unbound: Vendor import 1.13.2vendor/unbound/1.13.2

76 files changed, 6252 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/testdata/auth_zonefile_dnssec.rpl b/testdata/auth_zonefile_dnssec.rpl
index eb264ee8bbb2..f58c5230058b 100644
--- a/testdata/auth_zonefile_dnssec.rpl
+++ b/testdata/auth_zonefile_dnssec.rpl
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ server:
 	target-fetch-policy: "0 0 0 0 0"
 	fake-sha1: yes
 	trust-anchor-signaling: no
+	zonemd-permissive-mode: yes
 
 auth-zone:
 	name: "example.com."
diff --git a/testdata/auth_zonefile_down.rpl b/testdata/auth_zonefile_down.rpl
index 9c5ecbb1c8ba..870ba940140d 100644
--- a/testdata/auth_zonefile_down.rpl
+++ b/testdata/auth_zonefile_down.rpl
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ server:
 	qname-minimisation: "no"
 	trust-anchor-signaling: no
 	aggressive-nsec: yes
+	zonemd-permissive-mode: yes
 
 auth-zone:
 	name: "example.com."
diff --git a/testdata/auth_zonemd_anchor.rpl b/testdata/auth_zonemd_anchor.rpl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c443f7d43f10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/auth_zonemd_anchor.rpl
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+; config options
+server:
+	target-fetch-policy: "0 0 0 0 0"
+	trust-anchor: "example.com. DS 55566 8 2 9c148338951ce1c3b5cd3da532f3d90dfcf92595148022f2c2fd98e5deee90af"
+	trust-anchor-signaling: no
+	val-override-date: 20201020135527
+
+auth-zone:
+	name: "example.com."
+	## zonefile (or none).
+	## zonefile: "example.com.zone"
+	## master by IP address or hostname
+	## can list multiple masters, each on one line.
+	## master:
+	## url for http fetch
+	## url:
+	## queries from downstream clients get authoritative answers.
+	## for-downstream: yes
+	for-downstream: no
+	## queries are used to fetch authoritative answers from this zone,
+	## instead of unbound itself sending queries there.
+	## for-upstream: yes
+	for-upstream: yes
+	## on failures with for-upstream, fallback to sending queries to
+	## the authority servers
+	## fallback-enabled: no
+	zonemd-check: yes
+
+	## this line generates zonefile: \n"/tmp/xxx.example.com"\n
+	zonefile:
+TEMPFILE_NAME example.com
+	## this is the inline file /tmp/xxx.example.com
+	## the tempfiles are deleted when the testrun is over.
+TEMPFILE_CONTENTS example.com
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	TYPE63	\# 70 0bee1bc6010258f7620f93204bbb31b44f795b3409cc4abd9ef5601decc15675bd7751213152984eddce0626e6062e744b03b3e47711202fbb79e4a2eb8bc5cf46741b5cae6f
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	TYPE63 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. orn8ZF/yqj9u4WrhiO6gtEcTaVsnZSWWZLfXhcIOiWSB8kKCxtZl5cG17dD3Du1NllUwMRqkp0KleLhIoUS9xeQ/0x05u+CYLrfQ62oAiD7q54ZQzpXJIH52aQzKV70ZnO03CZowhQBnetmIoKX6xLogKo8pt+BdQbo3oVHxV8Y=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	bar.example.com. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY TYPE63 
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ufLrlOQprAqjnH85Rt3T0Mxd3ZB0mBeeNIr84eFJ8Rk6WiWEPm0Y1R7GRufNI24Mj7iqLcL4nJM6KK6B7dJqjqu73jw1acuYNnbsoV2BNDRXRFP2FNWTpctVdi+955f3FzgsmEJXfGiSUG0YXAEcZmdCPCn5ii2jk8mk7r6KKYo=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ding.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VhsGuBx20DXQZNU8ITAMnasn6NVyEjN9xtB8msH5xJn80UCuaqvFBURzcPWN3aHnykEvGfdPF/9P3WvlON0cMikWkqSLy6Q9bpvgAq13HWYh+ZcDoqLtICaB7RkBQc+6aHAqZFyQbD8/m8Kxt5eVJtV6rEuf+yPX0+3aXHhsRg0=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	foo.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. nb1W2aaKrU5iAQiY8gMsoMOejID19JMTEwY2rRoe+KsvzMs0rE0ifEkqit4blXaU0tfy0foJ70uqdJFqBoGz1NcSwZ6GNk/iNfGvG3XpxZ/zqEe7kkIucqqei794G7z9psqV94yZ3WaT+IswPpWrSaWv1w41RtcWufPhe4fOAmU=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ns.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fUZEpkEULRWDntN5Z7Kr8M83Hjhf08ECMKRpo6IBoBc3ayenj+YMgWAvFXC825wjENPYYWNGag0d32U83zCZxqgv+8uXZd3B7QDpTbL41aWZdc++s5YWTkYjyOWwJ1XHOv4nL3qEnJBXVzo/E1gbSKhTFuG97i+7J1MFd9MsC5s=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	www.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. 0upKNYjiow4NDJm3I1RbUddE9GGuFYEVKswww5BAc/6WHuukupncL30lskvcSKGpByDssP2Hi2CufyEtYeGWh6q1TxtOFRqFBX1p6Q5b3tBlCtvv4h31dQR9uqLvq+GkGS5MR+0LO5kWagIpZmnI8YY5plVdXEtNbp2Ar8zvz/A=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. meg/t6nIBqQZ0d5/dT7uu/3CuP4vE+HxqFQaj2fjUNceA/6C7QIQnqQ5Kyblg+XijDkQX0yvyFNHYdgF16UDgFT7tlNUCHk1SpF5BWzV4c4tBEhxASTz7UQo111O3Tyd6CldPzO/Se15Ud0/ZYltHEqWTfY5nJoXC/OJD9V2QOI=
+TEMPFILE_END
+
+stub-zone:
+	name: "."
+	stub-addr: 193.0.14.129 	# K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+CONFIG_END
+
+SCENARIO_BEGIN Test authority zone with ZONEMD from zonefile with trust anchor
+
+; K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+. IN NS	K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.	IN	A	193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; a.gtld-servers.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qname qtype
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN DS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	3600	IN	DS	55566 8 2 9c148338951ce1c3b5cd3da532f3d90dfcf92595148022f2c2fd98e5deee90af
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BpV1M171SSkbdlGawwweJwQ0W+aNaCrgkt2QTsxCvbo1acR5i3AKm4REOUzo4I36lRx26mYkF9Topkeu0aFmov7P2uUhCxk4faFK7k87k97FAqZaDGp/K9b3YCfiwJBc5pJSUW0ndU/Ve5zAh/wL493RMSC7LwJr5JjV0NxydFk=
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	DS	55566 8 2 9c148338951ce1c3b5cd3da532f3d90dfcf92595148022f2c2fd98e5deee90af
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BpV1M171SSkbdlGawwweJwQ0W+aNaCrgkt2QTsxCvbo1acR5i3AKm4REOUzo4I36lRx26mYkF9Topkeu0aFmov7P2uUhCxk4faFK7k87k97FAqZaDGp/K9b3YCfiwJBc5pJSUW0ndU/Ve5zAh/wL493RMSC7LwJr5JjV0NxydFk=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN DNSKEY
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	257 3 8 AwEAAbd9WqjzE2Pynz21OG5doSf9hFzMr5dhzz2waZ3vTa+0o5r7AjTAqmA1yH/B3+aAMihUm5ucZSfVqo7+kOaRE8yFj9aivOmA1n1+JLevJq/oyvQyjxQN2Qb89LyaNUT5oKZIiL+uyyhNW3KDR3SSbQ/GBwQNDHVcZi+JDR3RC0r7 ;{id = 1444 (ksk), size = 1024b}
+com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 1 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BEOMfWvi6RgnHaHsst+Ed265hBuCkgMR7gDpu89J7ZrVL6DzMKnNVFdgjl/9xwLj/pkukc7qeLSHjAfLlN0E4THW7PVshscQnjvXCkktG2Ejx9fTyllAqeGDh9z9QDGlQZIGTMgb9413qZhNqe2Tda9PTJRpiZ8b4bdQp6V1kVo=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ENTRY_END
+
+RANGE_END
+
+; ns.example.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.net. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.net.		IN 	A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ns.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN AAAA
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+www.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	10.20.30.40
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+STEP 1 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 20 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR RD RA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	127.0.0.1
+ENTRY_END
+
+SCENARIO_END
diff --git a/testdata/auth_zonemd_anchor_fail.rpl b/testdata/auth_zonemd_anchor_fail.rpl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d055174dcbe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/auth_zonemd_anchor_fail.rpl
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+; config options
+server:
+	target-fetch-policy: "0 0 0 0 0"
+	; correct anchor
+	; trust-anchor: "example.com. DS 55566 8 2 9c148338951ce1c3b5cd3da532f3d90dfcf92595148022f2c2fd98e5deee90af"
+	; wrong anchor
+	trust-anchor: "example.com. DS 55566 8 2 9c148338951ce1c3b5cd3da532f3d90dfcf92595148022f2c2fd98e5deeaaaaa"
+	trust-anchor-signaling: no
+	val-override-date: 20201020135527
+
+auth-zone:
+	name: "example.com."
+	## zonefile (or none).
+	## zonefile: "example.com.zone"
+	## master by IP address or hostname
+	## can list multiple masters, each on one line.
+	## master:
+	## url for http fetch
+	## url:
+	## queries from downstream clients get authoritative answers.
+	## for-downstream: yes
+	for-downstream: no
+	## queries are used to fetch authoritative answers from this zone,
+	## instead of unbound itself sending queries there.
+	## for-upstream: yes
+	for-upstream: yes
+	## on failures with for-upstream, fallback to sending queries to
+	## the authority servers
+	## fallback-enabled: no
+	zonemd-check: yes
+
+	## this line generates zonefile: \n"/tmp/xxx.example.com"\n
+	zonefile:
+TEMPFILE_NAME example.com
+	## this is the inline file /tmp/xxx.example.com
+	## the tempfiles are deleted when the testrun is over.
+TEMPFILE_CONTENTS example.com
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	TYPE63	\# 70 0bee1bc6010258f7620f93204bbb31b44f795b3409cc4abd9ef5601decc15675bd7751213152984eddce0626e6062e744b03b3e47711202fbb79e4a2eb8bc5cf46741b5cae6f
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	TYPE63 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. orn8ZF/yqj9u4WrhiO6gtEcTaVsnZSWWZLfXhcIOiWSB8kKCxtZl5cG17dD3Du1NllUwMRqkp0KleLhIoUS9xeQ/0x05u+CYLrfQ62oAiD7q54ZQzpXJIH52aQzKV70ZnO03CZowhQBnetmIoKX6xLogKo8pt+BdQbo3oVHxV8Y=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	bar.example.com. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY TYPE63 
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ufLrlOQprAqjnH85Rt3T0Mxd3ZB0mBeeNIr84eFJ8Rk6WiWEPm0Y1R7GRufNI24Mj7iqLcL4nJM6KK6B7dJqjqu73jw1acuYNnbsoV2BNDRXRFP2FNWTpctVdi+955f3FzgsmEJXfGiSUG0YXAEcZmdCPCn5ii2jk8mk7r6KKYo=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ding.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VhsGuBx20DXQZNU8ITAMnasn6NVyEjN9xtB8msH5xJn80UCuaqvFBURzcPWN3aHnykEvGfdPF/9P3WvlON0cMikWkqSLy6Q9bpvgAq13HWYh+ZcDoqLtICaB7RkBQc+6aHAqZFyQbD8/m8Kxt5eVJtV6rEuf+yPX0+3aXHhsRg0=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	foo.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. nb1W2aaKrU5iAQiY8gMsoMOejID19JMTEwY2rRoe+KsvzMs0rE0ifEkqit4blXaU0tfy0foJ70uqdJFqBoGz1NcSwZ6GNk/iNfGvG3XpxZ/zqEe7kkIucqqei794G7z9psqV94yZ3WaT+IswPpWrSaWv1w41RtcWufPhe4fOAmU=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ns.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fUZEpkEULRWDntN5Z7Kr8M83Hjhf08ECMKRpo6IBoBc3ayenj+YMgWAvFXC825wjENPYYWNGag0d32U83zCZxqgv+8uXZd3B7QDpTbL41aWZdc++s5YWTkYjyOWwJ1XHOv4nL3qEnJBXVzo/E1gbSKhTFuG97i+7J1MFd9MsC5s=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	www.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. 0upKNYjiow4NDJm3I1RbUddE9GGuFYEVKswww5BAc/6WHuukupncL30lskvcSKGpByDssP2Hi2CufyEtYeGWh6q1TxtOFRqFBX1p6Q5b3tBlCtvv4h31dQR9uqLvq+GkGS5MR+0LO5kWagIpZmnI8YY5plVdXEtNbp2Ar8zvz/A=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. meg/t6nIBqQZ0d5/dT7uu/3CuP4vE+HxqFQaj2fjUNceA/6C7QIQnqQ5Kyblg+XijDkQX0yvyFNHYdgF16UDgFT7tlNUCHk1SpF5BWzV4c4tBEhxASTz7UQo111O3Tyd6CldPzO/Se15Ud0/ZYltHEqWTfY5nJoXC/OJD9V2QOI=
+TEMPFILE_END
+
+stub-zone:
+	name: "."
+	stub-addr: 193.0.14.129 	# K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+CONFIG_END
+
+SCENARIO_BEGIN Test authority zone with ZONEMD from zonefile with failed trust anchor
+
+; K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+. IN NS	K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.	IN	A	193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; a.gtld-servers.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qname qtype
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN DS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	3600	IN	DS	55566 8 2 9c148338951ce1c3b5cd3da532f3d90dfcf92595148022f2c2fd98e5deee90af
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BpV1M171SSkbdlGawwweJwQ0W+aNaCrgkt2QTsxCvbo1acR5i3AKm4REOUzo4I36lRx26mYkF9Topkeu0aFmov7P2uUhCxk4faFK7k87k97FAqZaDGp/K9b3YCfiwJBc5pJSUW0ndU/Ve5zAh/wL493RMSC7LwJr5JjV0NxydFk=
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	DS	55566 8 2 9c148338951ce1c3b5cd3da532f3d90dfcf92595148022f2c2fd98e5deee90af
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BpV1M171SSkbdlGawwweJwQ0W+aNaCrgkt2QTsxCvbo1acR5i3AKm4REOUzo4I36lRx26mYkF9Topkeu0aFmov7P2uUhCxk4faFK7k87k97FAqZaDGp/K9b3YCfiwJBc5pJSUW0ndU/Ve5zAh/wL493RMSC7LwJr5JjV0NxydFk=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN DNSKEY
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	257 3 8 AwEAAbd9WqjzE2Pynz21OG5doSf9hFzMr5dhzz2waZ3vTa+0o5r7AjTAqmA1yH/B3+aAMihUm5ucZSfVqo7+kOaRE8yFj9aivOmA1n1+JLevJq/oyvQyjxQN2Qb89LyaNUT5oKZIiL+uyyhNW3KDR3SSbQ/GBwQNDHVcZi+JDR3RC0r7 ;{id = 1444 (ksk), size = 1024b}
+com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 1 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BEOMfWvi6RgnHaHsst+Ed265hBuCkgMR7gDpu89J7ZrVL6DzMKnNVFdgjl/9xwLj/pkukc7qeLSHjAfLlN0E4THW7PVshscQnjvXCkktG2Ejx9fTyllAqeGDh9z9QDGlQZIGTMgb9413qZhNqe2Tda9PTJRpiZ8b4bdQp6V1kVo=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ENTRY_END
+
+RANGE_END
+
+; ns.example.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.net. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.net.		IN 	A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ns.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN AAAA
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+www.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	10.20.30.40
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+STEP 1 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 20 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR RD RA SERVFAIL
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ENTRY_END
+
+SCENARIO_END
diff --git a/testdata/auth_zonemd_chain.rpl b/testdata/auth_zonemd_chain.rpl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..74479274fa97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/auth_zonemd_chain.rpl
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+; config options
+server:
+	target-fetch-policy: "0 0 0 0 0"
+	trust-anchor: "com. DS 1444 8 2 0d72034e3e18a9ef383c164b68302433bbde957616e10cf44575fea2abae469c"
+	trust-anchor-signaling: no
+	val-override-date: 20201020135527
+
+auth-zone:
+	name: "example.com."
+	## zonefile (or none).
+	## zonefile: "example.com.zone"
+	## master by IP address or hostname
+	## can list multiple masters, each on one line.
+	## master:
+	## url for http fetch
+	## url:
+	## queries from downstream clients get authoritative answers.
+	## for-downstream: yes
+	for-downstream: no
+	## queries are used to fetch authoritative answers from this zone,
+	## instead of unbound itself sending queries there.
+	## for-upstream: yes
+	for-upstream: yes
+	## on failures with for-upstream, fallback to sending queries to
+	## the authority servers
+	## fallback-enabled: no
+	zonemd-check: yes
+
+	## this line generates zonefile: \n"/tmp/xxx.example.com"\n
+	zonefile:
+TEMPFILE_NAME example.com
+	## this is the inline file /tmp/xxx.example.com
+	## the tempfiles are deleted when the testrun is over.
+TEMPFILE_CONTENTS example.com
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	TYPE63	\# 70 0bee1bc6010258f7620f93204bbb31b44f795b3409cc4abd9ef5601decc15675bd7751213152984eddce0626e6062e744b03b3e47711202fbb79e4a2eb8bc5cf46741b5cae6f
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	TYPE63 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. orn8ZF/yqj9u4WrhiO6gtEcTaVsnZSWWZLfXhcIOiWSB8kKCxtZl5cG17dD3Du1NllUwMRqkp0KleLhIoUS9xeQ/0x05u+CYLrfQ62oAiD7q54ZQzpXJIH52aQzKV70ZnO03CZowhQBnetmIoKX6xLogKo8pt+BdQbo3oVHxV8Y=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	bar.example.com. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY TYPE63 
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ufLrlOQprAqjnH85Rt3T0Mxd3ZB0mBeeNIr84eFJ8Rk6WiWEPm0Y1R7GRufNI24Mj7iqLcL4nJM6KK6B7dJqjqu73jw1acuYNnbsoV2BNDRXRFP2FNWTpctVdi+955f3FzgsmEJXfGiSUG0YXAEcZmdCPCn5ii2jk8mk7r6KKYo=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ding.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VhsGuBx20DXQZNU8ITAMnasn6NVyEjN9xtB8msH5xJn80UCuaqvFBURzcPWN3aHnykEvGfdPF/9P3WvlON0cMikWkqSLy6Q9bpvgAq13HWYh+ZcDoqLtICaB7RkBQc+6aHAqZFyQbD8/m8Kxt5eVJtV6rEuf+yPX0+3aXHhsRg0=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	foo.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. nb1W2aaKrU5iAQiY8gMsoMOejID19JMTEwY2rRoe+KsvzMs0rE0ifEkqit4blXaU0tfy0foJ70uqdJFqBoGz1NcSwZ6GNk/iNfGvG3XpxZ/zqEe7kkIucqqei794G7z9psqV94yZ3WaT+IswPpWrSaWv1w41RtcWufPhe4fOAmU=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ns.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fUZEpkEULRWDntN5Z7Kr8M83Hjhf08ECMKRpo6IBoBc3ayenj+YMgWAvFXC825wjENPYYWNGag0d32U83zCZxqgv+8uXZd3B7QDpTbL41aWZdc++s5YWTkYjyOWwJ1XHOv4nL3qEnJBXVzo/E1gbSKhTFuG97i+7J1MFd9MsC5s=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	www.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. 0upKNYjiow4NDJm3I1RbUddE9GGuFYEVKswww5BAc/6WHuukupncL30lskvcSKGpByDssP2Hi2CufyEtYeGWh6q1TxtOFRqFBX1p6Q5b3tBlCtvv4h31dQR9uqLvq+GkGS5MR+0LO5kWagIpZmnI8YY5plVdXEtNbp2Ar8zvz/A=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. meg/t6nIBqQZ0d5/dT7uu/3CuP4vE+HxqFQaj2fjUNceA/6C7QIQnqQ5Kyblg+XijDkQX0yvyFNHYdgF16UDgFT7tlNUCHk1SpF5BWzV4c4tBEhxASTz7UQo111O3Tyd6CldPzO/Se15Ud0/ZYltHEqWTfY5nJoXC/OJD9V2QOI=
+TEMPFILE_END
+
+stub-zone:
+	name: "."
+	stub-addr: 193.0.14.129 	# K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+CONFIG_END
+
+SCENARIO_BEGIN Test authority zone with ZONEMD from zonefile with chain of trust
+
+; K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+. IN NS	K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.	IN	A	193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; a.gtld-servers.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qname qtype
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN DS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	3600	IN	DS	55566 8 2 9c148338951ce1c3b5cd3da532f3d90dfcf92595148022f2c2fd98e5deee90af
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BpV1M171SSkbdlGawwweJwQ0W+aNaCrgkt2QTsxCvbo1acR5i3AKm4REOUzo4I36lRx26mYkF9Topkeu0aFmov7P2uUhCxk4faFK7k87k97FAqZaDGp/K9b3YCfiwJBc5pJSUW0ndU/Ve5zAh/wL493RMSC7LwJr5JjV0NxydFk=
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	DS	55566 8 2 9c148338951ce1c3b5cd3da532f3d90dfcf92595148022f2c2fd98e5deee90af
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BpV1M171SSkbdlGawwweJwQ0W+aNaCrgkt2QTsxCvbo1acR5i3AKm4REOUzo4I36lRx26mYkF9Topkeu0aFmov7P2uUhCxk4faFK7k87k97FAqZaDGp/K9b3YCfiwJBc5pJSUW0ndU/Ve5zAh/wL493RMSC7LwJr5JjV0NxydFk=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN DNSKEY
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	257 3 8 AwEAAbd9WqjzE2Pynz21OG5doSf9hFzMr5dhzz2waZ3vTa+0o5r7AjTAqmA1yH/B3+aAMihUm5ucZSfVqo7+kOaRE8yFj9aivOmA1n1+JLevJq/oyvQyjxQN2Qb89LyaNUT5oKZIiL+uyyhNW3KDR3SSbQ/GBwQNDHVcZi+JDR3RC0r7 ;{id = 1444 (ksk), size = 1024b}
+com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 1 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BEOMfWvi6RgnHaHsst+Ed265hBuCkgMR7gDpu89J7ZrVL6DzMKnNVFdgjl/9xwLj/pkukc7qeLSHjAfLlN0E4THW7PVshscQnjvXCkktG2Ejx9fTyllAqeGDh9z9QDGlQZIGTMgb9413qZhNqe2Tda9PTJRpiZ8b4bdQp6V1kVo=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ENTRY_END
+
+RANGE_END
+
+; ns.example.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.net. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.net.		IN 	A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ns.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN AAAA
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+www.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	10.20.30.40
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+STEP 1 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 20 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR RD RA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	127.0.0.1
+ENTRY_END
+
+SCENARIO_END
diff --git a/testdata/auth_zonemd_chain_fail.rpl b/testdata/auth_zonemd_chain_fail.rpl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..393b1c028fa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/auth_zonemd_chain_fail.rpl
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+; config options
+server:
+	target-fetch-policy: "0 0 0 0 0"
+	trust-anchor: "com. DS 1444 8 2 0d72034e3e18a9ef383c164b68302433bbde957616e10cf44575fea2abae469c"
+	trust-anchor-signaling: no
+	val-override-date: 20201020135527
+
+auth-zone:
+	name: "example.com."
+	## zonefile (or none).
+	## zonefile: "example.com.zone"
+	## master by IP address or hostname
+	## can list multiple masters, each on one line.
+	## master:
+	## url for http fetch
+	## url:
+	## queries from downstream clients get authoritative answers.
+	## for-downstream: yes
+	for-downstream: no
+	## queries are used to fetch authoritative answers from this zone,
+	## instead of unbound itself sending queries there.
+	## for-upstream: yes
+	for-upstream: yes
+	## on failures with for-upstream, fallback to sending queries to
+	## the authority servers
+	## fallback-enabled: no
+	zonemd-check: yes
+
+	## this line generates zonefile: \n"/tmp/xxx.example.com"\n
+	zonefile:
+TEMPFILE_NAME example.com
+	## this is the inline file /tmp/xxx.example.com
+	## the tempfiles are deleted when the testrun is over.
