets_[i]->__release_shared();
+        throw;
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template<class F>
+inline
+void
+locale::__imp::install_from(const locale::__imp& one)
+{
+    long id = F::id.__get();
+    install(const_cast<F*>(static_cast<const F*>(one.use_facet(id))), id);
+}
+
+locale::__imp::__imp(const __imp& other, const __imp& one, locale::category c)
+    : name_("*"),
+      facets_(N)
+{
+    facets_ = other.facets_;
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
+        if (facets_[i])
+            facets_[i]->__add_shared();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (c & locale::collate)
+        {
+            install_from<_VSTD::collate<char> >(one);
+            install_from<_VSTD::collate<wchar_t> >(one);
+        }
+        if (c & locale::ctype)
+        {
+            install_from<_VSTD::ctype<char> >(one);
+            install_from<_VSTD::ctype<wchar_t> >(one);
+            install_from<_VSTD::codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t> >(one);
+            install_from<_VSTD::codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t> >(one);
+            install_from<_VSTD::codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t> >(one);
+            install_from<_VSTD::codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t> >(one);
+        }
+        if (c & locale::monetary)
+        {
+            install_from<moneypunct<char, false> >(one);
+            install_from<moneypunct<char, true> >(one);
+            install_from<moneypunct<wchar_t, false> >(one);
+            install_from<moneypunct<wchar_t, true> >(one);
+            install_from<money_get<char> >(one);
+            install_from<money_get<wchar_t> >(one);
+            install_from<money_put<char> >(one);
+            install_from<money_put<wchar_t> >(one);
+        }
+        if (c & locale::numeric)
+        {
+            install_from<numpunct<char> >(one);
+            install_from<numpunct<wchar_t> >(one);
+            install_from<num_get<char> >(one);
+            install_from<num_get<wchar_t> >(one);
+            install_from<num_put<char> >(one);
+            install_from<num_put<wchar_t> >(one);
+        }
+        if (c & locale::time)
+        {
+            install_from<time_get<char> >(one);
+            install_from<time_get<wchar_t> >(one);
+            install_from<time_put<char> >(one);
+            install_from<time_put<wchar_t> >(one);
+        }
+        if (c & locale::messages)
+        {
+            install_from<_VSTD::messages<char> >(one);
+            install_from<_VSTD::messages<wchar_t> >(one);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
+            if (facets_[i])
+                facets_[i]->__release_shared();
+        throw;
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+locale::__imp::__imp(const __imp& other, facet* f, long id)
+    : name_("*"),
+      facets_(max<size_t>(N, other.facets_.size()+1))
+{
+    f->__add_shared();
+    unique_ptr<facet, release> hold(f);
+    facets_ = other.facets_;
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < other.facets_.size(); ++i)
+        if (facets_[i])
+            facets_[i]->__add_shared();
+    install(hold.get(), id);
+}
+
+locale::__imp::~__imp()
+{
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
+        if (facets_[i])
+            facets_[i]->__release_shared();
+}
+
+void
+locale::__imp::install(facet* f, long id)
+{
+    f->__add_shared();
+    unique_ptr<facet, release> hold(f);
+    if (id >= facets_.size())
+        facets_.resize(id+1);
+    if (facets_[id])
+        facets_[id]->__release_shared();
+    facets_[id] = hold.release();
+}
+
+const locale::facet*
+locale::__imp::use_facet(long id) const
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (!has_facet(id))
+        throw bad_cast();
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return facets_[id];
+}
+
+// locale
+
+const locale&
+locale::__imp::make_classic()
+{
+    // only one thread can get in here and it only gets in once
+    static aligned_storage<sizeof(locale)>::type buf;
+    locale* c = (locale*)&buf;
+    c->__locale_ = &make<__imp>(1);
+    return *c;
+}
+
+const locale&
+locale::classic()
+{
+    static const locale& c = __imp::make_classic();
+    return c;
+}
+
+locale&
+locale::__imp::make_global()
+{
+    // only one thread can get in here and it only gets in once
+    static aligned_storage<sizeof(locale)>::type buf;
+    locale* g = (locale*)&buf;
+    ::new (&buf) locale(locale::classic());
+    return *(locale*)&buf;
+}
+
+locale&
+locale::__global()
+{
+    static locale& g = __imp::make_global();
+    return g;
+}
+
+locale::locale()  _NOEXCEPT
+    : __locale_(__global().__locale_)
+{
+    __locale_->__add_shared();
+}
+
+locale::locale(const locale& l)  _NOEXCEPT
+    : __locale_(l.__locale_)
+{
+    __locale_->__add_shared();
+}
+
+locale::~locale()
+{
+    __locale_->__release_shared();
+}
+
+const locale&
+locale::operator=(const locale& other)  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    other.__locale_->__add_shared();
+    __locale_->__release_shared();
+    __locale_ = other.__locale_;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+locale::locale(const char* name)
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    : __locale_(name ? new __imp(name)
+                     : throw runtime_error("locale constructed with null"))
+#else  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    : __locale_(new __imp(name))
+#endif
+{
+    __locale_->__add_shared();
+}
+
+locale::locale(const string& name)
+    : __locale_(new __imp(name))
+{
+    __locale_->__add_shared();
+}
+
+locale::locale(const locale& other, const char* name, category c)
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    : __locale_(name ? new __imp(*other.__locale_, name, c)
+                     : throw runtime_error("locale constructed with null"))
+#else  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    : __locale_(new __imp(*other.__locale_, name, c))
+#endif
+{
+    __locale_->__add_shared();
+}
+
+locale::locale(const locale& other, const string& name, category c)
+    : __locale_(new __imp(*other.__locale_, name, c))
+{
+    __locale_->__add_shared();
+}
+
+locale::locale(const locale& other, const locale& one, category c)
+    : __locale_(new __imp(*other.__locale_, *one.__locale_, c))
+{
+    __locale_->__add_shared();
+}
+
+string
+locale::name() const
+{
+    return __locale_->name();
+}
+
+void
+locale::__install_ctor(const locale& other, facet* f, long id)
+{
+    if (f)
+        __locale_ = new __imp(*other.__locale_, f, id);
+    else
+        __locale_ = other.__locale_;
+    __locale_->__add_shared();
+}
+
+locale
+locale::global(const locale& loc)
+{
+    locale& g = __global();
+    locale r = g;
+    g = loc;
+    if (g.name() != "*")
+        setlocale(LC_ALL, g.name().c_str());
+    return r;
+}
+
+bool
+locale::has_facet(id& x) const
+{
+    return __locale_->has_facet(x.__get());
+}
+
+const locale::facet*
+locale::use_facet(id& x) const
+{
+    return __locale_->use_facet(x.__get());
+}
+
+bool
+locale::operator==(const locale& y) const
+{
+    return (__locale_ == y.__locale_)
+        || (__locale_->name() != "*" && __locale_->name() == y.__locale_->name());
+}
+
+// locale::facet
+
+locale::facet::~facet()
+{
+}
+
+void
+locale::facet::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    delete this;
+}
+
+// locale::id
+
+int32_t locale::id::__next_id = 0;
+
+namespace
+{
+
+class __fake_bind
+{
+    locale::id* id_;
+    void (locale::id::* pmf_)();
+public:
+    __fake_bind(void (locale::id::* pmf)(), locale::id* id)
+        : id_(id), pmf_(pmf) {}
+
+    void operator()() const
+    {
+        (id_->*pmf_)();
+    }
+};
+
+}
+
+long
+locale::id::__get()
+{
+    call_once(__flag_, __fake_bind(&locale::id::__init, this));
+    return __id_ - 1;
+}
+
+void
+locale::id::__init()
+{
+    __id_ = __sync_add_and_fetch(&__next_id, 1);
+}
+
+// template <> class collate_byname<char>
+
+collate_byname<char>::collate_byname(const char* n, size_t refs)
+    : collate<char>(refs),
+      __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, n, 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__l == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("collate_byname<char>::collate_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(n));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+collate_byname<char>::collate_byname(const string& name, size_t refs)
+    : collate<char>(refs),
+      __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, name.c_str(), 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__l == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("collate_byname<char>::collate_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + name);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+collate_byname<char>::~collate_byname()
+{
+    freelocale(__l);
+}
+
+int
+collate_byname<char>::do_compare(const char_type* __lo1, const char_type* __hi1,
+                                 const char_type* __lo2, const char_type* __hi2) const
+{
+    string_type lhs(__lo1, __hi1);
+    string_type rhs(__lo2, __hi2);
+    int r = strcoll_l(lhs.c_str(), rhs.c_str(), __l);
+    if (r < 0)
+        return -1;
+    if (r > 0)
+        return 1;
+    return r;
+}
+
+collate_byname<char>::string_type
+collate_byname<char>::do_transform(const char_type* lo, const char_type* hi) const
+{
+    const string_type in(lo, hi);
+    string_type out(strxfrm_l(0, in.c_str(), 0, __l), char());
+    strxfrm_l(const_cast<char*>(out.c_str()), in.c_str(), out.size()+1, __l);
+    return out;
+}
+
+// template <> class collate_byname<wchar_t>
+
+collate_byname<wchar_t>::collate_byname(const char* n, size_t refs)
+    : collate<wchar_t>(refs),
+      __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, n, 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__l == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("collate_byname<wchar_t>::collate_byname(size_t refs)"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(n));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+collate_byname<wchar_t>::collate_byname(const string& name, size_t refs)
+    : collate<wchar_t>(refs),
+      __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, name.c_str(), 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__l == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("collate_byname<wchar_t>::collate_byname(size_t refs)"
+                            " failed to construct for " + name);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+collate_byname<wchar_t>::~collate_byname()
+{
+    freelocale(__l);
+}
+
+int
+collate_byname<wchar_t>::do_compare(const char_type* __lo1, const char_type* __hi1,
+                                 const char_type* __lo2, const char_type* __hi2) const
+{
+    string_type lhs(__lo1, __hi1);
+    string_type rhs(__lo2, __hi2);
+    int r = wcscoll_l(lhs.c_str(), rhs.c_str(), __l);
+    if (r < 0)
+        return -1;
+    if (r > 0)
+        return 1;
+    return r;
+}
+
+collate_byname<wchar_t>::string_type
+collate_byname<wchar_t>::do_transform(const char_type* lo, const char_type* hi) const
+{
+    const string_type in(lo, hi);
+    string_type out(wcsxfrm_l(0, in.c_str(), 0, __l), wchar_t());
+    wcsxfrm_l(const_cast<wchar_t*>(out.c_str()), in.c_str(), out.size()+1, __l);
+    return out;
+}
+
+// template <> class ctype<wchar_t>;
+
+locale::id ctype<wchar_t>::id;
+
+ctype<wchar_t>::~ctype()
+{
+}
+
+bool
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_is(mask m, char_type c) const
+{
+    return isascii(c) ? ctype<char>::classic_table()[c] & m : false;
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_is(const char_type* low, const char_type* high, mask* vec) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low, ++vec)
+        *vec = static_cast<mask>(isascii(*low) ?
+                                   ctype<char>::classic_table()[*low] : 0);
+    return low;
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_scan_is(mask m, const char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+        if (isascii(*low) && (ctype<char>::classic_table()[*low] & m))
+            break;
+    return low;
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_scan_not(mask m, const char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+        if (!(isascii(*low) && (ctype<char>::classic_table()[*low] & m)))
+            break;
+    return low;
+}
+
+wchar_t
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_toupper(char_type c) const
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
+    return isascii(c) ? _DefaultRuneLocale.__mapupper[c] : c;
+#elif defined(__GLIBC__)
+    return isascii(c) ? ctype<char>::__classic_upper_table()[c] : c;
+#else
+    return (isascii(c) && iswlower_l(c, __cloc())) ? c-L'a'+L'A' : c;
+#endif
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_toupper(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
+        *low = isascii(*low) ? _DefaultRuneLocale.__mapupper[*low] : *low;
+#elif defined(__GLIBC__)
+        *low = isascii(*low) ? ctype<char>::__classic_upper_table()[*low]
+                             : *low;
+#else
+        *low = (isascii(*low) && islower_l(*low, __cloc())) ? (*low-L'a'+L'A') : *low;
+#endif
+    return low;
+}
+
+wchar_t
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_tolower(char_type c) const
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
+    return isascii(c) ? _DefaultRuneLocale.__maplower[c] : c;
+#elif defined(__GLIBC__)
+    return isascii(c) ? ctype<char>::__classic_lower_table()[c] : c;
+#else
+    return (isascii(c) && isupper_l(c, __cloc())) ? c-L'A'+'a' : c;
+#endif
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_tolower(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
+        *low = isascii(*low) ? _DefaultRuneLocale.__maplower[*low] : *low;
+#elif defined(__GLIBC__)
+        *low = isascii(*low) ? ctype<char>::__classic_lower_table()[*low]
+                             : *low;
+#else
+        *low = (isascii(*low) && isupper_l(*low, __cloc())) ? *low-L'A'+L'a' : *low;
+#endif
+    return low;
+}
+
+wchar_t
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_widen(char c) const
+{
+    return c;
+}
+
+const char*
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_widen(const char* low, const char* high, char_type* dest) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low, ++dest)
+        *dest = *low;
+    return low;
+}
+
+char
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_narrow(char_type c, char dfault) const
+{
+    if (isascii(c))
+        return static_cast<char>(c);
+    return dfault;
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_narrow(const char_type* low, const char_type* high, char dfault, char* dest) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low, ++dest)
+        if (isascii(*low))
+            *dest = *low;
+        else
+            *dest = dfault;
+    return low;
+}
+
+// template <> class ctype<char>;
+
+locale::id ctype<char>::id;
+
+ctype<char>::ctype(const mask* tab, bool del, size_t refs)
+    : locale::facet(refs),
+      __tab_(tab),
+      __del_(del)
+{
+  if (__tab_ == 0)
+      __tab_ = classic_table();
+}
+
+ctype<char>::~ctype()
+{
+    if (__tab_ && __del_)
+        delete [] __tab_;
+}
+
+char
+ctype<char>::do_toupper(char_type c) const
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
+    return isascii(c) ? _DefaultRuneLocale.__mapupper[c] : c;
+#elif defined(__GLIBC__)
+    return isascii(c) ? __classic_upper_table()[c] : c;
+#else
+    return (isascii(c) && islower_l(c, __cloc())) ? c-'a'+'A' : c;
+#endif
+}
+
+const char*
+ctype<char>::do_toupper(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
+        *low = isascii(*low) ? _DefaultRuneLocale.__mapupper[*low] : *low;
+#elif defined(__GLIBC__)
+        *low = isascii(*low) ? __classic_upper_table()[*low] : *low;
+#else
+        *low = (isascii(*low) && islower_l(*low, __cloc())) ? *low-'a'+'A' : *low;
+#endif
+    return low;
+}
+
+char
+ctype<char>::do_tolower(char_type c) const
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
+    return isascii(c) ? _DefaultRuneLocale.__maplower[c] : c;
+#elif defined(__GLIBC__)
+    return isascii(c) ? __classic_lower_table()[c] : c;
+#else
+    return (isascii(c) && isupper_l(c, __cloc())) ? c-'A'+'a' : c;
+#endif
+}
+
+const char*
+ctype<char>::do_tolower(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
+        *low = isascii(*low) ? _DefaultRuneLocale.__maplower[*low] : *low;
+#elif defined(__GLIBC__)
+        *low = isascii(*low) ? __classic_lower_table()[*low] : *low;
+#else
+        *low = (isascii(*low) && isupper_l(*low, __cloc())) ? *low-'A'+'a' : *low;
+#endif
+    return low;
+}
+
+char
+ctype<char>::do_widen(char c) const
+{
+    return c;
+}
+
+const char*
+ctype<char>::do_widen(const char* low, const char* high, char_type* dest) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low, ++dest)
+        *dest = *low;
+    return low;
+}
+
+char
+ctype<char>::do_narrow(char_type c, char dfault) const
+{
+    if (isascii(c))
+        return static_cast<char>(c);
+    return dfault;
+}
+
+const char*
+ctype<char>::do_narrow(const char_type* low, const char_type* high, char dfault, char* dest) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low, ++dest)
+        if (isascii(*low))
+            *dest = *low;
+        else
+            *dest = dfault;
+    return low;
+}
+
+const ctype<char>::mask*
+ctype<char>::classic_table()  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
+    return _DefaultRuneLocale.__runetype;
+#elif defined(__GLIBC__)
+    return __cloc()->__ctype_b;
+#elif _WIN32
+    return _ctype+1; // internal ctype mask table defined in msvcrt.dll
+// This is assumed to be safe, which is a nonsense assumption because we're
+// going to end up dereferencing it later...