+TEMPFILE_CONTENTS example.com
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+; dnskey is wrong:
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+AAAAA ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+; dnskey that was correct:
+;example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	TYPE63	\# 70 0bee1bc6010258f7620f93204bbb31b44f795b3409cc4abd9ef5601decc15675bd7751213152984eddce0626e6062e744b03b3e47711202fbb79e4a2eb8bc5cf46741b5cae6f
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	TYPE63 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. orn8ZF/yqj9u4WrhiO6gtEcTaVsnZSWWZLfXhcIOiWSB8kKCxtZl5cG17dD3Du1NllUwMRqkp0KleLhIoUS9xeQ/0x05u+CYLrfQ62oAiD7q54ZQzpXJIH52aQzKV70ZnO03CZowhQBnetmIoKX6xLogKo8pt+BdQbo3oVHxV8Y=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	bar.example.com. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY TYPE63 
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ufLrlOQprAqjnH85Rt3T0Mxd3ZB0mBeeNIr84eFJ8Rk6WiWEPm0Y1R7GRufNI24Mj7iqLcL4nJM6KK6B7dJqjqu73jw1acuYNnbsoV2BNDRXRFP2FNWTpctVdi+955f3FzgsmEJXfGiSUG0YXAEcZmdCPCn5ii2jk8mk7r6KKYo=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ding.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VhsGuBx20DXQZNU8ITAMnasn6NVyEjN9xtB8msH5xJn80UCuaqvFBURzcPWN3aHnykEvGfdPF/9P3WvlON0cMikWkqSLy6Q9bpvgAq13HWYh+ZcDoqLtICaB7RkBQc+6aHAqZFyQbD8/m8Kxt5eVJtV6rEuf+yPX0+3aXHhsRg0=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	foo.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. nb1W2aaKrU5iAQiY8gMsoMOejID19JMTEwY2rRoe+KsvzMs0rE0ifEkqit4blXaU0tfy0foJ70uqdJFqBoGz1NcSwZ6GNk/iNfGvG3XpxZ/zqEe7kkIucqqei794G7z9psqV94yZ3WaT+IswPpWrSaWv1w41RtcWufPhe4fOAmU=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ns.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fUZEpkEULRWDntN5Z7Kr8M83Hjhf08ECMKRpo6IBoBc3ayenj+YMgWAvFXC825wjENPYYWNGag0d32U83zCZxqgv+8uXZd3B7QDpTbL41aWZdc++s5YWTkYjyOWwJ1XHOv4nL3qEnJBXVzo/E1gbSKhTFuG97i+7J1MFd9MsC5s=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	www.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. 0upKNYjiow4NDJm3I1RbUddE9GGuFYEVKswww5BAc/6WHuukupncL30lskvcSKGpByDssP2Hi2CufyEtYeGWh6q1TxtOFRqFBX1p6Q5b3tBlCtvv4h31dQR9uqLvq+GkGS5MR+0LO5kWagIpZmnI8YY5plVdXEtNbp2Ar8zvz/A=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. meg/t6nIBqQZ0d5/dT7uu/3CuP4vE+HxqFQaj2fjUNceA/6C7QIQnqQ5Kyblg+XijDkQX0yvyFNHYdgF16UDgFT7tlNUCHk1SpF5BWzV4c4tBEhxASTz7UQo111O3Tyd6CldPzO/Se15Ud0/ZYltHEqWTfY5nJoXC/OJD9V2QOI=
+TEMPFILE_END
+
+stub-zone:
+	name: "."
+	stub-addr: 193.0.14.129 	# K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+CONFIG_END
+
+SCENARIO_BEGIN Test authority zone with ZONEMD from zonefile with failed chain of trust
+
+; K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+. IN NS	K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.	IN	A	193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; a.gtld-servers.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qname qtype
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN DS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	3600	IN	DS	55566 8 2 9c148338951ce1c3b5cd3da532f3d90dfcf92595148022f2c2fd98e5deee90af
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BpV1M171SSkbdlGawwweJwQ0W+aNaCrgkt2QTsxCvbo1acR5i3AKm4REOUzo4I36lRx26mYkF9Topkeu0aFmov7P2uUhCxk4faFK7k87k97FAqZaDGp/K9b3YCfiwJBc5pJSUW0ndU/Ve5zAh/wL493RMSC7LwJr5JjV0NxydFk=
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	DS	55566 8 2 9c148338951ce1c3b5cd3da532f3d90dfcf92595148022f2c2fd98e5deee90af
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BpV1M171SSkbdlGawwweJwQ0W+aNaCrgkt2QTsxCvbo1acR5i3AKm4REOUzo4I36lRx26mYkF9Topkeu0aFmov7P2uUhCxk4faFK7k87k97FAqZaDGp/K9b3YCfiwJBc5pJSUW0ndU/Ve5zAh/wL493RMSC7LwJr5JjV0NxydFk=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN DNSKEY
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	257 3 8 AwEAAbd9WqjzE2Pynz21OG5doSf9hFzMr5dhzz2waZ3vTa+0o5r7AjTAqmA1yH/B3+aAMihUm5ucZSfVqo7+kOaRE8yFj9aivOmA1n1+JLevJq/oyvQyjxQN2Qb89LyaNUT5oKZIiL+uyyhNW3KDR3SSbQ/GBwQNDHVcZi+JDR3RC0r7 ;{id = 1444 (ksk), size = 1024b}
+com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 1 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BEOMfWvi6RgnHaHsst+Ed265hBuCkgMR7gDpu89J7ZrVL6DzMKnNVFdgjl/9xwLj/pkukc7qeLSHjAfLlN0E4THW7PVshscQnjvXCkktG2Ejx9fTyllAqeGDh9z9QDGlQZIGTMgb9413qZhNqe2Tda9PTJRpiZ8b4bdQp6V1kVo=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ENTRY_END
+
+RANGE_END
+
+; ns.example.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.net. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.net.		IN 	A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ns.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN AAAA
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+www.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	10.20.30.40
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+STEP 1 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 20 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR RD RA SERVFAIL
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ENTRY_END
+
+SCENARIO_END
diff --git a/testdata/auth_zonemd_file.rpl b/testdata/auth_zonemd_file.rpl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..bdf0ccbae74f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/auth_zonemd_file.rpl
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+; config options
+server:
+	target-fetch-policy: "0 0 0 0 0"
+
+auth-zone:
+	name: "example.com."
+	## zonefile (or none).
+	## zonefile: "example.com.zone"
+	## master by IP address or hostname
+	## can list multiple masters, each on one line.
+	## master:
+	## url for http fetch
+	## url:
+	## queries from downstream clients get authoritative answers.
+	## for-downstream: yes
+	for-downstream: no
+	## queries are used to fetch authoritative answers from this zone,
+	## instead of unbound itself sending queries there.
+	## for-upstream: yes
+	for-upstream: yes
+	## on failures with for-upstream, fallback to sending queries to
+	## the authority servers
+	## fallback-enabled: no
+	zonemd-check: yes
+
+	## this line generates zonefile: \n"/tmp/xxx.example.com"\n
+	zonefile:
+TEMPFILE_NAME example.com
+	## this is the inline file /tmp/xxx.example.com
+	## the tempfiles are deleted when the testrun is over.
+TEMPFILE_CONTENTS example.com
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com. IN NS ns.example.com.
+example.com. IN ZONEMD 200154054 1 2 EFAA5B78B38AB1C45DE57B8167BCCE906451D0E72118E1F5E80B5F0C3CF04BFFC65D53C011185528EAD439D6F3A02F511961E090E5E4E0DFA013BD276D728B22
+www.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+bar.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+TEMPFILE_END
+
+stub-zone:
+	name: "."
+	stub-addr: 193.0.14.129 	# K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+CONFIG_END
+
+SCENARIO_BEGIN Test authority zone with ZONEMD from zonefile
+
+; K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+. IN NS	K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.	IN	A	193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; a.gtld-servers.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.com.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; ns.example.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.net. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.net.		IN 	A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ns.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN AAAA
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+www.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	10.20.30.40
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+STEP 1 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 20 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR RD RA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	127.0.0.1
+ENTRY_END
+
+SCENARIO_END
diff --git a/testdata/auth_zonemd_file_fail.rpl b/testdata/auth_zonemd_file_fail.rpl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..69487cf6512c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/auth_zonemd_file_fail.rpl
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+; config options
+server:
+	target-fetch-policy: "0 0 0 0 0"
+
+auth-zone:
+	name: "example.com."
+	## zonefile (or none).
+	## zonefile: "example.com.zone"
+	## master by IP address or hostname
+	## can list multiple masters, each on one line.
+	## master:
+	## url for http fetch
+	## url:
+	## queries from downstream clients get authoritative answers.
+	## for-downstream: yes
+	for-downstream: no
+	## queries are used to fetch authoritative answers from this zone,
+	## instead of unbound itself sending queries there.
+	## for-upstream: yes
+	for-upstream: yes
+	## on failures with for-upstream, fallback to sending queries to
+	## the authority servers
+	## fallback-enabled: no
+	zonemd-check: yes
+
+	## this line generates zonefile: \n"/tmp/xxx.example.com"\n
+	zonefile:
+TEMPFILE_NAME example.com
+	## this is the inline file /tmp/xxx.example.com
+	## the tempfiles are deleted when the testrun is over.
+TEMPFILE_CONTENTS example.com
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com. IN NS ns.example.com.
+; good zonemd
+;example.com. IN ZONEMD 200154054 1 2 EFAA5B78B38AB1C45DE57B8167BCCE906451D0E72118E1F5E80B5F0C3CF04BFFC65D53C011185528EAD439D6F3A02F511961E090E5E4E0DFA013BD276D728B22
+; wrong zonemd
+example.com. IN ZONEMD 200154054 1 2 EFAA5B78B38AB1C45DE57B8167BCCE906451D0E72118E1F5E80B5F0C3CF04BFFC65D53C011185528EAD439D6F3A02F511961E090E5E4E0DFA013BD276D7AAAAA
+www.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+bar.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+TEMPFILE_END
+
+stub-zone:
+	name: "."
+	stub-addr: 193.0.14.129 	# K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+CONFIG_END
+
+SCENARIO_BEGIN Test authority zone with ZONEMD failure from zonefile
+
+; K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+. IN NS	K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.	IN	A	193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; a.gtld-servers.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.com.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; ns.example.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.net. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.net.		IN 	A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ns.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN AAAA
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+www.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	10.20.30.40
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+STEP 1 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 20 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR RD RA SERVFAIL
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ENTRY_END
+
+SCENARIO_END
diff --git a/testdata/auth_zonemd_insecure.rpl b/testdata/auth_zonemd_insecure.rpl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..18a4117d86ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/auth_zonemd_insecure.rpl
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+; config options
+server:
+	target-fetch-policy: "0 0 0 0 0"
+	trust-anchor: "com. DS 1444 8 2 0d72034e3e18a9ef383c164b68302433bbde957616e10cf44575fea2abae469c"
+	trust-anchor-signaling: no
+	val-override-date: 20201020135527
+
+auth-zone:
+	name: "example.com."
+	## zonefile (or none).
+	## zonefile: "example.com.zone"
+	## master by IP address or hostname
+	## can list multiple masters, each on one line.
+	## master:
+	## url for http fetch
+	## url:
+	## queries from downstream clients get authoritative answers.
+	## for-downstream: yes
+	for-downstream: no
+	## queries are used to fetch authoritative answers from this zone,
+	## instead of unbound itself sending queries there.
+	## for-upstream: yes
+	for-upstream: yes
+	## on failures with for-upstream, fallback to sending queries to
+	## the authority servers
+	## fallback-enabled: no
+	zonemd-check: yes
+
+	## this line generates zonefile: \n"/tmp/xxx.example.com"\n
+	zonefile:
+TEMPFILE_NAME example.com
+	## this is the inline file /tmp/xxx.example.com
+	## the tempfiles are deleted when the testrun is over.
+TEMPFILE_CONTENTS example.com
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com. IN NS ns.example.com.
+example.com. IN ZONEMD 200154054 1 2 EFAA5B78B38AB1C45DE57B8167BCCE906451D0E72118E1F5E80B5F0C3CF04BFFC65D53C011185528EAD439D6F3A02F511961E090E5E4E0DFA013BD276D728B22
+www.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+bar.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+TEMPFILE_END
+
+stub-zone:
+	name: "."
+	stub-addr: 193.0.14.129 	# K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+CONFIG_END
+
+SCENARIO_BEGIN Test authority zone with ZONEMD that is securely insecure
+; the trust anchor finds an online delegation with an insecure DS referral.
+
+; K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+. IN NS	K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.	IN	A	193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; a.gtld-servers.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qname qtype
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN DS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com. SOA a.gtld-servers.net. nstld.verisign-grs.com. 1603979208 1800 900 604800 86400
+com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 1 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. LTUZ8PlkMLX+dBZLGcJcahrzOgf1PgYbi/s5VKyR9iyYKeP6qdxO5VehUVHdXfmUiXrsszvhAHzo4AZnfRbDkK6uTfMKCSIB1aXOU4A74LpjhJBsXjyo3CN3IK/dMS/FpJfAb6JnuQV1E3ytDd34yNsoBazEjYeoN1kymGAttbM=
+example.com. IN NSEC foo.com. NS RRSIG
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. KK6ci3DUnGJ9gaBBqS+71TiFBGcl51YLZAYGADDWuSgFOLLbh1nV//la08zE1i8ITQjjsqyRw7/MA8LWpPR3TnUjJLk6mBd/kB3dJ8BHWRqcyreFo6Pu383oCcXTpwkFcL4ulhp54LUxbA3arWVjWbx8815vvNKsEtWUyrz4LN8=
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com. IN NSEC foo.com. NS RRSIG
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. KK6ci3DUnGJ9gaBBqS+71TiFBGcl51YLZAYGADDWuSgFOLLbh1nV//la08zE1i8ITQjjsqyRw7/MA8LWpPR3TnUjJLk6mBd/kB3dJ8BHWRqcyreFo6Pu383oCcXTpwkFcL4ulhp54LUxbA3arWVjWbx8815vvNKsEtWUyrz4LN8=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN DNSKEY
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	257 3 8 AwEAAbd9WqjzE2Pynz21OG5doSf9hFzMr5dhzz2waZ3vTa+0o5r7AjTAqmA1yH/B3+aAMihUm5ucZSfVqo7+kOaRE8yFj9aivOmA1n1+JLevJq/oyvQyjxQN2Qb89LyaNUT5oKZIiL+uyyhNW3KDR3SSbQ/GBwQNDHVcZi+JDR3RC0r7 ;{id = 1444 (ksk), size = 1024b}
+com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 1 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BEOMfWvi6RgnHaHsst+Ed265hBuCkgMR7gDpu89J7ZrVL6DzMKnNVFdgjl/9xwLj/pkukc7qeLSHjAfLlN0E4THW7PVshscQnjvXCkktG2Ejx9fTyllAqeGDh9z9QDGlQZIGTMgb9413qZhNqe2Tda9PTJRpiZ8b4bdQp6V1kVo=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ENTRY_END
+
+RANGE_END
+
+; ns.example.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.net. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.net.		IN 	A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ns.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN AAAA
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+www.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	10.20.30.40
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+STEP 1 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 20 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR RD RA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	127.0.0.1
+ENTRY_END
+
+SCENARIO_END
diff --git a/testdata/auth_zonemd_insecure_absent.rpl b/testdata/auth_zonemd_insecure_absent.rpl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1c3f488080ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/auth_zonemd_insecure_absent.rpl
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+; config options
+server:
+	target-fetch-policy: "0 0 0 0 0"
+	trust-anchor: "com. DS 1444 8 2 0d72034e3e18a9ef383c164b68302433bbde957616e10cf44575fea2abae469c"
+	trust-anchor-signaling: no
+	val-override-date: 20201020135527
+
+auth-zone:
+	name: "example.com."
+	## zonefile (or none).
+	## zonefile: "example.com.zone"
+	## master by IP address or hostname
+	## can list multiple masters, each on one line.
+	## master:
+	## url for http fetch
+	## url:
+	## queries from downstream clients get authoritative answers.
+	## for-downstream: yes
+	for-downstream: no
+	## queries are used to fetch authoritative answers from this zone,
+	## instead of unbound itself sending queries there.
+	## for-upstream: yes
+	for-upstream: yes
+	## on failures with for-upstream, fallback to sending queries to
+	## the authority servers
+	## fallback-enabled: no
+	zonemd-check: yes
+
+	## this line generates zonefile: \n"/tmp/xxx.example.com"\n
+	zonefile:
+TEMPFILE_NAME example.com
+	## this is the inline file /tmp/xxx.example.com
+	## the tempfiles are deleted when the testrun is over.
+TEMPFILE_CONTENTS example.com
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com. IN NS ns.example.com.
+; the missing ZONEMD record
+;example.com. IN ZONEMD 200154054 1 2 EFAA5B78B38AB1C45DE57B8167BCCE906451D0E72118E1F5E80B5F0C3CF04BFFC65D53C011185528EAD439D6F3A02F511961E090E5E4E0DFA013BD276D728B22
+www.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+bar.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+TEMPFILE_END
+
+stub-zone:
+	name: "."
+	stub-addr: 193.0.14.129 	# K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+CONFIG_END
+
+SCENARIO_BEGIN Test authority zone with absent ZONEMD that is securely insecure
+; the trust anchor finds an online delegation with an insecure DS referral.
+; the ZONEMD is not there.
+
+; K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+. IN NS	K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.	IN	A	193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; a.gtld-servers.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qname qtype
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN DS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com. SOA a.gtld-servers.net. nstld.verisign-grs.com. 1603979208 1800 900 604800 86400
+com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 1 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. LTUZ8PlkMLX+dBZLGcJcahrzOgf1PgYbi/s5VKyR9iyYKeP6qdxO5VehUVHdXfmUiXrsszvhAHzo4AZnfRbDkK6uTfMKCSIB1aXOU4A74LpjhJBsXjyo3CN3IK/dMS/FpJfAb6JnuQV1E3ytDd34yNsoBazEjYeoN1kymGAttbM=
+example.com. IN NSEC foo.com. NS RRSIG
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. KK6ci3DUnGJ9gaBBqS+71TiFBGcl51YLZAYGADDWuSgFOLLbh1nV//la08zE1i8ITQjjsqyRw7/MA8LWpPR3TnUjJLk6mBd/kB3dJ8BHWRqcyreFo6Pu383oCcXTpwkFcL4ulhp54LUxbA3arWVjWbx8815vvNKsEtWUyrz4LN8=
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com. IN NSEC foo.com. NS RRSIG
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. KK6ci3DUnGJ9gaBBqS+71TiFBGcl51YLZAYGADDWuSgFOLLbh1nV//la08zE1i8ITQjjsqyRw7/MA8LWpPR3TnUjJLk6mBd/kB3dJ8BHWRqcyreFo6Pu383oCcXTpwkFcL4ulhp54LUxbA3arWVjWbx8815vvNKsEtWUyrz4LN8=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN DNSKEY
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	257 3 8 AwEAAbd9WqjzE2Pynz21OG5doSf9hFzMr5dhzz2waZ3vTa+0o5r7AjTAqmA1yH/B3+aAMihUm5ucZSfVqo7+kOaRE8yFj9aivOmA1n1+JLevJq/oyvQyjxQN2Qb89LyaNUT5oKZIiL+uyyhNW3KDR3SSbQ/GBwQNDHVcZi+JDR3RC0r7 ;{id = 1444 (ksk), size = 1024b}
+com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 1 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BEOMfWvi6RgnHaHsst+Ed265hBuCkgMR7gDpu89J7ZrVL6DzMKnNVFdgjl/9xwLj/pkukc7qeLSHjAfLlN0E4THW7PVshscQnjvXCkktG2Ejx9fTyllAqeGDh9z9QDGlQZIGTMgb9413qZhNqe2Tda9PTJRpiZ8b4bdQp6V1kVo=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ENTRY_END
+
+RANGE_END
+
+; ns.example.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.net. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.net.		IN 	A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ns.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN AAAA
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+www.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	10.20.30.40
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+STEP 1 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 20 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR RD RA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	127.0.0.1
+ENTRY_END
+
+SCENARIO_END
diff --git a/testdata/auth_zonemd_insecure_absent_reject.rpl b/testdata/auth_zonemd_insecure_absent_reject.rpl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..beb9f5b9ac89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/auth_zonemd_insecure_absent_reject.rpl
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+; config options
+server:
+	target-fetch-policy: "0 0 0 0 0"
+	trust-anchor: "com. DS 1444 8 2 0d72034e3e18a9ef383c164b68302433bbde957616e10cf44575fea2abae469c"
+	trust-anchor-signaling: no
+	val-override-date: 20201020135527
+
+auth-zone:
+	name: "example.com."
+	zonemd-check: yes
+	zonemd-reject-absence: yes
+	## zonefile (or none).
+	## zonefile: "example.com.zone"
+	## master by IP address or hostname
+	## can list multiple masters, each on one line.
+	## master:
+	## url for http fetch
+	## url:
+	## queries from downstream clients get authoritative answers.
+	## for-downstream: yes
+	for-downstream: no
+	## queries are used to fetch authoritative answers from this zone,
+	## instead of unbound itself sending queries there.
+	## for-upstream: yes
+	for-upstream: yes
+	## on failures with for-upstream, fallback to sending queries to
+	## the authority servers
+	## fallback-enabled: no
+
+	## this line generates zonefile: \n"/tmp/xxx.example.com"\n
+	zonefile:
+TEMPFILE_NAME example.com
+	## this is the inline file /tmp/xxx.example.com
+	## the tempfiles are deleted when the testrun is over.
+TEMPFILE_CONTENTS example.com
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com. IN NS ns.example.com.
+; the missing ZONEMD record
+;example.com. IN ZONEMD 200154054 1 2 EFAA5B78B38AB1C45DE57B8167BCCE906451D0E72118E1F5E80B5F0C3CF04BFFC65D53C011185528EAD439D6F3A02F511961E090E5E4E0DFA013BD276D728B22
+www.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+bar.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+TEMPFILE_END
+
+stub-zone:
+	name: "."
+	stub-addr: 193.0.14.129 	# K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+CONFIG_END
+
+SCENARIO_BEGIN Test authority zone with reject-absence ZONEMD that is securely insecure
+; the trust anchor finds an online delegation with an insecure DS referral.
+; the ZONEMD is not there.  This is not allowed by the zonemd-reject-absence
+; option in config, so it fails the zone.
+
+; K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+. IN NS	K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.	IN	A	193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; a.gtld-servers.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qname qtype
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN DS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com. SOA a.gtld-servers.net. nstld.verisign-grs.com. 1603979208 1800 900 604800 86400
+com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 1 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. LTUZ8PlkMLX+dBZLGcJcahrzOgf1PgYbi/s5VKyR9iyYKeP6qdxO5VehUVHdXfmUiXrsszvhAHzo4AZnfRbDkK6uTfMKCSIB1aXOU4A74LpjhJBsXjyo3CN3IK/dMS/FpJfAb6JnuQV1E3ytDd34yNsoBazEjYeoN1kymGAttbM=
+example.com. IN NSEC foo.com. NS RRSIG
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. KK6ci3DUnGJ9gaBBqS+71TiFBGcl51YLZAYGADDWuSgFOLLbh1nV//la08zE1i8ITQjjsqyRw7/MA8LWpPR3TnUjJLk6mBd/kB3dJ8BHWRqcyreFo6Pu383oCcXTpwkFcL4ulhp54LUxbA3arWVjWbx8815vvNKsEtWUyrz4LN8=
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com. IN NSEC foo.com. NS RRSIG
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. KK6ci3DUnGJ9gaBBqS+71TiFBGcl51YLZAYGADDWuSgFOLLbh1nV//la08zE1i8ITQjjsqyRw7/MA8LWpPR3TnUjJLk6mBd/kB3dJ8BHWRqcyreFo6Pu383oCcXTpwkFcL4ulhp54LUxbA3arWVjWbx8815vvNKsEtWUyrz4LN8=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN DNSKEY
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	257 3 8 AwEAAbd9WqjzE2Pynz21OG5doSf9hFzMr5dhzz2waZ3vTa+0o5r7AjTAqmA1yH/B3+aAMihUm5ucZSfVqo7+kOaRE8yFj9aivOmA1n1+JLevJq/oyvQyjxQN2Qb89LyaNUT5oKZIiL+uyyhNW3KDR3SSbQ/GBwQNDHVcZi+JDR3RC0r7 ;{id = 1444 (ksk), size = 1024b}
+com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 1 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BEOMfWvi6RgnHaHsst+Ed265hBuCkgMR7gDpu89J7ZrVL6DzMKnNVFdgjl/9xwLj/pkukc7qeLSHjAfLlN0E4THW7PVshscQnjvXCkktG2Ejx9fTyllAqeGDh9z9QDGlQZIGTMgb9413qZhNqe2Tda9PTJRpiZ8b4bdQp6V1kVo=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ENTRY_END
+
+RANGE_END
+
+; ns.example.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.net. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.net.		IN 	A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ns.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN AAAA
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+www.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	10.20.30.40
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+STEP 1 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 20 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR RD RA SERVFAIL
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ENTRY_END
+
+SCENARIO_END
diff --git a/testdata/auth_zonemd_insecure_fail.rpl b/testdata/auth_zonemd_insecure_fail.rpl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f7aad071e3b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/auth_zonemd_insecure_fail.rpl
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+; config options
+server:
+	target-fetch-policy: "0 0 0 0 0"
+	trust-anchor: "com. DS 1444 8 2 0d72034e3e18a9ef383c164b68302433bbde957616e10cf44575fea2abae469c"
+	trust-anchor-signaling: no
+	val-override-date: 20201020135527
+
+auth-zone:
+	name: "example.com."
+	## zonefile (or none).
+	## zonefile: "example.com.zone"
+	## master by IP address or hostname
+	## can list multiple masters, each on one line.
+	## master:
+	## url for http fetch
+	## url:
+	## queries from downstream clients get authoritative answers.
+	## for-downstream: yes
+	for-downstream: no
+	## queries are used to fetch authoritative answers from this zone,
+	## instead of unbound itself sending queries there.
+	## for-upstream: yes
+	for-upstream: yes
+	## on failures with for-upstream, fallback to sending queries to
+	## the authority servers
+	## fallback-enabled: no
+	zonemd-check: yes
+
+	## this line generates zonefile: \n"/tmp/xxx.example.com"\n
+	zonefile:
+TEMPFILE_NAME example.com
+	## this is the inline file /tmp/xxx.example.com
+	## the tempfiles are deleted when the testrun is over.
+TEMPFILE_CONTENTS example.com
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com. IN NS ns.example.com.
+; correct ZONEMD
+;example.com. IN ZONEMD 200154054 1 2 EFAA5B78B38AB1C45DE57B8167BCCE906451D0E72118E1F5E80B5F0C3CF04BFFC65D53C011185528EAD439D6F3A02F511961E090E5E4E0DFA013BD276D728B22
+; wrong ZONEMD
+example.com. IN ZONEMD 200154054 1 2 EFAA5B78B38AB1C45DE57B8167BCCE906451D0E72118E1F5E80B5F0C3CF04BFFC65D53C011185528EAD439D6F3A02F511961E090E5E4E0DFA013BD276D7AAAAA
+www.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+bar.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+TEMPFILE_END
+
+stub-zone:
+	name: "."
+	stub-addr: 193.0.14.129 	# K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+CONFIG_END
+
+SCENARIO_BEGIN Test authority zone with ZONEMD fail that is securely insecure
+; the trust anchor finds an online delegation with an insecure DS referral.
+; the ZONEMD is wrong, eg. the hash does not match the zone data.
+
+; K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+. IN NS	K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.	IN	A	193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; a.gtld-servers.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qname qtype
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN DS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com. SOA a.gtld-servers.net. nstld.verisign-grs.com. 1603979208 1800 900 604800 86400
+com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 1 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. LTUZ8PlkMLX+dBZLGcJcahrzOgf1PgYbi/s5VKyR9iyYKeP6qdxO5VehUVHdXfmUiXrsszvhAHzo4AZnfRbDkK6uTfMKCSIB1aXOU4A74LpjhJBsXjyo3CN3IK/dMS/FpJfAb6JnuQV1E3ytDd34yNsoBazEjYeoN1kymGAttbM=
+example.com. IN NSEC foo.com. NS RRSIG
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. KK6ci3DUnGJ9gaBBqS+71TiFBGcl51YLZAYGADDWuSgFOLLbh1nV//la08zE1i8ITQjjsqyRw7/MA8LWpPR3TnUjJLk6mBd/kB3dJ8BHWRqcyreFo6Pu383oCcXTpwkFcL4ulhp54LUxbA3arWVjWbx8815vvNKsEtWUyrz4LN8=
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com. IN NSEC foo.com. NS RRSIG
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. KK6ci3DUnGJ9gaBBqS+71TiFBGcl51YLZAYGADDWuSgFOLLbh1nV//la08zE1i8ITQjjsqyRw7/MA8LWpPR3TnUjJLk6mBd/kB3dJ8BHWRqcyreFo6Pu383oCcXTpwkFcL4ulhp54LUxbA3arWVjWbx8815vvNKsEtWUyrz4LN8=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN DNSKEY
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	257 3 8 AwEAAbd9WqjzE2Pynz21OG5doSf9hFzMr5dhzz2waZ3vTa+0o5r7AjTAqmA1yH/B3+aAMihUm5ucZSfVqo7+kOaRE8yFj9aivOmA1n1+JLevJq/oyvQyjxQN2Qb89LyaNUT5oKZIiL+uyyhNW3KDR3SSbQ/GBwQNDHVcZi+JDR3RC0r7 ;{id = 1444 (ksk), size = 1024b}
+com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 1 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BEOMfWvi6RgnHaHsst+Ed265hBuCkgMR7gDpu89J7ZrVL6DzMKnNVFdgjl/9xwLj/pkukc7qeLSHjAfLlN0E4THW7PVshscQnjvXCkktG2Ejx9fTyllAqeGDh9z9QDGlQZIGTMgb9413qZhNqe2Tda9PTJRpiZ8b4bdQp6V1kVo=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ENTRY_END
+
+RANGE_END
+
+; ns.example.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.net. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.net.		IN 	A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ns.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN AAAA
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+www.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	10.20.30.40
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+STEP 1 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 20 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR RD RA SERVFAIL
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ENTRY_END
+
+SCENARIO_END
diff --git a/testdata/auth_zonemd_nokey.rpl b/testdata/auth_zonemd_nokey.rpl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a89414bf631c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/auth_zonemd_nokey.rpl
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+; config options
+server:
+	target-fetch-policy: "0 0 0 0 0"
+	trust-anchor: "com. DS 1444 8 2 0d72034e3e18a9ef383c164b68302433bbde957616e10cf44575fea2abae469c"
+	trust-anchor-signaling: no
+	val-override-date: 20201020135527
+
+auth-zone:
+	name: "example.com."
+	## zonefile (or none).
+	## zonefile: "example.com.zone"
+	## master by IP address or hostname
+	## can list multiple masters, each on one line.
+	## master:
+	## url for http fetch
+	## url:
+	## queries from downstream clients get authoritative answers.
+	## for-downstream: yes
+	for-downstream: no
+	## queries are used to fetch authoritative answers from this zone,
+	## instead of unbound itself sending queries there.
+	## for-upstream: yes
+	for-upstream: yes
+	## on failures with for-upstream, fallback to sending queries to
+	## the authority servers
+	## fallback-enabled: no
+	zonemd-check: yes
+
+	## this line generates zonefile: \n"/tmp/xxx.example.com"\n
+	zonefile:
+TEMPFILE_NAME example.com
+	## this is the inline file /tmp/xxx.example.com
+	## the tempfiles are deleted when the testrun is over.
+TEMPFILE_CONTENTS example.com
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com. IN NS ns.example.com.
+example.com. IN ZONEMD 200154054 1 2 EFAA5B78B38AB1C45DE57B8167BCCE906451D0E72118E1F5E80B5F0C3CF04BFFC65D53C011185528EAD439D6F3A02F511961E090E5E4E0DFA013BD276D728B22
+www.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+bar.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+TEMPFILE_END
+
+stub-zone:
+	name: "."
+	stub-addr: 193.0.14.129 	# K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+CONFIG_END
+
+SCENARIO_BEGIN Test authority zone with ZONEMD that lacks a DNSKEY
+; the zone has no DNSSEC, but the trust anchor requires it.
+
+; K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+. IN NS	K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.	IN	A	193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; a.gtld-servers.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qname qtype
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN DS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	3600	IN	DS	55566 8 2 9c148338951ce1c3b5cd3da532f3d90dfcf92595148022f2c2fd98e5deee90af
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BpV1M171SSkbdlGawwweJwQ0W+aNaCrgkt2QTsxCvbo1acR5i3AKm4REOUzo4I36lRx26mYkF9Topkeu0aFmov7P2uUhCxk4faFK7k87k97FAqZaDGp/K9b3YCfiwJBc5pJSUW0ndU/Ve5zAh/wL493RMSC7LwJr5JjV0NxydFk=
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	DS	55566 8 2 9c148338951ce1c3b5cd3da532f3d90dfcf92595148022f2c2fd98e5deee90af
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BpV1M171SSkbdlGawwweJwQ0W+aNaCrgkt2QTsxCvbo1acR5i3AKm4REOUzo4I36lRx26mYkF9Topkeu0aFmov7P2uUhCxk4faFK7k87k97FAqZaDGp/K9b3YCfiwJBc5pJSUW0ndU/Ve5zAh/wL493RMSC7LwJr5JjV0NxydFk=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN DNSKEY
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	257 3 8 AwEAAbd9WqjzE2Pynz21OG5doSf9hFzMr5dhzz2waZ3vTa+0o5r7AjTAqmA1yH/B3+aAMihUm5ucZSfVqo7+kOaRE8yFj9aivOmA1n1+JLevJq/oyvQyjxQN2Qb89LyaNUT5oKZIiL+uyyhNW3KDR3SSbQ/GBwQNDHVcZi+JDR3RC0r7 ;{id = 1444 (ksk), size = 1024b}
+com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 1 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BEOMfWvi6RgnHaHsst+Ed265hBuCkgMR7gDpu89J7ZrVL6DzMKnNVFdgjl/9xwLj/pkukc7qeLSHjAfLlN0E4THW7PVshscQnjvXCkktG2Ejx9fTyllAqeGDh9z9QDGlQZIGTMgb9413qZhNqe2Tda9PTJRpiZ8b4bdQp6V1kVo=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ENTRY_END
+
+RANGE_END
+
+; ns.example.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.net. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.net.		IN 	A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ns.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN AAAA
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+www.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	10.20.30.40
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+STEP 1 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 20 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR RD RA SERVFAIL
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ENTRY_END
+
+SCENARIO_END
diff --git a/testdata/auth_zonemd_permissive_mode.rpl b/testdata/auth_zonemd_permissive_mode.rpl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4149daa927f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/auth_zonemd_permissive_mode.rpl
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+; config options
+server:
+	target-fetch-policy: "0 0 0 0 0"
+	zonemd-permissive-mode: yes
+
+auth-zone:
+	name: "example.com."
+	## zonefile (or none).
+	## zonefile: "example.com.zone"
+	## master by IP address or hostname
+	## can list multiple masters, each on one line.
+	## master:
+	## url for http fetch
+	## url:
+	## queries from downstream clients get authoritative answers.
+	## for-downstream: yes
+	for-downstream: no
+	## queries are used to fetch authoritative answers from this zone,
+	## instead of unbound itself sending queries there.
+	## for-upstream: yes
+	for-upstream: yes
+	## on failures with for-upstream, fallback to sending queries to
+	## the authority servers
+	## fallback-enabled: no
+	zonemd-check: yes
+
+	## this line generates zonefile: \n"/tmp/xxx.example.com"\n
+	zonefile:
+TEMPFILE_NAME example.com
+	## this is the inline file /tmp/xxx.example.com
+	## the tempfiles are deleted when the testrun is over.
+TEMPFILE_CONTENTS example.com
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com. IN NS ns.example.com.
+; good zonemd
+;example.com. IN ZONEMD 200154054 1 2 EFAA5B78B38AB1C45DE57B8167BCCE906451D0E72118E1F5E80B5F0C3CF04BFFC65D53C011185528EAD439D6F3A02F511961E090E5E4E0DFA013BD276D728B22
+; wrong zonemd
+example.com. IN ZONEMD 200154054 1 2 EFAA5B78B38AB1C45DE57B8167BCCE906451D0E72118E1F5E80B5F0C3CF04BFFC65D53C011185528EAD439D6F3A02F511961E090E5E4E0DFA013BD276D7AAAAA
+www.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+bar.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+TEMPFILE_END
+
+stub-zone:
+	name: "."
+	stub-addr: 193.0.14.129 	# K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+CONFIG_END
+
+SCENARIO_BEGIN Test zonemd permissive mode
+
+; K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+. IN NS	K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.	IN	A	193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; a.gtld-servers.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.com.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; ns.example.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.net. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.net.		IN 	A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ns.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN AAAA
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+www.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	10.20.30.40
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+STEP 1 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 20 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR RD RA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+ENTRY_END
+
+SCENARIO_END
diff --git a/testdata/auth_zonemd_xfr.rpl b/testdata/auth_zonemd_xfr.rpl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..89e22cea1472
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/auth_zonemd_xfr.rpl
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+; config options
+server:
+	target-fetch-policy: "0 0 0 0 0"
+
+auth-zone:
+	name: "example.com."
+	## zonefile (or none).
+	## zonefile: "example.com.zone"
+	## master by IP address or hostname
+	## can list multiple masters, each on one line.
+	## master:
+	master: 1.2.3.44
+	## url for http fetch
+	## url:
+	## queries from downstream clients get authoritative answers.
+	## for-downstream: yes
+	for-downstream: yes
+	## queries are used to fetch authoritative answers from this zone,
+	## instead of unbound itself sending queries there.
+	## for-upstream: yes
+	for-upstream: yes
+	## on failures with for-upstream, fallback to sending queries to
+	## the authority servers
+	## fallback-enabled: no
+	zonemd-check: yes
+
+	## this line generates zonefile: \n"/tmp/xxx.example.com"\n
+	zonefile:
+TEMPFILE_NAME example.com
+	## this is the inline file /tmp/xxx.example.com
+	## the tempfiles are deleted when the testrun is over.
+TEMPFILE_CONTENTS example.com
+TEMPFILE_END
+
+stub-zone:
+	name: "."
+	stub-addr: 193.0.14.129 	# K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+CONFIG_END
+
+SCENARIO_BEGIN Test authority zone with AXFR with ZONEMD
+
+; K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 193.0.14.129 
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+. IN NS	K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.	IN	A	193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; a.gtld-servers.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.com.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; ns.example.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.net. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.net.		IN 	A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ns.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN AAAA
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+www.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	10.20.30.40
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN SOA
+SECTION ANSWER
+; serial, refresh, retry, expire, minimum
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 1 3600 900 86400 3600
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN AXFR
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com. IN NS ns.example.com.
+example.com. IN ZONEMD 200154054 1 2 EFAA5B78B38AB1C45DE57B8167BCCE906451D0E72118E1F5E80B5F0C3CF04BFFC65D53C011185528EAD439D6F3A02F511961E090E5E4E0DFA013BD276D728B22
+www.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+bar.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+STEP 1 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 20 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR AA RD RA SERVFAIL
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ENTRY_END
+
+STEP 30 TIME_PASSES ELAPSE 10
+STEP 40 TRAFFIC
+
+STEP 50 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 60 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR AA RD RA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	127.0.0.1
+ENTRY_END
+
+; the zonefile was updated with new contents
+STEP 70 CHECK_TEMPFILE example.com
+FILE_BEGIN
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	ZONEMD	200154054 1 2 EFAA5B78B38AB1C45DE57B8167BCCE906451D0E72118E1F5E80B5F0C3CF04BFFC65D53C011185528EAD439D6F3A02F511961E090E5E4E0DFA013BD276D728B22
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+FILE_END
+
+SCENARIO_END
diff --git a/testdata/auth_zonemd_xfr_anchor.rpl b/testdata/auth_zonemd_xfr_anchor.rpl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..667de2eae0da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/auth_zonemd_xfr_anchor.rpl
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+; config options
+server:
+	target-fetch-policy: "0 0 0 0 0"
+	trust-anchor: "example.com. DS 55566 8 2 9c148338951ce1c3b5cd3da532f3d90dfcf92595148022f2c2fd98e5deee90af"
+	trust-anchor-signaling: no
+	val-override-date: 20201020135527
+
+auth-zone:
+	name: "example.com."
+	## zonefile (or none).
+	## zonefile: "example.com.zone"
+	## master by IP address or hostname
+	## can list multiple masters, each on one line.
+	## master:
+	master: 1.2.3.44
+	## url for http fetch
+	## url:
+	## queries from downstream clients get authoritative answers.
+	## for-downstream: yes
+	for-downstream: yes
+	## queries are used to fetch authoritative answers from this zone,
+	## instead of unbound itself sending queries there.
+	## for-upstream: yes
+	for-upstream: yes
+	## on failures with for-upstream, fallback to sending queries to
+	## the authority servers
+	## fallback-enabled: no
+	zonemd-check: yes
+
+	## this line generates zonefile: \n"/tmp/xxx.example.com"\n
+	zonefile:
+TEMPFILE_NAME example.com
+	## this is the inline file /tmp/xxx.example.com
+	## the tempfiles are deleted when the testrun is over.
+TEMPFILE_CONTENTS example.com
+TEMPFILE_END
+
+stub-zone:
+	name: "."
+	stub-addr: 193.0.14.129 	# K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+CONFIG_END
+
+SCENARIO_BEGIN Test authority zone with AXFR with ZONEMD with trust anchor
+
+; K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 193.0.14.129 
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+. IN NS	K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.	IN	A	193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; a.gtld-servers.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.com.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; ns.example.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.net. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.net.		IN 	A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ns.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN AAAA
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+www.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	10.20.30.40
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN SOA
+SECTION ANSWER
+; serial, refresh, retry, expire, minimum
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 1 3600 900 86400 3600
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN AXFR
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	TYPE63	\# 70 0bee1bc6010258f7620f93204bbb31b44f795b3409cc4abd9ef5601decc15675bd7751213152984eddce0626e6062e744b03b3e47711202fbb79e4a2eb8bc5cf46741b5cae6f
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	TYPE63 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. orn8ZF/yqj9u4WrhiO6gtEcTaVsnZSWWZLfXhcIOiWSB8kKCxtZl5cG17dD3Du1NllUwMRqkp0KleLhIoUS9xeQ/0x05u+CYLrfQ62oAiD7q54ZQzpXJIH52aQzKV70ZnO03CZowhQBnetmIoKX6xLogKo8pt+BdQbo3oVHxV8Y=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	bar.example.com. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY TYPE63 
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ufLrlOQprAqjnH85Rt3T0Mxd3ZB0mBeeNIr84eFJ8Rk6WiWEPm0Y1R7GRufNI24Mj7iqLcL4nJM6KK6B7dJqjqu73jw1acuYNnbsoV2BNDRXRFP2FNWTpctVdi+955f3FzgsmEJXfGiSUG0YXAEcZmdCPCn5ii2jk8mk7r6KKYo=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ding.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VhsGuBx20DXQZNU8ITAMnasn6NVyEjN9xtB8msH5xJn80UCuaqvFBURzcPWN3aHnykEvGfdPF/9P3WvlON0cMikWkqSLy6Q9bpvgAq13HWYh+ZcDoqLtICaB7RkBQc+6aHAqZFyQbD8/m8Kxt5eVJtV6rEuf+yPX0+3aXHhsRg0=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	foo.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. nb1W2aaKrU5iAQiY8gMsoMOejID19JMTEwY2rRoe+KsvzMs0rE0ifEkqit4blXaU0tfy0foJ70uqdJFqBoGz1NcSwZ6GNk/iNfGvG3XpxZ/zqEe7kkIucqqei794G7z9psqV94yZ3WaT+IswPpWrSaWv1w41RtcWufPhe4fOAmU=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ns.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fUZEpkEULRWDntN5Z7Kr8M83Hjhf08ECMKRpo6IBoBc3ayenj+YMgWAvFXC825wjENPYYWNGag0d32U83zCZxqgv+8uXZd3B7QDpTbL41aWZdc++s5YWTkYjyOWwJ1XHOv4nL3qEnJBXVzo/E1gbSKhTFuG97i+7J1MFd9MsC5s=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	www.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. 0upKNYjiow4NDJm3I1RbUddE9GGuFYEVKswww5BAc/6WHuukupncL30lskvcSKGpByDssP2Hi2CufyEtYeGWh6q1TxtOFRqFBX1p6Q5b3tBlCtvv4h31dQR9uqLvq+GkGS5MR+0LO5kWagIpZmnI8YY5plVdXEtNbp2Ar8zvz/A=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. meg/t6nIBqQZ0d5/dT7uu/3CuP4vE+HxqFQaj2fjUNceA/6C7QIQnqQ5Kyblg+XijDkQX0yvyFNHYdgF16UDgFT7tlNUCHk1SpF5BWzV4c4tBEhxASTz7UQo111O3Tyd6CldPzO/Se15Ud0/ZYltHEqWTfY5nJoXC/OJD9V2QOI=
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+STEP 1 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 20 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR AA RD RA SERVFAIL
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ENTRY_END
+
+STEP 30 TIME_PASSES ELAPSE 10
+STEP 40 TRAFFIC
+
+STEP 50 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 60 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR AA RD RA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	127.0.0.1
+ENTRY_END
+
+; the zonefile was updated with new contents
+STEP 70 CHECK_TEMPFILE example.com
+FILE_BEGIN
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	bar.example.com. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY ZONEMD
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ufLrlOQprAqjnH85Rt3T0Mxd3ZB0mBeeNIr84eFJ8Rk6WiWEPm0Y1R7GRufNI24Mj7iqLcL4nJM6KK6B7dJqjqu73jw1acuYNnbsoV2BNDRXRFP2FNWTpctVdi+955f3FzgsmEJXfGiSUG0YXAEcZmdCPCn5ii2jk8mk7r6KKYo=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	ZONEMD	200154054 1 2 58F7620F93204BBB31B44F795B3409CC4ABD9EF5601DECC15675BD7751213152984EDDCE0626E6062E744B03B3E47711202FBB79E4A2EB8BC5CF46741B5CAE6F
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	ZONEMD 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. orn8ZF/yqj9u4WrhiO6gtEcTaVsnZSWWZLfXhcIOiWSB8kKCxtZl5cG17dD3Du1NllUwMRqkp0KleLhIoUS9xeQ/0x05u+CYLrfQ62oAiD7q54ZQzpXJIH52aQzKV70ZnO03CZowhQBnetmIoKX6xLogKo8pt+BdQbo3oVHxV8Y=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ding.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VhsGuBx20DXQZNU8ITAMnasn6NVyEjN9xtB8msH5xJn80UCuaqvFBURzcPWN3aHnykEvGfdPF/9P3WvlON0cMikWkqSLy6Q9bpvgAq13HWYh+ZcDoqLtICaB7RkBQc+6aHAqZFyQbD8/m8Kxt5eVJtV6rEuf+yPX0+3aXHhsRg0=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	foo.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. nb1W2aaKrU5iAQiY8gMsoMOejID19JMTEwY2rRoe+KsvzMs0rE0ifEkqit4blXaU0tfy0foJ70uqdJFqBoGz1NcSwZ6GNk/iNfGvG3XpxZ/zqEe7kkIucqqei794G7z9psqV94yZ3WaT+IswPpWrSaWv1w41RtcWufPhe4fOAmU=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ns.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fUZEpkEULRWDntN5Z7Kr8M83Hjhf08ECMKRpo6IBoBc3ayenj+YMgWAvFXC825wjENPYYWNGag0d32U83zCZxqgv+8uXZd3B7QDpTbL41aWZdc++s5YWTkYjyOWwJ1XHOv4nL3qEnJBXVzo/E1gbSKhTFuG97i+7J1MFd9MsC5s=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	www.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. 0upKNYjiow4NDJm3I1RbUddE9GGuFYEVKswww5BAc/6WHuukupncL30lskvcSKGpByDssP2Hi2CufyEtYeGWh6q1TxtOFRqFBX1p6Q5b3tBlCtvv4h31dQR9uqLvq+GkGS5MR+0LO5kWagIpZmnI8YY5plVdXEtNbp2Ar8zvz/A=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	example.com. A RRSIG NSEC
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. meg/t6nIBqQZ0d5/dT7uu/3CuP4vE+HxqFQaj2fjUNceA/6C7QIQnqQ5Kyblg+XijDkQX0yvyFNHYdgF16UDgFT7tlNUCHk1SpF5BWzV4c4tBEhxASTz7UQo111O3Tyd6CldPzO/Se15Ud0/ZYltHEqWTfY5nJoXC/OJD9V2QOI=
+FILE_END
+
+SCENARIO_END
diff --git a/testdata/auth_zonemd_xfr_anchor_fail.rpl b/testdata/auth_zonemd_xfr_anchor_fail.rpl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..237ed9498e39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/auth_zonemd_xfr_anchor_fail.rpl
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+; config options
+server:
+	target-fetch-policy: "0 0 0 0 0"
+	trust-anchor: "example.com. DS 55566 8 2 9c148338951ce1c3b5cd3da532f3d90dfcf92595148022f2c2fd98e5deee90af"
+	trust-anchor-signaling: no
+	val-override-date: 20201020135527
+
+auth-zone:
+	name: "example.com."
+	## zonefile (or none).
+	## zonefile: "example.com.zone"
+	## master by IP address or hostname
+	## can list multiple masters, each on one line.
+	## master:
+	master: 1.2.3.44
+	## url for http fetch
+	## url:
+	## queries from downstream clients get authoritative answers.
+	## for-downstream: yes
+	for-downstream: yes
+	## queries are used to fetch authoritative answers from this zone,
+	## instead of unbound itself sending queries there.
+	## for-upstream: yes
+	for-upstream: yes
+	## on failures with for-upstream, fallback to sending queries to
+	## the authority servers
+	## fallback-enabled: no
+	zonemd-check: yes
+
+	## this line generates zonefile: \n"/tmp/xxx.example.com"\n
+	zonefile:
+TEMPFILE_NAME example.com
+	## this is the inline file /tmp/xxx.example.com
+	## the tempfiles are deleted when the testrun is over.
+TEMPFILE_CONTENTS example.com
+TEMPFILE_END
+
+stub-zone:
+	name: "."
+	stub-addr: 193.0.14.129 	# K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+CONFIG_END
+
+SCENARIO_BEGIN Test authority zone with AXFR with ZONEMD fail with trust anchor
+
+; K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 193.0.14.129 
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+. IN NS	K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.	IN	A	193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; a.gtld-servers.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.com.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; ns.example.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.net. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.net.		IN 	A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ns.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN AAAA
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+www.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	10.20.30.40
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN SOA
+SECTION ANSWER
+; serial, refresh, retry, expire, minimum
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 1 3600 900 86400 3600
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOTIMPL
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN IXFR
+SECTION ANSWER
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN AXFR
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	TYPE63	\# 70 0bee1bc6010258f7620f93204bbb31b44f795b3409cc4abd9ef5601decc15675bd7751213152984eddce0626e6062e744b03b3e47711202fbb79e4a2eb8bc5cf46741b5cae6f
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	TYPE63 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. orn8ZF/yqj9u4WrhiO6gtEcTaVsnZSWWZLfXhcIOiWSB8kKCxtZl5cG17dD3Du1NllUwMRqkp0KleLhIoUS9xeQ/0x05u+CYLrfQ62oAiD7q54ZQzpXJIH52aQzKV70ZnO03CZowhQBnetmIoKX6xLogKo8pt+BdQbo3oVHxV8Y=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	bar.example.com. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY TYPE63 
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ufLrlOQprAqjnH85Rt3T0Mxd3ZB0mBeeNIr84eFJ8Rk6WiWEPm0Y1R7GRufNI24Mj7iqLcL4nJM6KK6B7dJqjqu73jw1acuYNnbsoV2BNDRXRFP2FNWTpctVdi+955f3FzgsmEJXfGiSUG0YXAEcZmdCPCn5ii2jk8mk7r6KKYo=
+; this is the bad RR that causes the wrong zonemd.  RRSIG is wrong too.