+#else
+    return NULL;
+#endif
+}
+
+#if defined(__GLIBC__)
+const int*
+ctype<char>::__classic_lower_table() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __cloc()->__ctype_tolower;
+}
+
+const int*
+ctype<char>::__classic_upper_table() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __cloc()->__ctype_toupper;
+}
+#endif // __GLIBC__
+
+// template <> class ctype_byname<char>
+
+ctype_byname<char>::ctype_byname(const char* name, size_t refs)
+    : ctype<char>(0, false, refs),
+      __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, name, 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__l == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("ctype_byname<char>::ctype_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(name));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+ctype_byname<char>::ctype_byname(const string& name, size_t refs)
+    : ctype<char>(0, false, refs),
+      __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, name.c_str(), 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__l == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("ctype_byname<char>::ctype_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + name);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+ctype_byname<char>::~ctype_byname()
+{
+    freelocale(__l);
+}
+
+char
+ctype_byname<char>::do_toupper(char_type c) const
+{
+    return toupper_l(c, __l);
+}
+
+const char*
+ctype_byname<char>::do_toupper(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+        *low = toupper_l(*low, __l);
+    return low;
+}
+
+char
+ctype_byname<char>::do_tolower(char_type c) const
+{
+    return tolower_l(c, __l);
+}
+
+const char*
+ctype_byname<char>::do_tolower(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+        *low = tolower_l(*low, __l);
+    return low;
+}
+
+// template <> class ctype_byname<wchar_t>
+
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::ctype_byname(const char* name, size_t refs)
+    : ctype<wchar_t>(refs),
+      __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, name, 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__l == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("ctype_byname<wchar_t>::ctype_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(name));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::ctype_byname(const string& name, size_t refs)
+    : ctype<wchar_t>(refs),
+      __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, name.c_str(), 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__l == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("ctype_byname<wchar_t>::ctype_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + name);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::~ctype_byname()
+{
+    freelocale(__l);
+}
+
+bool
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_is(mask m, char_type c) const
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_WCTYPE_IS_MASK
+    return static_cast<bool>(iswctype_l(c, m, __l));
+#else
+    bool result = true;
+    if (m & space && !iswspace_l(c, __l)) result = false;
+    if (m & print && !iswprint_l(c, __l)) result = false;
+    if (m & cntrl && !iswcntrl_l(c, __l)) result = false;
+    if (m & upper && !iswupper_l(c, __l)) result = false;
+    if (m & lower && !iswlower_l(c, __l)) result = false;
+    if (m & alpha && !iswalpha_l(c, __l)) result = false;
+    if (m & digit && !iswdigit_l(c, __l)) result = false;
+    if (m & punct && !iswpunct_l(c, __l)) result = false;
+    if (m & xdigit && !iswxdigit_l(c, __l)) result = false;
+    if (m & blank && !iswblank_l(c, __l)) result = false;
+    return result;
+#endif
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_is(const char_type* low, const char_type* high, mask* vec) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low, ++vec)
+    {
+        if (isascii(*low))
+            *vec = static_cast<mask>(ctype<char>::classic_table()[*low]);
+        else
+        {
+            *vec = 0;
+            if (iswspace_l(*low, __l))
+                *vec |= space;
+            if (iswprint_l(*low, __l))
+                *vec |= print;
+            if (iswcntrl_l(*low, __l))
+                *vec |= cntrl;
+            if (iswupper_l(*low, __l))
+                *vec |= upper;
+            if (iswlower_l(*low, __l))
+                *vec |= lower;
+            if (iswalpha_l(*low, __l))
+                *vec |= alpha;
+            if (iswdigit_l(*low, __l))
+                *vec |= digit;
+            if (iswpunct_l(*low, __l))
+                *vec |= punct;
+            if (iswxdigit_l(*low, __l))
+                *vec |= xdigit;
+        }
+    }
+    return low;
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_scan_is(mask m, const char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+    {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_WCTYPE_IS_MASK
+        if (iswctype_l(*low, m, __l))
+            break;
+#else
+        if (m & space && !iswspace_l(*low, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & print && !iswprint_l(*low, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & cntrl && !iswcntrl_l(*low, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & upper && !iswupper_l(*low, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & lower && !iswlower_l(*low, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & alpha && !iswalpha_l(*low, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & digit && !iswdigit_l(*low, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & punct && !iswpunct_l(*low, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & xdigit && !iswxdigit_l(*low, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & blank && !iswblank_l(*low, __l)) continue;
+        break;
+#endif
+    }
+    return low;
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_scan_not(mask m, const char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+    {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_WCTYPE_IS_MASK
+        if (!iswctype_l(*low, m, __l))
+            break;
+#else
+        if (m & space && iswspace_l(*low, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & print && iswprint_l(*low, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & cntrl && iswcntrl_l(*low, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & upper && iswupper_l(*low, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & lower && iswlower_l(*low, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & alpha && iswalpha_l(*low, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & digit && iswdigit_l(*low, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & punct && iswpunct_l(*low, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & xdigit && iswxdigit_l(*low, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & blank && iswblank_l(*low, __l)) continue;
+        break;
+#endif
+    }
+    return low;
+}
+
+wchar_t
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_toupper(char_type c) const
+{
+    return towupper_l(c, __l);
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_toupper(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+        *low = towupper_l(*low, __l);
+    return low;
+}
+
+wchar_t
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_tolower(char_type c) const
+{
+    return towlower_l(c, __l);
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_tolower(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+        *low = towlower_l(*low, __l);
+    return low;
+}
+
+wchar_t
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_widen(char c) const
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    return btowc_l(c, __l);
+#else
+    return __btowc_l(c, __l);
+#endif
+}
+
+const char*
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_widen(const char* low, const char* high, char_type* dest) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low, ++dest)
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        *dest = btowc_l(*low, __l);
+#else
+        *dest = __btowc_l(*low, __l);
+#endif
+    return low;
+}
+
+char
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_narrow(char_type c, char dfault) const
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    int r = wctob_l(c, __l);
+#else
+    int r = __wctob_l(c, __l);
+#endif
+    return r != WEOF ? static_cast<char>(r) : dfault;
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_narrow(const char_type* low, const char_type* high, char dfault, char* dest) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low, ++dest)
+    {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        int r = wctob_l(*low, __l);
+#else
+        int r = __wctob_l(*low, __l);
+#endif
+        *dest = r != WEOF ? static_cast<char>(r) : dfault;
+    }
+    return low;
+}
+
+// template <> class codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>
+
+locale::id codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::id;
+
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::~codecvt()
+{
+}
+
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type*, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type*, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type*, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 1;
+}
+
+bool
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return true;
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    return static_cast<int>(min<size_t>(mx, end-frm));
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 1;
+}
+
+// template <> class codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>
+
+locale::id codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::id;
+
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::codecvt(size_t refs)
+    : locale::facet(refs),
+      __l(0)
+{
+}
+
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::codecvt(const char* nm, size_t refs)
+    : locale::facet(refs),
+      __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__l == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("codecvt_byname<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::codecvt_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::~codecvt()
+{
+    if (__l != 0)
+        freelocale(__l);
+}
+
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_out(state_type& st,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    // look for first internal null in frm
+    const intern_type* fend = frm;
+    for (; fend != frm_end; ++fend)
+        if (*fend == 0)
+            break;
+    // loop over all null-terminated sequences in frm
+    to_nxt = to;
+    for (frm_nxt = frm; frm != frm_end && to != to_end; frm = frm_nxt, to = to_nxt)
+    {
+        // save state in case needed to reover to_nxt on error
+        mbstate_t save_state = st;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        size_t n = wcsnrtombs_l(to, &frm_nxt, fend-frm, to_end-to, &st, __l);
+#else
+        size_t n = __wcsnrtombs_l(to, &frm_nxt, fend-frm, to_end-to, &st, __l);
+#endif
+        if (n == size_t(-1))
+        {
+            // need to recover to_nxt
+            for (to_nxt = to; frm != frm_nxt; ++frm)
+            {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+                n = wcrtomb_l(to_nxt, *frm, &save_state, __l);
+#else
+                n = __wcrtomb_l(to_nxt, *frm, &save_state, __l);
+#endif
+                if (n == size_t(-1))
+                    break;
+                to_nxt += n;
+            }
+            frm_nxt = frm;
+            return error;
+        }
+        if (n == 0)
+            return partial;
+        to_nxt += n;
+        if (to_nxt == to_end)
+            break;
+        if (fend != frm_end)  // set up next null terminated sequence
+        {
+            // Try to write the terminating null
+            extern_type tmp[MB_LEN_MAX];
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+            n = wcrtomb_l(tmp, intern_type(), &st, __l);
+#else
+            n = __wcrtomb_l(tmp, intern_type(), &st, __l);
+#endif
+            if (n == size_t(-1))  // on error
+                return error;
+            if (n > to_end-to_nxt)  // is there room?
+                return partial;
+            for (extern_type* p = tmp; n; --n)  // write it
+                *to_nxt++ = *p++;
+            ++frm_nxt;
+            // look for next null in frm
+            for (fend = frm_nxt; fend != frm_end; ++fend)
+                if (*fend == 0)
+                    break;
+        }
+    }
+    return frm_nxt == frm_end ? ok : partial;
+}
+
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_in(state_type& st,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    // look for first internal null in frm
+    const extern_type* fend = frm;
+    for (; fend != frm_end; ++fend)
+        if (*fend == 0)
+            break;
+    // loop over all null-terminated sequences in frm
+    to_nxt = to;
+    for (frm_nxt = frm; frm != frm_end && to != to_end; frm = frm_nxt, to = to_nxt)
+    {
+        // save state in case needed to reover to_nxt on error
+        mbstate_t save_state = st;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        size_t n = mbsnrtowcs_l(to, &frm_nxt, fend-frm, to_end-to, &st, __l);
+#else
+        size_t n = __mbsnrtowcs_l(to, &frm_nxt, fend-frm, to_end-to, &st, __l);
+#endif
+        if (n == size_t(-1))
+        {
+            // need to recover to_nxt
+            for (to_nxt = to; frm != frm_nxt; ++to_nxt)
+            {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+                n = mbrtowc_l(to_nxt, frm, fend-frm, &save_state, __l);
+#else
+                n = __mbrtowc_l(to_nxt, frm, fend-frm, &save_state, __l);
+#endif
+                switch (n)
+                {
+                case 0:
+                    ++frm;
+                    break;
+                case -1:
+                    frm_nxt = frm;
+                    return error;
+                case -2:
+                    frm_nxt = frm;
+                    return partial;
+                default:
+                    frm += n;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            frm_nxt = frm;
+            return frm_nxt == frm_end ? ok : partial;
+        }
+        if (n == 0)
+            return error;
+        to_nxt += n;
+        if (to_nxt == to_end)
+            break;
+        if (fend != frm_end)  // set up next null terminated sequence
+        {
+            // Try to write the terminating null
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+            n = mbrtowc_l(to_nxt, frm_nxt, 1, &st, __l);
+#else
+            n = __mbrtowc_l(to_nxt, frm_nxt, 1, &st, __l);
+#endif
+            if (n != 0)  // on error
+                return error;
+            ++to_nxt;
+            ++frm_nxt;
+            // look for next null in frm
+            for (fend = frm_nxt; fend != frm_end; ++fend)
+                if (*fend == 0)
+                    break;
+        }
+    }
+    return frm_nxt == frm_end ? ok : partial;
+}
+
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_unshift(state_type& st,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    extern_type tmp[MB_LEN_MAX];
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    size_t n = wcrtomb_l(tmp, intern_type(), &st, __l);
+#else
+    size_t n = __wcrtomb_l(tmp, intern_type(), &st, __l);
+#endif
+    if (n == size_t(-1) || n == 0)  // on error
+        return error;
+    --n;
+    if (n > to_end-to_nxt)  // is there room?
+        return partial;
+    for (extern_type* p = tmp; n; --n)  // write it
+        *to_nxt++ = *p++;
+    return ok;
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    if (mbtowc_l((wchar_t*) 0, (const char*) 0, MB_LEN_MAX, __l) == 0)
+#else
+    if (__mbtowc_l((wchar_t*) 0, (const char*) 0, MB_LEN_MAX, __l) == 0)
+#endif
+    {
+        // stateless encoding
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        if (__l == 0 || MB_CUR_MAX_L(__l) == 1)  // there are no known constant length encodings
+#else
+        if (__l == 0 || __mb_cur_max_l(__l) == 1)  // there are no known constant length encodings
+#endif
+            return 1;                // which take more than 1 char to form a wchar_t
+         return 0;
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+
+bool
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_length(state_type& st,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    int nbytes = 0;
+    for (size_t nwchar_t = 0; nwchar_t < mx && frm != frm_end; ++nwchar_t)
+    {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        size_t n = mbrlen_l(frm, frm_end-frm, &st, __l);
+#else
+        size_t n = __mbrlen_l(frm, frm_end-frm, &st, __l);
+#endif
+        switch (n)
+        {
+        case 0:
+            ++nbytes;
+            ++frm;
+            break;
+        case -1:
+        case -2:
+            return nbytes;
+        default:
+            nbytes += n;
+            frm += n;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return nbytes;
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    return __l == 0 ? 1 : MB_CUR_MAX_L(__l);
+#else
+    return __l == 0 ? 1 : __mb_cur_max_l(__l);
+#endif
+}
+
+//                                     Valid UTF ranges
+//     UTF-32               UTF-16                          UTF-8               # of code points
+//                     first      second       first   second    third   fourth
+// 000000 - 00007F  0000 - 007F               00 - 7F                                 127
+// 000080 - 0007FF  0080 - 07FF               C2 - DF, 80 - BF                       1920
+// 000800 - 000FFF  0800 - 0FFF               E0 - E0, A0 - BF, 80 - BF              2048
+// 001000 - 00CFFF  1000 - CFFF               E1 - EC, 80 - BF, 80 - BF             49152
+// 00D000 - 00D7FF  D000 - D7FF               ED - ED, 80 - 9F, 80 - BF              2048
+// 00D800 - 00DFFF                invalid
+// 00E000 - 00FFFF  E000 - FFFF               EE - EF, 80 - BF, 80 - BF              8192
+// 010000 - 03FFFF  D800 - D8BF, DC00 - DFFF  F0 - F0, 90 - BF, 80 - BF, 80 - BF   196608
+// 040000 - 0FFFFF  D8C0 - DBBF, DC00 - DFFF  F1 - F3, 80 - BF, 80 - BF, 80 - BF   786432
+// 100000 - 10FFFF  DBC0 - DBFF, DC00 - DFFF  F4 - F4, 80 - 8F, 80 - BF, 80 - BF    65536
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+utf16_to_utf8(const uint16_t* frm, const uint16_t* frm_end, const uint16_t*& frm_nxt,
+              uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
+              unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & generate_header)
+    {
+        if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
+            return codecvt_base::partial;
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xEF);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBB);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBF);
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
+    {
+        uint16_t wc1 = *frm_nxt;
+        if (wc1 > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if (wc1 < 0x0080)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 1)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc1);
+        }
+        else if (wc1 < 0x0800)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xC0 | (wc1 >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | (wc1 & 0x03F));
+        }
+        else if (wc1 < 0xD800)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xE0 |  (wc1 >> 12));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc1 & 0x0FC0) >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc1 & 0x003F));
+        }
+        else if (wc1 < 0xDC00)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint16_t wc2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            if ((wc2 & 0xFC00) != 0xDC00)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 4)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            if ((((((unsigned long)wc1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1) << 16) +
+                (((unsigned long)wc1 & 0x003F) << 10) + (wc2 & 0x03FF) > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            ++frm_nxt;
+            uint8_t z = ((wc1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xF0 | (z >> 2));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((z & 0x03) << 4)     | ((wc1 & 0x003C) >> 2));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc1 & 0x0003) << 4) | ((wc2 & 0x03C0) >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc2 & 0x003F));
+        }
+        else if (wc1 < 0xE000)
+        {
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xE0 |  (wc1 >> 12));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc1 & 0x0FC0) >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc1 & 0x003F));
+        }
+    }
+    return codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+utf16_to_utf8(const uint32_t* frm, const uint32_t* frm_end, const uint32_t*& frm_nxt,
+              uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
+              unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & generate_header)
+    {
+        if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
+            return codecvt_base::partial;
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xEF);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBB);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBF);
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
+    {
+        uint16_t wc1 = static_cast<uint16_t>(*frm_nxt);
+        if (wc1 > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if (wc1 < 0x0080)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 1)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc1);
+        }
+        else if (wc1 < 0x0800)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xC0 | (wc1 >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | (wc1 & 0x03F));
+        }
+        else if (wc1 < 0xD800)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xE0 |  (wc1 >> 12));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc1 & 0x0FC0) >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc1 & 0x003F));
+        }
+        else if (wc1 < 0xDC00)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint16_t wc2 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[1]);
+            if ((wc2 & 0xFC00) != 0xDC00)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 4)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            if ((((((unsigned long)wc1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1) << 16) +
+                (((unsigned long)wc1 & 0x003F) << 10) + (wc2 & 0x03FF) > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            ++frm_nxt;
+            uint8_t z = ((wc1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xF0 | (z >> 2));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((z & 0x03) << 4)     | ((wc1 & 0x003C) >> 2));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc1 & 0x0003) << 4) | ((wc2 & 0x03C0) >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc2 & 0x003F));
+        }
+        else if (wc1 < 0xE000)
+        {
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xE0 |  (wc1 >> 12));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc1 & 0x0FC0) >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc1 & 0x003F));
+        }
+    }
+    return codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+utf8_to_utf16(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
+              uint16_t* to, uint16_t* to_end, uint16_t*& to_nxt,
+              unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
+                                                          frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
+    {
+        uint8_t c1 = *frm_nxt;
+        if (c1 > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if (c1 < 0x80)
+        {
+            *to_nxt = static_cast<uint16_t>(c1);
+            ++frm_nxt;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xC2)
+        {
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xE0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x1F) << 6) | (c2 & 0x3F));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = t;
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xE0:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            case 0xED:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x0F) << 12)
+                                             | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 6)
+                                             |  (c3 & 0x3F));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = t;
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF5)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            uint8_t c4 = frm_nxt[3];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xF0:
+                if (!(0x90 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xBF))
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            case 0xF4:
+                if ((c2 & 0xF0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80 || (c4 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            if (((((unsigned long)c1 & 7) << 18) +
+                (((unsigned long)c2 & 0x3F) << 12) +
+                (((unsigned long)c3 & 0x3F) << 6) + (c4 & 0x3F)) > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = static_cast<uint16_t>(
+                    0xD800
+                  | (((((c1 & 0x07) << 2) | ((c2 & 0x30) >> 4)) - 1) << 6)
+                  | ((c2 & 0x0F) << 2)
+                  | ((c3 & 0x30) >> 4));
+            *++to_nxt = static_cast<uint16_t>(
+                    0xDC00
+                  | ((c3 & 0x0F) << 6)
+                  |  (c4 & 0x3F));
+            frm_nxt += 4;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        }
+    }
+    return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+utf8_to_utf16(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
+              uint32_t* to, uint32_t* to_end, uint32_t*& to_nxt,
+              unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
+                                                          frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
+    {
+        uint8_t c1 = *frm_nxt;
+        if (c1 > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if (c1 < 0x80)
+        {
+            *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(c1);
+            ++frm_nxt;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xC2)
+        {
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xE0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x1F) << 6) | (c2 & 0x3F));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(t);
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xE0:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            case 0xED:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x0F) << 12)
+                                             | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 6)
+                                             |  (c3 & 0x3F));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(t);
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF5)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            uint8_t c4 = frm_nxt[3];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xF0:
+                if (!(0x90 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xBF))
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            case 0xF4:
+                if ((c2 & 0xF0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80 || (c4 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            if (((((unsigned long)c1 & 7) << 18) +
+                (((unsigned long)c2 & 0x3F) << 12) +
+                (((unsigned long)c3 & 0x3F) << 6) + (c4 & 0x3F)) > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+                    0xD800
+                  | (((((c1 & 0x07) << 2) | ((c2 & 0x30) >> 4)) - 1) << 6)
+                  | ((c2 & 0x0F) << 2)
+                  | ((c3 & 0x30) >> 4));
+            *++to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+                    0xDC00
+                  | ((c3 & 0x0F) << 6)
+                  |  (c4 & 0x3F));
+            frm_nxt += 4;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        }
+    }
+    return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+int
+utf8_to_utf16_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
+                     size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
+                     codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
+                                                          frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+    }
+    for (size_t nchar16_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end && nchar16_t < mx; ++nchar16_t)
+    {
+        uint8_t c1 = *frm_nxt;
+        if (c1 > Maxcode)
+            break;
+        if (c1 < 0x80)
+        {
+            ++frm_nxt;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xC2)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xE0)
+        {
+            if ((frm_end-frm_nxt < 2) || (frm_nxt[1] & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                break;
+            uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x1F) << 6) | (frm_nxt[1] & 0x3F));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
+                break;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x0F) << 12)
+                                             | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 6)
+                                             |  (c3 & 0x3F));
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xE0:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                break;
+            case 0xED:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                break;
+            if ((((c1 & 0x0F) << 12) | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 6) | (c3 & 0x3F)) > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF5)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4 || mx-nchar16_t < 2)