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.55
+; orig RR
+;bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ding.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VhsGuBx20DXQZNU8ITAMnasn6NVyEjN9xtB8msH5xJn80UCuaqvFBURzcPWN3aHnykEvGfdPF/9P3WvlON0cMikWkqSLy6Q9bpvgAq13HWYh+ZcDoqLtICaB7RkBQc+6aHAqZFyQbD8/m8Kxt5eVJtV6rEuf+yPX0+3aXHhsRg0=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	foo.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. nb1W2aaKrU5iAQiY8gMsoMOejID19JMTEwY2rRoe+KsvzMs0rE0ifEkqit4blXaU0tfy0foJ70uqdJFqBoGz1NcSwZ6GNk/iNfGvG3XpxZ/zqEe7kkIucqqei794G7z9psqV94yZ3WaT+IswPpWrSaWv1w41RtcWufPhe4fOAmU=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ns.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fUZEpkEULRWDntN5Z7Kr8M83Hjhf08ECMKRpo6IBoBc3ayenj+YMgWAvFXC825wjENPYYWNGag0d32U83zCZxqgv+8uXZd3B7QDpTbL41aWZdc++s5YWTkYjyOWwJ1XHOv4nL3qEnJBXVzo/E1gbSKhTFuG97i+7J1MFd9MsC5s=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	www.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. 0upKNYjiow4NDJm3I1RbUddE9GGuFYEVKswww5BAc/6WHuukupncL30lskvcSKGpByDssP2Hi2CufyEtYeGWh6q1TxtOFRqFBX1p6Q5b3tBlCtvv4h31dQR9uqLvq+GkGS5MR+0LO5kWagIpZmnI8YY5plVdXEtNbp2Ar8zvz/A=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. meg/t6nIBqQZ0d5/dT7uu/3CuP4vE+HxqFQaj2fjUNceA/6C7QIQnqQ5Kyblg+XijDkQX0yvyFNHYdgF16UDgFT7tlNUCHk1SpF5BWzV4c4tBEhxASTz7UQo111O3Tyd6CldPzO/Se15Ud0/ZYltHEqWTfY5nJoXC/OJD9V2QOI=
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+STEP 1 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 20 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR AA RD RA SERVFAIL
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ENTRY_END
+
+STEP 30 TIME_PASSES ELAPSE 10
+STEP 40 TRAFFIC
+
+STEP 50 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 60 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR AA RD RA SERVFAIL
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ENTRY_END
+
+; the zonefile was updated with new contents
+STEP 70 CHECK_TEMPFILE example.com
+FILE_BEGIN
+FILE_END
+
+SCENARIO_END
diff --git a/testdata/auth_zonemd_xfr_chain.rpl b/testdata/auth_zonemd_xfr_chain.rpl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4deb99bcbd8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/auth_zonemd_xfr_chain.rpl
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+; config options
+server:
+	target-fetch-policy: "0 0 0 0 0"
+	trust-anchor: "com. DS 1444 8 2 0d72034e3e18a9ef383c164b68302433bbde957616e10cf44575fea2abae469c"
+	trust-anchor-signaling: no
+	val-override-date: 20201020135527
+
+auth-zone:
+	name: "example.com."
+	## zonefile (or none).
+	## zonefile: "example.com.zone"
+	## master by IP address or hostname
+	## can list multiple masters, each on one line.
+	## master:
+	master: 1.2.3.44
+	## url for http fetch
+	## url:
+	## queries from downstream clients get authoritative answers.
+	## for-downstream: yes
+	for-downstream: yes
+	## queries are used to fetch authoritative answers from this zone,
+	## instead of unbound itself sending queries there.
+	## for-upstream: yes
+	for-upstream: yes
+	## on failures with for-upstream, fallback to sending queries to
+	## the authority servers
+	## fallback-enabled: no
+	zonemd-check: yes
+
+	## this line generates zonefile: \n"/tmp/xxx.example.com"\n
+	zonefile:
+TEMPFILE_NAME example.com
+	## this is the inline file /tmp/xxx.example.com
+	## the tempfiles are deleted when the testrun is over.
+TEMPFILE_CONTENTS example.com
+TEMPFILE_END
+
+stub-zone:
+	name: "."
+	stub-addr: 193.0.14.129 	# K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+CONFIG_END
+
+SCENARIO_BEGIN Test authority zone with AXFR with ZONEMD with chain of trust
+
+; K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 193.0.14.129 
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+. IN NS	K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.	IN	A	193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; a.gtld-servers.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qname qtype
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN DS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	3600	IN	DS	55566 8 2 9c148338951ce1c3b5cd3da532f3d90dfcf92595148022f2c2fd98e5deee90af
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BpV1M171SSkbdlGawwweJwQ0W+aNaCrgkt2QTsxCvbo1acR5i3AKm4REOUzo4I36lRx26mYkF9Topkeu0aFmov7P2uUhCxk4faFK7k87k97FAqZaDGp/K9b3YCfiwJBc5pJSUW0ndU/Ve5zAh/wL493RMSC7LwJr5JjV0NxydFk=
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	DS	55566 8 2 9c148338951ce1c3b5cd3da532f3d90dfcf92595148022f2c2fd98e5deee90af
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BpV1M171SSkbdlGawwweJwQ0W+aNaCrgkt2QTsxCvbo1acR5i3AKm4REOUzo4I36lRx26mYkF9Topkeu0aFmov7P2uUhCxk4faFK7k87k97FAqZaDGp/K9b3YCfiwJBc5pJSUW0ndU/Ve5zAh/wL493RMSC7LwJr5JjV0NxydFk=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN DNSKEY
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	257 3 8 AwEAAbd9WqjzE2Pynz21OG5doSf9hFzMr5dhzz2waZ3vTa+0o5r7AjTAqmA1yH/B3+aAMihUm5ucZSfVqo7+kOaRE8yFj9aivOmA1n1+JLevJq/oyvQyjxQN2Qb89LyaNUT5oKZIiL+uyyhNW3KDR3SSbQ/GBwQNDHVcZi+JDR3RC0r7 ;{id = 1444 (ksk), size = 1024b}
+com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 1 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BEOMfWvi6RgnHaHsst+Ed265hBuCkgMR7gDpu89J7ZrVL6DzMKnNVFdgjl/9xwLj/pkukc7qeLSHjAfLlN0E4THW7PVshscQnjvXCkktG2Ejx9fTyllAqeGDh9z9QDGlQZIGTMgb9413qZhNqe2Tda9PTJRpiZ8b4bdQp6V1kVo=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; ns.example.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.net. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.net.		IN 	A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ns.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN AAAA
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+www.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	10.20.30.40
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN SOA
+SECTION ANSWER
+; serial, refresh, retry, expire, minimum
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 1 3600 900 86400 3600
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN AXFR
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	TYPE63	\# 70 0bee1bc6010258f7620f93204bbb31b44f795b3409cc4abd9ef5601decc15675bd7751213152984eddce0626e6062e744b03b3e47711202fbb79e4a2eb8bc5cf46741b5cae6f
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	TYPE63 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. orn8ZF/yqj9u4WrhiO6gtEcTaVsnZSWWZLfXhcIOiWSB8kKCxtZl5cG17dD3Du1NllUwMRqkp0KleLhIoUS9xeQ/0x05u+CYLrfQ62oAiD7q54ZQzpXJIH52aQzKV70ZnO03CZowhQBnetmIoKX6xLogKo8pt+BdQbo3oVHxV8Y=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	bar.example.com. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY TYPE63 
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ufLrlOQprAqjnH85Rt3T0Mxd3ZB0mBeeNIr84eFJ8Rk6WiWEPm0Y1R7GRufNI24Mj7iqLcL4nJM6KK6B7dJqjqu73jw1acuYNnbsoV2BNDRXRFP2FNWTpctVdi+955f3FzgsmEJXfGiSUG0YXAEcZmdCPCn5ii2jk8mk7r6KKYo=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ding.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VhsGuBx20DXQZNU8ITAMnasn6NVyEjN9xtB8msH5xJn80UCuaqvFBURzcPWN3aHnykEvGfdPF/9P3WvlON0cMikWkqSLy6Q9bpvgAq13HWYh+ZcDoqLtICaB7RkBQc+6aHAqZFyQbD8/m8Kxt5eVJtV6rEuf+yPX0+3aXHhsRg0=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	foo.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. nb1W2aaKrU5iAQiY8gMsoMOejID19JMTEwY2rRoe+KsvzMs0rE0ifEkqit4blXaU0tfy0foJ70uqdJFqBoGz1NcSwZ6GNk/iNfGvG3XpxZ/zqEe7kkIucqqei794G7z9psqV94yZ3WaT+IswPpWrSaWv1w41RtcWufPhe4fOAmU=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ns.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fUZEpkEULRWDntN5Z7Kr8M83Hjhf08ECMKRpo6IBoBc3ayenj+YMgWAvFXC825wjENPYYWNGag0d32U83zCZxqgv+8uXZd3B7QDpTbL41aWZdc++s5YWTkYjyOWwJ1XHOv4nL3qEnJBXVzo/E1gbSKhTFuG97i+7J1MFd9MsC5s=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	www.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. 0upKNYjiow4NDJm3I1RbUddE9GGuFYEVKswww5BAc/6WHuukupncL30lskvcSKGpByDssP2Hi2CufyEtYeGWh6q1TxtOFRqFBX1p6Q5b3tBlCtvv4h31dQR9uqLvq+GkGS5MR+0LO5kWagIpZmnI8YY5plVdXEtNbp2Ar8zvz/A=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. meg/t6nIBqQZ0d5/dT7uu/3CuP4vE+HxqFQaj2fjUNceA/6C7QIQnqQ5Kyblg+XijDkQX0yvyFNHYdgF16UDgFT7tlNUCHk1SpF5BWzV4c4tBEhxASTz7UQo111O3Tyd6CldPzO/Se15Ud0/ZYltHEqWTfY5nJoXC/OJD9V2QOI=
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+STEP 1 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 20 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR AA RD RA SERVFAIL
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ENTRY_END
+
+STEP 30 TIME_PASSES ELAPSE 10
+STEP 40 TRAFFIC
+
+STEP 50 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 60 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR AA RD RA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	127.0.0.1
+ENTRY_END
+
+; the zonefile was updated with new contents
+STEP 70 CHECK_TEMPFILE example.com
+FILE_BEGIN
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	bar.example.com. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY ZONEMD
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ufLrlOQprAqjnH85Rt3T0Mxd3ZB0mBeeNIr84eFJ8Rk6WiWEPm0Y1R7GRufNI24Mj7iqLcL4nJM6KK6B7dJqjqu73jw1acuYNnbsoV2BNDRXRFP2FNWTpctVdi+955f3FzgsmEJXfGiSUG0YXAEcZmdCPCn5ii2jk8mk7r6KKYo=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	ZONEMD	200154054 1 2 58F7620F93204BBB31B44F795B3409CC4ABD9EF5601DECC15675BD7751213152984EDDCE0626E6062E744B03B3E47711202FBB79E4A2EB8BC5CF46741B5CAE6F
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	ZONEMD 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. orn8ZF/yqj9u4WrhiO6gtEcTaVsnZSWWZLfXhcIOiWSB8kKCxtZl5cG17dD3Du1NllUwMRqkp0KleLhIoUS9xeQ/0x05u+CYLrfQ62oAiD7q54ZQzpXJIH52aQzKV70ZnO03CZowhQBnetmIoKX6xLogKo8pt+BdQbo3oVHxV8Y=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ding.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VhsGuBx20DXQZNU8ITAMnasn6NVyEjN9xtB8msH5xJn80UCuaqvFBURzcPWN3aHnykEvGfdPF/9P3WvlON0cMikWkqSLy6Q9bpvgAq13HWYh+ZcDoqLtICaB7RkBQc+6aHAqZFyQbD8/m8Kxt5eVJtV6rEuf+yPX0+3aXHhsRg0=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	foo.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. nb1W2aaKrU5iAQiY8gMsoMOejID19JMTEwY2rRoe+KsvzMs0rE0ifEkqit4blXaU0tfy0foJ70uqdJFqBoGz1NcSwZ6GNk/iNfGvG3XpxZ/zqEe7kkIucqqei794G7z9psqV94yZ3WaT+IswPpWrSaWv1w41RtcWufPhe4fOAmU=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ns.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fUZEpkEULRWDntN5Z7Kr8M83Hjhf08ECMKRpo6IBoBc3ayenj+YMgWAvFXC825wjENPYYWNGag0d32U83zCZxqgv+8uXZd3B7QDpTbL41aWZdc++s5YWTkYjyOWwJ1XHOv4nL3qEnJBXVzo/E1gbSKhTFuG97i+7J1MFd9MsC5s=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	www.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. 0upKNYjiow4NDJm3I1RbUddE9GGuFYEVKswww5BAc/6WHuukupncL30lskvcSKGpByDssP2Hi2CufyEtYeGWh6q1TxtOFRqFBX1p6Q5b3tBlCtvv4h31dQR9uqLvq+GkGS5MR+0LO5kWagIpZmnI8YY5plVdXEtNbp2Ar8zvz/A=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	example.com. A RRSIG NSEC
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. meg/t6nIBqQZ0d5/dT7uu/3CuP4vE+HxqFQaj2fjUNceA/6C7QIQnqQ5Kyblg+XijDkQX0yvyFNHYdgF16UDgFT7tlNUCHk1SpF5BWzV4c4tBEhxASTz7UQo111O3Tyd6CldPzO/Se15Ud0/ZYltHEqWTfY5nJoXC/OJD9V2QOI=
+FILE_END
+
+SCENARIO_END
diff --git a/testdata/auth_zonemd_xfr_chain_fail.rpl b/testdata/auth_zonemd_xfr_chain_fail.rpl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3e09c9e8e40b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/auth_zonemd_xfr_chain_fail.rpl
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+; config options
+server:
+	target-fetch-policy: "0 0 0 0 0"
+	trust-anchor: "com. DS 1444 8 2 0d72034e3e18a9ef383c164b68302433bbde957616e10cf44575fea2abae469c"
+	trust-anchor-signaling: no
+	val-override-date: 20201020135527
+
+auth-zone:
+	name: "example.com."
+	## zonefile (or none).
+	## zonefile: "example.com.zone"
+	## master by IP address or hostname
+	## can list multiple masters, each on one line.
+	## master:
+	master: 1.2.3.44
+	## url for http fetch
+	## url:
+	## queries from downstream clients get authoritative answers.
+	## for-downstream: yes
+	for-downstream: yes
+	## queries are used to fetch authoritative answers from this zone,
+	## instead of unbound itself sending queries there.
+	## for-upstream: yes
+	for-upstream: yes
+	## on failures with for-upstream, fallback to sending queries to
+	## the authority servers
+	## fallback-enabled: no
+	zonemd-check: yes
+
+	## this line generates zonefile: \n"/tmp/xxx.example.com"\n
+	zonefile:
+TEMPFILE_NAME example.com
+	## this is the inline file /tmp/xxx.example.com
+	## the tempfiles are deleted when the testrun is over.
+TEMPFILE_CONTENTS example.com
+TEMPFILE_END
+
+stub-zone:
+	name: "."
+	stub-addr: 193.0.14.129 	# K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+CONFIG_END
+
+SCENARIO_BEGIN Test authority zone with AXFR with ZONEMD failure with chain of trust
+
+; K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 193.0.14.129 
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+. IN NS	K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.	IN	A	193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; a.gtld-servers.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qname qtype
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN DS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	3600	IN	DS	55566 8 2 9c148338951ce1c3b5cd3da532f3d90dfcf92595148022f2c2fd98e5deee90af
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BpV1M171SSkbdlGawwweJwQ0W+aNaCrgkt2QTsxCvbo1acR5i3AKm4REOUzo4I36lRx26mYkF9Topkeu0aFmov7P2uUhCxk4faFK7k87k97FAqZaDGp/K9b3YCfiwJBc5pJSUW0ndU/Ve5zAh/wL493RMSC7LwJr5JjV0NxydFk=
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	DS	55566 8 2 9c148338951ce1c3b5cd3da532f3d90dfcf92595148022f2c2fd98e5deee90af
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BpV1M171SSkbdlGawwweJwQ0W+aNaCrgkt2QTsxCvbo1acR5i3AKm4REOUzo4I36lRx26mYkF9Topkeu0aFmov7P2uUhCxk4faFK7k87k97FAqZaDGp/K9b3YCfiwJBc5pJSUW0ndU/Ve5zAh/wL493RMSC7LwJr5JjV0NxydFk=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN DNSKEY
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	257 3 8 AwEAAbd9WqjzE2Pynz21OG5doSf9hFzMr5dhzz2waZ3vTa+0o5r7AjTAqmA1yH/B3+aAMihUm5ucZSfVqo7+kOaRE8yFj9aivOmA1n1+JLevJq/oyvQyjxQN2Qb89LyaNUT5oKZIiL+uyyhNW3KDR3SSbQ/GBwQNDHVcZi+JDR3RC0r7 ;{id = 1444 (ksk), size = 1024b}
+com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 1 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 1444 com. BEOMfWvi6RgnHaHsst+Ed265hBuCkgMR7gDpu89J7ZrVL6DzMKnNVFdgjl/9xwLj/pkukc7qeLSHjAfLlN0E4THW7PVshscQnjvXCkktG2Ejx9fTyllAqeGDh9z9QDGlQZIGTMgb9413qZhNqe2Tda9PTJRpiZ8b4bdQp6V1kVo=
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; ns.example.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.net. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.net.		IN 	A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ns.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN AAAA
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+www.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	10.20.30.40
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN SOA
+SECTION ANSWER
+; serial, refresh, retry, expire, minimum
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 1 3600 900 86400 3600
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOTIMPL
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN IXFR
+SECTION ANSWER
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN AXFR
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	TYPE63	\# 70 0bee1bc6010258f7620f93204bbb31b44f795b3409cc4abd9ef5601decc15675bd7751213152984eddce0626e6062e744b03b3e47711202fbb79e4a2eb8bc5cf46741b5cae6f
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	TYPE63 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. orn8ZF/yqj9u4WrhiO6gtEcTaVsnZSWWZLfXhcIOiWSB8kKCxtZl5cG17dD3Du1NllUwMRqkp0KleLhIoUS9xeQ/0x05u+CYLrfQ62oAiD7q54ZQzpXJIH52aQzKV70ZnO03CZowhQBnetmIoKX6xLogKo8pt+BdQbo3oVHxV8Y=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	bar.example.com. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY TYPE63 
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ufLrlOQprAqjnH85Rt3T0Mxd3ZB0mBeeNIr84eFJ8Rk6WiWEPm0Y1R7GRufNI24Mj7iqLcL4nJM6KK6B7dJqjqu73jw1acuYNnbsoV2BNDRXRFP2FNWTpctVdi+955f3FzgsmEJXfGiSUG0YXAEcZmdCPCn5ii2jk8mk7r6KKYo=
+; this is the bad RR that causes the wrong zonemd.  RRSIG is wrong too.
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.55
+; orig RR
+;bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ding.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VhsGuBx20DXQZNU8ITAMnasn6NVyEjN9xtB8msH5xJn80UCuaqvFBURzcPWN3aHnykEvGfdPF/9P3WvlON0cMikWkqSLy6Q9bpvgAq13HWYh+ZcDoqLtICaB7RkBQc+6aHAqZFyQbD8/m8Kxt5eVJtV6rEuf+yPX0+3aXHhsRg0=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	foo.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. nb1W2aaKrU5iAQiY8gMsoMOejID19JMTEwY2rRoe+KsvzMs0rE0ifEkqit4blXaU0tfy0foJ70uqdJFqBoGz1NcSwZ6GNk/iNfGvG3XpxZ/zqEe7kkIucqqei794G7z9psqV94yZ3WaT+IswPpWrSaWv1w41RtcWufPhe4fOAmU=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ns.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fUZEpkEULRWDntN5Z7Kr8M83Hjhf08ECMKRpo6IBoBc3ayenj+YMgWAvFXC825wjENPYYWNGag0d32U83zCZxqgv+8uXZd3B7QDpTbL41aWZdc++s5YWTkYjyOWwJ1XHOv4nL3qEnJBXVzo/E1gbSKhTFuG97i+7J1MFd9MsC5s=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	www.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. 0upKNYjiow4NDJm3I1RbUddE9GGuFYEVKswww5BAc/6WHuukupncL30lskvcSKGpByDssP2Hi2CufyEtYeGWh6q1TxtOFRqFBX1p6Q5b3tBlCtvv4h31dQR9uqLvq+GkGS5MR+0LO5kWagIpZmnI8YY5plVdXEtNbp2Ar8zvz/A=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. meg/t6nIBqQZ0d5/dT7uu/3CuP4vE+HxqFQaj2fjUNceA/6C7QIQnqQ5Kyblg+XijDkQX0yvyFNHYdgF16UDgFT7tlNUCHk1SpF5BWzV4c4tBEhxASTz7UQo111O3Tyd6CldPzO/Se15Ud0/ZYltHEqWTfY5nJoXC/OJD9V2QOI=
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+STEP 1 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 20 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR AA RD RA SERVFAIL
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ENTRY_END
+
+STEP 30 TIME_PASSES ELAPSE 10
+STEP 40 TRAFFIC
+
+STEP 50 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 60 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR AA RD RA SERVFAIL
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ENTRY_END
+
+; the zonefile was updated with new contents
+STEP 70 CHECK_TEMPFILE example.com
+FILE_BEGIN
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	bar.example.com. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY ZONEMD
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ufLrlOQprAqjnH85Rt3T0Mxd3ZB0mBeeNIr84eFJ8Rk6WiWEPm0Y1R7GRufNI24Mj7iqLcL4nJM6KK6B7dJqjqu73jw1acuYNnbsoV2BNDRXRFP2FNWTpctVdi+955f3FzgsmEJXfGiSUG0YXAEcZmdCPCn5ii2jk8mk7r6KKYo=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	ZONEMD	200154054 1 2 58F7620F93204BBB31B44F795B3409CC4ABD9EF5601DECC15675BD7751213152984EDDCE0626E6062E744B03B3E47711202FBB79E4A2EB8BC5CF46741B5CAE6F
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	ZONEMD 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. orn8ZF/yqj9u4WrhiO6gtEcTaVsnZSWWZLfXhcIOiWSB8kKCxtZl5cG17dD3Du1NllUwMRqkp0KleLhIoUS9xeQ/0x05u+CYLrfQ62oAiD7q54ZQzpXJIH52aQzKV70ZnO03CZowhQBnetmIoKX6xLogKo8pt+BdQbo3oVHxV8Y=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.55
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ding.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VhsGuBx20DXQZNU8ITAMnasn6NVyEjN9xtB8msH5xJn80UCuaqvFBURzcPWN3aHnykEvGfdPF/9P3WvlON0cMikWkqSLy6Q9bpvgAq13HWYh+ZcDoqLtICaB7RkBQc+6aHAqZFyQbD8/m8Kxt5eVJtV6rEuf+yPX0+3aXHhsRg0=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	foo.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. nb1W2aaKrU5iAQiY8gMsoMOejID19JMTEwY2rRoe+KsvzMs0rE0ifEkqit4blXaU0tfy0foJ70uqdJFqBoGz1NcSwZ6GNk/iNfGvG3XpxZ/zqEe7kkIucqqei794G7z9psqV94yZ3WaT+IswPpWrSaWv1w41RtcWufPhe4fOAmU=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ns.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fUZEpkEULRWDntN5Z7Kr8M83Hjhf08ECMKRpo6IBoBc3ayenj+YMgWAvFXC825wjENPYYWNGag0d32U83zCZxqgv+8uXZd3B7QDpTbL41aWZdc++s5YWTkYjyOWwJ1XHOv4nL3qEnJBXVzo/E1gbSKhTFuG97i+7J1MFd9MsC5s=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	www.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. 0upKNYjiow4NDJm3I1RbUddE9GGuFYEVKswww5BAc/6WHuukupncL30lskvcSKGpByDssP2Hi2CufyEtYeGWh6q1TxtOFRqFBX1p6Q5b3tBlCtvv4h31dQR9uqLvq+GkGS5MR+0LO5kWagIpZmnI8YY5plVdXEtNbp2Ar8zvz/A=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	example.com. A RRSIG NSEC
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. meg/t6nIBqQZ0d5/dT7uu/3CuP4vE+HxqFQaj2fjUNceA/6C7QIQnqQ5Kyblg+XijDkQX0yvyFNHYdgF16UDgFT7tlNUCHk1SpF5BWzV4c4tBEhxASTz7UQo111O3Tyd6CldPzO/Se15Ud0/ZYltHEqWTfY5nJoXC/OJD9V2QOI=
+FILE_END
+
+SCENARIO_END
diff --git a/testdata/auth_zonemd_xfr_fail.rpl b/testdata/auth_zonemd_xfr_fail.rpl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f54ca7e086f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/auth_zonemd_xfr_fail.rpl
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+; config options
+server:
+	target-fetch-policy: "0 0 0 0 0"
+
+auth-zone:
+	name: "example.com."
+	## zonefile (or none).
+	## zonefile: "example.com.zone"
+	## master by IP address or hostname
+	## can list multiple masters, each on one line.
+	## master:
+	master: 1.2.3.44
+	## url for http fetch
+	## url:
+	## queries from downstream clients get authoritative answers.
+	## for-downstream: yes
+	for-downstream: yes
+	## queries are used to fetch authoritative answers from this zone,
+	## instead of unbound itself sending queries there.
+	## for-upstream: yes
+	for-upstream: yes
+	## on failures with for-upstream, fallback to sending queries to
+	## the authority servers
+	## fallback-enabled: no
+	zonemd-check: yes
+
+	## this line generates zonefile: \n"/tmp/xxx.example.com"\n
+	zonefile:
+TEMPFILE_NAME example.com
+	## this is the inline file /tmp/xxx.example.com
+	## the tempfiles are deleted when the testrun is over.
+TEMPFILE_CONTENTS example.com
+TEMPFILE_END
+
+stub-zone:
+	name: "."
+	stub-addr: 193.0.14.129 	# K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+CONFIG_END
+
+SCENARIO_BEGIN Test authority zone with AXFR with failed ZONEMD
+
+; K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 193.0.14.129 
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+. IN NS	K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.	IN	A	193.0.14.129
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; a.gtld-servers.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+com.	IN NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+a.gtld-servers.net.	IN 	A	192.5.6.30
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode subdomain
+ADJUST copy_id copy_query
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.com.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+; ns.example.net.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.net. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example.net.		IN 	A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ns.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+ns.example.net. IN AAAA
+SECTION AUTHORITY
+example.net.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+www.example.net. IN A	1.2.3.44
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	10.20.30.40
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN SOA
+SECTION ANSWER
+; serial, refresh, retry, expire, minimum
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 1 3600 900 86400 3600
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOTIMPL
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN IXFR
+SECTION ANSWER
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN AXFR
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com. IN NS ns.example.com.
+; old zonemd
+;example.com. IN ZONEMD 200154054 1 2 EFAA5B78B38AB1C45DE57B8167BCCE906451D0E72118E1F5E80B5F0C3CF04BFFC65D53C011185528EAD439D6F3A02F511961E090E5E4E0DFA013BD276D728B22
+; wrong zonemd
+example.com. IN ZONEMD 200154054 1 2 EFAA5B78B38AB1C45DE57B8167BCCE906451D0E72118E1F5E80B5F0C3CF04BFFC65D53C011185528EAD439D6F3A02F511961E090E5E4E0DFA013BD276D7AAAAA
+www.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+bar.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+ENTRY_END
+RANGE_END
+
+STEP 1 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 20 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR AA RD RA SERVFAIL
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ENTRY_END
+
+STEP 30 TIME_PASSES ELAPSE 10
+STEP 40 TRAFFIC
+
+STEP 50 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+ENTRY_END
+
+; recursion happens here.
+STEP 60 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR AA RD RA SERVFAIL
+SECTION QUESTION
+www.example.com. IN A
+SECTION ANSWER
+ENTRY_END
+
+; the zonefile was updated with new contents
+STEP 70 CHECK_TEMPFILE example.com
+FILE_BEGIN
+FILE_END
+
+SCENARIO_END
diff --git a/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/127.0.0.1/example.com.zone b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/127.0.0.1/example.com.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..695eb1c32bd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/127.0.0.1/example.com.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 1 3600 900 86400 3600
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+www.example.com. IN A	1.2.3.4
diff --git a/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/http_user_agent.conf b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/http_user_agent.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c563416aefbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/http_user_agent.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+auth-zone:
+	name: "example.com"
+	for-upstream: yes
+	for-downstream: yes
+	url: "https://127.0.0.1:@TOPORT@/example.com.zone"
+remote-control:
+	control-enable: yes
+	control-interface: 127.0.0.1
+	control-port: @CONTROL_PORT@
+	server-key-file: "unbound_server.key"
+	server-cert-file: "unbound_server.pem"
+	control-key-file: "unbound_control.key"
+	control-cert-file: "unbound_control.pem"
+server:
+	verbosity: 7
+	interface: 127.0.0.1
+	port: @PORT@
+	use-syslog: no
+	directory: ""
+	pidfile: "unbound.pid"
+	chroot: ""
+	username: ""
+	do-not-query-localhost: no
+	use-caps-for-id: yes
diff --git a/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/http_user_agent.dsc b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/http_user_agent.dsc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6b24c43fc7ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/http_user_agent.dsc
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+BaseName: http_user_agent
+Version: 1.0
+Description: Check the http-user-agent configuration
+CreationDate: Wed 2 Jun 13:59:26 CEST 2021
+Maintainer:
+Category: 
+Component:
+CmdDepends:
+Depends: 
+Help:
+Pre: http_user_agent.pre
+Post: http_user_agent.post
+Test: http_user_agent.test
+AuxFiles: 
+Passed:
+Failure:
diff --git a/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/http_user_agent.post b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/http_user_agent.post
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..797ff57c8bbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/http_user_agent.post
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# #-- http_user_agent.post --#
+# source the master var file when it's there
+[ -f ../.tpkg.var.master ] && source ../.tpkg.var.master
+# source the test var file when it's there
+[ -f .tpkg.var.test ] && source .tpkg.var.test
+#
+# do your teardown here
+PRE="../.."
+. ../common.sh
+kill_pid $UNBOUND_PID
+kill_pid $PETAL_PID
diff --git a/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/http_user_agent.pre b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/http_user_agent.pre
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e94bd536edb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/http_user_agent.pre
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# #-- http_user_agent.pre--#
+# source the master var file when it's there
+[ -f ../.tpkg.var.master ] && source ../.tpkg.var.master
+# use .tpkg.var.test for in test variable passing
+[ -f .tpkg.var.test ] && source .tpkg.var.test
+
+PRE="../.."
+. ../common.sh
+get_random_port 3
+UNBOUND_PORT=$RND_PORT
+PETAL_PORT=$(($RND_PORT + 1))
+CONTROL_PORT=$(($RND_PORT + 3))
+echo "UNBOUND_PORT=$UNBOUND_PORT" >> .tpkg.var.test
+echo "PETAL_PORT=$PETAL_PORT" >> .tpkg.var.test
+echo "CONTROL_PORT=$CONTROL_PORT" >> .tpkg.var.test
+
+get_make
+(cd $PRE; $MAKE petal)
+
+# start https daemon
+# More verbosity because we need to see the HTTP headers
+$PRE/petal -vv -a "127.0.0.1" -p $PETAL_PORT >petal.log 2>&1 &
+PETAL_PID=$!
+echo "PETAL_PID=$PETAL_PID" >> .tpkg.var.test
+cat .tpkg.var.test
+wait_petal_up petal.log
+
+# make config file
+sed -e 's/@PORT\@/'$UNBOUND_PORT'/' -e 's/@TOPORT\@/'$PETAL_PORT'/' -e 's/@CONTROL_PORT\@/'$CONTROL_PORT'/'< http_user_agent.conf > ub.conf
+# start unbound in the background
+$PRE/unbound -d -c ub.conf >unbound.log 2>&1 &
+UNBOUND_PID=$!
+echo "UNBOUND_PID=$UNBOUND_PID" >> .tpkg.var.test
+
+cat .tpkg.var.test
+wait_unbound_up unbound.log
+
diff --git a/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/http_user_agent.test b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/http_user_agent.test
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..afc0fbbe6f4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/http_user_agent.test
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# #-- http_user_agent.test --#
+# source the master var file when it's there
+[ -f ../.tpkg.var.master ] && source ../.tpkg.var.master
+# use .tpkg.var.test for in test variable passing
+[ -f .tpkg.var.test ] && source .tpkg.var.test
+
+PRE="../.."
+
+# Query and check check that we get the correct answer from the auth_zone
+query () {
+	echo "> dig www.example.com."
+	dig @localhost -p $UNBOUND_PORT www.example.com. | tee outfile
+	if grep SERVFAIL outfile; then
+		echo "> try again"
+		dig @localhost -p $UNBOUND_PORT www.example.com. | tee outfile
+	fi
+	if grep SERVFAIL outfile; then
+		echo "> try again"
+		sleep 1
+		dig @localhost -p $UNBOUND_PORT www.example.com. | tee outfile
+	fi
+	if grep SERVFAIL outfile; then
+		echo "> try again"
+		sleep 1
+		dig @localhost -p $UNBOUND_PORT www.example.com. | tee outfile
+	fi
+	if grep SERVFAIL outfile; then
+		echo "> try again"
+		sleep 1
+		dig @localhost -p $UNBOUND_PORT www.example.com. | tee outfile
+	fi
+	if grep SERVFAIL outfile; then
+		echo "> try again"
+		sleep 10
+		dig @localhost -p $UNBOUND_PORT www.example.com. | tee outfile
+	fi
+	if grep SERVFAIL outfile; then
+		echo "> try again"
+		sleep 10
+		dig @localhost -p $UNBOUND_PORT www.example.com. | tee outfile
+	fi
+	echo "> check answer"
+	if grep "1.2.3.4" outfile; then
+		echo "OK"
+	else
+		echo "Not OK"
+		exit 1
+	fi
+}
+
+# Reload the configuration and retransfer the zone
+reload_and_retransfer () {
+	echo "> Reloading Unbound"
+	echo "$PRE/unbound-control -c ub.conf reload"
+	$PRE/unbound-control -c ub.conf reload
+	if test $? -ne 0; then
+		echo "wrong exit value from unbound-control"
+		exit 1
+	fi
+	echo "> Refetching example.com"
+	echo "$PRE/unbound-control -c ub.conf auth_zone_transfer example.com"
+	$PRE/unbound-control -c ub.conf auth_zone_transfer example.com
+	if test $? -ne 0; then
+		echo "wrong exit value from unbound-control"
+		exit 1
+	fi
+}
+
+# do the test
+query
+# add custom http-user-agent
+echo "server: http-user-agent: customUA" >> ub.conf
+reload_and_retransfer
+query
+# hide http-user-agent
+echo "server: hide-http-user-agent: yes" >> ub.conf
+reload_and_retransfer
+query
+
+echo "> cat logfiles"
+cat petal.log 
+cat unbound.log
+
+# check petal.log for the correct number of occurences.
+# It should be 2 User-Agents, one being the custom.
+echo "> check User-Agent occurences"
+occurences=`grep "User-Agent:" petal.log | wc -l`
+echo $occurences
+if test $occurences -eq 2; then
+	echo "OK"
+else
+	echo "Not OK"
+	exit 1
+fi
+echo "> check custom User-Agent"
+if grep "User-Agent: customUA" petal.log; then
+	echo "OK"
+else
+	echo "Not OK"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+exit 0
diff --git a/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/petal.key b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/petal.key
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6614e498fcd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/petal.key
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
diff --git a/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/petal.pem b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/petal.pem
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..19c8b895ba86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/petal.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIICFzCCAUACCQDO660L5y5LGDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADAQMQ4wDAYDVQQDEwVw
+ZXRhbDAeFw0xMDA5MzAxMzQzMDFaFw0zMDA2MTcxMzQzMDFaMBAxDjAMBgNVBAMT
+BXBldGFsMIHfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4HNADCByQKBwQC1xQ/Kca6zszZbcCtd
+OTIH2Uy2gOy/DfabMUU7TmNPm0dVE0NJRuN+Rm304SonpwghfP2/ULZNnuDgpG03
+/32yI7k/VzG6iA4hiF7tT/KAAWC/+2l1QCsawCV2bSrFK0VhcZr7ALqXd8vkDaQ8
+67K029ypjOQtAJ85qdO3mERy7TGtdUcuO6hLeVet419YeQ2F8cfNxn63d7bOzNGL
+PW5xwaCd3UcgD+Ib0k4xfFvbinvPQUeUJ/i4YDWexFYSL+ECAwEAATANBgkqhkiG
+9w0BAQUFAAOBwQBBkX9KDP2RXbg+xPmdJ4P6CwvA5x1LZwC++ydVx4NlvT0pWicD
+ZUnXjcWAJlkeOuUBAqFG7WHTrXpUUAjmdqFVq2yFjteUYBdrFz0RDB2jM9feeKYO
+mTgxdZyT9a6humxCxt5VfgT02axLjm/2AqCyFPMbf4PASoJDln01AEuZLZ8Xl2gV
+bYHMnHTGoD1Hu6FNEzRgkMC6XT8X3YjHvzQhpc/qL5wEfEsinQGdX4twsuWbf8xd
+q7miNnkO8vd0maw=
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/unbound_control.key b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/unbound_control.key
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..753a4ef6162e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/unbound_control.key
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIIG4gIBAAKCAYEAstEp+Pyh8XGrtZ77A4FhYjvbeB3dMa7Q2rGWxobzlA9przhA
+1aChAvUtCOAuM+rB6NTNB8YWfZJbQHawyMNpmC77cg6vXLYCGUQHZyAqidN049RJ
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+ypeawWV/m5jeU6/4HRYMfytBZdO1mPXuWLh0lgbQ4SCbgrOUVD3rniMk1yZIbQOm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+ahTIKAjdprnxJfYINM580j8CGbXvX5LhIlm3O267D0Op+co3+7Ujy+cjsIuFQrP+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+7/cB4522Ft0imA3+9RK/qJTZ7Bd5fC4PKjOGNtUiqW/0L2rjeIiQ40bfWvWqgPKw
+jSK1PL6uvkl6+4cNsFsYyZpiVDoe7wKju2UuoNlB3RUTqa2r2STFuNj2wRjA57I1
+BIgdnox65jqQsd14g/yaa+75/WP9CE45xzKEyrtvdcqxm0Pod3OrsYK+gikFjiar
+kT0GQ8u0QPzh2tjt/2ZnIfOBrl+QYERP0MofDZDjhUdq2wECgcB0Lu841+yP5cdR
+qbJhXO4zJNh7oWNcJlOuQp3ZMNFrA1oHpe9pmLukiROOy01k9WxIMQDzU5GSqRv3
+VLkYOIcbhJ3kClKAcM3j95SkKbU2H5/RENb3Ck52xtl4pNU1x/3PnVFZfDVuuHO9
+MZ9YBcIeK98MyP2jr5JtFKnOyPE7xKq0IHIhXadpbc2wjje5FtZ1cUtMyEECCXNa
+C1TpXebHGyXGpY9WdWXhjdE/1jPvfS+uO5WyuDpYPr339gsdq1g=
+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
diff --git a/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/unbound_control.pem b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/unbound_control.pem
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a1edf7017f1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/unbound_control.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+hFyetEIxgJeIPbcs9ZP/Uoh8GZH9tRISBSN9Hgk2Slr9llo4t1H0g/XTgA5HqMQU
+9YydlBh43G7Vw3FVwh09OM6poNOGQKNc/tq2/QdKeUMtyBbLWpRmjH5XcCT35fbn
+ZiVOUldqSHD4kKrFO4nJYXZyipRbcXybsLiX9GP0GLemc3IgIvOXyJ2RPp06o/SJ
+pzlMlkcAfLJaSuEW57xRakhuNK7m051TKKzJzIEX+NFYOVdafFHS8VwGrYsdrFvD
+72tMfu+Fu55y3awdWWGc6YlaGogZiuMnJkvQphwgn+5qE/7CGEckoKEsH601rqIZ
+muaIc85+nEcHJeijd/ZlBN9zeltjFoMuqTUENgmv8+tUAdVm/UMY9Vjme6b43ydP
+uv6DS02+k9z8toxXworLiPr94BGaiGV1NxgwZKLZigYJt/Fi2Qte
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/unbound_server.key b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/unbound_server.key
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..370a7bbb2f22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/unbound_server.key
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIIG5AIBAAKCAYEAvjSVSN2QMXudpzukdLCqgg/IOhCX8KYkD0FFFfWcQjgKq5wI
+0x41iG32a6wbGanre4IX7VxaSPu9kkHfnGgynCk5nwDRedE/FLFhAU78PoT0+Nqq
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+A5UoZgRzXgzECelXSCTBFlMTnT48LfA9pMLydyjAz2UdPHs5Iv+TK5nnI+aJoeaP
+7kFZSngxdy1+A/bNAgMBAAECggGBALpTOIqQwVg4CFBylL/a8K1IWJTI/I65sklf
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+dRnzdibfHnMZwjgTjwAwgIUBVIS8H0/z7ZJQKN7osJfddMrtjJtYYUk9g/dCpHXs
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+gh8rgqbyo6hQkBW5Y90Wz824cqaYebZDaBR/xlVx/YwjKkohv8Bde2lpH/ZxRZ1Z
+5Sk2s6GJ/vU0L9RsJZgCgj4L6Coal1NMxuZtCXAlnOpiCdxSZgfqbshbTVz30KsG
+ZJG361Cua1ScdAHxlZBxT52/1Sm0zRC2hnxL7h4qo7Idmtzs40LAJvYOKekR0pPN
+oWeJfra7vgx/jVNvMFWoOoSLpidVO4g+ot4ery6tAoHAdW3rCic1C2zdnmH28Iw+
+s50l8Lk3mz+I5wgJd1zkzCO0DxZIoWPGA3g7cmCYr6N3KRsZMs4W9NAXgjpFGDkW
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+ZpGOchUU7vNkxHURbIJ4yCzuAi9G8/Jp0dsu+kaV5tufF5SjG5WOrzKjaQsCbdN1
+oqaWMCHRrTvov/Z2C+xwsptFOdN5CSyZzg6hQiI4GMlBAoHAXyb6KINcOEi0YMp3
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+mSTCHqgE3PBtIpsZtEqhgUraR8IK9GPpzZDTTl9ynZgwFTNlWw3RyuyVXF56J+T8
+kCGJ3hEHCHqT/ZRQyX85BKIDFhA0z4tYKxWVqIFiYBNq56R0X9tMMmMs36mEnF93
+7Ht6mowxTZQRa7nU0qOgeKh/P7ki4Zus3y+WJ+T9IqahLtlRAoHBAIhqMrcxSAB8
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+MTTb+4sJjfqleWuvr1XNMeu2mBfXBQkWGZP1byBK0MvD/aQ2PWq92A==
+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
diff --git a/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/unbound_server.pem b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/unbound_server.pem
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..986807310f2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/http_user_agent.tdir/unbound_server.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIIDqzCCAhMCFBHWXeQ6ZIa9QcQbXLFfC6tj+KA+MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAMBIx
+EDAOBgNVBAMMB3VuYm91bmQwHhcNMjAwNzA4MTMzMjI5WhcNNDAwMzI1MTMzMjI5
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+uTdFMyGe3Owcx+XoYnwi6cplSNoGsDBu4B9bKKglR9YleJVw4L4Xi8xPq6O9UPj4
++nypHk/DOoC7DIM3ufN0yxPBsFo5TVowxfhdjZXJbbftd2TZv7AH8+XLA5UoZgRz
+XgzECelXSCTBFlMTnT48LfA9pMLydyjAz2UdPHs5Iv+TK5nnI+aJoeaP7kFZSngx
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+qlD7rHBsKhQUWK/IO64mGf7y/de+CgHtED5vDvr/p2uj/9sABATfbrOQR3W/Of25
+sLBj4OEfrJ7lX8hQgFaxkMI3x6VFT3W8dTCp7xnQgb6bgROWB5fNEZ9jk/gjSRmD
+yIU+r0UbKe5kBk/CmZVFXL2TyJ92V5NYEQh8V4DGy19qZ6u/XKYyNJL4ocs35GGe
+CA8SBuyrmdhx38h1RHErR2Skzadi1S7MwGf1y431fQ==
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/testdata/root_key_sentinel.rpl b/testdata/root_key_sentinel.rpl
index 1b66c5aac77d..1b66c5aac77d 100755..100644
--- a/testdata/root_key_sentinel.rpl
+++ b/testdata/root_key_sentinel.rpl
diff --git a/testdata/rpz_rootwc.rpl b/testdata/rpz_rootwc.rpl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1fb94a1439fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/rpz_rootwc.rpl
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+; config options
+server:
+	module-config: "respip validator iterator"
+	target-fetch-policy: "0 0 0 0 0"
+	qname-minimisation: no
+
+rpz:
+	name: "rpz.example.com."
+	zonefile:
+TEMPFILE_NAME rpz.example.com
+TEMPFILE_CONTENTS rpz.example.com
+$ORIGIN example.com.
+rpz	3600	IN	SOA	ns1.rpz.example.com. hostmaster.rpz.example.com. (
+		1379078166 28800 7200 604800 7200 )
+	3600	IN	NS	ns1.rpz.example.com.
+	3600	IN	NS	ns2.rpz.example.com.
+$ORIGIN rpz.example.com.
+a	CNAME 	.
+a	CNAME 	*. ; duplicate CNAME here on purpose
+*.a	TXT	"wildcard local data"
+*	CNAME	.
+b.a	CNAME 	*.
+c.a	CNAME	rpz-passthru.
+TEMPFILE_END
+
+rpz:
+	name: "rpz2.example.com."
+	zonefile:
+TEMPFILE_NAME rpz2.example.com
+TEMPFILE_CONTENTS rpz2.example.com
+$ORIGIN example.com.
+rpz2	3600	IN	SOA	ns1.rpz.example.com. hostmaster.rpz.example.com. (
+		1379078166 28800 7200 604800 7200 )
+	3600	IN	NS	ns1.rpz.example.com.
+	3600	IN	NS	ns2.rpz.example.com.
+$ORIGIN rpz2.example.com.
+a	TXT	"local data 2nd zone"
+d	TXT	"local data 2nd zone"
+e	CNAME	*.a.example.
+*.e	CNAME	*.b.example.
+drop	CNAME	rpz-drop.
+TEMPFILE_END
+
+stub-zone:
+	name: "a."
+	stub-addr: 10.20.30.40
+stub-zone:
+	name: "example."
+	stub-addr: 10.20.30.50
+CONFIG_END
+
+SCENARIO_BEGIN Test RPZ QNAME trigger for root wildcard.
+
+; a.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 10.20.30.40
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+a. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+a. IN NS ns.a.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.a IN A 10.20.30.40
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+c.a. IN TXT
+SECTION ANSWER
+c.a. IN TXT "answer from upstream ns"
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+x.b.a. IN TXT
+SECTION ANSWER
+x.b.a. IN TXT "answer from upstream ns"
+ENTRY_END
+
+RANGE_END
+
+; example.
+RANGE_BEGIN 0 100
+	ADDRESS 10.20.30.50
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example. IN NS
+SECTION ANSWER
+example. IN NS ns.example.
+SECTION ADDITIONAL
+ns.example IN A 10.20.30.50
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+e.a.example. IN TXT
+SECTION ANSWER
+e.a.example. IN TXT "e.a.example. answer from upstream ns"
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+something.e.b.example. IN TXT
+SECTION ANSWER
+something.e.b.example. IN TXT "*.b.example. answer from upstream ns"
+ENTRY_END
+
+RANGE_END
+
+STEP 10 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+x.	IN	TXT
+ENTRY_END
+
+; wildcard deny all
+STEP 20 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR RD RA AA NXDOMAIN
+SECTION QUESTION
+x.	IN	TXT
+SECTION ANSWER
+ENTRY_END
+
+STEP 30 QUERY
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+REPLY RD
+SECTION QUESTION
+y.tld.	IN	TXT
+ENTRY_END
+
+; wildcard deny all
+STEP 40 CHECK_ANSWER
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH all
+REPLY QR RD RA AA NXDOMAIN
+SECTION QUESTION
+y.tld.	IN	TXT
+SECTION ANSWER
+ENTRY_END
+
+SCENARIO_END
diff --git a/testdata/svcb.tdir/crypto.cloudflare.com.zone b/testdata/svcb.tdir/crypto.cloudflare.com.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..53c89c735ba1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/svcb.tdir/crypto.cloudflare.com.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+crypto.cloudflare.com.	3600 IN	SOA jobs.ns.cloudflare.com. dns.cloudflare.com. (
+				2037099480 ; serial
+				10000      ; refresh (2 hours 46 minutes 40 seconds)
+				2400       ; retry (40 minutes)
+				604800     ; expire (1 week)
+				3600       ; minimum (1 hour)
+				)
+crypto.cloudflare.com.  300     IN      HTTPS   1 . alpn=h2 ipv4hint=162.159.135.79,162.159.136.79 echconfig=AEj+CgBETwAgACDeVpr34JzYHDGNFoGWhksj5mpBxradonbqH3X9+h7jHgAEAAEAAQAAABNjbG91ZGZsYXJlLWVzbmkuY29tAAA= ipv6hint=2606:4700:7::a29f:874f,2606:4700:7::a29f:884f
+
diff --git a/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.dsc b/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.dsc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6eae7638e9b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.dsc
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+BaseName: svcb
+Version: 1.0
+Description: Test SVCB and HTTPS parsing
+CreationDate: Fri May 25 12:51:22 UTC 2021
+Maintainer: Tom Carpay
+Category: 
+Component:
+CmdDepends: 
+Depends: 
+Help:
+Pre:
+Post:
+Test: svcb.test
+AuxFiles: 
+Passed:
+Failure:
diff --git a/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.failure-cases-01 b/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.failure-cases-01
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c60151692ee8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.failure-cases-01
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+$ORIGIN failure-cases.
+$TTL 3600
+
+@       SOA     primary admin 0 0 0 0 0
+
+; Here there are multiple instances of the same SvcParamKey in the mandatory list
+
+f21	HTTPS   1 foo.example.com. ech="123"
+f21	HTTPS   1 foo.example.com. echconfig="123"
diff --git a/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.failure-cases-02 b/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.failure-cases-02
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9d6f0186d535
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.failure-cases-02
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+$ORIGIN failure-cases.
+$TTL 3600
+
+@       SOA     primary admin 0 0 0 0 0
+
+; Port must be a positive number < 65536
+
+f22	HTTPS   1 foo.example.com. port=65536
diff --git a/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.failure-cases-03 b/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.failure-cases-03
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..bb819daae316
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.failure-cases-03
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+$ORIGIN failure-cases.
+$TTL 3600
+
+@       SOA     primary admin 0 0 0 0 0
+
+; 65 SvcParams is too many SvcParams; the limit is 64
+
+f23	HTTPS   1 foo.example.com. ( key11=a key12=a key13=a key14=a key15=a key16=a key17=a key18=a key19=a key110=a key111=a key112=a key113=a key114=a key115=a key116=a key117=a key118=a key119=a key120=a key121=a key122=a key123=a key124=a key125=a key126=a key127=a key128=a key129=a key130=a key131=a key132=a key133=a key134=a key135=a key136=a key137=a key138=a key139=a key140=a key141=a key142=a key143=a key144=a key145=a key146=a key147=a key148=a key149=a key150=a key151=a key152=a key153=a key154=a key155=a key156=a key157=a key158=a key159=a key160=a key161=a key162=a key163=a key164=a key165=a )
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.failure-cases-04 b/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.failure-cases-04
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ae02ac417b1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.failure-cases-04
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+$ORIGIN failure-cases.