+                break;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            uint8_t c4 = frm_nxt[3];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xF0:
+                if (!(0x90 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xBF))
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            case 0xF4:
+                if ((c2 & 0xF0) != 0x80)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80 || (c4 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                break;
+            if (((((unsigned long)c1 & 7) << 18) +
+                (((unsigned long)c2 & 0x3F) << 12) +
+                (((unsigned long)c3 & 0x3F) << 6) + (c4 & 0x3F)) > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            ++nchar16_t;
+            frm_nxt += 4;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+ucs4_to_utf8(const uint32_t* frm, const uint32_t* frm_end, const uint32_t*& frm_nxt,
+             uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
+             unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & generate_header)
+    {
+        if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
+            return codecvt_base::partial;
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xEF);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBB);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBF);
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
+    {
+        uint32_t wc = *frm_nxt;
+        if ((wc & 0xFFFFF800) == 0x00D800 || wc > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if (wc < 0x000080)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 1)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc);
+        }
+        else if (wc < 0x000800)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xC0 | (wc >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | (wc & 0x03F));
+        }
+        else if (wc < 0x010000)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xE0 |  (wc >> 12));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc & 0x0FC0) >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc & 0x003F));
+        }
+        else // if (wc < 0x110000)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 4)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xF0 |  (wc >> 18));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc & 0x03F000) >> 12));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc & 0x000FC0) >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc & 0x00003F));
+        }
+    }
+    return codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+utf8_to_ucs4(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
+             uint32_t* to, uint32_t* to_end, uint32_t*& to_nxt,
+             unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
+                                                          frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
+    {
+        uint8_t c1 = static_cast<uint8_t>(*frm_nxt);
+        if (c1 < 0x80)
+        {
+            if (c1 > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(c1);
+            ++frm_nxt;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xC2)
+        {
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xE0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(((c1 & 0x1F) << 6)
+                                              | (c2 & 0x3F));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = t;
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xE0:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            case 0xED:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(((c1 & 0x0F) << 12)
+                                             | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 6)
+                                             |  (c3 & 0x3F));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = t;
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF5)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            uint8_t c4 = frm_nxt[3];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xF0:
+                if (!(0x90 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xBF))
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            case 0xF4:
+                if ((c2 & 0xF0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80 || (c4 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(((c1 & 0x07) << 18)
+                                             | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 12)
+                                             | ((c3 & 0x3F) << 6)
+                                             |  (c4 & 0x3F));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = t;
+            frm_nxt += 4;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        }
+    }
+    return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+int
+utf8_to_ucs4_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
+                    size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
+                    codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
+                                                          frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+    }
+    for (size_t nchar32_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end && nchar32_t < mx; ++nchar32_t)
+    {
+        uint8_t c1 = static_cast<uint8_t>(*frm_nxt);
+        if (c1 < 0x80)
+        {
+            if (c1 > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            ++frm_nxt;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xC2)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xE0)
+        {
+            if ((frm_end-frm_nxt < 2) || ((frm_nxt[1] & 0xC0) != 0x80))
+                break;
+            if ((((c1 & 0x1F) << 6) | (frm_nxt[1] & 0x3F)) > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
+                break;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xE0:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                break;
+            case 0xED:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                break;
+            if ((((c1 & 0x0F) << 12) | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 6) | (c3 & 0x3F)) > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF5)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
+                break;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            uint8_t c4 = frm_nxt[3];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xF0:
+                if (!(0x90 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xBF))
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            case 0xF4:
+                if ((c2 & 0xF0) != 0x80)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80 || (c4 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                break;
+            uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(((c1 & 0x07) << 18)
+                                             | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 12)
+                                             | ((c3 & 0x3F) << 6)
+                                             |  (c4 & 0x3F));
+            if ((((c1 & 0x07) << 18) | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 12) |
+                 ((c3 & 0x3F) << 6)  |  (c4 & 0x3F)) > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 4;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+ucs2_to_utf8(const uint16_t* frm, const uint16_t* frm_end, const uint16_t*& frm_nxt,
+             uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
+             unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & generate_header)
+    {
+        if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
+            return codecvt_base::partial;
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xEF);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBB);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBF);
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
+    {
+        uint16_t wc = *frm_nxt;
+        if ((wc & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || wc > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if (wc < 0x0080)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 1)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc);
+        }
+        else if (wc < 0x0800)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xC0 | (wc >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | (wc & 0x03F));
+        }
+        else // if (wc <= 0xFFFF)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xE0 |  (wc >> 12));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc & 0x0FC0) >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc & 0x003F));
+        }
+    }
+    return codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+utf8_to_ucs2(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
+             uint16_t* to, uint16_t* to_end, uint16_t*& to_nxt,
+             unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
+                                                          frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
+    {
+        uint8_t c1 = static_cast<uint8_t>(*frm_nxt);
+        if (c1 < 0x80)
+        {
+            if (c1 > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = static_cast<uint16_t>(c1);
+            ++frm_nxt;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xC2)
+        {
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xE0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x1F) << 6)
+                                              | (c2 & 0x3F));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = t;
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xE0:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            case 0xED:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x0F) << 12)
+                                             | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 6)
+                                             |  (c3 & 0x3F));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = t;
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        }
+    }
+    return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+int
+utf8_to_ucs2_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
+                    size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
+                    codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
+                                                          frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+    }
+    for (size_t nchar32_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end && nchar32_t < mx; ++nchar32_t)
+    {
+        uint8_t c1 = static_cast<uint8_t>(*frm_nxt);
+        if (c1 < 0x80)
+        {
+            if (c1 > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            ++frm_nxt;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xC2)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xE0)
+        {
+            if ((frm_end-frm_nxt < 2) || ((frm_nxt[1] & 0xC0) != 0x80))
+                break;
+            if ((((c1 & 0x1F) << 6) | (frm_nxt[1] & 0x3F)) > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
+                break;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xE0:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                break;
+            case 0xED:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                break;
+            if ((((c1 & 0x0F) << 12) | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 6) | (c3 & 0x3F)) > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+ucs4_to_utf16be(const uint32_t* frm, const uint32_t* frm_end, const uint32_t*& frm_nxt,
+                uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
+                unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & generate_header)
+    {
+        if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+            return codecvt_base::partial;
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFE);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFF);
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
+    {
+        uint32_t wc = *frm_nxt;
+        if ((wc & 0xFFFFF800) == 0x00D800 || wc > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if (wc < 0x010000)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc >> 8);
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 4)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(
+                    0xD800
+                  | ((((wc & 0x1F0000) >> 16) - 1) << 6)
+                  |   ((wc & 0x00FC00) >> 10));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t >> 8);
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t);
+            t = static_cast<uint16_t>(0xDC00 | (wc & 0x03FF));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t >> 8);
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t);
+        }
+    }
+    return codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+utf16be_to_ucs4(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
+                uint32_t* to, uint32_t* to_end, uint32_t*& to_nxt,
+                unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFE && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFF)
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
+    {
+        uint16_t c1 = frm_nxt[0] << 8 | frm_nxt[1];
+        if ((c1 & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if ((c1 & 0xFC00) != 0xD800)
+        {
+            if (c1 > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(c1);
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint16_t c2 = frm_nxt[2] << 8 | frm_nxt[3];
+            if ((c2 & 0xFC00) != 0xDC00)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+                    ((((c1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1) << 16)
+                  |   ((c1 & 0x003F) << 10)
+                  |    (c2 & 0x03FF));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = t;
+            frm_nxt += 4;
+        }
+    }
+    return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+int
+utf16be_to_ucs4_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
+                       size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
+                       codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFE && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFF)
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    for (size_t nchar32_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && nchar32_t < mx; ++nchar32_t)
+    {
+        uint16_t c1 = frm_nxt[0] << 8 | frm_nxt[1];
+        if ((c1 & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00)
+            break;
+        if ((c1 & 0xFC00) != 0xD800)
+        {
+            if (c1 > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
+                break;
+            uint16_t c2 = frm_nxt[2] << 8 | frm_nxt[3];
+            if ((c2 & 0xFC00) != 0xDC00)
+                break;
+            uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+                    ((((c1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1) << 16)
+                  |   ((c1 & 0x003F) << 10)
+                  |    (c2 & 0x03FF));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 4;
+        }
+    }
+    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+ucs4_to_utf16le(const uint32_t* frm, const uint32_t* frm_end, const uint32_t*& frm_nxt,
+                uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
+                unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & generate_header)
+    {
+        if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+            return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFF);
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFE);
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
+    {
+        uint32_t wc = *frm_nxt;
+        if ((wc & 0xFFFFF800) == 0x00D800 || wc > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if (wc < 0x010000)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc);
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc >> 8);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 4)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(
+                    0xD800
+                  | ((((wc & 0x1F0000) >> 16) - 1) << 6)
+                  |   ((wc & 0x00FC00) >> 10));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t);
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t >> 8);
+            t = static_cast<uint16_t>(0xDC00 | (wc & 0x03FF));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t);
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t >> 8);
+        }
+    }
+    return codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+utf16le_to_ucs4(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
+                uint32_t* to, uint32_t* to_end, uint32_t*& to_nxt,
+                unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFE)
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
+    {
+        uint16_t c1 = frm_nxt[1] << 8 | frm_nxt[0];
+        if ((c1 & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if ((c1 & 0xFC00) != 0xD800)
+        {
+            if (c1 > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(c1);
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint16_t c2 = frm_nxt[3] << 8 | frm_nxt[2];
+            if ((c2 & 0xFC00) != 0xDC00)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+                    ((((c1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1) << 16)
+                  |   ((c1 & 0x003F) << 10)
+                  |    (c2 & 0x03FF));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = t;
+            frm_nxt += 4;
+        }
+    }
+    return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+int
+utf16le_to_ucs4_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
+                       size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
+                       codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFE)
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    for (size_t nchar32_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && nchar32_t < mx; ++nchar32_t)
+    {
+        uint16_t c1 = frm_nxt[1] << 8 | frm_nxt[0];
+        if ((c1 & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00)
+            break;
+        if ((c1 & 0xFC00) != 0xD800)
+        {
+            if (c1 > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
+                break;
+            uint16_t c2 = frm_nxt[3] << 8 | frm_nxt[2];
+            if ((c2 & 0xFC00) != 0xDC00)
+                break;
+            uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+                    ((((c1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1) << 16)
+                  |   ((c1 & 0x003F) << 10)
+                  |    (c2 & 0x03FF));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 4;
+        }
+    }
+    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+ucs2_to_utf16be(const uint16_t* frm, const uint16_t* frm_end, const uint16_t*& frm_nxt,
+                uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
+                unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & generate_header)
+    {
+        if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+            return codecvt_base::partial;
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFE);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFF);
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
+    {
+        uint16_t wc = *frm_nxt;
+        if ((wc & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || wc > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+            return codecvt_base::partial;
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc >> 8);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc);
+    }
+    return codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+utf16be_to_ucs2(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
+                uint16_t* to, uint16_t* to_end, uint16_t*& to_nxt,
+                unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFE && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFF)
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
+    {
+        uint16_t c1 = frm_nxt[0] << 8 | frm_nxt[1];
+        if ((c1 & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || c1 > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        *to_nxt = c1;
+        frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+int
+utf16be_to_ucs2_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
+                       size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
+                       codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFE && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFF)
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    for (size_t nchar16_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && nchar16_t < mx; ++nchar16_t)
+    {
+        uint16_t c1 = frm_nxt[0] << 8 | frm_nxt[1];
+        if ((c1 & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || c1 > Maxcode)
+            break;
+        frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+ucs2_to_utf16le(const uint16_t* frm, const uint16_t* frm_end, const uint16_t*& frm_nxt,
+                uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
+                unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & generate_header)
+    {
+        if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+            return codecvt_base::partial;
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFF);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFE);
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
+    {
+        uint16_t wc = *frm_nxt;
+        if ((wc & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || wc > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+            return codecvt_base::partial;
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc >> 8);
+    }
+    return codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+utf16le_to_ucs2(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
+                uint16_t* to, uint16_t* to_end, uint16_t*& to_nxt,
+                unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFE)
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
+    {
+        uint16_t c1 = frm_nxt[1] << 8 | frm_nxt[0];
+        if ((c1 & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || c1 > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        *to_nxt = c1;
+        frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+int
+utf16le_to_ucs2_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
+                       size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
+                       codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFE)
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    for (size_t nchar16_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && nchar16_t < mx; ++nchar16_t)
+    {
+        uint16_t c1 = frm_nxt[1] << 8 | frm_nxt[0];
+        if ((c1 & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || c1 > Maxcode)
+            break;
+        frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+}
+
+// template <> class codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>
+
+locale::id codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::id;
+
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::~codecvt()
+{
+}
+
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint16_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf16_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint16_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to);
+    uint16_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to_end);
+    uint16_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf8_to_utf16(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf8_to_utf16_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx);
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// template <> class codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>
+
+locale::id codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::id;
+
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::~codecvt()
+{
+}
+
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = ucs4_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
+    uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
+    uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf8_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf8_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx);
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>
+
+__codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = ucs4_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                            _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
+    uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
+    uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf8_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                            _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf8_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 7;
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf8<char16_t>
+
+__codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint16_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = ucs2_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                            _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint16_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to);
+    uint16_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to_end);
+    uint16_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf8_to_ucs2(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                            _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf8_to_ucs2_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 6;
+    return 3;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf8<char32_t>
+
+__codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = ucs4_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                            _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
+    uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
+    uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf8_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                            _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf8_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 7;
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>
+
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = ucs4_to_utf16be(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
+    uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
+    uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf16be_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf16be_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 6;
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>
+
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = ucs4_to_utf16le(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
+    uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
+    uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf16le_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf16le_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 6;
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint16_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = ucs2_to_utf16be(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint16_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to);
+    uint16_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to_end);
+    uint16_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf16be_to_ucs2(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf16be_to_ucs2_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 4;
+    return 2;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint16_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = ucs2_to_utf16le(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint16_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to);
+    uint16_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to_end);
+    uint16_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf16le_to_ucs2(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf16le_to_ucs2_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 4;
+    return 2;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = ucs4_to_utf16be(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
+    uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
+    uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf16be_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf16be_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 6;
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = ucs4_to_utf16le(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
+    uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
+    uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf16le_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf16le_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 6;
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>
+
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf16_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                             _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
+    uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
+    uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf8_to_utf16(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                             _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf8_to_utf16_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 7;