+$TTL 3600
+
+@       SOA     primary admin 0 0 0 0 0
+
+; 256 is too many characters for an alpn; maximum is 255
+
+f23	HTTPS   1 foo.example.com. ( alpn="aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa" )
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.success-cases.zone b/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.success-cases.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5d6339542f67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.success-cases.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+$ORIGIN success-cases.
+$TTL 3600
+
+@       SOA     primary admin 0 0 0 0 0
+
+
+; A particular key does not need to have a value
+
+s01	SVCB   0 . key123
+
+
+; echconfig does not need to have a value
+
+s02	SVCB   0 . echconfig
+
+
+; When "no-default-alpn" is specified in an RR, "alpn" must also be specified
+; in order for the RR to be "self-consistent"
+
+s03	HTTPS	0 . alpn="h2,h3" no-default-alpn
+
+
+; SHOULD is not MUST (so allowed)
+; Zone-file implementations SHOULD enforce self-consistency
+
+s04	HTTPS	0 . no-default-alpn
+
+
+; SHOULD is not MUST (so allowed)
+; (port and no-default-alpn are automatically mandatory keys with HTTPS)
+; Other automatically mandatory keys SHOULD NOT appear in the list either.
+
+s05	HTTPS	0 . alpn="dot" no-default-alpn port=853 mandatory=port
+
+; Any valid base64 is okay for ech
+s06     HTTPS   0 . ech="aGVsbG93b3JsZCE="
+
+; echconfig is an alias for ech
+s07     HTTPS   0 . echconfig="aGVsbG93b3JsZCE="
+
+; maximum size allowed in a svcb rdata set (63 SvcParams)
+
+s08     HTTPS   0 . ( key11=a key12=a key13=a key14=a key15=a key16=a key17=a key18=a key19=a key110=a key111=a key112=a key113=a key114=a key115=a key116=a key117=a key118=a key119=a key120=a key121=a key122=a key123=a key124=a key125=a key126=a key127=a key128=a key129=a key130=a key131=a key132=a key133=a key134=a key135=a key136=a key137=a key138=a key139=a key140=a key141=a key142=a key143=a key144=a key145=a key146=a key147=a key148=a key149=a key150=a key151=a key152=a key153=a key154=a key155=a key156=a key157=a key158=a key159=a key160=a key161=a key162=a key163=a)
+
+; maximum alpn size allowed (255 characters)
+
+s09     HTTPS   0 . ( alpn="aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa" )
diff --git a/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.success-cases.zone.cmp b/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.success-cases.zone.cmp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e504e7b18ad5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.success-cases.zone.cmp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+success-cases.	3600	IN	SOA	primary.success-cases. admin.success-cases. 0 0 0 0 0
+s01.success-cases.	3600	IN	SVCB	0 . key123
+s02.success-cases.	3600	IN	SVCB	0 . ech
+s03.success-cases.	3600	IN	HTTPS	0 . alpn="h2,h3" no-default-alpn
+s04.success-cases.	3600	IN	HTTPS	0 . no-default-alpn
+s05.success-cases.	3600	IN	HTTPS	0 . mandatory=port alpn="dot" no-default-alpn port=853
+s06.success-cases.	3600	IN	HTTPS	0 . ech="aGVsbG93b3JsZCE="
+s07.success-cases.	3600	IN	HTTPS	0 . ech="aGVsbG93b3JsZCE="
+s08.success-cases.	3600	IN	HTTPS	0 . key11="a" key12="a" key13="a" key14="a" key15="a" key16="a" key17="a" key18="a" key19="a" key110="a" key111="a" key112="a" key113="a" key114="a" key115="a" key116="a" key117="a" key118="a" key119="a" key120="a" key121="a" key122="a" key123="a" key124="a" key125="a" key126="a" key127="a" key128="a" key129="a" key130="a" key131="a" key132="a" key133="a" key134="a" key135="a" key136="a" key137="a" key138="a" key139="a" key140="a" key141="a" key142="a" key143="a" key144="a" key145="a" key146="a" key147="a" key148="a" key149="a" key150="a" key151="a" key152="a" key153="a" key154="a" key155="a" key156="a" key157="a" key158="a" key159="a" key160="a" key161="a" key162="a" key163="a"
+s09.success-cases.	3600	IN	HTTPS	0 . alpn="aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
diff --git a/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.test b/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.test
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..707287d5cf89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.test
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+# #-- svcb.test --#
+# source the master var file when it's there
+[ -f ../.tpkg.var.master ] && source ../.tpkg.var.master
+# use .tpkg.var.test for in test variable passing
+[ -f .tpkg.var.test ] && source .tpkg.var.test
+
+
+# check and write the test vectors in their respective formats
+PRE=../..
+if ! $PRE/readzone svcb.test-vectors-pf.zone > svcb.test-vectors-pf.zone.out
+then
+	echo "Could not parse presentation format zone"
+	exit 1
+
+elif ! $PRE/readzone svcb.test-vectors-pf.zone.out > svcb.test-vectors-pf.zone.out.out
+then
+	echo "Could not parse output from presentation format zone"
+	exit 1
+
+elif ! $PRE/readzone svcb.test-vectors-wf.zone > svcb.test-vectors-wf.zone.out
+then
+	echo "Could not parse RFC3597 formatted zone"
+	exit 1
+
+elif ! $PRE/readzone svcb.test-vectors-wf.zone.out > svcb.test-vectors-wf.zone.out.out
+then
+	echo "Could not parse output from RFC3597 formatted zone"
+	exit 1
+else
+	echo "All test zones parsed successfully"
+fi
+
+
+# check the formatting of the written files
+if ! diff svcb.test-vectors-pf.zone.out svcb.test-vectors-pf.zone.out.out
+then
+	echo "Parsing inconsistency 1"
+	exit 1
+
+elif ! diff svcb.test-vectors-pf.zone.out svcb.test-vectors-wf.zone.out
+then
+	echo "Parsing inconsistency 2"
+	exit 1
+
+elif ! diff svcb.test-vectors-pf.zone.out svcb.test-vectors-wf.zone.out.out
+then
+	echo "Parsing inconsistency 3"
+	exit 1
+else
+	echo "Parsing of SVCB and HTTPS was consistent"
+fi
+
+
+# check all the failure cases
+if $PRE/readzone svcb.failure-cases-01
+then
+	echo "Failure case 01: ech value is not base64 encoded"
+	echo "Incorrectly succeeded"
+	exit 1
+
+elif $PRE/readzone svcb.failure-cases-02
+then
+	echo "Failure case 02: port value needs to be a positive integer < 65536"
+	echo "Incorrectly succeeded"
+	exit 1
+
+elif $PRE/readzone svcb.failure-cases-03
+then
+	echo "Failure case 02: 65 SvcParams is too many SvcParams; the limit is 64"
+	echo "Incorrectly succeeded"
+	exit 1
+
+elif $PRE/readzone svcb.failure-cases-04
+then
+	echo "Failure case 04: 256 is too many characters for an alpn; maximum is 255"
+	echo "Incorrectly succeeded"
+	exit 1
+else
+	echo "All failure cases test successfully"
+fi
+
+
+# check all the succes and write them
+if ! $PRE/readzone svcb.success-cases.zone > svcb.success-cases.zone.out
+then
+ 	echo "Some particular success cases did not succeed to parse"
+ 	exit 1
+
+elif ! diff svcb.success-cases.zone.out svcb.success-cases.zone.cmp
+then
+	echo "Some success cases could not be printed"
+ 	exit 1
+else
+ 	echo "All particular success cases parsed and printed successfully"
+fi
+
+
diff --git a/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.test-vectors-pf.zone b/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.test-vectors-pf.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d2cb5087bf9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.test-vectors-pf.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+$ORIGIN test-vectors.
+$TTL 3600
+
+@	SOA	primary admin 1 3600 1800 7200 3600
+
+	NS	primary
+primary	A	127.0.0.1
+; D.1. AliasForm
+
+v01	SVCB	0 foo.example.com.
+
+; D.2. ServiceForm
+; The first form is the simple "use the ownername".
+
+v02	SVCB	1 .
+
+; This vector only has a port.
+
+v03	SVCB	16 foo.example.com. port=53
+
+; This example has a key that is not registered, its value is unquoted.
+
+v04	SVCB	1 foo.example.com. key667=hello
+
+; This example has a key that is not registered, its value is quoted and
+; contains a decimal-escaped character.
+
+v05	SVCB	1 foo.example.com. key667="hello\210qoo"
+
+; Here, two IPv6 hints are quoted in the presentation format.
+
+v06	SVCB	1 foo.example.com. ipv6hint="2001:db8::1,2001:db8::53:1"
+
+; This example shows a single IPv6 hint in IPv4 mapped IPv6 presentation format.
+
+v07	SVCB	1 example.com. ipv6hint="2001:db8:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:198.51.100.100"
+
+; In the next vector, neither the SvcParamValues nor the mandatory keys are
+; sorted in presentation format, but are correctly sorted in the wire-format.
+
+v08	SVCB	16 foo.example.org. (alpn=h2,h3-19 mandatory=ipv4hint,alpn
+                    ipv4hint=192.0.2.1)
+
+; This last (two) vectors has an alpn value with an escaped comma and an
+; escaped backslash in two presentation formats.
+
+v09	SVCB	16 foo.example.org. alpn="f\\\\oo\\,bar,h2"
+v10	SVCB	16 foo.example.org. alpn=f\\\092oo\092,bar,h2
+
+
+; D.1. AliasForm
+
+v11	HTTPS	0 foo.example.com.
+
+; D.2. ServiceForm
+; The first form is the simple "use the ownername".
+
+v12	HTTPS	1 .
+
+; This vector only has a port.
+
+v13	HTTPS	16 foo.example.com. port=53
+
+; This example has a key that is not registered, its value is unquoted.
+
+v14	HTTPS	1 foo.example.com. key667=hello
+
+; This example has a key that is not registered, its value is quoted and
+; contains a decimal-escaped character.
+
+v15	HTTPS	1 foo.example.com. key667="hello\210qoo"
+
+; Here, two IPv6 hints are quoted in the presentation format.
+
+v16	HTTPS	1 foo.example.com. ipv6hint="2001:db8::1,2001:db8::53:1"
+
+; This example shows a single IPv6 hint in IPv4 mapped IPv6 presentation format.
+
+v17	HTTPS	1 example.com. ipv6hint="2001:db8:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:198.51.100.100"
+
+; In the next vector, neither the SvcParamValues nor the mandatory keys are
+; sorted in presentation format, but are correctly sorted in the wire-format.
+
+v18	HTTPS	16 foo.example.org. (alpn=h2,h3-19 mandatory=ipv4hint,alpn
+                    ipv4hint=192.0.2.1)
+
+; This last (two) vectors has an alpn value with an escaped comma and an
+; escaped backslash in two presentation formats.
+
+v19	HTTPS	16 foo.example.org. alpn="f\\\\oo\\,bar,h2"
+v20	HTTPS	16 foo.example.org. alpn=f\\\092oo\092,bar,h2
+
diff --git a/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.test-vectors-wf.zone b/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.test-vectors-wf.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..bf47ab75c594
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/svcb.tdir/svcb.test-vectors-wf.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+$ORIGIN test-vectors.
+$TTL 3600
+
+@	SOA	primary admin 1 3600 1800 7200 3600
+
+	NS	primary
+primary	A	127.0.0.1
+
+; D.1. AliasForm
+
+v01	SVCB	\# 19 (
+00 00                                              ; priority
+03 66 6f 6f 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 63 6f 6d 00 ; target
+)
+
+; D.2. ServiceForm
+; The first form is the simple "use the ownername".
+
+v02	SVCB	\# 3 (
+00 01      ; priority
+00         ; target (root label)
+)
+
+; This vector only has a port.
+
+v03	SVCB	\# 25 (
+00 10                                              ; priority
+03 66 6f 6f 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 63 6f 6d 00 ; target
+00 03                                              ; key 3
+00 02                                              ; length 2
+00 35                                              ; value
+)
+
+; This example has a key that is not registered, its value is unquoted.
+
+v04	SVCB	\# 28 (
+00 01                                              ; priority
+03 66 6f 6f 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 63 6f 6d 00 ; target
+02 9b                                              ; key 667
+00 05                                              ; length 5
+68 65 6c 6c 6f                                     ; value
+)
+
+; This example has a key that is not registered, its value is quoted and
+; contains a decimal-escaped character.
+
+v05	SVCB	\# 32 (
+00 01                                              ; priority
+03 66 6f 6f 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 63 6f 6d 00 ; target
+02 9b                                              ; key 667
+00 09                                              ; length 9
+68 65 6c 6c 6f d2 71 6f 6f                         ; value
+)
+
+; Here, two IPv6 hints are quoted in the presentation format.
+
+v06	SVCB	\# 55 (
+00 01                                              ; priority
+03 66 6f 6f 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 63 6f 6d 00 ; target
+00 06                                              ; key 6
+00 20                                              ; length 32
+20 01 0d b8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01    ; first address
+20 01 0d b8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 53 00 01    ; second address
+)
+
+; This example shows a single IPv6 hint in IPv4 mapped IPv6 presentation format.
+
+v07	SVCB	\# 35 (
+00 01                                              ; priority
+07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 63 6f 6d 00             ; target
+00 06                                              ; key 6
+00 10                                              ; length 16
+20 01 0d b8 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff c6 33 64 64    ; address
+)
+
+; In the next vector, neither the SvcParamValues nor the mandatory keys are
+; sorted in presentation format, but are correctly sorted in the wire-format.
+
+v08	SVCB	\# 48 (
+00 10                                              ; priority
+03 66 6f 6f 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 6f 72 67 00 ; target
+00 00                                              ; key 0
+00 04                                              ; param length 4
+00 01                                              ; value: key 1
+00 04                                              ; value: key 4
+00 01                                              ; key 1
+00 09                                              ; param length 9
+02                                                 ; alpn length 2
+68 32                                              ; alpn value
+05                                                 ; alpn length 5
+68 33 2d 31 39                                     ; alpn value
+00 04                                              ; key 4
+00 04                                              ; param length 4
+c0 00 02 01                                        ; param value
+)
+
+; This last (two) vectors has an alpn value with an escaped comma and an
+; escaped backslash in two presentation formats.
+
+v09	SVCB	\# 35 (
+00 10                                              ; priority
+03 66 6f 6f 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 6f 72 67 00 ; target
+00 01                                              ; key 1
+00 0c                                              ; param length 12
+08                                                 ; alpn length 8
+66 5c 6f 6f 2c 62 61 72                            ; alpn value
+02                                                 ; alpn length 2
+68 32                                              ; alpn value
+)
+v10	SVCB	\# 35 (
+00 10                                              ; priority
+03 66 6f 6f 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 6f 72 67 00 ; target
+00 01                                              ; key 1
+00 0c                                              ; param length 12
+08                                                 ; alpn length 8
+66 5c 6f 6f 2c 62 61 72                            ; alpn value
+02                                                 ; alpn length 2
+68 32                                              ; alpn value
+)
+
+; D.1. AliasForm
+
+v11	HTTPS	\# 19 (
+00 00                                              ; priority
+03 66 6f 6f 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 63 6f 6d 00 ; target
+)
+
+; D.2. ServiceForm
+; The first form is the simple "use the ownername".
+
+v12	HTTPS	\# 3 (
+00 01      ; priority
+00         ; target (root label)
+)
+
+; This vector only has a port.
+
+v13	HTTPS	\# 25 (
+00 10                                              ; priority
+03 66 6f 6f 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 63 6f 6d 00 ; target
+00 03                                              ; key 3
+00 02                                              ; length 2
+00 35                                              ; value
+)
+
+; This example has a key that is not registered, its value is unquoted.
+
+v14	HTTPS	\# 28 (
+00 01                                              ; priority
+03 66 6f 6f 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 63 6f 6d 00 ; target
+02 9b                                              ; key 667
+00 05                                              ; length 5
+68 65 6c 6c 6f                                     ; value
+)
+
+; This example has a key that is not registered, its value is quoted and
+; contains a decimal-escaped character.
+
+v15	HTTPS	\# 32 (
+00 01                                              ; priority
+03 66 6f 6f 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 63 6f 6d 00 ; target
+02 9b                                              ; key 667
+00 09                                              ; length 9
+68 65 6c 6c 6f d2 71 6f 6f                         ; value
+)
+
+; Here, two IPv6 hints are quoted in the presentation format.
+
+v16	HTTPS	\# 55 (
+00 01                                              ; priority
+03 66 6f 6f 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 63 6f 6d 00 ; target
+00 06                                              ; key 6
+00 20                                              ; length 32
+20 01 0d b8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01    ; first address
+20 01 0d b8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 53 00 01    ; second address
+)
+
+; This example shows a single IPv6 hint in IPv4 mapped IPv6 presentation format.
+
+v17	HTTPS	\# 35 (
+00 01                                              ; priority
+07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 63 6f 6d 00             ; target
+00 06                                              ; key 6
+00 10                                              ; length 16
+20 01 0d b8 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff c6 33 64 64    ; address
+)
+
+; In the next vector, neither the SvcParamValues nor the mandatory keys are
+; sorted in presentation format, but are correctly sorted in the wire-format.
+
+v18	HTTPS	\# 48 (
+00 10                                              ; priority
+03 66 6f 6f 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 6f 72 67 00 ; target
+00 00                                              ; key 0
+00 04                                              ; param length 4
+00 01                                              ; value: key 1
+00 04                                              ; value: key 4
+00 01                                              ; key 1
+00 09                                              ; param length 9
+02                                                 ; alpn length 2
+68 32                                              ; alpn value
+05                                                 ; alpn length 5
+68 33 2d 31 39                                     ; alpn value
+00 04                                              ; key 4
+00 04                                              ; param length 4
+c0 00 02 01                                        ; param value
+)
+
+; This last (two) vectors has an alpn value with an escaped comma and an
+; escaped backslash in two presentation formats.
+
+v19	HTTPS	\# 35 (
+00 10                                              ; priority
+03 66 6f 6f 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 6f 72 67 00 ; target
+00 01                                              ; key 1
+00 0c                                              ; param length 12
+08                                                 ; alpn length 8
+66 5c 6f 6f 2c 62 61 72                            ; alpn value
+02                                                 ; alpn length 2
+68 32                                              ; alpn value
+)
+v20	HTTPS	\# 35 (
+00 10                                              ; priority
+03 66 6f 6f 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 6f 72 67 00 ; target
+00 01                                              ; key 1
+00 0c                                              ; param length 12
+08                                                 ; alpn length 8
+66 5c 6f 6f 2c 62 61 72                            ; alpn value
+02                                                 ; alpn length 2
+68 32                                              ; alpn value
+)
+
diff --git a/testdata/test_ldnsrr.5 b/testdata/test_ldnsrr.5
index d5f4650a784f..c6e7ea2ba549 100644
--- a/testdata/test_ldnsrr.5
+++ b/testdata/test_ldnsrr.5
@@ -151,3 +151,24 @@ blabla.		0	ANY	TSIG	hmac-md5.sig-alg.reg.int. 1480585012 300 16 k9mSMs2t5vq5FV2D
 blabla.	0	ANY	TSIG	hmac-md5.sig-alg.reg.int. 1480523776  300 16 sBfx00GRs+tfRTm4uRCjyQ== 25791 0 0
 blabla.		0	ANY	TSIG	hmac-md5.sig-alg.reg.int. 1480585449 300 0  59692 BADSIG 0
 blabla.		0	ANY	TSIG	hmac-md5.sig-alg.reg.int. 1480585462 300 16 6wvlG82sEVHyqsTtBLvRQw== 26044 NOERROR 0
+
+; Test for ZONEMD
+example.org. 86400 IN ZONEMD 5 1 2 c1b8eddf4ef128db88125ede9008d6ff0b33a047b8a8a4d77b00271f7d8e7ae5ccd6c86d8398f64f0de0615bf3121ffba6946a3cd5f32acbc4e8d0649b4a78e6
+; from draft-ietf-dnsop-dns-zone-digest-12#section-2.4
+example.com. 86400 IN ZONEMD 2018031500 1 1 ( FEBE3D4CE2EC2FFA4BA99D46CD69D6D29711E55217057BEE 7EB1A7B641A47BA7FED2DD5B97AE499FAFA4F22C6BD647DE )
+; from draft-ietf-dnsop-dns-zone-digest-12#section-A.1
+example. 86400   IN  ZONEMD  2018031900 1 1 ( c68090d90a7aed71 6bc459f9340e3d7c 1370d4d24b7e2fc3 a1ddc0b9a87153b9 a9713b3c9ae5cc27 777f98b8e730044c )
+; from draft-ietf-dnsop-dns-zone-digest-12#section-A.2
+example. 86400   IN  ZONEMD  2018031900 1 1 ( 31cefb03814f5062 ad12fa951ba0ef5f 8da6ae354a415767 246f7dc932ceb1e7 42a2108f529db6a3 3a11c01493de358d )
+non-apex.example.      900     IN  ZONEMD  2018031900 1 1 ( 616c6c6f77656420 6275742069676e6f 7265642e20616c6c 6f77656420627574 2069676e6f726564 2e20616c6c6f7765 )
+; from draft-ietf-dnsop-dns-zone-digest-12#section-A.3
+example.      86400   IN  ZONEMD  2018031900 1 1 ( 62e6cf51b02e54b9 b5f967d547ce4313 6792901f9f88e637 493daaf401c92c27 9dd10f0edb1c56f8 080211f8480ee306 )
+example.      86400   IN  ZONEMD  2018031900 1 2 ( 08cfa1115c7b948c 4163a901270395ea 226a930cd2cbcf2f a9a5e6eb85f37c8a 4e114d884e66f176 eab121cb02db7d65 2e0cc4827e7a3204 f166b47e5613fd27 )
+example.      86400   IN  ZONEMD  2018031900 1 240 ( e2d523f654b9422a 96c5a8f44607bbee )
+example.      86400   IN  ZONEMD  2018031900 241 1 ( e1846540e33a9e41 89792d18d5d131f6 05fc283e )
+; from draft-ietf-dnsop-dns-zone-digest-12#section-A.4
+uri.arpa.       3600    IN      ZONEMD  2018100702 1 1 ( 1291b78ddf7669b1a39d014d87626b709b55774c5d7d58fa dc556439889a10eaf6f11d615900a4f996bd46279514e473 )
+; from draft-ietf-dnsop-dns-zone-digest-12#section-A.5
+root-servers.net.     3600000 IN  ZONEMD  2018091100 1 1 ( f1ca0ccd91bd5573d9f431c00ee0101b2545c97602be0a97 8a3b11dbfc1c776d5b3e86ae3d973d6b5349ba7f04340f79 )
+; from ldns issue #121, 0.10m was parsed as 0.01m.