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>
+
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint16_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf16_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                             _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint16_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to);
+    uint16_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to_end);
+    uint16_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf8_to_utf16(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                             _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf8_to_utf16_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 7;
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>
+
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf16_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                             _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
+    uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
+    uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf8_to_utf16(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                             _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf8_to_utf16_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 7;
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// __narrow_to_utf8<16>
+
+__narrow_to_utf8<16>::~__narrow_to_utf8()
+{
+}
+
+// __narrow_to_utf8<32>
+
+__narrow_to_utf8<32>::~__narrow_to_utf8()
+{
+}
+
+// __widen_from_utf8<16>
+
+__widen_from_utf8<16>::~__widen_from_utf8()
+{
+}
+
+// __widen_from_utf8<32>
+
+__widen_from_utf8<32>::~__widen_from_utf8()
+{
+}
+
+// numpunct<char> && numpunct<wchar_t>
+
+locale::id numpunct< char  >::id;
+locale::id numpunct<wchar_t>::id;
+
+numpunct<char>::numpunct(size_t refs)
+    : locale::facet(refs),
+      __decimal_point_('.'),
+      __thousands_sep_(',')
+{
+}
+
+numpunct<wchar_t>::numpunct(size_t refs)
+    : locale::facet(refs),
+      __decimal_point_(L'.'),
+      __thousands_sep_(L',')
+{
+}
+
+numpunct<char>::~numpunct()
+{
+}
+
+numpunct<wchar_t>::~numpunct()
+{
+}
+
+ char   numpunct< char  >::do_decimal_point() const {return __decimal_point_;}
+wchar_t numpunct<wchar_t>::do_decimal_point() const {return __decimal_point_;}
+
+ char   numpunct< char  >::do_thousands_sep() const {return __thousands_sep_;}
+wchar_t numpunct<wchar_t>::do_thousands_sep() const {return __thousands_sep_;}
+
+string numpunct< char  >::do_grouping() const {return __grouping_;}
+string numpunct<wchar_t>::do_grouping() const {return __grouping_;}
+
+ string numpunct< char  >::do_truename() const {return "true";}
+wstring numpunct<wchar_t>::do_truename() const {return L"true";}
+
+ string numpunct< char  >::do_falsename() const {return "false";}
+wstring numpunct<wchar_t>::do_falsename() const {return L"false";}
+
+// numpunct_byname<char>
+
+numpunct_byname<char>::numpunct_byname(const char* nm, size_t refs)
+    : numpunct<char>(refs)
+{
+    __init(nm);
+}
+
+numpunct_byname<char>::numpunct_byname(const string& nm, size_t refs)
+    : numpunct<char>(refs)
+{
+    __init(nm.c_str());
+}
+
+numpunct_byname<char>::~numpunct_byname()
+{
+}
+
+void
+numpunct_byname<char>::__init(const char* nm)
+{
+    if (strcmp(nm, "C") != 0)
+    {
+        __locale_unique_ptr loc(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0), freelocale);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (loc == 0)
+            throw runtime_error("numpunct_byname<char>::numpunct_byname"
+                                " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        lconv* lc = localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#else
+        lconv* lc = __localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#endif
+        if (*lc->decimal_point)
+            __decimal_point_ = *lc->decimal_point;
+        if (*lc->thousands_sep)
+            __thousands_sep_ = *lc->thousands_sep;
+        __grouping_ = lc->grouping;
+        // localization for truename and falsename is not available
+    }
+}
+
+// numpunct_byname<wchar_t>
+
+numpunct_byname<wchar_t>::numpunct_byname(const char* nm, size_t refs)
+    : numpunct<wchar_t>(refs)
+{
+    __init(nm);
+}
+
+numpunct_byname<wchar_t>::numpunct_byname(const string& nm, size_t refs)
+    : numpunct<wchar_t>(refs)
+{
+    __init(nm.c_str());
+}
+
+numpunct_byname<wchar_t>::~numpunct_byname()
+{
+}
+
+void
+numpunct_byname<wchar_t>::__init(const char* nm)
+{
+    if (strcmp(nm, "C") != 0)
+    {
+        __locale_unique_ptr loc(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0), freelocale);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (loc == 0)
+            throw runtime_error("numpunct_byname<char>::numpunct_byname"
+                                " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        lconv* lc = localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#else
+        lconv* lc = __localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#endif
+        if (*lc->decimal_point)
+            __decimal_point_ = *lc->decimal_point;
+        if (*lc->thousands_sep)
+            __thousands_sep_ = *lc->thousands_sep;
+        __grouping_ = lc->grouping;
+        // locallization for truename and falsename is not available
+    }
+}
+
+// num_get helpers
+
+int
+__num_get_base::__get_base(ios_base& iob)
+{
+    ios_base::fmtflags __basefield = iob.flags() & ios_base::basefield;
+    if (__basefield == ios_base::oct)
+        return 8;
+    else if (__basefield == ios_base::hex)
+        return 16;
+    else if (__basefield == 0)
+        return 0;
+    return 10;
+}
+
+const char __num_get_base::__src[33] = "0123456789abcdefABCDEFxX+-pPiInN";
+
+void
+__check_grouping(const string& __grouping, unsigned* __g, unsigned* __g_end,
+                 ios_base::iostate& __err)
+{
+    if (__grouping.size() != 0)
+    {
+        reverse(__g, __g_end);
+        const char* __ig = __grouping.data();
+        const char* __eg = __ig + __grouping.size();
+        for (unsigned* __r = __g; __r < __g_end-1; ++__r)
+        {
+            if (0 < *__ig && *__ig < numeric_limits<char>::max())
+            {
+                if (*__ig != *__r)
+                {
+                    __err = ios_base::failbit;
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            if (__eg - __ig > 1)
+                ++__ig;
+        }
+        if (0 < *__ig && *__ig < numeric_limits<char>::max())
+        {
+            if (*__ig < __g_end[-1] || __g_end[-1] == 0)
+                __err = ios_base::failbit;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void
+__num_put_base::__format_int(char* __fmtp, const char* __len, bool __signd,
+                             ios_base::fmtflags __flags)
+{
+    if (__flags & ios_base::showpos)
+        *__fmtp++ = '+';
+    if (__flags & ios_base::showbase)
+        *__fmtp++ = '#';
+    while(*__len)
+        *__fmtp++ = *__len++;
+    if ((__flags & ios_base::basefield) == ios_base::oct)
+        *__fmtp = 'o';
+    else if ((__flags & ios_base::basefield) == ios_base::hex)
+    {
+        if (__flags & ios_base::uppercase)
+            *__fmtp = 'X';
+        else
+            *__fmtp = 'x';
+    }
+    else if (__signd)
+        *__fmtp = 'd';
+    else
+        *__fmtp = 'u';
+}
+
+bool
+__num_put_base::__format_float(char* __fmtp, const char* __len,
+                               ios_base::fmtflags __flags)
+{
+    bool specify_precision = true;
+    if (__flags & ios_base::showpos)
+        *__fmtp++ = '+';
+    if (__flags & ios_base::showpoint)
+        *__fmtp++ = '#';
+    ios_base::fmtflags floatfield = __flags & ios_base::floatfield;
+    bool uppercase = __flags & ios_base::uppercase;
+    if (floatfield == (ios_base::fixed | ios_base::scientific))
+        specify_precision = false;
+    else
+    {
+        *__fmtp++ = '.';
+        *__fmtp++ = '*';
+    }
+    while(*__len)
+        *__fmtp++ = *__len++;
+    if (floatfield == ios_base::fixed)
+    {
+        if (uppercase)
+            *__fmtp = 'F';
+        else
+            *__fmtp = 'f';
+    }
+    else if (floatfield == ios_base::scientific)
+    {
+        if (uppercase)
+            *__fmtp = 'E';
+        else
+            *__fmtp = 'e';
+    }
+    else if (floatfield == (ios_base::fixed | ios_base::scientific))
+    {
+        if (uppercase)
+            *__fmtp = 'A';
+        else
+            *__fmtp = 'a';
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if (uppercase)
+            *__fmtp = 'G';
+        else
+            *__fmtp = 'g';
+    }
+    return specify_precision;
+}
+
+char*
+__num_put_base::__identify_padding(char* __nb, char* __ne,
+                                   const ios_base& __iob)
+{
+    switch (__iob.flags() & ios_base::adjustfield)
+    {
+    case ios_base::internal:
+        if (__nb[0] == '-' || __nb[0] == '+')
+            return __nb+1;
+        if (__ne - __nb >= 2 && __nb[0] == '0'
+                            && (__nb[1] == 'x' || __nb[1] == 'X'))
+            return __nb+2;
+        break;
+    case ios_base::left:
+        return __ne;
+    case ios_base::right:
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+    return __nb;
+}
+
+// time_get
+
+static
+string*
+init_weeks()
+{
+    static string weeks[14];
+    weeks[0]  = "Sunday";
+    weeks[1]  = "Monday";
+    weeks[2]  = "Tuesday";
+    weeks[3]  = "Wednesday";
+    weeks[4]  = "Thursday";
+    weeks[5]  = "Friday";
+    weeks[6]  = "Saturday";
+    weeks[7]  = "Sun";
+    weeks[8]  = "Mon";
+    weeks[9]  = "Tue";
+    weeks[10] = "Wed";
+    weeks[11] = "Thu";
+    weeks[12] = "Fri";
+    weeks[13] = "Sat";
+    return weeks;
+}
+
+static
+wstring*
+init_wweeks()
+{
+    static wstring weeks[14];
+    weeks[0]  = L"Sunday";
+    weeks[1]  = L"Monday";
+    weeks[2]  = L"Tuesday";
+    weeks[3]  = L"Wednesday";
+    weeks[4]  = L"Thursday";
+    weeks[5]  = L"Friday";
+    weeks[6]  = L"Saturday";
+    weeks[7]  = L"Sun";
+    weeks[8]  = L"Mon";
+    weeks[9]  = L"Tue";
+    weeks[10] = L"Wed";
+    weeks[11] = L"Thu";
+    weeks[12] = L"Fri";
+    weeks[13] = L"Sat";
+    return weeks;
+}
+
+template <>
+const string*
+__time_get_c_storage<char>::__weeks() const
+{
+    static const string* weeks = init_weeks();
+    return weeks;
+}
+
+template <>
+const wstring*
+__time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__weeks() const
+{
+    static const wstring* weeks = init_wweeks();
+    return weeks;
+}
+
+static
+string*
+init_months()
+{
+    static string months[24];
+    months[0]  = "January";
+    months[1]  = "February";
+    months[2]  = "March";
+    months[3]  = "April";
+    months[4]  = "May";
+    months[5]  = "June";
+    months[6]  = "July";
+    months[7]  = "August";
+    months[8]  = "September";
+    months[9]  = "October";
+    months[10] = "November";
+    months[11] = "December";
+    months[12] = "Jan";
+    months[13] = "Feb";
+    months[14] = "Mar";
+    months[15] = "Apr";
+    months[16] = "May";
+    months[17] = "Jun";
+    months[18] = "Jul";
+    months[19] = "Aug";
+    months[20] = "Sep";
+    months[21] = "Oct";
+    months[22] = "Nov";
+    months[23] = "Dec";
+    return months;
+}
+
+static
+wstring*
+init_wmonths()
+{
+    static wstring months[24];
+    months[0]  = L"January";
+    months[1]  = L"February";
+    months[2]  = L"March";
+    months[3]  = L"April";
+    months[4]  = L"May";
+    months[5]  = L"June";
+    months[6]  = L"July";
+    months[7]  = L"August";
+    months[8]  = L"September";
+    months[9]  = L"October";
+    months[10] = L"November";
+    months[11] = L"December";
+    months[12] = L"Jan";
+    months[13] = L"Feb";
+    months[14] = L"Mar";
+    months[15] = L"Apr";
+    months[16] = L"May";
+    months[17] = L"Jun";
+    months[18] = L"Jul";
+    months[19] = L"Aug";
+    months[20] = L"Sep";
+    months[21] = L"Oct";
+    months[22] = L"Nov";
+    months[23] = L"Dec";
+    return months;
+}
+
+template <>
+const string*
+__time_get_c_storage<char>::__months() const
+{
+    static const string* months = init_months();
+    return months;
+}
+
+template <>
+const wstring*
+__time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__months() const
+{
+    static const wstring* months = init_wmonths();
+    return months;
+}
+
+static
+string*
+init_am_pm()
+{
+    static string am_pm[24];
+    am_pm[0]  = "AM";
+    am_pm[1]  = "PM";
+    return am_pm;
+}
+
+static
+wstring*
+init_wam_pm()
+{
+    static wstring am_pm[24];
+    am_pm[0]  = L"AM";
+    am_pm[1]  = L"PM";
+    return am_pm;
+}
+
+template <>
+const string*
+__time_get_c_storage<char>::__am_pm() const
+{
+    static const string* am_pm = init_am_pm();
+    return am_pm;
+}
+
+template <>
+const wstring*
+__time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__am_pm() const
+{
+    static const wstring* am_pm = init_wam_pm();
+    return am_pm;
+}
+
+template <>
+const string&
+__time_get_c_storage<char>::__x() const
+{
+    static string s("%m/%d/%y");
+    return s;
+}
+
+template <>
+const wstring&
+__time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__x() const
+{
+    static wstring s(L"%m/%d/%y");
+    return s;
+}
+
+template <>
+const string&
+__time_get_c_storage<char>::__X() const
+{
+    static string s("%H:%M:%S");
+    return s;
+}
+
+template <>
+const wstring&
+__time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__X() const
+{
+    static wstring s(L"%H:%M:%S");
+    return s;
+}
+
+template <>
+const string&
+__time_get_c_storage<char>::__c() const
+{
+    static string s("%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y");
+    return s;
+}
+
+template <>
+const wstring&
+__time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__c() const
+{
+    static wstring s(L"%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y");
+    return s;
+}
+
+template <>
+const string&
+__time_get_c_storage<char>::__r() const
+{
+    static string s("%I:%M:%S %p");
+    return s;
+}
+
+template <>
+const wstring&
+__time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__r() const
+{
+    static wstring s(L"%I:%M:%S %p");
+    return s;
+}
+
+// time_get_byname
+
+__time_get::__time_get(const char* nm)
+    : __loc_(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__loc_ == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("time_get_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+__time_get::__time_get(const string& nm)
+    : __loc_(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm.c_str(), 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__loc_ == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("time_get_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + nm);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+__time_get::~__time_get()
+{
+    freelocale(__loc_);
+}
+
+template <>
+string
+__time_get_storage<char>::__analyze(char fmt, const ctype<char>& ct)
+{
+    tm t;
+    t.tm_sec = 59;
+    t.tm_min = 55;
+    t.tm_hour = 23;
+    t.tm_mday = 31;
+    t.tm_mon = 11;
+    t.tm_year = 161;
+    t.tm_wday = 6;
+    t.tm_yday = 364;
+    t.tm_isdst = -1;
+    char buf[100];
+    char f[3] = {0};
+    f[0] = '%';
+    f[1] = fmt;
+    size_t n = strftime_l(buf, 100, f, &t, __loc_);
+    char* bb = buf;
+    char* be = buf + n;
+    string result;
+    while (bb != be)
+    {
+        if (ct.is(ctype_base::space, *bb))
+        {
+            result.push_back(' ');
+            for (++bb; bb != be && ct.is(ctype_base::space, *bb); ++bb)
+                ;
+            continue;
+        }
+        char* w = bb;
+        ios_base::iostate err = ios_base::goodbit;
+        int i = __scan_keyword(w, be, this->__weeks_, this->__weeks_+14,
+                               ct, err, false)
+                               - this->__weeks_;
+        if (i < 14)
+        {
+            result.push_back('%');
+            if (i < 7)
+                result.push_back('A');
+            else
+                result.push_back('a');
+            bb = w;
+            continue;
+        }
+        w = bb;
+        i = __scan_keyword(w, be, this->__months_, this->__months_+24,
+                           ct, err, false)
+                           - this->__months_;
+        if (i < 24)
+        {
+            result.push_back('%');
+            if (i < 12)
+                result.push_back('B');
+            else
+                result.push_back('b');
+            if (fmt == 'x' && ct.is(ctype_base::digit, this->__months_[i][0]))
+                result.back() = 'm';
+            bb = w;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (this->__am_pm_[0].size() + this->__am_pm_[1].size() > 0)
+        {
+            w = bb;
+            i = __scan_keyword(w, be, this->__am_pm_, this->__am_pm_+2,
+                               ct, err, false) - this->__am_pm_;
+            if (i < 2)
+            {
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('p');
+                bb = w;
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        w = bb;
+        if (ct.is(ctype_base::digit, *bb))
+        {
+            switch(__get_up_to_n_digits(bb, be, err, ct, 4))
+            {
+            case 6:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('w');
+                break;
+            case 7:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('u');
+                break;
+            case 11:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('I');
+                break;
+            case 12:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('m');
+                break;
+            case 23:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('H');
+                break;
+            case 31:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('d');
+                break;
+            case 55:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('M');
+                break;
+            case 59:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('S');
+                break;
+            case 61:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('y');
+                break;
+            case 364:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('j');
+                break;
+            case 2061:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('Y');
+                break;
+            default:
+                for (; w != bb; ++w)
+                    result.push_back(*w);
+                break;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (*bb == '%')
+        {
+            result.push_back('%');
+            result.push_back('%');
+            ++bb;
+            continue;
+        }
+        result.push_back(*bb);
+        ++bb;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+template <>
+wstring
+__time_get_storage<wchar_t>::__analyze(char fmt, const ctype<wchar_t>& ct)
+{
+    tm t;
+    t.tm_sec = 59;
+    t.tm_min = 55;
+    t.tm_hour = 23;
+    t.tm_mday = 31;
+    t.tm_mon = 11;
+    t.tm_year = 161;
+    t.tm_wday = 6;
+    t.tm_yday = 364;
+    t.tm_isdst = -1;
+    char buf[100];
+    char f[3] = {0};
+    f[0] = '%';
+    f[1] = fmt;
+    size_t be = strftime_l(buf, 100, f, &t, __loc_);
+    wchar_t wbuf[100];
+    wchar_t* wbb = wbuf;
+    mbstate_t mb = {0};
+    const char* bb = buf;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    size_t i = mbsrtowcs_l( wbb, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, __loc_);
+#else
+    size_t i = __mbsrtowcs_l( wbb, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, __loc_);
+#endif
+    if (i == -1)
+        __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+    wchar_t* wbe = wbb + i;
+    wstring result;
+    while (wbb != wbe)
+    {
+        if (ct.is(ctype_base::space, *wbb))
+        {
+            result.push_back(L' ');
+            for (++wbb; wbb != wbe && ct.is(ctype_base::space, *wbb); ++wbb)
+                ;
+            continue;
+        }
+        wchar_t* w = wbb;
+        ios_base::iostate err = ios_base::goodbit;
+        int i = __scan_keyword(w, wbe, this->__weeks_, this->__weeks_+14,
+                               ct, err, false)
+                               - this->__weeks_;
+        if (i < 14)
+        {
+            result.push_back(L'%');
+            if (i < 7)
+                result.push_back(L'A');
+            else
+                result.push_back(L'a');
+            wbb = w;
+            continue;
+        }
+        w = wbb;
+        i = __scan_keyword(w, wbe, this->__months_, this->__months_+24,
+                           ct, err, false)
+                           - this->__months_;
+        if (i < 24)
+        {
+            result.push_back(L'%');
+            if (i < 12)
+                result.push_back(L'B');
+            else
+                result.push_back(L'b');
+            if (fmt == 'x' && ct.is(ctype_base::digit, this->__months_[i][0]))
+                result.back() = L'm';
+            wbb = w;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (this->__am_pm_[0].size() + this->__am_pm_[1].size() > 0)
+        {
+            w = wbb;
+            i = __scan_keyword(w, wbe, this->__am_pm_, this->__am_pm_+2,
+                               ct, err, false) - this->__am_pm_;
+            if (i < 2)
+            {
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'p');
+                wbb = w;
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        w = wbb;
+        if (ct.is(ctype_base::digit, *wbb))
+        {
+            switch(__get_up_to_n_digits(wbb, wbe, err, ct, 4))
+            {
+            case 6:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'w');
+                break;
+            case 7:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'u');
+                break;
+            case 11:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'I');
+                break;
+            case 12:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'm');
+                break;
+            case 23:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'H');
+                break;
+            case 31:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'd');
+                break;
+            case 55:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'M');
+                break;
+            case 59:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'S');
+                break;
+            case 61:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'y');
+                break;
+            case 364:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'j');
+                break;
+            case 2061:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'Y');
+                break;
+            default:
+                for (; w != wbb; ++w)
+                    result.push_back(*w);
+                break;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (ct.narrow(*wbb, 0) == '%')
+        {
+            result.push_back(L'%');
+            result.push_back(L'%');
+            ++wbb;
+            continue;
+        }
+        result.push_back(*wbb);
+        ++wbb;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+template <>
+void
+__time_get_storage<char>::init(const ctype<char>& ct)
+{
+    tm t;
+    char buf[100];
+    // __weeks_
+    for (int i = 0; i < 7; ++i)
+    {
+        t.tm_wday = i;
+        strftime_l(buf, 100, "%A", &t, __loc_);
+        __weeks_[i] = buf;
+        strftime_l(buf, 100, "%a", &t, __loc_);
+        __weeks_[i+7] = buf;
+    }
+    // __months_
+    for (int i = 0; i < 12; ++i)
+    {
+        t.tm_mon = i;
+        strftime_l(buf, 100, "%B", &t, __loc_);
+        __months_[i] = buf;
+        strftime_l(buf, 100, "%b", &t, __loc_);
+        __months_[i+12] = buf;
+    }
+    // __am_pm_
+    t.tm_hour = 1;
+    strftime_l(buf, 100, "%p", &t, __loc_);
+    __am_pm_[0] = buf;
+    t.tm_hour = 13;
+    strftime_l(buf, 100, "%p", &t, __loc_);
+    __am_pm_[1] = buf;
+    __c_ = __analyze('c', ct);
+    __r_ = __analyze('r', ct);
+    __x_ = __analyze('x', ct);
+    __X_ = __analyze('X', ct);
+}
+
+template <>
+void
+__time_get_storage<wchar_t>::init(const ctype<wchar_t>& ct)
+{
+    tm t = {0};
+    char buf[100];
+    size_t be;
+    wchar_t wbuf[100];
+    wchar_t* wbe;
+    mbstate_t mb = {0};
+    // __weeks_
+    for (int i = 0; i < 7; ++i)
+    {
+        t.tm_wday = i;
+        be = strftime_l(buf, 100, "%A", &t, __loc_);
+        mb = mbstate_t();
+        const char* bb = buf;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        size_t j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, __loc_);
+#else
+        size_t j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, __loc_);
+#endif
+        if (j == -1)
+            __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+        wbe = wbuf + j;
+        __weeks_[i].assign(wbuf, wbe);
+        be = strftime_l(buf, 100, "%a", &t, __loc_);
+        mb = mbstate_t();
+        bb = buf;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, __loc_);
+#else
+        j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, __loc_);
+#endif
+        if (j == -1)
+            __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+        wbe = wbuf + j;
+        __weeks_[i+7].assign(wbuf, wbe);
+    }
+    // __months_
+    for (int i = 0; i < 12; ++i)
+    {
+        t.tm_mon = i;
+        be = strftime_l(buf, 100, "%B", &t, __loc_);
+        mb = mbstate_t();
+        const char* bb = buf;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        size_t j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, __loc_);
+#else
+        size_t j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, __loc_);
+#endif
+        if (j == -1)
+            __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+        wbe = wbuf + j;
+        __months_[i].assign(wbuf, wbe);
+        be = strftime_l(buf, 100, "%b", &t, __loc_);
+        mb = mbstate_t();
+        bb = buf;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, __loc_);
+#else
+        j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, __loc_);
+#endif
+        if (j == -1)
+            __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+        wbe = wbuf + j;
+        __months_[i+12].assign(wbuf, wbe);
+    }
+    // __am_pm_
+    t.tm_hour = 1;
+    be = strftime_l(buf, 100, "%p", &t, __loc_);
+    mb = mbstate_t();
+    const char* bb = buf;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    size_t j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, __loc_);
+#else
+    size_t j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, __loc_);
+#endif
+    if (j == -1)
+        __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+    wbe = wbuf + j;
+    __am_pm_[0].assign(wbuf, wbe);
+    t.tm_hour = 13;
+    be = strftime_l(buf, 100, "%p", &t, __loc_);
+    mb = mbstate_t();
+    bb = buf;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, __loc_);
+#else
+    j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, __loc_);
+#endif
+    if (j == -1)
+        __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+    wbe = wbuf + j;
+    __am_pm_[1].assign(wbuf, wbe);
+    __c_ = __analyze('c', ct);
+    __r_ = __analyze('r', ct);
+    __x_ = __analyze('x', ct);
+    __X_ = __analyze('X', ct);
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __time_get_temp
+    : public ctype_byname<CharT>
+{
+    explicit __time_get_temp(const char* nm)
+        : ctype_byname<CharT>(nm, 1) {}
+    explicit __time_get_temp(const string& nm)
+        : ctype_byname<CharT>(nm, 1) {}
+};
+
+template <>
+__time_get_storage<char>::__time_get_storage(const char* __nm)
+    : __time_get(__nm)
+{
+    const __time_get_temp<char> ct(__nm);
+    init(ct);
+}
+
+template <>
+__time_get_storage<char>::__time_get_storage(const string& __nm)
+    : __time_get(__nm)
+{
+    const __time_get_temp<char> ct(__nm);
+    init(ct);
+}
+
+template <>
+__time_get_storage<wchar_t>::__time_get_storage(const char* __nm)
+    : __time_get(__nm)
+{
+    const __time_get_temp<wchar_t> ct(__nm);
+    init(ct);
+}
+
+template <>
+__time_get_storage<wchar_t>::__time_get_storage(const string& __nm)
+    : __time_get(__nm)
+{
+    const __time_get_temp<wchar_t> ct(__nm);
+    init(ct);
+}
+
+template <>
+time_base::dateorder
+__time_get_storage<char>::__do_date_order() const
+{
+    unsigned i;
+    for (i = 0; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+        if (__x_[i] == '%')
+            break;
+    ++i;
+    switch (__x_[i])
+    {
+    case 'y':
+    case 'Y':
+        for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+            if (__x_[i] == '%')
+                break;
+        if (i == __x_.size())
+            break;
+        ++i;
+        switch (__x_[i])
+        {
+        case 'm':
+            for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+                if (__x_[i] == '%')
+                    break;
+            if (i == __x_.size())
+                break;
+            ++i;
+            if (__x_[i] == 'd')
+                return time_base::ymd;
+            break;
+        case 'd':
+            for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+                if (__x_[i] == '%')
+                    break;
+            if (i == __x_.size())
+                break;
+            ++i;
+            if (__x_[i] == 'm')
+                return time_base::ydm;
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+    case 'm':
+        for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+            if (__x_[i] == '%')
+                break;
+        if (i == __x_.size())
+            break;
+        ++i;
+        if (__x_[i] == 'd')
+        {
+            for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+                if (__x_[i] == '%')
+                    break;
+            if (i == __x_.size())
+                break;
+            ++i;
+            if (__x_[i] == 'y' || __x_[i] == 'Y')
+                return time_base::mdy;
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+    case 'd':
+        for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+            if (__x_[i] == '%')
+                break;
+        if (i == __x_.size())
+            break;
+        ++i;
+        if (__x_[i] == 'm')
+        {
+            for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+                if (__x_[i] == '%')
+                    break;
+            if (i == __x_.size())
+                break;
+            ++i;
+            if (__x_[i] == 'y' || __x_[i] == 'Y')
+                return time_base::dmy;
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    return time_base::no_order;
+}
+
+template <>
+time_base::dateorder
+__time_get_storage<wchar_t>::__do_date_order() const
+{
+    unsigned i;
+    for (i = 0; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+        if (__x_[i] == L'%')
+            break;
+    ++i;
+    switch (__x_[i])
+    {
+    case L'y':
+    case L'Y':
+        for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+            if (__x_[i] == L'%')
+                break;
+        if (i == __x_.size())
+            break;
+        ++i;
+        switch (__x_[i])
+        {
+        case L'm':
+            for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+                if (__x_[i] == L'%')
+                    break;
+            if (i == __x_.size())
+                break;
+            ++i;
+            if (__x_[i] == L'd')
+                return time_base::ymd;
+            break;
+        case L'd':
+            for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+                if (__x_[i] == L'%')
+                    break;
+            if (i == __x_.size())
+                break;
+            ++i;
+            if (__x_[i] == L'm')
+                return time_base::ydm;
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+    case L'm':
+        for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+            if (__x_[i] == L'%')
+                break;
+        if (i == __x_.size())
+            break;
+        ++i;
+        if (__x_[i] == L'd')
+        {
+            for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+                if (__x_[i] == L'%')
+                    break;
+            if (i == __x_.size())
+                break;
+            ++i;
+            if (__x_[i] == L'y' || __x_[i] == L'Y')
+                return time_base::mdy;
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+    case L'd':
+        for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+            if (__x_[i] == L'%')
+                break;
+        if (i == __x_.size())
+            break;
+        ++i;
+        if (__x_[i] == L'm')
+        {
+            for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+                if (__x_[i] == L'%')
+                    break;
+            if (i == __x_.size())
+                break;
+            ++i;
+            if (__x_[i] == L'y' || __x_[i] == L'Y')
+                return time_base::dmy;
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    return time_base::no_order;
+}
+
+// time_put
+
+__time_put::__time_put(const char* nm)
+    : __loc_(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__loc_ == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("time_put_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+__time_put::__time_put(const string& nm)
+    : __loc_(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm.c_str(), 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__loc_ == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("time_put_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + nm);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+__time_put::~__time_put()
+{
+    if (__loc_)
+        freelocale(__loc_);
+}
+
+void
+__time_put::__do_put(char* __nb, char*& __ne, const tm* __tm,
+                     char __fmt, char __mod) const
+{
+    char fmt[] = {'%', __fmt, __mod, 0};
+    if (__mod != 0)
+        swap(fmt[1], fmt[2]);
+    size_t n = strftime_l(__nb, __ne-__nb, fmt, __tm, __loc_);
+    __ne = __nb + n;
+}
+
+void
+__time_put::__do_put(wchar_t* __wb, wchar_t*& __we, const tm* __tm,
+                     char __fmt, char __mod) const
+{
+    char __nar[100];
+    char* __ne = __nar + 100;
+    __do_put(__nar, __ne, __tm, __fmt, __mod);
+    mbstate_t mb = {0};
+    const char* __nb = __nar;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    size_t j = mbsrtowcs_l(__wb, &__nb, 100, &mb, __loc_);
+#else
+    size_t j = __mbsrtowcs_l(__wb, &__nb, 100, &mb, __loc_);
+#endif
+    if (j == -1)
+        __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+    __we = __wb + j;
+}
+
+// moneypunct_byname
+
+static
+void
+__init_pat(money_base::pattern& pat, char cs_precedes, char sep_by_space, char sign_posn)
+{
+    const char sign = static_cast<char>(money_base::sign);
+    const char space = static_cast<char>(money_base::space);
+    const char none = static_cast<char>(money_base::none);
+    const char symbol = static_cast<char>(money_base::symbol);
+    const char value = static_cast<char>(money_base::value);
+    switch (cs_precedes)
+    {
+    case 0:
+        switch (sign_posn)
+        {
+        case 0:
+            pat.field[0] = sign;
+            pat.field[1] = value;
+            pat.field[3] = symbol;
+            switch (sep_by_space)
+            {
+            case 0:
+                pat.field[2] = none;
+                return;
+            case 1:
+            case 2:
+                pat.field[2] = space;
+                return;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        case 1:
+            pat.field[0] = sign;
+            pat.field[3] = symbol;
+            switch (sep_by_space)
+            {
+            case 0:
+                pat.field[1] = value;
+                pat.field[2] = none;
+                return;
+            case 1:
+                pat.field[1] = value;
+                pat.field[2] = space;
+                return;
+            case 2:
+                pat.field[1] = space;
+                pat.field[2] = value;
+                return;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        case 2:
+            pat.field[0] = value;
+            pat.field[3] = sign;
+            switch (sep_by_space)
+            {
+            case 0:
+                pat.field[1] = none;
+                pat.field[2] = symbol;
+                return;
+            case 1:
+                pat.field[1] = space;
+                pat.field[2] = symbol;
+                return;
+            case 2:
+                pat.field[1] = symbol;
+                pat.field[2] = space;
+                return;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        case 3:
+            pat.field[0] = value;
+            pat.field[3] = symbol;
+            switch (sep_by_space)
+            {
+            case 0:
+                pat.field[1] = none;
+                pat.field[2] = sign;
+                return;
+            case 1:
+                pat.field[1] = space;
+                pat.field[2] = sign;
+                return;
+            case 2:
+                pat.field[1] = sign;
+                pat.field[2] = space;
+                return;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        case 4:
+            pat.field[0] = value;
+            pat.field[3] = sign;
+            switch (sep_by_space)
+            {
+            case 0:
+                pat.field[1] = none;
+                pat.field[2] = symbol;
+                return;
+            case 1:
+                pat.field[1] = space;
+                pat.field[2] = symbol;
+                return;
+            case 2:
+                pat.field[1] = symbol;
+                pat.field[2] = space;
+                return;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+    case 1:
+        switch (sign_posn)
+        {
+        case 0:
+            pat.field[0] = sign;
+            pat.field[1] = symbol;
+            pat.field[3] = value;
+            switch (sep_by_space)
+            {
+            case 0:
+                pat.field[2] = none;
+                return;
+            case 1:
+            case 2:
+                pat.field[2] = space;
+                return;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        case 1:
+            pat.field[0] = sign;
+            pat.field[3] = value;
+            switch (sep_by_space)
+            {
+            case 0:
+                pat.field[1] = symbol;
+                pat.field[2] = none;
+                return;
+            case 1:
+                pat.field[1] = symbol;
+                pat.field[2] = space;
+                return;
+            case 2:
+                pat.field[1] = space;
+                pat.field[2] = symbol;
+                return;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        case 2:
+            pat.field[0] = symbol;
+            pat.field[3] = sign;
+            switch (sep_by_space)
+            {
+            case 0:
+                pat.field[1] = none;
+                pat.field[2] = value;
+                return;
+            case 1:
+                pat.field[1] = space;
+                pat.field[2] = value;
+                return;
+            case 2:
+                pat.field[1] = value;
+                pat.field[2] = space;
+                return;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        case 3:
+            pat.field[0] = sign;
+            pat.field[3] = value;
+            switch (sep_by_space)
+            {
+            case 0:
+                pat.field[1] = symbol;
+                pat.field[2] = none;
+                return;
+            case 1:
+                pat.field[1] = symbol;
+                pat.field[2] = space;
+                return;
+            case 2:
+                pat.field[1] = space;
+                pat.field[2] = symbol;
+                return;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        case 4:
+            pat.field[0] = symbol;
+            pat.field[3] = value;
+            switch (sep_by_space)
+            {
+            case 0:
+                pat.field[1] = sign;
+                pat.field[2] = none;
+                return;
+            case 1:
+                pat.field[1] = sign;
+                pat.field[2] = space;
+                return;
+            case 2:
+                pat.field[1] = space;
+                pat.field[2] = sign;
+                return;
+           default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+    pat.field[0] = symbol;
+    pat.field[1] = sign;
+    pat.field[2] = none;
+    pat.field[3] = value;
+}
+
+template<>
+void
+moneypunct_byname<char, false>::init(const char* nm)
+{
+    typedef moneypunct<char, false> base;
+    __locale_unique_ptr loc(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0), freelocale);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (loc == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("moneypunct_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    lconv* lc = localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#else
+    lconv* lc = __localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#endif
+    if (*lc->mon_decimal_point)
+        __decimal_point_ = *lc->mon_decimal_point;
+    else
+        __decimal_point_ = base::do_decimal_point();
+    if (*lc->mon_thousands_sep)
+        __thousands_sep_ = *lc->mon_thousands_sep;
+    else
+        __thousands_sep_ = base::do_thousands_sep();
+    __grouping_ = lc->mon_grouping;
+    __curr_symbol_ = lc->currency_symbol;
+    if (lc->frac_digits != CHAR_MAX)
+        __frac_digits_ = lc->frac_digits;
+    else
+        __frac_digits_ = base::do_frac_digits();
+    if (lc->p_sign_posn == 0)
+        __positive_sign_ = "()";
+    else
+        __positive_sign_ = lc->positive_sign;
+    if (lc->n_sign_posn == 0)
+        __negative_sign_ = "()";
+    else
+        __negative_sign_ = lc->negative_sign;
+    __init_pat(__pos_format_, lc->p_cs_precedes, lc->p_sep_by_space, lc->p_sign_posn);
+    __init_pat(__neg_format_, lc->n_cs_precedes, lc->n_sep_by_space, lc->n_sign_posn);
+}
+
+template<>
+void
+moneypunct_byname<char, true>::init(const char* nm)
+{
+    typedef moneypunct<char, true> base;
+    __locale_unique_ptr loc(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0), freelocale);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (loc == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("moneypunct_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    lconv* lc = localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#else
+    lconv* lc = __localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#endif
+    if (*lc->mon_decimal_point)
+        __decimal_point_ = *lc->mon_decimal_point;
+    else
+        __decimal_point_ = base::do_decimal_point();
+    if (*lc->mon_thousands_sep)
+        __thousands_sep_ = *lc->mon_thousands_sep;
+    else
+        __thousands_sep_ = base::do_thousands_sep();
+    __grouping_ = lc->mon_grouping;
+    __curr_symbol_ = lc->int_curr_symbol;
+    if (lc->int_frac_digits != CHAR_MAX)
+        __frac_digits_ = lc->int_frac_digits;
+    else
+        __frac_digits_ = base::do_frac_digits();
+#if _WIN32
+    if (lc->p_sign_posn == 0)
+#else // _WIN32
+    if (lc->int_p_sign_posn == 0)
+#endif //_WIN32
+        __positive_sign_ = "()";
+    else
+        __positive_sign_ = lc->positive_sign;
+#if _WIN32
+    if(lc->n_sign_posn == 0)
+#else // _WIN32
+    if (lc->int_n_sign_posn == 0)
+#endif // _WIN32
+        __negative_sign_ = "()";
+    else
+        __negative_sign_ = lc->negative_sign;
+#if _WIN32
+    __init_pat(__pos_format_, lc->p_cs_precedes, lc->p_sep_by_space, lc->p_sign_posn);
+    __init_pat(__neg_format_, lc->n_cs_precedes, lc->n_sep_by_space, lc->n_sign_posn);
+#else
+    __init_pat(__pos_format_, lc->int_p_cs_precedes, lc->int_p_sep_by_space, lc->int_p_sign_posn);
+    __init_pat(__neg_format_, lc->int_n_cs_precedes, lc->int_n_sep_by_space, lc->int_n_sign_posn);
+#endif // _WIN32
+}
+
+template<>
+void
+moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, false>::init(const char* nm)
+{
+    typedef moneypunct<wchar_t, false> base;
+    __locale_unique_ptr loc(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0), freelocale);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (loc == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("moneypunct_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    lconv* lc = localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#else
+    lconv* lc = __localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#endif
+    if (*lc->mon_decimal_point)
+        __decimal_point_ = static_cast<wchar_t>(*lc->mon_decimal_point);
+    else
+        __decimal_point_ = base::do_decimal_point();
+    if (*lc->mon_thousands_sep)
+        __thousands_sep_ = static_cast<wchar_t>(*lc->mon_thousands_sep);
+    else
+        __thousands_sep_ = base::do_thousands_sep();
+    __grouping_ = lc->mon_grouping;
+    wchar_t wbuf[100];
+    mbstate_t mb = {0};
+    const char* bb = lc->currency_symbol;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    size_t j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, loc.get());
+#else
+    size_t j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, loc.get());
+#endif
+    if (j == -1)
+        __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+    wchar_t* wbe = wbuf + j;
+    __curr_symbol_.assign(wbuf, wbe);
+    if (lc->frac_digits != CHAR_MAX)
+        __frac_digits_ = lc->frac_digits;
+    else
+        __frac_digits_ = base::do_frac_digits();
+    if (lc->p_sign_posn == 0)
+        __positive_sign_ = L"()";
+    else
+    {
+        mb = mbstate_t();
+        bb = lc->positive_sign;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, loc.get());
+#else
+        j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, loc.get());
+#endif
+        if (j == -1)
+            __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+        wbe = wbuf + j;
+        __positive_sign_.assign(wbuf, wbe);
+    }
+    if (lc->n_sign_posn == 0)
+        __negative_sign_ = L"()";
+    else
+    {
+        mb = mbstate_t();
+        bb = lc->negative_sign;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, loc.get());
+#else
+        j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, loc.get());
+#endif
+        if (j == -1)
+            __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+        wbe = wbuf + j;
+        __negative_sign_.assign(wbuf, wbe);
+    }
+    __init_pat(__pos_format_, lc->p_cs_precedes, lc->p_sep_by_space, lc->p_sign_posn);
+    __init_pat(__neg_format_, lc->n_cs_precedes, lc->n_sep_by_space, lc->n_sign_posn);
+}
+
+template<>
+void
+moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, true>::init(const char* nm)
+{
+    typedef moneypunct<wchar_t, true> base;
+    __locale_unique_ptr loc(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0), freelocale);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (loc == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("moneypunct_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    lconv* lc = localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#else
+    lconv* lc = __localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#endif
+    if (*lc->mon_decimal_point)
+        __decimal_point_ = static_cast<wchar_t>(*lc->mon_decimal_point);
+    else
+        __decimal_point_ = base::do_decimal_point();
+    if (*lc->mon_thousands_sep)
+        __thousands_sep_ = static_cast<wchar_t>(*lc->mon_thousands_sep);
+    else
+        __thousands_sep_ = base::do_thousands_sep();
+    __grouping_ = lc->mon_grouping;
+    wchar_t wbuf[100];
+    mbstate_t mb = {0};
+    const char* bb = lc->int_curr_symbol;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    size_t j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, loc.get());
+#else
+    size_t j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, loc.get());
+#endif
+    if (j == -1)
+        __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+    wchar_t* wbe = wbuf + j;
+    __curr_symbol_.assign(wbuf, wbe);
+    if (lc->int_frac_digits != CHAR_MAX)
+        __frac_digits_ = lc->int_frac_digits;
+    else
+        __frac_digits_ = base::do_frac_digits();
+#if _WIN32
+    if (lc->p_sign_posn == 0)
+#else // _WIN32
+    if (lc->int_p_sign_posn == 0)
+#endif // _WIN32
+        __positive_sign_ = L"()";
+    else
+    {
+        mb = mbstate_t();
+        bb = lc->positive_sign;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, loc.get());
+#else
+        j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, loc.get());
+#endif
+        if (j == -1)
+            __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+        wbe = wbuf + j;
+        __positive_sign_.assign(wbuf, wbe);
+    }
+#if _WIN32
+    if (lc->n_sign_posn == 0)
+#else // _WIN32
+    if (lc->int_n_sign_posn == 0)
+#endif // _WIN32
+        __negative_sign_ = L"()";
+    else
+    {
+        mb = mbstate_t();
+        bb = lc->negative_sign;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, loc.get());
+#else
+        j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wbuf[0]), &mb, loc.get());
+#endif
+        if (j == -1)
+            __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+        wbe = wbuf + j;
+        __negative_sign_.assign(wbuf, wbe);
+    }
+#if _WIN32
+    __init_pat(__pos_format_, lc->p_cs_precedes, lc->p_sep_by_space, lc->p_sign_posn);
+    __init_pat(__neg_format_, lc->n_cs_precedes, lc->n_sep_by_space, lc->n_sign_posn);
+#else // _WIN32
+    __init_pat(__pos_format_, lc->int_p_cs_precedes, lc->int_p_sep_by_space, lc->int_p_sign_posn);
+    __init_pat(__neg_format_, lc->int_n_cs_precedes, lc->int_n_sep_by_space, lc->int_n_sign_posn);
+#endif // _WIN32
+}
+
+void __do_nothing(void*) {}
+
+void __throw_runtime_error(const char* msg)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    throw runtime_error(msg);
+#endif
+}
+
+template class collate<char>;
+template class collate<wchar_t>;
+
+template class num_get<char>;
+template class num_get<wchar_t>;
+
+template class __num_get<char>;
+template class __num_get<wchar_t>;
+
+template class num_put<char>;
+template class num_put<wchar_t>;
+
+template class __num_put<char>;
+template class __num_put<wchar_t>;
+
+template class time_get<char>;
+template class time_get<wchar_t>;
+
+template class time_get_byname<char>;
+template class time_get_byname<wchar_t>;
+
+template class time_put<char>;
+template class time_put<wchar_t>;
+
+template class time_put_byname<char>;
+template class time_put_byname<wchar_t>;
+
+template class moneypunct<char, false>;
+template class moneypunct<char, true>;
+template class moneypunct<wchar_t, false>;
+template class moneypunct<wchar_t, true>;
+
+template class moneypunct_byname<char, false>;
+template class moneypunct_byname<char, true>;
+template class moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, false>;
+template class moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, true>;
+
+template class money_get<char>;
+template class money_get<wchar_t>;
+
+template class __money_get<char>;
+template class __money_get<wchar_t>;
+
+template class money_put<char>;
+template class money_put<wchar_t>;
+
+template class __money_put<char>;
+template class __money_put<wchar_t>;
+
+template class messages<char>;
+template class messages<wchar_t>;
+
+template class messages_byname<char>;
+template class messages_byname<wchar_t>;
+
+template class codecvt_byname<char, char, mbstate_t>;
+template class codecvt_byname<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>;
+template class codecvt_byname<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>;
+template class codecvt_byname<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>;
+
+template class __vector_base_common<true>;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
diff --git a/src/memory.cpp b/src/memory.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cb5e5e7b06ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/memory.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+//===------------------------ memory.cpp ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "memory"
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace
+{
+
+template <class T>
+inline T
+increment(T& t) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __sync_add_and_fetch(&t, 1);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline T
+decrement(T& t) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __sync_add_and_fetch(&t, -1);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+const allocator_arg_t allocator_arg = allocator_arg_t();
+
+bad_weak_ptr::~bad_weak_ptr() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+const char*
+bad_weak_ptr::what() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return "bad_weak_ptr";
+}
+
+__shared_count::~__shared_count()
+{
+}
+
+void
+__shared_count::__add_shared() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    increment(__shared_owners_);
+}
+
+bool
+__shared_count::__release_shared() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (decrement(__shared_owners_) == -1)
+    {
+        __on_zero_shared();
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+__shared_weak_count::~__shared_weak_count()
+{
+}
+
+void
+__shared_weak_count::__add_shared() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __shared_count::__add_shared();
+}
+
+void
+__shared_weak_count::__add_weak() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    increment(__shared_weak_owners_);
+}
+
+void
+__shared_weak_count::__release_shared() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (__shared_count::__release_shared())
+        __release_weak();
+}
+
+void
+__shared_weak_count::__release_weak() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (decrement(__shared_weak_owners_) == -1)
+        __on_zero_shared_weak();
+}
+
+__shared_weak_count*
+__shared_weak_count::lock() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    long object_owners = __shared_owners_;
+    while (object_owners != -1)
+    {
+        if (__sync_bool_compare_and_swap(&__shared_owners_,
+                                         object_owners,
+                                         object_owners+1))
+        {
+            __add_weak();
+            return this;
+        }
+        object_owners = __shared_owners_;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+const void*
+__shared_weak_count::__get_deleter(const type_info&) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+void
+declare_reachable(void*)
+{
+}
+
+void
+declare_no_pointers(char*, size_t)
+{
+}
+
+void
+undeclare_no_pointers(char*, size_t)
+{
+}
+
+pointer_safety
+get_pointer_safety() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return pointer_safety::relaxed;
+}
+
+void*
+__undeclare_reachable(void* p)
+{
+    return p;
+}
+
+void*
+align(size_t alignment, size_t size, void*& ptr, size_t& space)
+{
+    void* r = nullptr;
+    if (size <= space)
+    {
+        char* p1 = static_cast<char*>(ptr);
+        char* p2 = (char*)((size_t)(p1 + (alignment - 1)) & -alignment);
+        ptrdiff_t d = p2 - p1;
+        if (d <= space - size)
+        {
+            r = p2;
+            ptr = r;
+            space -= d;
+        }
+    }
+    return r;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
diff --git a/src/mutex.cpp b/src/mutex.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..16817198b37c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mutex.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+//===------------------------- mutex.cpp ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "mutex"
+#include "limits"
+#include "system_error"
+#include "cassert"
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+const defer_lock_t  defer_lock = {};
+const try_to_lock_t try_to_lock = {};
+const adopt_lock_t  adopt_lock = {};
+
+mutex::~mutex()
+{
+    int e = pthread_mutex_destroy(&__m_);
+//     assert(e == 0);
+}
+
+void
+mutex::lock()
+{
+    int ec = pthread_mutex_lock(&__m_);
+    if (ec)
+        __throw_system_error(ec, "mutex lock failed");
+}
+
+bool
+mutex::try_lock()
+{
+    return pthread_mutex_trylock(&__m_) == 0;
+}
+
+void
+mutex::unlock()
+{
+    int ec = pthread_mutex_unlock(&__m_);
+    assert(ec == 0);
+}
+
+// recursive_mutex
+
+recursive_mutex::recursive_mutex()
+{
+    pthread_mutexattr_t attr;
+    int ec = pthread_mutexattr_init(&attr);
+    if (ec)
+        goto fail;
+    ec = pthread_mutexattr_settype(&attr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE);
+    if (ec)
+    {
+        pthread_mutexattr_destroy(&attr);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+    ec = pthread_mutex_init(&__m_, &attr);
+    if (ec)
+    {
+        pthread_mutexattr_destroy(&attr);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+    ec = pthread_mutexattr_destroy(&attr);
+    if (ec)
+    {
+        pthread_mutex_destroy(&__m_);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+    return;
+fail:
+    __throw_system_error(ec, "recursive_mutex constructor failed");
+}
+
+recursive_mutex::~recursive_mutex()
+{
+    int e = pthread_mutex_destroy(&__m_);
+    assert(e == 0);
+}
+
+void
+recursive_mutex::lock()
+{
+    int ec = pthread_mutex_lock(&__m_);
+    if (ec)
+        __throw_system_error(ec, "recursive_mutex lock failed");
+}
+
+void
+recursive_mutex::unlock()
+{
+    int e = pthread_mutex_unlock(&__m_);
+    assert(e == 0);
+}
+
+bool
+recursive_mutex::try_lock()
+{
+    return pthread_mutex_trylock(&__m_) == 0;
+}
+
+// timed_mutex
+
+timed_mutex::timed_mutex()
+    : __locked_(false)
+{
+}
+
+timed_mutex::~timed_mutex()
+{
+    lock_guard<mutex> _(__m_);
+}
+
+void
+timed_mutex::lock()
+{
+    unique_lock<mutex> lk(__m_);
+    while (__locked_)
+        __cv_.wait(lk);
+    __locked_ = true;
+}
+
+bool
+timed_mutex::try_lock()
+{
+    unique_lock<mutex> lk(__m_, try_to_lock);
+    if (lk.owns_lock() && !__locked_)
+    {
+        __locked_ = true;
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+void
+timed_mutex::unlock()
+{
+    lock_guard<mutex> _(__m_);
+    __locked_ = false;
+    __cv_.notify_one();
+}
+
+// recursive_timed_mutex
+
+recursive_timed_mutex::recursive_timed_mutex()
+    : __count_(0),
+      __id_(0)
+{
+}
+
+recursive_timed_mutex::~recursive_timed_mutex()
+{
+    lock_guard<mutex> _(__m_);
+}
+
+void
+recursive_timed_mutex::lock()
+{
+    pthread_t id = pthread_self();
+    unique_lock<mutex> lk(__m_);
+    if (pthread_equal(id, __id_))
+    {
+        if (__count_ == numeric_limits<size_t>::max())
+            __throw_system_error(EAGAIN, "recursive_timed_mutex lock limit reached");
+        ++__count_;
+        return;
+    }
+    while (__count_ != 0)
+        __cv_.wait(lk);
+    __count_ = 1;
+    __id_ = id;
+}
+
+bool
+recursive_timed_mutex::try_lock()
+{
+    pthread_t id = pthread_self();
+    unique_lock<mutex> lk(__m_, try_to_lock);
+    if (lk.owns_lock() && (__count_ == 0 || pthread_equal(id, __id_)))
+    {
+        if (__count_ == numeric_limits<size_t>::max())
+            return false;
+        ++__count_;
+        __id_ = id;
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+void
+recursive_timed_mutex::unlock()
+{
+    unique_lock<mutex> lk(__m_);
+    if (--__count_ == 0)
+    {
+        __id_ = 0;
+        lk.unlock();
+        __cv_.notify_one();
+    }
+}
+
+// If dispatch_once_f ever handles C++ exceptions, and if one can get to it
+// without illegal macros (unexpected macros not beginning with _UpperCase or
+// __lowercase), and if it stops spinning waiting threads, then call_once should
+// call into dispatch_once_f instead of here. Relevant radar this code needs to
+// keep in sync with:  7741191.