+foo.	12345	IN	LOC	12 45 52.333 N 105 40 33.452 W -24m 0.1m 0.1m 0.1m
diff --git a/testdata/test_ldnsrr.c5 b/testdata/test_ldnsrr.c5
index 1e292ba6465f..f30aa0b7357c 100644
--- a/testdata/test_ldnsrr.c5
+++ b/testdata/test_ldnsrr.c5
@@ -188,3 +188,27 @@ blabla.	0	ANY	TSIG	hmac-md5.sig-alg.reg.int. 1480523776 300 16 sBfx00GRs+tfRTm4u
 blabla.	0	ANY	TSIG	hmac-md5.sig-alg.reg.int. 1480585449 300 0 59692 BADSIG 0
 06626C61626C610000FA00FF00000000003A08686D61632D6D6435077369672D616C670372656703696E74000000583FF0F6012C0010EB0BE51BCDAC1151F2AAC4ED04BBD14365BC00000000
 blabla.	0	ANY	TSIG	hmac-md5.sig-alg.reg.int. 1480585462 300 16 6wvlG82sEVHyqsTtBLvRQw== 26044 NOERROR 0
+076578616D706C65036F726700003F0001000151800046000000050102C1B8EDDF4EF128DB88125EDE9008D6FF0B33A047B8A8A4D77B00271F7D8E7AE5CCD6C86D8398F64F0DE0615BF3121FFBA6946A3CD5F32ACBC4E8D0649B4A78E6
+example.org.	86400	IN	ZONEMD	5 1 2 C1B8EDDF4EF128DB88125EDE9008D6FF0B33A047B8A8A4D77B00271F7D8E7AE5CCD6C86D8398F64F0DE0615BF3121FFBA6946A3CD5F32ACBC4E8D0649B4A78E6
+076578616D706C6503636F6D00003F00010001518000367848B78C0101FEBE3D4CE2EC2FFA4BA99D46CD69D6D29711E55217057BEE7EB1A7B641A47BA7FED2DD5B97AE499FAFA4F22C6BD647DE
+example.com.	86400	IN	ZONEMD	2018031500 1 1 FEBE3D4CE2EC2FFA4BA99D46CD69D6D29711E55217057BEE7EB1A7B641A47BA7FED2DD5B97AE499FAFA4F22C6BD647DE
+076578616D706C6500003F00010001518000367848B91C0101C68090D90A7AED716BC459F9340E3D7C1370D4D24B7E2FC3A1DDC0B9A87153B9A9713B3C9AE5CC27777F98B8E730044C
+example.	86400	IN	ZONEMD	2018031900 1 1 C68090D90A7AED716BC459F9340E3D7C1370D4D24B7E2FC3A1DDC0B9A87153B9A9713B3C9AE5CC27777F98B8E730044C
+076578616D706C6500003F00010001518000367848B91C010131CEFB03814F5062AD12FA951BA0EF5F8DA6AE354A415767246F7DC932CEB1E742A2108F529DB6A33A11C01493DE358D
+example.	86400	IN	ZONEMD	2018031900 1 1 31CEFB03814F5062AD12FA951BA0EF5F8DA6AE354A415767246F7DC932CEB1E742A2108F529DB6A33A11C01493DE358D
+086E6F6E2D61706578076578616D706C6500003F00010000038400367848B91C0101616C6C6F776564206275742069676E6F7265642E20616C6C6F776564206275742069676E6F7265642E20616C6C6F7765
+non-apex.example.	900	IN	ZONEMD	2018031900 1 1 616C6C6F776564206275742069676E6F7265642E20616C6C6F776564206275742069676E6F7265642E20616C6C6F7765
+076578616D706C6500003F00010001518000367848B91C010162E6CF51B02E54B9B5F967D547CE43136792901F9F88E637493DAAF401C92C279DD10F0EDB1C56F8080211F8480EE306
+example.	86400	IN	ZONEMD	2018031900 1 1 62E6CF51B02E54B9B5F967D547CE43136792901F9F88E637493DAAF401C92C279DD10F0EDB1C56F8080211F8480EE306
+076578616D706C6500003F00010001518000467848B91C010208CFA1115C7B948C4163A901270395EA226A930CD2CBCF2FA9A5E6EB85F37C8A4E114D884E66F176EAB121CB02DB7D652E0CC4827E7A3204F166B47E5613FD27
+example.	86400	IN	ZONEMD	2018031900 1 2 08CFA1115C7B948C4163A901270395EA226A930CD2CBCF2FA9A5E6EB85F37C8A4E114D884E66F176EAB121CB02DB7D652E0CC4827E7A3204F166B47E5613FD27
+076578616D706C6500003F00010001518000167848B91C01F0E2D523F654B9422A96C5A8F44607BBEE
+example.	86400	IN	ZONEMD	2018031900 1 240 E2D523F654B9422A96C5A8F44607BBEE
+076578616D706C6500003F000100015180001A7848B91CF101E1846540E33A9E4189792D18D5D131F605FC283E
+example.	86400	IN	ZONEMD	2018031900 241 1 E1846540E33A9E4189792D18D5D131F605FC283E
+03757269046172706100003F000100000E1000367849C5DE01011291B78DDF7669B1A39D014D87626B709B55774C5D7D58FADC556439889A10EAF6F11D615900A4F996BD46279514E473
+uri.arpa.	3600	IN	ZONEMD	2018100702 1 1 1291B78DDF7669B1A39D014D87626B709B55774C5D7D58FADC556439889A10EAF6F11D615900A4F996BD46279514E473
+0C726F6F742D73657276657273036E657400003F00010036EE8000367849A05C0101F1CA0CCD91BD5573D9F431C00EE0101B2545C97602BE0A978A3B11DBFC1C776D5B3E86AE3D973D6B5349BA7F04340F79
+root-servers.net.	3600000	IN	ZONEMD	2018091100 1 1 F1CA0CCD91BD5573D9F431C00EE0101B2545C97602BE0A978A3B11DBFC1C776D5B3E86AE3D973D6B5349BA7F04340F79
+03666F6F00001D00010000303900100011111182BD2D4D69530BD400988D20
+foo.	12345	IN	LOC	12 45 52.333 N 105 40 33.452 W -24m 0.10m 0.10m 0.10m
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example1.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example1.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b1a44895f05c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example1.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+example.org. IN SOA ns.example.org. hostmaster.example.org. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.org. IN NS ns.example.org.
+www.example.org. IN A 127.0.0.1
+ns.example.org. IN A 127.0.0.1
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example10.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example10.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..33ca2828e019
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example10.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+; DNSSEC signed but RRSIG on SOA is wrong.
+
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+; old sig
+; example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+; wrong sig
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgeAAAAA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	TYPE63	\# 70 0bee1bc6010258f7620f93204bbb31b44f795b3409cc4abd9ef5601decc15675bd7751213152984eddce0626e6062e744b03b3e47711202fbb79e4a2eb8bc5cf46741b5cae6f
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	TYPE63 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. orn8ZF/yqj9u4WrhiO6gtEcTaVsnZSWWZLfXhcIOiWSB8kKCxtZl5cG17dD3Du1NllUwMRqkp0KleLhIoUS9xeQ/0x05u+CYLrfQ62oAiD7q54ZQzpXJIH52aQzKV70ZnO03CZowhQBnetmIoKX6xLogKo8pt+BdQbo3oVHxV8Y=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	bar.example.com. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY TYPE63 
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ufLrlOQprAqjnH85Rt3T0Mxd3ZB0mBeeNIr84eFJ8Rk6WiWEPm0Y1R7GRufNI24Mj7iqLcL4nJM6KK6B7dJqjqu73jw1acuYNnbsoV2BNDRXRFP2FNWTpctVdi+955f3FzgsmEJXfGiSUG0YXAEcZmdCPCn5ii2jk8mk7r6KKYo=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ding.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VhsGuBx20DXQZNU8ITAMnasn6NVyEjN9xtB8msH5xJn80UCuaqvFBURzcPWN3aHnykEvGfdPF/9P3WvlON0cMikWkqSLy6Q9bpvgAq13HWYh+ZcDoqLtICaB7RkBQc+6aHAqZFyQbD8/m8Kxt5eVJtV6rEuf+yPX0+3aXHhsRg0=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	foo.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. nb1W2aaKrU5iAQiY8gMsoMOejID19JMTEwY2rRoe+KsvzMs0rE0ifEkqit4blXaU0tfy0foJ70uqdJFqBoGz1NcSwZ6GNk/iNfGvG3XpxZ/zqEe7kkIucqqei794G7z9psqV94yZ3WaT+IswPpWrSaWv1w41RtcWufPhe4fOAmU=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ns.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fUZEpkEULRWDntN5Z7Kr8M83Hjhf08ECMKRpo6IBoBc3ayenj+YMgWAvFXC825wjENPYYWNGag0d32U83zCZxqgv+8uXZd3B7QDpTbL41aWZdc++s5YWTkYjyOWwJ1XHOv4nL3qEnJBXVzo/E1gbSKhTFuG97i+7J1MFd9MsC5s=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	www.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. 0upKNYjiow4NDJm3I1RbUddE9GGuFYEVKswww5BAc/6WHuukupncL30lskvcSKGpByDssP2Hi2CufyEtYeGWh6q1TxtOFRqFBX1p6Q5b3tBlCtvv4h31dQR9uqLvq+GkGS5MR+0LO5kWagIpZmnI8YY5plVdXEtNbp2Ar8zvz/A=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. meg/t6nIBqQZ0d5/dT7uu/3CuP4vE+HxqFQaj2fjUNceA/6C7QIQnqQ5Kyblg+XijDkQX0yvyFNHYdgF16UDgFT7tlNUCHk1SpF5BWzV4c4tBEhxASTz7UQo111O3Tyd6CldPzO/Se15Ud0/ZYltHEqWTfY5nJoXC/OJD9V2QOI=
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example11.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example11.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7562f79729b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example11.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+; DNSSEC NSEC zone, but ZONEMD is missing
+
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+; missing ZONEMD
+;example.com.	3600	IN	TYPE63	\# 70 0bee1bc6010258f7620f93204bbb31b44f795b3409cc4abd9ef5601decc15675bd7751213152984eddce0626e6062e744b03b3e47711202fbb79e4a2eb8bc5cf46741b5cae6f
+;example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	TYPE63 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. orn8ZF/yqj9u4WrhiO6gtEcTaVsnZSWWZLfXhcIOiWSB8kKCxtZl5cG17dD3Du1NllUwMRqkp0KleLhIoUS9xeQ/0x05u+CYLrfQ62oAiD7q54ZQzpXJIH52aQzKV70ZnO03CZowhQBnetmIoKX6xLogKo8pt+BdQbo3oVHxV8Y=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	bar.example.com. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY TYPE63 
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ufLrlOQprAqjnH85Rt3T0Mxd3ZB0mBeeNIr84eFJ8Rk6WiWEPm0Y1R7GRufNI24Mj7iqLcL4nJM6KK6B7dJqjqu73jw1acuYNnbsoV2BNDRXRFP2FNWTpctVdi+955f3FzgsmEJXfGiSUG0YXAEcZmdCPCn5ii2jk8mk7r6KKYo=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ding.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VhsGuBx20DXQZNU8ITAMnasn6NVyEjN9xtB8msH5xJn80UCuaqvFBURzcPWN3aHnykEvGfdPF/9P3WvlON0cMikWkqSLy6Q9bpvgAq13HWYh+ZcDoqLtICaB7RkBQc+6aHAqZFyQbD8/m8Kxt5eVJtV6rEuf+yPX0+3aXHhsRg0=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	foo.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. nb1W2aaKrU5iAQiY8gMsoMOejID19JMTEwY2rRoe+KsvzMs0rE0ifEkqit4blXaU0tfy0foJ70uqdJFqBoGz1NcSwZ6GNk/iNfGvG3XpxZ/zqEe7kkIucqqei794G7z9psqV94yZ3WaT+IswPpWrSaWv1w41RtcWufPhe4fOAmU=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ns.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fUZEpkEULRWDntN5Z7Kr8M83Hjhf08ECMKRpo6IBoBc3ayenj+YMgWAvFXC825wjENPYYWNGag0d32U83zCZxqgv+8uXZd3B7QDpTbL41aWZdc++s5YWTkYjyOWwJ1XHOv4nL3qEnJBXVzo/E1gbSKhTFuG97i+7J1MFd9MsC5s=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	www.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. 0upKNYjiow4NDJm3I1RbUddE9GGuFYEVKswww5BAc/6WHuukupncL30lskvcSKGpByDssP2Hi2CufyEtYeGWh6q1TxtOFRqFBX1p6Q5b3tBlCtvv4h31dQR9uqLvq+GkGS5MR+0LO5kWagIpZmnI8YY5plVdXEtNbp2Ar8zvz/A=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. meg/t6nIBqQZ0d5/dT7uu/3CuP4vE+HxqFQaj2fjUNceA/6C7QIQnqQ5Kyblg+XijDkQX0yvyFNHYdgF16UDgFT7tlNUCHk1SpF5BWzV4c4tBEhxASTz7UQo111O3Tyd6CldPzO/Se15Ud0/ZYltHEqWTfY5nJoXC/OJD9V2QOI=
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example12.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example12.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4fc04bf88eb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example12.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+; DNSSEC NSEC3 zone, but ZONEMD is missing
+
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3PARAM	1 0 1 012345 
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3PARAM 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. CDbcPLDrpVUyk3v7kwQ3LNzzhDHS40e0LDv7IZrzMt2AO/6SJ7xhlG+qByhc7CFBUMvBNaOteO5th0tvotWxk0UrVhqRyyXNCr8SmDdAaPH4SGwJ2p+XPIwn0CTXDpyOcgCrW0Kt2OjubA+4fQwjkGYFuDATY5QOITe6kGJpKpw=
+; missing ZONEMD
+;example.com.	3600	IN	TYPE63	\# 70 0bee1bc6010246e31506f321c58db811c934c6446141d651a8574fb21088a2bb6feec875fc8b60f50beae00e7f6554e2cf3cb048350ef92e2946137443e30079813db4d1bfbd
+;example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	TYPE63 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. M0f4wkOn6dcYtaQtwvp698QL7HuKEgi+PPjYJawV8d1VNOWbbRTF9L9tHFDK42Ylq238uOxi223ZEk/pq4BP64Sm31dV54K2V95QqdzN9NDD34+sqKEgGyRcmBiE50gm3kZZ4ENqBQKc+GdlbZ2fHSI6gf6X694sSmZ7dfjq+2k=
+v4cknoe1mioduf5bmhgfjjq4dlqet8fm.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  2v43f6ripfocif5h6bbi07glq6849rnj NS SOA RRSIG DNSKEY NSEC3PARAM TYPE63 
+v4cknoe1mioduf5bmhgfjjq4dlqet8fm.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. Yd+g1m2aDKDUuZNv2KpKk4uSNrpB5KLM3QUqypm484VjOpnj5Wy3BjUULH3P8z+S9PG7XbaOf+yUYHK8cI6i5GTcrMhoLKaanAD09i1KbXbTVJujwA9Za7WzlFVZ3o6f1D8CbrSS3YPWNF3Mb2FYaptvZ9so7MlecuLYdEer7DY=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+c6ntadrd765diocebcrq6trs8npn83o3.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  f0lpjkgefgrobj5pucem78r2ouo53fq8 A RRSIG 
+c6ntadrd765diocebcrq6trs8npn83o3.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gTDi/2e/RPeSOwoBr6oqfoFsGXAknLX3J96EHzMmhtRR7W4pEW8uXKsMJ3rr4qgUUX+ZtzoCMYy+UBkiJfjpWvMToGtuADNOzz0rF8BESaW/8k6iDKPmqmwdGyLGMmfGjYPcb4qg3+9egLejA+fF1OSrhHuINeO80ouw++PL0ns=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+r18q2sl76hceldh0keqr7vnqc15db64a.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  v4cknoe1mioduf5bmhgfjjq4dlqet8fm A RRSIG 
+r18q2sl76hceldh0keqr7vnqc15db64a.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VugivzPyv5+qZhl+x0frrykYyOOdZfcKdmIA13P4OzhtiRNhCRHznhrdTlmfLw/b5Rs5jFX7Iw/hhU80Geg72cYG4KVJwtP6zTyFApDl/8x3rj3vhZOc2nwpYmjjFsyrlb7M2RhcStnS6c/2R4+dBFwwVZXyJBi3fo9NybujI9g=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+f0lpjkgefgrobj5pucem78r2ouo53fq8.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  r18q2sl76hceldh0keqr7vnqc15db64a A RRSIG 
+f0lpjkgefgrobj5pucem78r2ouo53fq8.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. zishUbm8GxjaHOOUdbz0ZEut99dm+DQ/zvxhOTeS3kmUnL8t3ISew641JeNvvajAUk/xn6eGHjLBuHfwNG+itF2pSD8Gl6Ppo22Y0C9uO5TyRQalYpjtz1kI/VlIelcd0TyusmIMaRChswtpctPKITbr8Wl+MoZZtPQhJ5NjQlQ=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+2v43f6ripfocif5h6bbi07glq6849rnj.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  91onuasouslv1so1i62id4rf0l763dss A RRSIG 
+2v43f6ripfocif5h6bbi07glq6849rnj.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. d9CluwN3zWfLe20J212CuwNzJVbVsDR4eijuJyLpyHzziSc10CauWtUiuHeQMXCVJNwhPSb5kQTfKtql+Jd44BQlenRt/sHfa6YZEOwClN4O8V0vZ43K4vlwwWbh5kxQbFQ/e+w4vlYb1m4PHwzDLtqocNQ9T4A8SXl3A8paZqI=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+91onuasouslv1so1i62id4rf0l763dss.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  c6ntadrd765diocebcrq6trs8npn83o3 A RRSIG 
+91onuasouslv1so1i62id4rf0l763dss.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. czJf5HkfHLpfGcku2iZnCu9tXnM7VWOYYhGtVAwkYG0M6BO4LzRxGCV3SkUvHLFxoqQY0DZLnafPl2MKg8zsF+tusf3e3xmpcCSR29IfuDYH7GzuVCj3H0ScmXM0lvyQ92JpJ0AMqq2mW1nvKmgjkyugs+EMpxcFVjhibljocLU=
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example13.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example13.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9f311c91291e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example13.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+; DNSSEC NSEC zone without ZONEMD, but NSEC RRSIG is wrong
+
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	bar.example.com. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY 
+; old sig
+;example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ROT+Kh6Y0sEf+L9c2HGPvppLL/DFP5KcX/zSjy7ovM7vXTrrdhEhOedbuccN84tk6VU8udGIixd5Usc+juZ+WsiWwaSNB5rKo6lZ9ceOJlYVzLCmawePzTsl6VAIiIVXwrMxGz/amBd+Ou/1NCuXJiWVThU9PDyJ/lQZbVJEHMA=
+; wrong sig
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ROT+Kh6Y0sEf+L9c2HGPvppLL/DFP5KcX/zSjy7ovM7vXTrrdhEhOedbuccN84tk6VU8udGIixd5Usc+juZ+WsiWwaSNB5rKo6lZ9ceOJlYVzLCmawePzTsl6VAIiIVXwrMxGz/amBd+Ou/1NCuXJiWVThU9PDyJ/lQZbVAAAAA=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ding.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VhsGuBx20DXQZNU8ITAMnasn6NVyEjN9xtB8msH5xJn80UCuaqvFBURzcPWN3aHnykEvGfdPF/9P3WvlON0cMikWkqSLy6Q9bpvgAq13HWYh+ZcDoqLtICaB7RkBQc+6aHAqZFyQbD8/m8Kxt5eVJtV6rEuf+yPX0+3aXHhsRg0=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	foo.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. nb1W2aaKrU5iAQiY8gMsoMOejID19JMTEwY2rRoe+KsvzMs0rE0ifEkqit4blXaU0tfy0foJ70uqdJFqBoGz1NcSwZ6GNk/iNfGvG3XpxZ/zqEe7kkIucqqei794G7z9psqV94yZ3WaT+IswPpWrSaWv1w41RtcWufPhe4fOAmU=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ns.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fUZEpkEULRWDntN5Z7Kr8M83Hjhf08ECMKRpo6IBoBc3ayenj+YMgWAvFXC825wjENPYYWNGag0d32U83zCZxqgv+8uXZd3B7QDpTbL41aWZdc++s5YWTkYjyOWwJ1XHOv4nL3qEnJBXVzo/E1gbSKhTFuG97i+7J1MFd9MsC5s=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	www.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. 0upKNYjiow4NDJm3I1RbUddE9GGuFYEVKswww5BAc/6WHuukupncL30lskvcSKGpByDssP2Hi2CufyEtYeGWh6q1TxtOFRqFBX1p6Q5b3tBlCtvv4h31dQR9uqLvq+GkGS5MR+0LO5kWagIpZmnI8YY5plVdXEtNbp2Ar8zvz/A=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. meg/t6nIBqQZ0d5/dT7uu/3CuP4vE+HxqFQaj2fjUNceA/6C7QIQnqQ5Kyblg+XijDkQX0yvyFNHYdgF16UDgFT7tlNUCHk1SpF5BWzV4c4tBEhxASTz7UQo111O3Tyd6CldPzO/Se15Ud0/ZYltHEqWTfY5nJoXC/OJD9V2QOI=
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example14.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example14.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..bc4cdacdbbf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example14.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+; DNSSEC NSEC3 zone without ZONEMD, but NSEC3 RRSIG is wrong
+
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3PARAM	1 0 1 012345 
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3PARAM 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. CDbcPLDrpVUyk3v7kwQ3LNzzhDHS40e0LDv7IZrzMt2AO/6SJ7xhlG+qByhc7CFBUMvBNaOteO5th0tvotWxk0UrVhqRyyXNCr8SmDdAaPH4SGwJ2p+XPIwn0CTXDpyOcgCrW0Kt2OjubA+4fQwjkGYFuDATY5QOITe6kGJpKpw=
+v4cknoe1mioduf5bmhgfjjq4dlqet8fm.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  2v43f6ripfocif5h6bbi07glq6849rnj NS SOA RRSIG DNSKEY NSEC3PARAM 
+; old sig
+;v4cknoe1mioduf5bmhgfjjq4dlqet8fm.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. J2LISTGtBe+x2pNESBOYrBHAJjEDVFkmjJf2kj0GSFYisvSuy6ZUvQZZUB9sfLmEX18FpdNTieE8MrR2nbpKWfgVBDdGtcU72x/GOIRRq586A1KNtP2eJ81vcblM5dvqvpht46tF+xy85j9G9BYxpcT1PQRpvmho9yhgCxq2kUQ=
+; wrong sig
+v4cknoe1mioduf5bmhgfjjq4dlqet8fm.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. J2LISTGtBe+x2pNESBOYrBHAJjEDVFkmjJf2kj0GSFYisvSuy6ZUvQZZUB9sfLmEX18FpdNTieE8MrR2nbpKWfgVBDdGtcU72x/GOIRRq586A1KNtP2eJ81vcblM5dvqvpht46tF+xy85j9G9BYxpcT1PQRpvmho9yhgCxAAAAA=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+c6ntadrd765diocebcrq6trs8npn83o3.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  f0lpjkgefgrobj5pucem78r2ouo53fq8 A RRSIG 
+c6ntadrd765diocebcrq6trs8npn83o3.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gTDi/2e/RPeSOwoBr6oqfoFsGXAknLX3J96EHzMmhtRR7W4pEW8uXKsMJ3rr4qgUUX+ZtzoCMYy+UBkiJfjpWvMToGtuADNOzz0rF8BESaW/8k6iDKPmqmwdGyLGMmfGjYPcb4qg3+9egLejA+fF1OSrhHuINeO80ouw++PL0ns=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+r18q2sl76hceldh0keqr7vnqc15db64a.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  v4cknoe1mioduf5bmhgfjjq4dlqet8fm A RRSIG 
+r18q2sl76hceldh0keqr7vnqc15db64a.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VugivzPyv5+qZhl+x0frrykYyOOdZfcKdmIA13P4OzhtiRNhCRHznhrdTlmfLw/b5Rs5jFX7Iw/hhU80Geg72cYG4KVJwtP6zTyFApDl/8x3rj3vhZOc2nwpYmjjFsyrlb7M2RhcStnS6c/2R4+dBFwwVZXyJBi3fo9NybujI9g=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+f0lpjkgefgrobj5pucem78r2ouo53fq8.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  r18q2sl76hceldh0keqr7vnqc15db64a A RRSIG 
+f0lpjkgefgrobj5pucem78r2ouo53fq8.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. zishUbm8GxjaHOOUdbz0ZEut99dm+DQ/zvxhOTeS3kmUnL8t3ISew641JeNvvajAUk/xn6eGHjLBuHfwNG+itF2pSD8Gl6Ppo22Y0C9uO5TyRQalYpjtz1kI/VlIelcd0TyusmIMaRChswtpctPKITbr8Wl+MoZZtPQhJ5NjQlQ=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+2v43f6ripfocif5h6bbi07glq6849rnj.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  91onuasouslv1so1i62id4rf0l763dss A RRSIG 
+2v43f6ripfocif5h6bbi07glq6849rnj.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. d9CluwN3zWfLe20J212CuwNzJVbVsDR4eijuJyLpyHzziSc10CauWtUiuHeQMXCVJNwhPSb5kQTfKtql+Jd44BQlenRt/sHfa6YZEOwClN4O8V0vZ43K4vlwwWbh5kxQbFQ/e+w4vlYb1m4PHwzDLtqocNQ9T4A8SXl3A8paZqI=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+91onuasouslv1so1i62id4rf0l763dss.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  c6ntadrd765diocebcrq6trs8npn83o3 A RRSIG 
+91onuasouslv1so1i62id4rf0l763dss.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. czJf5HkfHLpfGcku2iZnCu9tXnM7VWOYYhGtVAwkYG0M6BO4LzRxGCV3SkUvHLFxoqQY0DZLnafPl2MKg8zsF+tusf3e3xmpcCSR29IfuDYH7GzuVCj3H0ScmXM0lvyQ92JpJ0AMqq2mW1nvKmgjkyugs+EMpxcFVjhibljocLU=
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example15.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example15.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8a10689101d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example15.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+; DNSSEC signed but DNSKEY RRSIG is wrong.
+
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+; old sig
+;example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+; wrong sig
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2AAAAA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	TYPE63	\# 70 0bee1bc6010258f7620f93204bbb31b44f795b3409cc4abd9ef5601decc15675bd7751213152984eddce0626e6062e744b03b3e47711202fbb79e4a2eb8bc5cf46741b5cae6f
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	TYPE63 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. orn8ZF/yqj9u4WrhiO6gtEcTaVsnZSWWZLfXhcIOiWSB8kKCxtZl5cG17dD3Du1NllUwMRqkp0KleLhIoUS9xeQ/0x05u+CYLrfQ62oAiD7q54ZQzpXJIH52aQzKV70ZnO03CZowhQBnetmIoKX6xLogKo8pt+BdQbo3oVHxV8Y=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	bar.example.com. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY TYPE63 
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ufLrlOQprAqjnH85Rt3T0Mxd3ZB0mBeeNIr84eFJ8Rk6WiWEPm0Y1R7GRufNI24Mj7iqLcL4nJM6KK6B7dJqjqu73jw1acuYNnbsoV2BNDRXRFP2FNWTpctVdi+955f3FzgsmEJXfGiSUG0YXAEcZmdCPCn5ii2jk8mk7r6KKYo=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ding.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VhsGuBx20DXQZNU8ITAMnasn6NVyEjN9xtB8msH5xJn80UCuaqvFBURzcPWN3aHnykEvGfdPF/9P3WvlON0cMikWkqSLy6Q9bpvgAq13HWYh+ZcDoqLtICaB7RkBQc+6aHAqZFyQbD8/m8Kxt5eVJtV6rEuf+yPX0+3aXHhsRg0=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	foo.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. nb1W2aaKrU5iAQiY8gMsoMOejID19JMTEwY2rRoe+KsvzMs0rE0ifEkqit4blXaU0tfy0foJ70uqdJFqBoGz1NcSwZ6GNk/iNfGvG3XpxZ/zqEe7kkIucqqei794G7z9psqV94yZ3WaT+IswPpWrSaWv1w41RtcWufPhe4fOAmU=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ns.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fUZEpkEULRWDntN5Z7Kr8M83Hjhf08ECMKRpo6IBoBc3ayenj+YMgWAvFXC825wjENPYYWNGag0d32U83zCZxqgv+8uXZd3B7QDpTbL41aWZdc++s5YWTkYjyOWwJ1XHOv4nL3qEnJBXVzo/E1gbSKhTFuG97i+7J1MFd9MsC5s=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	www.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. 0upKNYjiow4NDJm3I1RbUddE9GGuFYEVKswww5BAc/6WHuukupncL30lskvcSKGpByDssP2Hi2CufyEtYeGWh6q1TxtOFRqFBX1p6Q5b3tBlCtvv4h31dQR9uqLvq+GkGS5MR+0LO5kWagIpZmnI8YY5plVdXEtNbp2Ar8zvz/A=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. meg/t6nIBqQZ0d5/dT7uu/3CuP4vE+HxqFQaj2fjUNceA/6C7QIQnqQ5Kyblg+XijDkQX0yvyFNHYdgF16UDgFT7tlNUCHk1SpF5BWzV4c4tBEhxASTz7UQo111O3Tyd6CldPzO/Se15Ud0/ZYltHEqWTfY5nJoXC/OJD9V2QOI=
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example16.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example16.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7520744d3180
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example16.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com. IN NS ns.example.com.
+; the ZONEMD that should be in this file, without DNSSEC
+example.com. IN ZONEMD 200154054 1 2 EFAA5B78B38AB1C45DE57B8167BCCE906451D0E72118E1F5E80B5F0C3CF04BFFC65D53C011185528EAD439D6F3A02F511961E090E5E4E0DFA013BD276D728B22
+; duplicate zonemd with same scheme and algorithm (different at end)
+example.com. IN ZONEMD 200154054 1 2 EFAA5B78B38AB1C45DE57B8167BCCE906451D0E72118E1F5E80B5F0C3CF04BFFC65D53C011185528EAD439D6F3A02F511961E090E5E4E0DFA013BD276D720000
+www.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+bar.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example17.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example17.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4315f9054af4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example17.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+; capitalisation is different here.
+exaMPLe.cOM. IN NS Ns.exaMPLe.cOm.
+; the ZONEMD that should be in this file, without DNSSEC
+example.com. IN ZONEMD 200154054 1 2 EFAA5B78B38AB1C45DE57B8167BCCE906451D0E72118E1F5E80B5F0C3CF04BFFC65D53C011185528EAD439D6F3A02F511961E090E5E4E0DFA013BD276D728B22
+; capitalisation is different here.
+wWW.exAMPLe.cOM. IN A 127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+bar.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example2.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example2.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..14b7ea689ffa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example2.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com. IN NS ns.example.com.
+; the ZONEMD that should be in this file, without DNSSEC
+example.com. IN ZONEMD 200154054 1 2 EFAA5B78B38AB1C45DE57B8167BCCE906451D0E72118E1F5E80B5F0C3CF04BFFC65D53C011185528EAD439D6F3A02F511961E090E5E4E0DFA013BD276D728B22
+; incorrect digest in example3 and example4.
+;example.com. IN TYPE63 \# 70 0BEE1BC60102EFAA5B78B38AB1C45DE57B8167BCCE906451D0E72118E1F5E80B5F0C3CF04BFFC65D53C011185528EAD439D6F3A02F511961E090E5E4E0DFA013BD276D728B22
+; correct digest for example 5.
+;example.com. IN TYPE63 \# 70 0BEE1BC6010258F7620F93204BBB31B44F795B3409CC4ABD9EF5601DECC15675BD7751213152984EDDCE0626E6062E744B03B3E47711202FBB79E4A2EB8BC5CF46741B5CAE6F
+; correct digest for example 6.
+;example.com. IN TYPE63 \# 70 0BEE1BC6010246E31506F321C58DB811C934C6446141D651A8574FB21088A2BB6FEEC875FC8B60F50BEAE00E7F6554E2CF3CB048350EF92E2946137443E30079813DB4D1BFBD
+www.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com. IN A 127.0.0.1
+bar.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example3.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example3.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..12389f3d5181
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example3.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+; signed version of zonemd.example2.zone
+; with ldns-signzone -e 20201116135527 -i 20201019135527 zonemd.example2.zone Kexample.com.+008+55566
+; this zonefile has an incorrect ZONEMD digest, with correct DNSSEC signature.
+
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	TYPE63	\# 70 0bee1bc60102efaa5b78b38ab1c45de57b8167bcce906451d0e72118e1f5e80b5f0c3cf04bffc65d53c011185528ead439d6f3a02f511961e090e5e4e0dfa013bd276d728b22
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	TYPE63 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. RdHiJlugposfoRbog+Mkg2xeJXSzBi/UXxBnyHVF/Usqhp6Z7Acy4XwtRRb8YAbJevP9nBpCh23Fh4b1Vxl4xI0iB8aXWKtHeb98m81rfsflWvnTYbeau3ltfP/OJWqdmFsBy8DOwNxiN8sAMbGwQK8PFDk3lcRCqv8qq/tmow8=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	bar.example.com. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY TYPE63 
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ufLrlOQprAqjnH85Rt3T0Mxd3ZB0mBeeNIr84eFJ8Rk6WiWEPm0Y1R7GRufNI24Mj7iqLcL4nJM6KK6B7dJqjqu73jw1acuYNnbsoV2BNDRXRFP2FNWTpctVdi+955f3FzgsmEJXfGiSUG0YXAEcZmdCPCn5ii2jk8mk7r6KKYo=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ding.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VhsGuBx20DXQZNU8ITAMnasn6NVyEjN9xtB8msH5xJn80UCuaqvFBURzcPWN3aHnykEvGfdPF/9P3WvlON0cMikWkqSLy6Q9bpvgAq13HWYh+ZcDoqLtICaB7RkBQc+6aHAqZFyQbD8/m8Kxt5eVJtV6rEuf+yPX0+3aXHhsRg0=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	foo.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. nb1W2aaKrU5iAQiY8gMsoMOejID19JMTEwY2rRoe+KsvzMs0rE0ifEkqit4blXaU0tfy0foJ70uqdJFqBoGz1NcSwZ6GNk/iNfGvG3XpxZ/zqEe7kkIucqqei794G7z9psqV94yZ3WaT+IswPpWrSaWv1w41RtcWufPhe4fOAmU=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ns.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fUZEpkEULRWDntN5Z7Kr8M83Hjhf08ECMKRpo6IBoBc3ayenj+YMgWAvFXC825wjENPYYWNGag0d32U83zCZxqgv+8uXZd3B7QDpTbL41aWZdc++s5YWTkYjyOWwJ1XHOv4nL3qEnJBXVzo/E1gbSKhTFuG97i+7J1MFd9MsC5s=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	www.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. 0upKNYjiow4NDJm3I1RbUddE9GGuFYEVKswww5BAc/6WHuukupncL30lskvcSKGpByDssP2Hi2CufyEtYeGWh6q1TxtOFRqFBX1p6Q5b3tBlCtvv4h31dQR9uqLvq+GkGS5MR+0LO5kWagIpZmnI8YY5plVdXEtNbp2Ar8zvz/A=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. meg/t6nIBqQZ0d5/dT7uu/3CuP4vE+HxqFQaj2fjUNceA/6C7QIQnqQ5Kyblg+XijDkQX0yvyFNHYdgF16UDgFT7tlNUCHk1SpF5BWzV4c4tBEhxASTz7UQo111O3Tyd6CldPzO/Se15Ud0/ZYltHEqWTfY5nJoXC/OJD9V2QOI=
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example4.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example4.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..dae0f17c708c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example4.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+; signed with NSEC3, of zonemd.example.2.zone
+; ldns-signzone -n -s 012345 -e 20201116135527 -i 20201019135527 zonemd.example2.zone Kexample.com.+008+55566
+; this zonefile has an incorrect ZONEMD digest, with correct DNSSEC signature.
+
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3PARAM	1 0 1 012345 
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3PARAM 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. CDbcPLDrpVUyk3v7kwQ3LNzzhDHS40e0LDv7IZrzMt2AO/6SJ7xhlG+qByhc7CFBUMvBNaOteO5th0tvotWxk0UrVhqRyyXNCr8SmDdAaPH4SGwJ2p+XPIwn0CTXDpyOcgCrW0Kt2OjubA+4fQwjkGYFuDATY5QOITe6kGJpKpw=
+example.com.	3600	IN	TYPE63	\# 70 0bee1bc60102efaa5b78b38ab1c45de57b8167bcce906451d0e72118e1f5e80b5f0c3cf04bffc65d53c011185528ead439d6f3a02f511961e090e5e4e0dfa013bd276d728b22
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	TYPE63 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. RdHiJlugposfoRbog+Mkg2xeJXSzBi/UXxBnyHVF/Usqhp6Z7Acy4XwtRRb8YAbJevP9nBpCh23Fh4b1Vxl4xI0iB8aXWKtHeb98m81rfsflWvnTYbeau3ltfP/OJWqdmFsBy8DOwNxiN8sAMbGwQK8PFDk3lcRCqv8qq/tmow8=
+v4cknoe1mioduf5bmhgfjjq4dlqet8fm.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  2v43f6ripfocif5h6bbi07glq6849rnj NS SOA RRSIG DNSKEY NSEC3PARAM TYPE63 
+v4cknoe1mioduf5bmhgfjjq4dlqet8fm.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. Yd+g1m2aDKDUuZNv2KpKk4uSNrpB5KLM3QUqypm484VjOpnj5Wy3BjUULH3P8z+S9PG7XbaOf+yUYHK8cI6i5GTcrMhoLKaanAD09i1KbXbTVJujwA9Za7WzlFVZ3o6f1D8CbrSS3YPWNF3Mb2FYaptvZ9so7MlecuLYdEer7DY=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+c6ntadrd765diocebcrq6trs8npn83o3.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  f0lpjkgefgrobj5pucem78r2ouo53fq8 A RRSIG 
+c6ntadrd765diocebcrq6trs8npn83o3.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gTDi/2e/RPeSOwoBr6oqfoFsGXAknLX3J96EHzMmhtRR7W4pEW8uXKsMJ3rr4qgUUX+ZtzoCMYy+UBkiJfjpWvMToGtuADNOzz0rF8BESaW/8k6iDKPmqmwdGyLGMmfGjYPcb4qg3+9egLejA+fF1OSrhHuINeO80ouw++PL0ns=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+r18q2sl76hceldh0keqr7vnqc15db64a.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  v4cknoe1mioduf5bmhgfjjq4dlqet8fm A RRSIG 
+r18q2sl76hceldh0keqr7vnqc15db64a.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VugivzPyv5+qZhl+x0frrykYyOOdZfcKdmIA13P4OzhtiRNhCRHznhrdTlmfLw/b5Rs5jFX7Iw/hhU80Geg72cYG4KVJwtP6zTyFApDl/8x3rj3vhZOc2nwpYmjjFsyrlb7M2RhcStnS6c/2R4+dBFwwVZXyJBi3fo9NybujI9g=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+f0lpjkgefgrobj5pucem78r2ouo53fq8.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  r18q2sl76hceldh0keqr7vnqc15db64a A RRSIG 
+f0lpjkgefgrobj5pucem78r2ouo53fq8.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. zishUbm8GxjaHOOUdbz0ZEut99dm+DQ/zvxhOTeS3kmUnL8t3ISew641JeNvvajAUk/xn6eGHjLBuHfwNG+itF2pSD8Gl6Ppo22Y0C9uO5TyRQalYpjtz1kI/VlIelcd0TyusmIMaRChswtpctPKITbr8Wl+MoZZtPQhJ5NjQlQ=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+2v43f6ripfocif5h6bbi07glq6849rnj.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  91onuasouslv1so1i62id4rf0l763dss A RRSIG 
+2v43f6ripfocif5h6bbi07glq6849rnj.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. d9CluwN3zWfLe20J212CuwNzJVbVsDR4eijuJyLpyHzziSc10CauWtUiuHeQMXCVJNwhPSb5kQTfKtql+Jd44BQlenRt/sHfa6YZEOwClN4O8V0vZ43K4vlwwWbh5kxQbFQ/e+w4vlYb1m4PHwzDLtqocNQ9T4A8SXl3A8paZqI=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+91onuasouslv1so1i62id4rf0l763dss.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  c6ntadrd765diocebcrq6trs8npn83o3 A RRSIG 
+91onuasouslv1so1i62id4rf0l763dss.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. czJf5HkfHLpfGcku2iZnCu9tXnM7VWOYYhGtVAwkYG0M6BO4LzRxGCV3SkUvHLFxoqQY0DZLnafPl2MKg8zsF+tusf3e3xmpcCSR29IfuDYH7GzuVCj3H0ScmXM0lvyQ92JpJ0AMqq2mW1nvKmgjkyugs+EMpxcFVjhibljocLU=
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example5.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example5.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d88380ade09f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example5.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+; signed version of zonemd.example2.zone
+; with ldns-signzone -e 20201116135527 -i 20201019135527 zonemd.example2.zone Kexample.com.+008+55566
+; this zonefile has a correct ZONEMD digest, with correct DNSSEC signature.
+
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	TYPE63	\# 70 0bee1bc6010258f7620f93204bbb31b44f795b3409cc4abd9ef5601decc15675bd7751213152984eddce0626e6062e744b03b3e47711202fbb79e4a2eb8bc5cf46741b5cae6f
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	TYPE63 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. orn8ZF/yqj9u4WrhiO6gtEcTaVsnZSWWZLfXhcIOiWSB8kKCxtZl5cG17dD3Du1NllUwMRqkp0KleLhIoUS9xeQ/0x05u+CYLrfQ62oAiD7q54ZQzpXJIH52aQzKV70ZnO03CZowhQBnetmIoKX6xLogKo8pt+BdQbo3oVHxV8Y=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	bar.example.com. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY TYPE63 
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ufLrlOQprAqjnH85Rt3T0Mxd3ZB0mBeeNIr84eFJ8Rk6WiWEPm0Y1R7GRufNI24Mj7iqLcL4nJM6KK6B7dJqjqu73jw1acuYNnbsoV2BNDRXRFP2FNWTpctVdi+955f3FzgsmEJXfGiSUG0YXAEcZmdCPCn5ii2jk8mk7r6KKYo=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ding.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VhsGuBx20DXQZNU8ITAMnasn6NVyEjN9xtB8msH5xJn80UCuaqvFBURzcPWN3aHnykEvGfdPF/9P3WvlON0cMikWkqSLy6Q9bpvgAq13HWYh+ZcDoqLtICaB7RkBQc+6aHAqZFyQbD8/m8Kxt5eVJtV6rEuf+yPX0+3aXHhsRg0=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	foo.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. nb1W2aaKrU5iAQiY8gMsoMOejID19JMTEwY2rRoe+KsvzMs0rE0ifEkqit4blXaU0tfy0foJ70uqdJFqBoGz1NcSwZ6GNk/iNfGvG3XpxZ/zqEe7kkIucqqei794G7z9psqV94yZ3WaT+IswPpWrSaWv1w41RtcWufPhe4fOAmU=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ns.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fUZEpkEULRWDntN5Z7Kr8M83Hjhf08ECMKRpo6IBoBc3ayenj+YMgWAvFXC825wjENPYYWNGag0d32U83zCZxqgv+8uXZd3B7QDpTbL41aWZdc++s5YWTkYjyOWwJ1XHOv4nL3qEnJBXVzo/E1gbSKhTFuG97i+7J1MFd9MsC5s=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	www.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. 0upKNYjiow4NDJm3I1RbUddE9GGuFYEVKswww5BAc/6WHuukupncL30lskvcSKGpByDssP2Hi2CufyEtYeGWh6q1TxtOFRqFBX1p6Q5b3tBlCtvv4h31dQR9uqLvq+GkGS5MR+0LO5kWagIpZmnI8YY5plVdXEtNbp2Ar8zvz/A=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. meg/t6nIBqQZ0d5/dT7uu/3CuP4vE+HxqFQaj2fjUNceA/6C7QIQnqQ5Kyblg+XijDkQX0yvyFNHYdgF16UDgFT7tlNUCHk1SpF5BWzV4c4tBEhxASTz7UQo111O3Tyd6CldPzO/Se15Ud0/ZYltHEqWTfY5nJoXC/OJD9V2QOI=
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example6.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example6.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0a7b05a8dcea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example6.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+; signed with NSEC3, of zonemd.example.2.zone
+; ldns-signzone -n -s 012345 -e 20201116135527 -i 20201019135527 zonemd.example2.zone Kexample.com.+008+55566
+; this zonefile has a correct ZONEMD digest, with correct DNSSEC signature.
+
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3PARAM	1 0 1 012345 
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3PARAM 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. CDbcPLDrpVUyk3v7kwQ3LNzzhDHS40e0LDv7IZrzMt2AO/6SJ7xhlG+qByhc7CFBUMvBNaOteO5th0tvotWxk0UrVhqRyyXNCr8SmDdAaPH4SGwJ2p+XPIwn0CTXDpyOcgCrW0Kt2OjubA+4fQwjkGYFuDATY5QOITe6kGJpKpw=
+example.com.	3600	IN	TYPE63	\# 70 0bee1bc6010246e31506f321c58db811c934c6446141d651a8574fb21088a2bb6feec875fc8b60f50beae00e7f6554e2cf3cb048350ef92e2946137443e30079813db4d1bfbd
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	TYPE63 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. M0f4wkOn6dcYtaQtwvp698QL7HuKEgi+PPjYJawV8d1VNOWbbRTF9L9tHFDK42Ylq238uOxi223ZEk/pq4BP64Sm31dV54K2V95QqdzN9NDD34+sqKEgGyRcmBiE50gm3kZZ4ENqBQKc+GdlbZ2fHSI6gf6X694sSmZ7dfjq+2k=
+v4cknoe1mioduf5bmhgfjjq4dlqet8fm.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  2v43f6ripfocif5h6bbi07glq6849rnj NS SOA RRSIG DNSKEY NSEC3PARAM TYPE63 
+v4cknoe1mioduf5bmhgfjjq4dlqet8fm.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. Yd+g1m2aDKDUuZNv2KpKk4uSNrpB5KLM3QUqypm484VjOpnj5Wy3BjUULH3P8z+S9PG7XbaOf+yUYHK8cI6i5GTcrMhoLKaanAD09i1KbXbTVJujwA9Za7WzlFVZ3o6f1D8CbrSS3YPWNF3Mb2FYaptvZ9so7MlecuLYdEer7DY=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+c6ntadrd765diocebcrq6trs8npn83o3.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  f0lpjkgefgrobj5pucem78r2ouo53fq8 A RRSIG 
+c6ntadrd765diocebcrq6trs8npn83o3.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gTDi/2e/RPeSOwoBr6oqfoFsGXAknLX3J96EHzMmhtRR7W4pEW8uXKsMJ3rr4qgUUX+ZtzoCMYy+UBkiJfjpWvMToGtuADNOzz0rF8BESaW/8k6iDKPmqmwdGyLGMmfGjYPcb4qg3+9egLejA+fF1OSrhHuINeO80ouw++PL0ns=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+r18q2sl76hceldh0keqr7vnqc15db64a.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  v4cknoe1mioduf5bmhgfjjq4dlqet8fm A RRSIG 
+r18q2sl76hceldh0keqr7vnqc15db64a.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VugivzPyv5+qZhl+x0frrykYyOOdZfcKdmIA13P4OzhtiRNhCRHznhrdTlmfLw/b5Rs5jFX7Iw/hhU80Geg72cYG4KVJwtP6zTyFApDl/8x3rj3vhZOc2nwpYmjjFsyrlb7M2RhcStnS6c/2R4+dBFwwVZXyJBi3fo9NybujI9g=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+f0lpjkgefgrobj5pucem78r2ouo53fq8.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  r18q2sl76hceldh0keqr7vnqc15db64a A RRSIG 
+f0lpjkgefgrobj5pucem78r2ouo53fq8.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. zishUbm8GxjaHOOUdbz0ZEut99dm+DQ/zvxhOTeS3kmUnL8t3ISew641JeNvvajAUk/xn6eGHjLBuHfwNG+itF2pSD8Gl6Ppo22Y0C9uO5TyRQalYpjtz1kI/VlIelcd0TyusmIMaRChswtpctPKITbr8Wl+MoZZtPQhJ5NjQlQ=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+2v43f6ripfocif5h6bbi07glq6849rnj.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  91onuasouslv1so1i62id4rf0l763dss A RRSIG 
+2v43f6ripfocif5h6bbi07glq6849rnj.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. d9CluwN3zWfLe20J212CuwNzJVbVsDR4eijuJyLpyHzziSc10CauWtUiuHeQMXCVJNwhPSb5kQTfKtql+Jd44BQlenRt/sHfa6YZEOwClN4O8V0vZ43K4vlwwWbh5kxQbFQ/e+w4vlYb1m4PHwzDLtqocNQ9T4A8SXl3A8paZqI=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+91onuasouslv1so1i62id4rf0l763dss.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  c6ntadrd765diocebcrq6trs8npn83o3 A RRSIG 
+91onuasouslv1so1i62id4rf0l763dss.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. czJf5HkfHLpfGcku2iZnCu9tXnM7VWOYYhGtVAwkYG0M6BO4LzRxGCV3SkUvHLFxoqQY0DZLnafPl2MKg8zsF+tusf3e3xmpcCSR29IfuDYH7GzuVCj3H0ScmXM0lvyQ92JpJ0AMqq2mW1nvKmgjkyugs+EMpxcFVjhibljocLU=
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example7.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example7.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4339bd570c56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example7.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+; DNSSEC NSEC zone without ZONEMD
+; created with
+; ldns-signzone -e 20201116135527 -i 20201019135527 zonemd.example2.zone Kexample.com.+008+55566
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	bar.example.com. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY 
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ROT+Kh6Y0sEf+L9c2HGPvppLL/DFP5KcX/zSjy7ovM7vXTrrdhEhOedbuccN84tk6VU8udGIixd5Usc+juZ+WsiWwaSNB5rKo6lZ9ceOJlYVzLCmawePzTsl6VAIiIVXwrMxGz/amBd+Ou/1NCuXJiWVThU9PDyJ/lQZbVJEHMA=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ding.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VhsGuBx20DXQZNU8ITAMnasn6NVyEjN9xtB8msH5xJn80UCuaqvFBURzcPWN3aHnykEvGfdPF/9P3WvlON0cMikWkqSLy6Q9bpvgAq13HWYh+ZcDoqLtICaB7RkBQc+6aHAqZFyQbD8/m8Kxt5eVJtV6rEuf+yPX0+3aXHhsRg0=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	foo.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. nb1W2aaKrU5iAQiY8gMsoMOejID19JMTEwY2rRoe+KsvzMs0rE0ifEkqit4blXaU0tfy0foJ70uqdJFqBoGz1NcSwZ6GNk/iNfGvG3XpxZ/zqEe7kkIucqqei794G7z9psqV94yZ3WaT+IswPpWrSaWv1w41RtcWufPhe4fOAmU=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ns.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fUZEpkEULRWDntN5Z7Kr8M83Hjhf08ECMKRpo6IBoBc3ayenj+YMgWAvFXC825wjENPYYWNGag0d32U83zCZxqgv+8uXZd3B7QDpTbL41aWZdc++s5YWTkYjyOWwJ1XHOv4nL3qEnJBXVzo/E1gbSKhTFuG97i+7J1MFd9MsC5s=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	www.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. 0upKNYjiow4NDJm3I1RbUddE9GGuFYEVKswww5BAc/6WHuukupncL30lskvcSKGpByDssP2Hi2CufyEtYeGWh6q1TxtOFRqFBX1p6Q5b3tBlCtvv4h31dQR9uqLvq+GkGS5MR+0LO5kWagIpZmnI8YY5plVdXEtNbp2Ar8zvz/A=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. meg/t6nIBqQZ0d5/dT7uu/3CuP4vE+HxqFQaj2fjUNceA/6C7QIQnqQ5Kyblg+XijDkQX0yvyFNHYdgF16UDgFT7tlNUCHk1SpF5BWzV4c4tBEhxASTz7UQo111O3Tyd6CldPzO/Se15Ud0/ZYltHEqWTfY5nJoXC/OJD9V2QOI=
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example8.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example8.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2900753c0483
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example8.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+; DNSSEC NSEC3 zone without ZONEMD
+; created with
+; ldns-signzone -n -s 012345 -e 20201116135527 -i 20201019135527 zonemd.example2.zone Kexample.com.+008+55566
+
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3PARAM	1 0 1 012345 
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3PARAM 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. CDbcPLDrpVUyk3v7kwQ3LNzzhDHS40e0LDv7IZrzMt2AO/6SJ7xhlG+qByhc7CFBUMvBNaOteO5th0tvotWxk0UrVhqRyyXNCr8SmDdAaPH4SGwJ2p+XPIwn0CTXDpyOcgCrW0Kt2OjubA+4fQwjkGYFuDATY5QOITe6kGJpKpw=
+v4cknoe1mioduf5bmhgfjjq4dlqet8fm.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  2v43f6ripfocif5h6bbi07glq6849rnj NS SOA RRSIG DNSKEY NSEC3PARAM 
+v4cknoe1mioduf5bmhgfjjq4dlqet8fm.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. J2LISTGtBe+x2pNESBOYrBHAJjEDVFkmjJf2kj0GSFYisvSuy6ZUvQZZUB9sfLmEX18FpdNTieE8MrR2nbpKWfgVBDdGtcU72x/GOIRRq586A1KNtP2eJ81vcblM5dvqvpht46tF+xy85j9G9BYxpcT1PQRpvmho9yhgCxq2kUQ=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+c6ntadrd765diocebcrq6trs8npn83o3.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  f0lpjkgefgrobj5pucem78r2ouo53fq8 A RRSIG 
+c6ntadrd765diocebcrq6trs8npn83o3.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gTDi/2e/RPeSOwoBr6