+
+static pthread_mutex_t mut = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
+static pthread_cond_t  cv  = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
+
+void
+__call_once(volatile unsigned long& flag, void* arg, void(*func)(void*))
+{
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&mut);
+    while (flag == 1)
+        pthread_cond_wait(&cv, &mut);
+    if (flag == 0)
+    {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            flag = 1;
+            pthread_mutex_unlock(&mut);
+            func(arg);
+            pthread_mutex_lock(&mut);
+            flag = ~0ul;
+            pthread_mutex_unlock(&mut);
+            pthread_cond_broadcast(&cv);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            pthread_mutex_lock(&mut);
+            flag = 0ul;
+            pthread_mutex_unlock(&mut);
+            pthread_cond_broadcast(&cv);
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    else
+        pthread_mutex_unlock(&mut);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
diff --git a/src/new.cpp b/src/new.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1e8ed88dc4c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/new.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+//===--------------------------- new.cpp ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "new"
+
+#if __APPLE__
+    #include <cxxabi.h>
+    // On Darwin, there are two STL shared libraries and a lower level ABI
+    // shared libray.  The global holding the current new handler is
+    // in the ABI library and named __cxa_new_handler.
+    #define __new_handler __cxxabiapple::__cxa_new_handler
+#else  // __APPLE__
+    static std::new_handler __new_handler;
+#endif
+
+// Implement all new and delete operators as weak definitions
+// in this shared library, so that they can be overriden by programs
+// that define non-weak copies of the functions.
+
+__attribute__((__weak__, __visibility__("default")))
+void *
+operator new(std::size_t size)
+#if !__has_feature(cxx_noexcept)
+    throw(std::bad_alloc)
+#endif
+{
+    if (size == 0)
+        size = 1;
+    void* p;
+    while ((p = ::malloc(size)) == 0)
+    {
+        // If malloc fails and there is a new_handler,
+        // call it to try free up memory.
+        std::new_handler nh = std::get_new_handler();
+        if (nh)
+            nh();
+        else
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            throw std::bad_alloc();
+#else
+            break;
+#endif
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+__attribute__((__weak__, __visibility__("default")))
+void*
+operator new(size_t size, const std::nothrow_t&) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    void* p = 0;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        p = ::operator new(size);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return p;
+}
+
+__attribute__((__weak__, __visibility__("default")))
+void*
+operator new[](size_t size)
+#if !__has_feature(cxx_noexcept)
+    throw(std::bad_alloc)
+#endif
+{
+    return ::operator new(size);
+}
+
+__attribute__((__weak__, __visibility__("default")))
+void*
+operator new[](size_t size, const std::nothrow_t& nothrow) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    void* p = 0;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        p = ::operator new[](size);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return p;
+}
+
+__attribute__((__weak__, __visibility__("default")))
+void
+operator delete(void* ptr) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (ptr)
+        ::free(ptr);
+}
+
+__attribute__((__weak__, __visibility__("default")))
+void
+operator delete(void* ptr, const std::nothrow_t&) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    ::operator delete(ptr);
+}
+
+__attribute__((__weak__, __visibility__("default")))
+void
+operator delete[] (void* ptr) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    ::operator delete (ptr);
+}
+
+__attribute__((__weak__, __visibility__("default")))
+void
+operator delete[] (void* ptr, const std::nothrow_t&) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    ::operator delete[](ptr);
+}
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+const nothrow_t nothrow = {};
+
+new_handler
+set_new_handler(new_handler handler) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __sync_lock_test_and_set(&__new_handler, handler);
+}
+
+new_handler
+get_new_handler() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __sync_fetch_and_add(&__new_handler, (new_handler)0);
+}
+
+bad_alloc::bad_alloc() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+}
+
+bad_alloc::~bad_alloc() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+}
+
+const char*
+bad_alloc::what() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return "std::bad_alloc";
+}
+
+bad_array_new_length::bad_array_new_length() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+}
+
+bad_array_new_length::~bad_array_new_length() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+}
+
+const char*
+bad_array_new_length::what() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return "bad_array_new_length";
+}
+
+void
+__throw_bad_alloc()
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    throw bad_alloc();
+#endif
+}
+
+}  // std
diff --git a/src/random.cpp b/src/random.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..eca97bc81943
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/random.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+//===-------------------------- random.cpp --------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "random"
+#include "system_error"
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+random_device::random_device(const string& __token)
+    : __f_(open(__token.c_str(), O_RDONLY))
+{
+    if (__f_ <= 0)
+        __throw_system_error(errno, ("random_device failed to open " + __token).c_str());
+}
+
+random_device::~random_device()
+{
+    close(__f_);
+}
+
+unsigned
+random_device::operator()()
+{
+    unsigned r;
+    read(__f_, &r, sizeof(r));
+    return r;
+}
+
+double
+random_device::entropy() const
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
diff --git a/src/regex.cpp b/src/regex.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..65e9f886dfb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/regex.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+//===-------------------------- regex.cpp ---------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "regex"
+#include "algorithm"
+#include "iterator"
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+static
+const char*
+make_error_type_string(regex_constants::error_type ecode)
+{
+    switch (ecode)
+    {
+    case regex_constants::error_collate:
+        return "The expression contained an invalid collating element name.";
+    case regex_constants::error_ctype:
+        return "The expression contained an invalid character class name.";
+    case regex_constants::error_escape:
+        return "The expression contained an invalid escaped character, or a "
+               "trailing escape.";
+    case regex_constants::error_backref:
+        return "The expression contained an invalid back reference.";
+    case regex_constants::error_brack:
+        return "The expression contained mismatched [ and ].";
+    case regex_constants::error_paren:
+        return "The expression contained mismatched ( and ).";
+    case regex_constants::error_brace:
+        return "The expression contained mismatched { and }.";
+    case regex_constants::error_badbrace:
+        return "The expression contained an invalid range in a {} expression.";
+    case regex_constants::error_range:
+        return "The expression contained an invalid character range, "
+               "such as [b-a] in most encodings.";
+    case regex_constants::error_space:
+        return "There was insufficient memory to convert the expression into "
+               "a finite state machine.";
+    case regex_constants::error_badrepeat:
+        return "One of *?+{ was not preceded by a valid regular expression.";
+    case regex_constants::error_complexity:
+        return "The complexity of an attempted match against a regular "
+               "expression exceeded a pre-set level.";
+    case regex_constants::error_stack:
+        return "There was insufficient memory to determine whether the regular "
+               "expression could match the specified character sequence.";
+    case regex_constants::__re_err_grammar:
+        return "An invalid regex grammar has been requested.";
+    case regex_constants::__re_err_empty:
+        return "An empty regex is not allowed in the POSIX grammar.";
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+    return "Unknown error type";
+}
+
+regex_error::regex_error(regex_constants::error_type ecode)
+    : runtime_error(make_error_type_string(ecode)),
+      __code_(ecode)
+{}
+
+regex_error::~regex_error() throw() {}
+
+namespace {
+
+struct collationnames
+{
+    const char* elem_;
+    char char_;
+};
+
+const collationnames collatenames[] =
+{
+    {"A", 0x41},
+    {"B", 0x42},
+    {"C", 0x43},
+    {"D", 0x44},
+    {"E", 0x45},
+    {"F", 0x46},
+    {"G", 0x47},
+    {"H", 0x48},
+    {"I", 0x49},
+    {"J", 0x4a},
+    {"K", 0x4b},
+    {"L", 0x4c},
+    {"M", 0x4d},
+    {"N", 0x4e},
+    {"NUL", 0x00},
+    {"O", 0x4f},
+    {"P", 0x50},
+    {"Q", 0x51},
+    {"R", 0x52},
+    {"S", 0x53},
+    {"T", 0x54},
+    {"U", 0x55},
+    {"V", 0x56},
+    {"W", 0x57},
+    {"X", 0x58},
+    {"Y", 0x59},
+    {"Z", 0x5a},
+    {"a", 0x61},
+    {"alert", 0x07},
+    {"ampersand", 0x26},
+    {"apostrophe", 0x27},
+    {"asterisk", 0x2a},
+    {"b", 0x62},
+    {"backslash", 0x5c},
+    {"backspace", 0x08},
+    {"c", 0x63},
+    {"carriage-return", 0x0d},
+    {"circumflex", 0x5e},
+    {"circumflex-accent", 0x5e},
+    {"colon", 0x3a},
+    {"comma", 0x2c},
+    {"commercial-at", 0x40},
+    {"d", 0x64},
+    {"dollar-sign", 0x24},
+    {"e", 0x65},
+    {"eight", 0x38},
+    {"equals-sign", 0x3d},
+    {"exclamation-mark", 0x21},
+    {"f", 0x66},
+    {"five", 0x35},
+    {"form-feed", 0x0c},
+    {"four", 0x34},
+    {"full-stop", 0x2e},
+    {"g", 0x67},
+    {"grave-accent", 0x60},
+    {"greater-than-sign", 0x3e},
+    {"h", 0x68},
+    {"hyphen", 0x2d},
+    {"hyphen-minus", 0x2d},
+    {"i", 0x69},
+    {"j", 0x6a},
+    {"k", 0x6b},
+    {"l", 0x6c},
+    {"left-brace", 0x7b},
+    {"left-curly-bracket", 0x7b},
+    {"left-parenthesis", 0x28},
+    {"left-square-bracket", 0x5b},
+    {"less-than-sign", 0x3c},
+    {"low-line", 0x5f},
+    {"m", 0x6d},
+    {"n", 0x6e},
+    {"newline", 0x0a},
+    {"nine", 0x39},
+    {"number-sign", 0x23},
+    {"o", 0x6f},
+    {"one", 0x31},
+    {"p", 0x70},
+    {"percent-sign", 0x25},
+    {"period", 0x2e},
+    {"plus-sign", 0x2b},
+    {"q", 0x71},
+    {"question-mark", 0x3f},
+    {"quotation-mark", 0x22},
+    {"r", 0x72},
+    {"reverse-solidus", 0x5c},
+    {"right-brace", 0x7d},
+    {"right-curly-bracket", 0x7d},
+    {"right-parenthesis", 0x29},
+    {"right-square-bracket", 0x5d},
+    {"s", 0x73},
+    {"semicolon", 0x3b},
+    {"seven", 0x37},
+    {"six", 0x36},
+    {"slash", 0x2f},
+    {"solidus", 0x2f},
+    {"space", 0x20},
+    {"t", 0x74},
+    {"tab", 0x09},
+    {"three", 0x33},
+    {"tilde", 0x7e},
+    {"two", 0x32},
+    {"u", 0x75},
+    {"underscore", 0x5f},
+    {"v", 0x76},
+    {"vertical-line", 0x7c},
+    {"vertical-tab", 0x0b},
+    {"w", 0x77},
+    {"x", 0x78},
+    {"y", 0x79},
+    {"z", 0x7a},
+    {"zero", 0x30}
+};
+
+struct classnames
+{
+    const char* elem_;
+    ctype_base::mask mask_;
+};
+
+const classnames ClassNames[] =
+{
+    {"alnum",  ctype_base::alnum},
+    {"alpha",  ctype_base::alpha},
+    {"blank",  ctype_base::blank},
+    {"cntrl",  ctype_base::cntrl},
+    {"d",      ctype_base::digit},
+    {"digit",  ctype_base::digit},
+    {"graph",  ctype_base::graph},
+    {"lower",  ctype_base::lower},
+    {"print",  ctype_base::print},
+    {"punct",  ctype_base::punct},
+    {"s",      ctype_base::space},
+    {"space",  ctype_base::space},
+    {"upper",  ctype_base::upper},
+    {"w",      regex_traits<char>::__regex_word},
+    {"xdigit", ctype_base::xdigit}
+};
+
+struct use_strcmp
+{
+    bool operator()(const collationnames& x, const char* y)
+        {return strcmp(x.elem_, y) < 0;}
+    bool operator()(const classnames& x, const char* y)
+        {return strcmp(x.elem_, y) < 0;}
+};
+
+}
+
+string
+__get_collation_name(const char* s)
+{
+    const collationnames* i =
+            _VSTD::lower_bound(begin(collatenames), end(collatenames), s, use_strcmp());
+    string r;
+    if (i != end(collatenames) && strcmp(s, i->elem_) == 0)
+        r = char(i->char_);
+    return r;
+}
+
+ctype_base::mask
+__get_classname(const char* s, bool __icase)
+{
+    const classnames* i =
+            _VSTD::lower_bound(begin(ClassNames), end(ClassNames), s, use_strcmp());
+    ctype_base::mask r = 0;
+    if (i != end(ClassNames) && strcmp(s, i->elem_) == 0)
+    {
+        r = i->mask_;
+        if (r == regex_traits<char>::__regex_word)
+            r |= ctype_base::alnum | ctype_base::upper | ctype_base::lower;
+        else if (__icase)
+        {
+            if (r & (ctype_base::lower | ctype_base::upper))
+                r |= ctype_base::alpha;
+        }
+    }
+    return r;
+}
+
+template <>
+void
+__match_any_but_newline<char>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    if (__s.__current_ != __s.__last_)
+    {
+        switch (*__s.__current_)
+        {
+        case '\r':
+        case '\n':
+            __s.__do_ = __state::__reject;
+            __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+            break;
+        default:
+            __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_and_consume;
+            ++__s.__current_;
+            __s.__node_ = this->first();
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__reject;
+        __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+template <>
+void
+__match_any_but_newline<wchar_t>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    if (__s.__current_ != __s.__last_)
+    {
+        switch (*__s.__current_)
+        {
+        case '\r':
+        case '\n':
+        case 0x2028:
+        case 0x2029:
+            __s.__do_ = __state::__reject;
+            __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+            break;
+        default:
+            __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_and_consume;
+            ++__s.__current_;
+            __s.__node_ = this->first();
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__reject;
+        __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
diff --git a/src/stdexcept.cpp b/src/stdexcept.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..28917887587e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/stdexcept.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+//===------------------------ stdexcept.cpp -------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "stdexcept"
+#include "new"
+#include "string"
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include "system_error"
+
+// Note:  optimize for size
+
+#pragma GCC visibility push(hidden)
+
+namespace
+{
+
+class __libcpp_nmstr
+{
+private:
+    const char* str_;
+
+    typedef std::size_t unused_t;
+    typedef std::int32_t count_t;
+
+    static const std::ptrdiff_t offset = static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(2*sizeof(unused_t) +
+                                                                       sizeof(count_t));
+
+    count_t& count() const _NOEXCEPT {return (count_t&)(*(str_ - sizeof(count_t)));}
+public:
+    explicit __libcpp_nmstr(const char* msg);
+    __libcpp_nmstr(const __libcpp_nmstr& s) _LIBCPP_CANTTHROW;
+    __libcpp_nmstr& operator=(const __libcpp_nmstr& s) _LIBCPP_CANTTHROW;
+    ~__libcpp_nmstr() _LIBCPP_CANTTHROW;
+    const char* c_str() const _NOEXCEPT {return str_;}
+};
+
+__libcpp_nmstr::__libcpp_nmstr(const char* msg)
+{
+    std::size_t len = strlen(msg);
+    str_ = new char[len + 1 + offset];
+    unused_t* c = (unused_t*)str_;
+    c[0] = c[1] = len;
+    str_ += offset;
+    count() = 0;
+    std::strcpy(const_cast<char*>(c_str()), msg);
+}
+
+inline
+__libcpp_nmstr::__libcpp_nmstr(const __libcpp_nmstr& s)
+    : str_(s.str_)
+{
+    __sync_add_and_fetch(&count(), 1);
+}
+
+__libcpp_nmstr&
+__libcpp_nmstr::operator=(const __libcpp_nmstr& s)
+{
+    const char* p = str_;
+    str_ = s.str_;
+    __sync_add_and_fetch(&count(), 1);
+    if (__sync_add_and_fetch((count_t*)(p-sizeof(count_t)), -1) < 0)
+        delete [] (p-offset);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+inline
+__libcpp_nmstr::~__libcpp_nmstr()
+{
+    if (__sync_add_and_fetch(&count(), -1) < 0)
+        delete [] (str_ - offset);
+}
+
+}
+
+#pragma GCC visibility pop
+
+namespace std  // purposefully not using versioning namespace
+{
+
+logic_error::logic_error(const string& msg)
+{
+    __libcpp_nmstr& s = (__libcpp_nmstr&)__imp_;
+    ::new(&s) __libcpp_nmstr(msg.c_str());
+}
+
+logic_error::logic_error(const char* msg)
+{
+    __libcpp_nmstr& s = (__libcpp_nmstr&)__imp_;
+    ::new(&s) __libcpp_nmstr(msg);
+}
+
+logic_error::logic_error(const logic_error& le) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __libcpp_nmstr& s = (__libcpp_nmstr&)__imp_;
+    ::new(&s) __libcpp_nmstr((const __libcpp_nmstr&)le.__imp_);
+}
+
+logic_error&
+logic_error::operator=(const logic_error& le) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __libcpp_nmstr& s1 = (__libcpp_nmstr&)__imp_;
+    const __libcpp_nmstr& s2 = (const __libcpp_nmstr&)le.__imp_;
+    s1 = s2;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+logic_error::~logic_error() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __libcpp_nmstr& s = (__libcpp_nmstr&)__imp_;
+    s.~__libcpp_nmstr();
+}
+
+const char*
+logic_error::what() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __libcpp_nmstr& s = (__libcpp_nmstr&)__imp_;
+    return s.c_str();
+}
+
+runtime_error::runtime_error(const string& msg)
+{
+    __libcpp_nmstr& s = (__libcpp_nmstr&)__imp_;
+    ::new(&s) __libcpp_nmstr(msg.c_str());
+}
+
+runtime_error::runtime_error(const char* msg)
+{
+    __libcpp_nmstr& s = (__libcpp_nmstr&)__imp_;
+    ::new(&s) __libcpp_nmstr(msg);
+}
+
+runtime_error::runtime_error(const runtime_error& le) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __libcpp_nmstr& s = (__libcpp_nmstr&)__imp_;
+    ::new(&s) __libcpp_nmstr((const __libcpp_nmstr&)le.__imp_);
+}
+
+runtime_error&
+runtime_error::operator=(const runtime_error& le) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __libcpp_nmstr& s1 = (__libcpp_nmstr&)__imp_;
+    const __libcpp_nmstr& s2 = (const __libcpp_nmstr&)le.__imp_;
+    s1 = s2;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+runtime_error::~runtime_error() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __libcpp_nmstr& s = (__libcpp_nmstr&)__imp_;
+    s.~__libcpp_nmstr();
+}
+
+const char*
+runtime_error::what() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __libcpp_nmstr& s = (__libcpp_nmstr&)__imp_;
+    return s.c_str();
+}
+
+domain_error::~domain_error() _NOEXCEPT {}
+invalid_argument::~invalid_argument() _NOEXCEPT {}
+length_error::~length_error() _NOEXCEPT {}
+out_of_range::~out_of_range() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+range_error::~range_error() _NOEXCEPT {}
+overflow_error::~overflow_error() _NOEXCEPT {}
+underflow_error::~underflow_error() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+}  // std
diff --git a/src/string.cpp b/src/string.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1f58e3657a89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/string.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,679 @@
+//===------------------------- string.cpp ---------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "string"
+#include "cstdlib"
+#include "cwchar"
+#include "cerrno"
+#if _WIN32
+#include "support/win32/support.h"
+#endif // _WIN32
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template class __basic_string_common<true>;
+
+template class basic_string<char>;
+template class basic_string<wchar_t>;
+
+template
+    string
+    operator+<char, char_traits<char>, allocator<char> >(char const*, string const&);
+
+int
+stoi(const string& str, size_t* idx, int base)
+{
+    char* ptr;
+    const char* const p = str.c_str();
+    long r = strtol(p, &ptr, base);
+    if (r < numeric_limits<int>::min() || numeric_limits<int>::max() < r)
+        ptr = const_cast<char*>(p);
+    if (ptr == p)
+    {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (r == 0)
+            throw invalid_argument("stoi: no conversion");
+        throw out_of_range("stoi: out of range");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    if (idx)
+        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
+    return static_cast<int>(r);
+}
+
+int
+stoi(const wstring& str, size_t* idx, int base)
+{
+    wchar_t* ptr;
+    const wchar_t* const p = str.c_str();
+    long r = wcstol(p, &ptr, base);
+    if (r < numeric_limits<int>::min() || numeric_limits<int>::max() < r)
+        ptr = const_cast<wchar_t*>(p);
+    if (ptr == p)
+    {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (r == 0)
+            throw invalid_argument("stoi: no conversion");
+        throw out_of_range("stoi: out of range");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    if (idx)
+        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
+    return static_cast<int>(r);
+}
+
+long
+stol(const string& str, size_t* idx, int base)
+{
+    char* ptr;
+    const char* const p = str.c_str();
+    long r = strtol(p, &ptr, base);
+    if (ptr == p)
+    {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (r == 0)
+            throw invalid_argument("stol: no conversion");
+        throw out_of_range("stol: out of range");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    if (idx)
+        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
+    return r;
+}
+
+long
+stol(const wstring& str, size_t* idx, int base)
+{
+    wchar_t* ptr;
+    const wchar_t* const p = str.c_str();
+    long r = wcstol(p, &ptr, base);
+    if (ptr == p)
+    {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (r == 0)
+            throw invalid_argument("stol: no conversion");
+        throw out_of_range("stol: out of range");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    if (idx)
+        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
+    return r;
+}
+
+unsigned long
+stoul(const string& str, size_t* idx, int base)
+{
+    char* ptr;
+    const char* const p = str.c_str();
+    unsigned long r = strtoul(p, &ptr, base);
+    if (ptr == p)
+    {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (r == 0)
+            throw invalid_argument("stoul: no conversion");
+        throw out_of_range("stoul: out of range");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    if (idx)
+        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
+    return r;
+}
+
+unsigned long
+stoul(const wstring& str, size_t* idx, int base)
+{
+    wchar_t* ptr;
+    const wchar_t* const p = str.c_str();
+    unsigned long r = wcstoul(p, &ptr, base);
+    if (ptr == p)
+    {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (r == 0)
+            throw invalid_argument("stoul: no conversion");
+        throw out_of_range("stoul: out of range");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    if (idx)
+        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
+    return r;
+}
+
+long long
+stoll(const string& str, size_t* idx, int base)
+{
+    char* ptr;
+    const char* const p = str.c_str();
+    long long r = strtoll(p, &ptr, base);
+    if (ptr == p)
+    {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (r == 0)
+            throw invalid_argument("stoll: no conversion");
+        throw out_of_range("stoll: out of range");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    if (idx)
+        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
+    return r;
+}
+
+long long
+stoll(const wstring& str, size_t* idx, int base)
+{
+    wchar_t* ptr;
+    const wchar_t* const p = str.c_str();
+    long long r = wcstoll(p, &ptr, base);
+    if (ptr == p)
+    {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (r == 0)
+            throw invalid_argument("stoll: no conversion");
+        throw out_of_range("stoll: out of range");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    if (idx)
+        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
+    return r;
+}
+
+unsigned long long
+stoull(const string& str, size_t* idx, int base)
+{
+    char* ptr;
+    const char* const p = str.c_str();
+    unsigned long long r = strtoull(p, &ptr, base);
+    if (ptr == p)
+    {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (r == 0)
+            throw invalid_argument("stoull: no conversion");
+        throw out_of_range("stoull: out of range");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    if (idx)
+        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
+    return r;
+}
+
+unsigned long long
+stoull(const wstring& str, size_t* idx, int base)
+{
+    wchar_t* ptr;
+    const wchar_t* const p = str.c_str();
+    unsigned long long r = wcstoull(p, &ptr, base);
+    if (ptr == p)
+    {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (r == 0)
+            throw invalid_argument("stoull: no conversion");
+        throw out_of_range("stoull: out of range");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    if (idx)
+        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
+    return r;
+}
+
+float
+stof(const string& str, size_t* idx)
+{
+    char* ptr;
+    const char* const p = str.c_str();
+    int errno_save = errno;
+    errno = 0;
+    double r = strtod(p, &ptr);
+    swap(errno, errno_save);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
+        throw out_of_range("stof: out of range");
+    if (ptr == p)
+        throw invalid_argument("stof: no conversion");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (idx)
+        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
+    return static_cast<float>(r);
+}
+
+float
+stof(const wstring& str, size_t* idx)
+{
+    wchar_t* ptr;
+    const wchar_t* const p = str.c_str();
+    int errno_save = errno;
+    errno = 0;
+    double r = wcstod(p, &ptr);
+    swap(errno, errno_save);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
+        throw out_of_range("stof: out of range");
+    if (ptr == p)
+        throw invalid_argument("stof: no conversion");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (idx)
+        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
+    return static_cast<float>(r);
+}
+
+double
+stod(const string& str, size_t* idx)
+{
+    char* ptr;
+    const char* const p = str.c_str();
+    int errno_save = errno;
+    errno = 0;
+    double r = strtod(p, &ptr);
+    swap(errno, errno_save);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
+        throw out_of_range("stod: out of range");
+    if (ptr == p)
+        throw invalid_argument("stod: no conversion");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (idx)
+        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
+    return r;
+}
+
+double
+stod(const wstring& str, size_t* idx)
+{
+    wchar_t* ptr;
+    const wchar_t* const p = str.c_str();
+    int errno_save = errno;
+    errno = 0;
+    double r = wcstod(p, &ptr);
+    swap(errno, errno_save);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
+        throw out_of_range("stod: out of range");
+    if (ptr == p)
+        throw invalid_argument("stod: no conversion");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (idx)
+        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
+    return r;
+}
+
+long double
+stold(const string& str, size_t* idx)
+{
+    char* ptr;
+    const char* const p = str.c_str();
+    int errno_save = errno;
+    errno = 0;
+    long double r = strtold(p, &ptr);
+    swap(errno, errno_save);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
+        throw out_of_range("stold: out of range");
+    if (ptr == p)
+        throw invalid_argument("stold: no conversion");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (idx)
+        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
+    return r;
+}
+
+long double
+stold(const wstring& str, size_t* idx)
+{
+    wchar_t* ptr;
+    const wchar_t* const p = str.c_str();
+    int errno_save = errno;
+    errno = 0;
+    long double r = wcstold(p, &ptr);
+    swap(errno, errno_save);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
+        throw out_of_range("stold: out of range");
+    if (ptr == p)
+        throw invalid_argument("stold: no conversion");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (idx)
+        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
+    return r;
+}
+
+string to_string(int val)
+{
+    string s;
+    s.resize(s.capacity());
+    while (true)
+    {
+        int n2 = snprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, "%d", val);
+        if (n2 <= s.size())
+        {
+            s.resize(n2);
+            break;
+        }
+        s.resize(n2);
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+string to_string(unsigned val)
+{
+    string s;
+    s.resize(s.capacity());
+    while (true)
+    {
+        int n2 = snprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, "%u", val);
+        if (n2 <= s.size())
+        {
+            s.resize(n2);
+            break;
+        }
+        s.resize(n2);
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+string to_string(long val)
+{
+    string s;
+    s.resize(s.capacity());
+    while (true)
+    {
+        int n2 = snprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, "%ld", val);
+        if (n2 <= s.size())
+        {
+            s.resize(n2);
+            break;
+        }
+        s.resize(n2);
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+string to_string(unsigned long val)
+{
+    string s;
+    s.resize(s.capacity());
+    while (true)
+    {
+        int n2 = snprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, "%lu", val);
+        if (n2 <= s.size())
+        {
+            s.resize(n2);
+            break;
+        }
+        s.resize(n2);
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+string to_string(long long val)
+{
+    string s;
+    s.resize(s.capacity());
+    while (true)
+    {
+        int n2 = snprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, "%lld", val);
+        if (n2 <= s.size())
+        {
+            s.resize(n2);
+            break;
+        }
+        s.resize(n2);
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+string to_string(unsigned long long val)
+{
+    string s;
+    s.resize(s.capacity());
+    while (true)
+    {
+        int n2 = snprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, "%llu", val);
+        if (n2 <= s.size())
+        {
+            s.resize(n2);
+            break;
+        }
+        s.resize(n2);
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+string to_string(float val)
+{
+    string s;
+    s.resize(s.capacity());
+    while (true)
+    {
+        int n2 = snprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, "%f", val);
+        if (n2 <= s.size())
+        {
+            s.resize(n2);
+            break;
+        }
+        s.resize(n2);
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+string to_string(double val)
+{
+    string s;
+    s.resize(s.capacity());
+    while (true)
+    {
+        int n2 = snprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, "%f", val);
+        if (n2 <= s.size())
+        {
+            s.resize(n2);
+            break;
+        }
+        s.resize(n2);
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+string to_string(long double val)
+{
+    string s;
+    s.resize(s.capacity());
+    while (true)
+    {
+        int n2 = snprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, "%Lf", val);
+        if (n2 <= s.size())
+        {
+            s.resize(n2);
+            break;
+        }
+        s.resize(n2);
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+wstring to_wstring(int val)
+{
+    const size_t n = (numeric_limits<int>::digits / 3)
+          + ((numeric_limits<int>::digits % 3) != 0)
+          + 1;
+    wstring s(n, wchar_t());
+    s.resize(s.capacity());
+    while (true)
+    {
+        int n2 = swprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, L"%d", val);
+        if (n2 > 0)
+        {
+            s.resize(n2);
+            break;
+        }
+        s.resize(2*s.size());
+        s.resize(s.capacity());
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+wstring to_wstring(unsigned val)
+{
+    const size_t n = (numeric_limits<unsigned>::digits / 3)
+          + ((numeric_limits<unsigned>::digits % 3) != 0)
+          + 1;
+    wstring s(n, wchar_t());
+    s.resize(s.capacity());
+    while (true)
+    {
+        int n2 = swprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, L"%u", val);
+        if (n2 > 0)
+        {
+            s.resize(n2);
+            break;
+        }
+        s.resize(2*s.size());
+        s.resize(s.capacity());
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+wstring to_wstring(long val)
+{
+    const size_t n = (numeric_limits<long>::digits / 3)
+          + ((numeric_limits<long>::digits % 3) != 0)
+          + 1;
+    wstring s(n, wchar_t());
+    s.resize(s.capacity());
+    while (true)
+    {
+        int n2 = swprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, L"%ld", val);
+        if (n2 > 0)
+        {
+            s.resize(n2);
+            break;
+        }
+        s.resize(2*s.size());
+        s.resize(s.capacity());
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+wstring to_wstring(unsigned long val)
+{
+    const size_t n = (numeric_limits<unsigned long>::digits / 3)
+          + ((numeric_limits<unsigned long>::digits % 3) != 0)
+          + 1;
+    wstring s(n, wchar_t());
+    s.resize(s.capacity());
+    while (true)
+    {
+        int n2 = swprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, L"%lu", val);
+        if (n2 > 0)
+        {
+            s.resize(n2);
+            break;
+        }
+        s.resize(2*s.size());
+        s.resize(s.capacity());
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+wstring to_wstring(long long val)
+{
+    const size_t n = (numeric_limits<long long>::digits / 3)
+          + ((numeric_limits<long long>::digits % 3) != 0)
+          + 1;
+    wstring s(n, wchar_t());
+    s.resize(s.capacity());
+    while (true)
+    {
+        int n2 = swprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, L"%lld", val);
+        if (n2 > 0)
+        {
+            s.resize(n2);
+            break;
+        }
+        s.resize(2*s.size());
+        s.resize(s.capacity());
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+wstring to_wstring(unsigned long long val)
+{
+    const size_t n = (numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::digits / 3)
+          + ((numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::digits % 3) != 0)
+          + 1;
+    wstring s(n, wchar_t());
+    s.resize(s.capacity());
+    while (true)
+    {
+        int n2 = swprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, L"%llu", val);
+        if (n2 > 0)
+        {
+            s.resize(n2);
+            break;
+        }
+        s.resize(2*s.size());
+        s.resize(s.capacity());
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+wstring to_wstring(float val)
+{
+    const size_t n = 20;
+    wstring s(n, wchar_t());
+    s.resize(s.capacity());
+    while (true)
+    {
+        int n2 = swprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, L"%f", val);
+        if (n2 > 0)
+        {
+            s.resize(n2);
+            break;
+        }
+        s.resize(2*s.size());
+        s.resize(s.capacity());
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+wstring to_wstring(double val)
+{
+    const size_t n = 20;
+    wstring s(n, wchar_t());
+    s.resize(s.capacity());
+    while (true)
+    {
+        int n2 = swprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, L"%f", val);
+        if (n2 > 0)
+        {
+            s.resize(n2);
+            break;
+        }
+        s.resize(2*s.size());
+        s.resize(s.capacity());
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+wstring to_wstring(long double val)
+{
+    const size_t n = 20;
+    wstring s(n, wchar_t());
+    s.resize(s.capacity());
+    while (true)
+    {
+        int n2 = swprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, L"%Lf", val);
+        if (n2 > 0)
+        {
+            s.resize(n2);
+            break;
+        }
+        s.resize(2*s.size());
+        s.resize(s.capacity());
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
diff --git a/src/strstream.cpp b/src/strstream.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..53139509edfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/strstream.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+//===------------------------ strstream.cpp -------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "strstream"
+#include "algorithm"
+#include "climits"
+#include "cstring"
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+strstreambuf::strstreambuf(streamsize __alsize)
+    : __strmode_(__dynamic),
+      __alsize_(__alsize),
+      __palloc_(nullptr),
+      __pfree_(nullptr)
+{
+}
+
+strstreambuf::strstreambuf(void* (*__palloc)(size_t), void (*__pfree)(void*))
+    : __strmode_(__dynamic),
+      __alsize_(__default_alsize),
+      __palloc_(__palloc),
+      __pfree_(__pfree)
+{
+}
+
+void
+strstreambuf::__init(char* __gnext, streamsize __n, char* __pbeg)
+{
+    if (__n == 0)
+        __n = strlen(__gnext);
+    else if (__n < 0)
+        __n = INT_MAX;
+    if (__pbeg == nullptr)
+        setg(__gnext, __gnext, __gnext + __n);
+    else
+    {
+        setg(__gnext, __gnext, __pbeg);
+        setp(__pbeg, __pbeg + __n);
+    }
+}
+
+strstreambuf::strstreambuf(char* __gnext, streamsize __n, char* __pbeg)
+    : __strmode_(),
+      __alsize_(__default_alsize),
+      __palloc_(nullptr),
+      __pfree_(nullptr)
+{
+    __init(__gnext, __n, __pbeg);
+}
+
+strstreambuf::strstreambuf(const char* __gnext, streamsize __n)
+    : __strmode_(__constant),
+      __alsize_(__default_alsize),
+      __palloc_(nullptr),
+      __pfree_(nullptr)
+{
+    __init((char*)__gnext, __n, nullptr);
+}
+
+strstreambuf::strstreambuf(signed char* __gnext, streamsize __n, signed char* __pbeg)
+    : __strmode_(),
+      __alsize_(__default_alsize),
+      __palloc_(nullptr),
+      __pfree_(nullptr)
+{
+    __init((char*)__gnext, __n, (char*)__pbeg);
+}
+
+strstreambuf::strstreambuf(const signed char* __gnext, streamsize __n)
+    : __strmode_(__constant),
+      __alsize_(__default_alsize),
+      __palloc_(nullptr),
+      __pfree_(nullptr)
+{
+    __init((char*)__gnext, __n, nullptr);
+}
+
+strstreambuf::strstreambuf(unsigned char* __gnext, streamsize __n, unsigned char* __pbeg)
+    : __strmode_(),
+      __alsize_(__default_alsize),
+      __palloc_(nullptr),
+      __pfree_(nullptr)
+{
+    __init((char*)__gnext, __n, (char*)__pbeg);
+}
+
+strstreambuf::strstreambuf(const unsigned char* __gnext, streamsize __n)
+    : __strmode_(__constant),
+      __alsize_(__default_alsize),
+      __palloc_(nullptr),
+      __pfree_(nullptr)
+{
+    __init((char*)__gnext, __n, nullptr);
+}
+
+strstreambuf::~strstreambuf()
+{
+    if (eback() && (__strmode_ & __allocated) != 0 && (__strmode_ & __frozen) == 0)
+    {
+        if (__pfree_)
+            __pfree_(eback());
+        else
+            delete [] eback();
+    }
+}
+
+void
+strstreambuf::swap(strstreambuf& __rhs)
+{
+    streambuf::swap(__rhs);
+    _VSTD::swap(__strmode_, __rhs.__strmode_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__alsize_, __rhs.__alsize_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__palloc_, __rhs.__palloc_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__pfree_, __rhs.__pfree_);
+}
+
+void
+strstreambuf::freeze(bool __freezefl)
+{
+    if (__strmode_ & __dynamic)
+    {
+        if (__freezefl)
+            __strmode_ |= __frozen;
+        else
+            __strmode_ &= ~__frozen;
+    }
+}
+
+char*
+strstreambuf::str()
+{
+    if (__strmode_ & __dynamic)
+        __strmode_ |= __frozen;
+    return eback();
+}
+
+int
+strstreambuf::pcount() const
+{
+    return static_cast<int>(pptr() - pbase());
+}
+
+strstreambuf::int_type
+strstreambuf::overflow(int_type __c)
+{
+    if (__c == EOF)
+        return int_type(0);
+    if (pptr() == epptr())
+    {
+        if ((__strmode_ & __dynamic) == 0 || (__strmode_ & __frozen) != 0)
+            return int_type(EOF);
+        streamsize old_size = (epptr() ? epptr() : egptr()) - eback();
+        streamsize new_size = max<streamsize>(__alsize_, 2*old_size);
+        char* buf = nullptr;
+        if (__palloc_)
+            buf = static_cast<char*>(__palloc_(new_size));
+        else
+            buf = new char[new_size];
+        if (buf == nullptr)
+            return int_type(EOF);
+        memcpy(buf, eback(), old_size);
+        ptrdiff_t ninp = gptr()  - eback();
+        ptrdiff_t einp = egptr() - eback();
+        ptrdiff_t nout = pptr()  - pbase();
+        ptrdiff_t eout = epptr() - pbase();
+        if (__strmode_ & __allocated)
+        {
+            if (__pfree_)
+                __pfree_(eback());
+            else
+                delete [] eback();
+        }
+        setg(buf, buf + ninp, buf + einp);
+        setp(buf + einp, buf + einp + eout);
+        pbump(nout);
+        __strmode_ |= __allocated;
+    }
+    *pptr() = static_cast<char>(__c);
+    pbump(1);
+    return int_type((unsigned char)__c);
+}
+
+strstreambuf::int_type
+strstreambuf::pbackfail(int_type __c)
+{
+    if (eback() == gptr())
+        return EOF;
+    if (__c == EOF)
+    {
+        gbump(-1);
+        return int_type(0);
+    }
+    if (__strmode_ & __constant)
+    {
+        if (gptr()[-1] == static_cast<char>(__c))
+        {
+            gbump(-1);
+            return __c;
+        }
+        return EOF;
+    }
+    gbump(-1);
+    *gptr() = static_cast<char>(__c);
+    return __c;
+}
+
+strstreambuf::int_type
+strstreambuf::underflow()
+{
+    if (gptr() == egptr())
+    {
+        if (egptr() >= pptr())
+            return EOF;
+        setg(eback(), gptr(), pptr());
+    }
+    return int_type((unsigned char)*gptr());
+}
+
+strstreambuf::pos_type
+strstreambuf::seekoff(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __way, ios_base::openmode __which)
+{
+    off_type __p(-1);
+    bool pos_in = __which & ios::in;
+    bool pos_out = __which & ios::out;
+    bool legal = false;
+    switch (__way)
+    {
+    case ios::beg:
+    case ios::end:
+        if (pos_in || pos_out)
+            legal = true;
+        break;
+    case ios::cur:
+        if (pos_in != pos_out)
+            legal = true;
+        break;
+    }
+    if (pos_in && gptr() == nullptr)
+        legal = false;
+    if (pos_out && pptr() == nullptr)
+        legal = false;
+    if (legal)
+    {
+        off_type newoff;
+        char* seekhigh = epptr() ? epptr() : egptr();
+        switch (__way)
+        {
+        case ios::beg:
+            newoff = 0;
+            break;
+        case ios::cur:
+            newoff = (pos_in ? gptr() : pptr()) - eback();
+            break;
+        case ios::end:
+            newoff = seekhigh - eback();
+            break;
+        }
+        newoff += __off;
+        if (0 <= newoff && newoff <= seekhigh - eback())
+        {
+            char* newpos = eback() + newoff;
+            if (pos_in)
+                setg(eback(), newpos, _VSTD::max(newpos, egptr()));
+            if (pos_out)
+            {
+                // min(pbase, newpos), newpos, epptr()
+                __off = epptr() - newpos;
+                setp(min(pbase(), newpos), epptr());
+                pbump(static_cast<int>((epptr() - pbase()) - __off));
+            }
+            __p = newoff;
+        }
+    }
+    return pos_type(__p);
+}
+
+strstreambuf::pos_type
+strstreambuf::seekpos(pos_type __sp, ios_base::openmode __which)
+{
+    off_type __p(-1);
+    bool pos_in = __which & ios::in;
+    bool pos_out = __which & ios::out;
+    if (pos_in || pos_out)
+    {
+        if (!((pos_in && gptr() == nullptr) || (pos_out && pptr() == nullptr)))
+        {
+            off_type newoff = __sp;
+            char* seekhigh = epptr() ? epptr() : egptr();
+            if (0 <= newoff && newoff <= seekhigh - eback())
+            {
+                char* newpos = eback() + newoff;
+                if (pos_in)
+                    setg(eback(), newpos, _VSTD::max(newpos, egptr()));
+                if (pos_out)
+                {
+                    // min(pbase, newpos), newpos, epptr()
+                    off_type temp = epptr() - newpos;
+                    setp(min(pbase(), newpos), epptr());
+                    pbump(static_cast<int>((epptr() - pbase()) - temp));
+                }
+                __p = newoff;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return pos_type(__p);
+}
+
+istrstream::~istrstream()
+{
+}
+
+ostrstream::~ostrstream()
+{
+}
+
+strstream::~strstream()
+{
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
diff --git a/src/support/win32/locale_win32.cpp b/src/support/win32/locale_win32.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..02b5874e2944
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/support/win32/locale_win32.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-------------------- support/win32/locale_win32.cpp ------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "support/win32/locale_win32.h"
+
+#include <stdarg.h> // va_start, va_end
+
+// FIXME: base currently unused. Needs manual work to construct the new locale
+locale_t newlocale( int mask, const char * locale, locale_t /*base*/ )
+{
+    return _create_locale( mask, locale );
+}
+locale_t uselocale( locale_t newloc )
+{
+    locale_t old_locale = _get_current_locale();
+    // uselocale sets the thread's locale by definition, so unconditionally use thread-local locale
+    _configthreadlocale( _ENABLE_PER_THREAD_LOCALE );
+    // uselocale sets all categories
+    setlocale( LC_ALL, newloc->locinfo->lc_category[LC_ALL].locale );
+    // uselocale returns the old locale_t
+    return old_locale;
+}
+lconv *localeconv_l( locale_t loc )
+{
+    __locale_raii __current( uselocale(loc), uselocale );
+    return localeconv();
+}
+size_t mbrlen_l( const char *__restrict__ s, size_t n,
+                 mbstate_t *__restrict__ ps, locale_t loc )
+{
+    __locale_raii __current( uselocale(loc), uselocale );
+    return mbrlen( s, n, ps );
+}
+size_t mbsrtowcs_l( wchar_t *__restrict__ dst, const char **__restrict__ src,
+                    size_t len, mbstate_t *__restrict__ ps, locale_t loc )
+{
+    __locale_raii __current( uselocale(loc), uselocale );
+    return mbsrtowcs( dst, src, len, ps );
+}
+size_t wcrtomb_l( char *__restrict__ s, wchar_t wc, mbstate_t *__restrict__ ps,
+                  locale_t loc )
+{
+    __locale_raii __current( uselocale(loc), uselocale );
+    return wcrtomb( s, wc, ps );
+}
+size_t mbrtowc_l( wchar_t *__restrict__ pwc, const char *__restrict__ s,
+                  size_t n, mbstate_t *__restrict__ ps, locale_t loc )
+{
+    __locale_raii __current( uselocale(loc), uselocale );
+    return mbrtowc( pwc, s, n, ps );
+}
+size_t mbsnrtowcs_l( wchar_t *__restrict__ dst, const char **__restrict__ src,
+                     size_t nms, size_t len, mbstate_t *__restrict__ ps, locale_t loc )
+{
+    __locale_raii __current( uselocale(loc), uselocale );
+    return mbsnrtowcs( dst, src, nms, len, ps );
+}
+size_t wcsnrtombs_l( char *__restrict__ dst, const wchar_t **__restrict__ src,
+                     size_t nwc, size_t len, mbstate_t *__restrict__ ps, locale_t loc )
+{
+    __locale_raii __current( uselocale(loc), uselocale );
+    return wcsnrtombs( dst, src, nwc, len, ps );
+}
+wint_t btowc_l( int c, locale_t loc )
+{
+    __locale_raii __current( uselocale(loc), uselocale );
+    return btowc( c );
+}
+int wctob_l( wint_t c, locale_t loc )
+{
+    __locale_raii __current( uselocale(loc), uselocale );
+    return wctob( c );
+}
+
+int asprintf_l( char **ret, locale_t loc, const char *format, ... )
+{
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start( ap, format );
+    int result = vasprintf_l( ret, loc, format, ap );
+    va_end(ap);
+    return result;
+}
+int vasprintf_l( char **ret, locale_t loc, const char *format, va_list ap )
+{
+    __locale_raii __current( uselocale(loc), uselocale );
+    return vasprintf( ret, format, ap );
+}
diff --git a/src/support/win32/support.cpp b/src/support/win32/support.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9e85077a7ada
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/support/win32/support.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------- support/win32/support.h ----------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include <support/win32/support.h>
+#include <stdarg.h> // va_start, va_end
+#include <stddef.h> // size_t
+#include <stdlib.h> // malloc
+#include <stdio.h>  // vsprintf, vsnprintf
+#include <string.h> // strcpy, wcsncpy
+
+int asprintf(char **sptr, const char *__restrict fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, fmt);
+    int result = vasprintf(sptr, fmt, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+    return result;
+}
+int vasprintf( char **sptr, const char *__restrict fmt, va_list ap )
+{
+    *sptr = NULL;
+    int count = vsnprintf( *sptr, 0, fmt, ap );
+    if( (count >= 0) && ((*sptr = (char*)malloc(count+1)) != NULL) )
+    {
+        vsprintf( *sptr, fmt, ap );
+        sptr[count] = '\0';
+    }
+
+    return count;
+}
+
+// FIXME: use wcrtomb and avoid copy
+// use mbsrtowcs which is available, first copy first nwc elements of src
+size_t mbsnrtowcs( wchar_t *__restrict dst, const char **__restrict src,
+                   size_t nmc, size_t len, mbstate_t *__restrict ps )
+{
+    char* local_src = new char[nmc+1];
+    char* nmcsrc = local_src;
+    strncpy( nmcsrc, *src, nmc );
+    nmcsrc[nmc] = '\0';
+    const size_t result = mbsrtowcs( dst, const_cast<const char **>(&nmcsrc), len, ps );
+    // propagate error
+    if( nmcsrc == NULL )
+        *src = NULL;
+    delete[] local_src;
+    return result;
+}
+// FIXME: use wcrtomb and avoid copy
+// use wcsrtombs which is available, first copy first nwc elements of src
+size_t wcsnrtombs( char *__restrict dst, const wchar_t **__restrict src,
+                   size_t nwc, size_t len, mbstate_t *__restrict ps )
+{
+    wchar_t* local_src = new wchar_t[nwc];
+    wchar_t* nwcsrc = local_src;
+    wcsncpy(nwcsrc, *src, nwc);
+    nwcsrc[nwc] = '\0';
+    const size_t result = wcsrtombs( dst, const_cast<const wchar_t **>(&nwcsrc), len, ps );
+    // propogate error
+    if( nwcsrc == NULL )
+        *src = NULL;
+    delete[] nwcsrc;
+    return result;
+}
diff --git a/src/system_error.cpp b/src/system_error.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..763d62c2a0b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/system_error.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+//===---------------------- system_error.cpp ------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "system_error"
+#include "string"
+#include "cstring"
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// class error_category
+
+error_category::error_category() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+}
+
+error_category::~error_category() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+}
+
+error_condition
+error_category::default_error_condition(int ev) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return error_condition(ev, *this);
+}
+
+bool
+error_category::equivalent(int code, const error_condition& condition) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return default_error_condition(code) == condition;
+}
+
+bool
+error_category::equivalent(const error_code& code, int condition) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return *this == code.category() && code.value() == condition;
+}
+
+string
+__do_message::message(int ev) const
+{
+    return string(strerror(ev));
+}
+
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __generic_error_category
+    : public __do_message
+{
+public:
+    virtual const char* name() const _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual string message(int ev) const;
+};
+
+const char*
+__generic_error_category::name() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return "generic";
+}
+
+string
+__generic_error_category::message(int ev) const
+{
+#ifdef ELAST
+    if (ev > ELAST)
+      return string("unspecified generic_category error");
+#endif  // ELAST
+    return __do_message::message(ev);
+}
+
+const error_category&
+generic_category() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    static __generic_error_category s;
+    return s;
+}
+
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __system_error_category
+    : public __do_message
+{
+public:
+    virtual const char* name() const _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual string message(int ev) const;
+    virtual error_condition default_error_condition(int ev) const _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+const char*
+__system_error_category::name() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return "system";
+}
+
+string
+__system_error_category::message(int ev) const
+{
+#ifdef ELAST
+    if (ev > ELAST)
+      return string("unspecified system_category error");
+#endif  // ELAST
+    return __do_message::message(ev);
+}
+
+error_condition
+__system_error_category::default_error_condition(int ev) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#ifdef ELAST
+    if (ev > ELAST)
+      return error_condition(ev, system_category());
+#endif  // ELAST
+    return error_condition(ev, generic_category());
+}
+
+const error_category&
+system_category() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    static __system_error_category s;
+    return s;
+}
+
+// error_condition
+
+string
+error_condition::message() const
+{
+    return __cat_->message(__val_);
+}
+
+// error_code
+
+string
+error_code::message() const
+{
+    return __cat_->message(__val_);
+}
+
+// system_error
+
+string
+system_error::__init(const error_code& ec, string what_arg)
+{
+    if (ec)
+    {
+        if (!what_arg.empty())
+            what_arg += ": ";
+        what_arg += ec.message();
+    }
+    return _VSTD::move(what_arg);
+}
+
+system_error::system_error(error_code ec, const string& what_arg)
+    : runtime_error(__init(ec, what_arg)),
+      __ec_(ec)
+{
+}
+
+system_error::system_error(error_code ec, const char* what_arg)
+    : runtime_error(__init(ec, what_arg)),
+      __ec_(ec)
+{
+}
+
+system_error::system_error(error_code ec)
+    : runtime_error(__init(ec, "")),
+      __ec_(ec)
+{
+}
+
+system_error::system_error(int ev, const error_category& ecat, const string& what_arg)
+    : runtime_error(__init(error_code(ev, ecat), what_arg)),
+      __ec_(error_code(ev, ecat))
+{
+}
+
+system_error::system_error(int ev, const error_category& ecat, const char* what_arg)
+    : runtime_error(__init(error_code(ev, ecat), what_arg)),
+      __ec_(error_code(ev, ecat))
+{
+}
+
+system_error::system_error(int ev, const error_category& ecat)
+    : runtime_error(__init(error_code(ev, ecat), "")),
+      __ec_(error_code(ev, ecat))
+{
+}
+
+system_error::~system_error() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+}
+
+void
+__throw_system_error(int ev, const char* what_arg)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    throw system_error(error_code(ev, system_category()), what_arg);
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
diff --git a/src/thread.cpp b/src/thread.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b07f8f851072
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/thread.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+//===------------------------- thread.cpp----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "thread"
+#include "exception"
+#include "vector"
+#include "future"
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#if !_WIN32
+#include <sys/sysctl.h>
+#endif // _WIN32
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+thread::~thread()
+{
+    if (__t_ != 0)
+        terminate();
+}
+
+void
+thread::join()
+{
+    int ec = pthread_join(__t_, 0);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (ec)
+        throw system_error(error_code(ec, system_category()), "thread::join failed");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __t_ = 0;
+}
+
+void
+thread::detach()
+{
+    int ec = EINVAL;
+    if (__t_ != 0)
+    {
+        ec = pthread_detach(__t_);
+        if (ec == 0)
+            __t_ = 0;
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (ec)
+        throw system_error(error_code(ec, system_category()), "thread::detach failed");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+unsigned
+thread::hardware_concurrency()
+{
+#if defined(CTL_HW) && defined(HW_NCPU)
+    int n;
+    int mib[2] = {CTL_HW, HW_NCPU};
+    std::size_t s = sizeof(n);
+    sysctl(mib, 2, &n, &s, 0, 0);
+    return n;
+#else  // defined(CTL_HW) && defined(HW_NCPU)
+    // TODO: grovel through /proc or check cpuid on x86 and similar
+    // instructions on other architectures.
+    return 0;  // Means not computable [thread.thread.static]
+#endif  // defined(CTL_HW) && defined(HW_NCPU)
+}
+
+namespace this_thread
+{
+
+void
+sleep_for(const chrono::nanoseconds& ns)
+{
+    using namespace chrono;
+    if (ns >= nanoseconds::zero())
+    {
+        timespec ts;
+        ts.tv_sec = static_cast<decltype(ts.tv_sec)>(duration_cast<seconds>(ns).count());
+        ts.tv_nsec = static_cast<decltype(ts.tv_nsec)>((ns - seconds(ts.tv_sec)).count());
+        nanosleep(&ts, 0);
+    }
+}
+
+}  // this_thread
+
+__thread_specific_ptr<__thread_struct>&
+__thread_local_data()
+{
+    static __thread_specific_ptr<__thread_struct> __p;
+    return __p;
+}
+
+// __thread_struct_imp
+
+template <class T>
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __hidden_allocator
+{
+public:
+    typedef T  value_type;
+    
+    T* allocate(size_t __n)
+        {return static_cast<T*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(T)));}
+    void deallocate(T* __p, size_t) {::operator delete((void*)__p);}
+
+    size_t max_size() const {return size_t(~0) / sizeof(T);}
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __thread_struct_imp
+{
+    typedef vector<__assoc_sub_state*,
+                          __hidden_allocator<__assoc_sub_state*> > _AsyncStates;
+    typedef vector<pair<condition_variable*, mutex*>,
+               __hidden_allocator<pair<condition_variable*, mutex*> > > _Notify;
+
+    _AsyncStates async_states_;
+    _Notify notify_;
+
+    __thread_struct_imp(const __thread_struct_imp&);
+    __thread_struct_imp& operator=(const __thread_struct_imp&);
+public:
+    __thread_struct_imp() {}
+    ~__thread_struct_imp();
+
+    void notify_all_at_thread_exit(condition_variable* cv, mutex* m);
+    void __make_ready_at_thread_exit(__assoc_sub_state* __s);
+};
+
+__thread_struct_imp::~__thread_struct_imp()
+{
+    for (_Notify::iterator i = notify_.begin(), e = notify_.end();
+            i != e; ++i)
+    {
+        i->second->unlock();
+        i->first->notify_all();
+    }
+    for (_AsyncStates::iterator i = async_states_.begin(), e = async_states_.end();
+            i != e; ++i)
+    {
+        (*i)->__make_ready();
+        (*i)->__release_shared();
+    }
+}
+
+void
+__thread_struct_imp::notify_all_at_thread_exit(condition_variable* cv, mutex* m)
+{
+    notify_.push_back(pair<condition_variable*, mutex*>(cv, m));
+}
+
+void
+__thread_struct_imp::__make_ready_at_thread_exit(__assoc_sub_state* __s)
+{
+    async_states_.push_back(__s);
+    __s->__add_shared();
+}
+
+// __thread_struct
+
+__thread_struct::__thread_struct()
+    : __p_(new __thread_struct_imp)
+{
+}
+
+__thread_struct::~__thread_struct()
+{
+    delete __p_;
+}
+
+void
+__thread_struct::notify_all_at_thread_exit(condition_variable* cv, mutex* m)
+{
+    __p_->notify_all_at_thread_exit(cv, m);
+}
+
+void
+__thread_struct::__make_ready_at_thread_exit(__assoc_sub_state* __s)
+{
+    __p_->__make_ready_at_thread_exit(__s);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
diff --git a/src/typeinfo.cpp b/src/typeinfo.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9ca03a183e9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/typeinfo.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+//===------------------------- typeinfo.cpp -------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#if __APPLE__
+#include <cxxabi.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "typeinfo"
+
+std::bad_cast::bad_cast() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+}
+
+std::bad_cast::~bad_cast() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+}
+
+const char*
+std::bad_cast::what() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+  return "std::bad_cast";
+}
+
+std::bad_typeid::bad_typeid() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+}
+
+std::bad_typeid::~bad_typeid() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+}
+
+const char*
+std::bad_typeid::what() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+  return "std::bad_typeid";
+}
+
+#if __APPLE__
+  // On Darwin, the cxa_bad_* functions cannot be in the lower level library
+  // because bad_cast and bad_typeid are defined in his higher level library
+  void __cxxabiv1::__cxa_bad_typeid() { throw std::bad_typeid(); }
+  void __cxxabiv1::__cxa_bad_cast() { throw std::bad_cast(); }
+#endif
+
diff --git a/src/utility.cpp b/src/utility.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7dccffb73e5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utility.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//===------------------------ utility.cpp ---------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "utility"
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+const piecewise_construct_t piecewise_construct = {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
diff --git a/src/valarray.cpp b/src/valarray.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2d8db52ac36b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/valarray.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//===------------------------ valarray.cpp --------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "valarray"
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template valarray<size_t>::valarray(size_t);
+template valarray<size_t>::~valarray();
+template void valarray<size_t>::resize(size_t, size_t);
+
+void
+gslice::__init(size_t __start)
+{
+    valarray<size_t> __indices(__size_.size());
+    size_t __k = __size_.size() != 0;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_.size(); ++__i)
+        __k *= __size_[__i];
+    __1d_.resize(__k);
+    if (__1d_.size())
+    {
+        __k = 0;
+        __1d_[__k] = __start;
+        while (true)
+        {
+            size_t __i = __indices.size() - 1;
+            while (true)
+            {
+                if (++__indices[__i] < __size_[__i])
+                {
+                    ++__k;
+                    __1d_[__k] = __1d_[__k-1] + __stride_[__i];
+                    for (size_t __j = __i + 1; __j != __indices.size(); ++__j)
+                        __1d_[__k] -= __stride_[__j] * (__size_[__j] - 1);
+                    break;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    if (__i == 0)
+                        return;
+                    __indices[__i--] = 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD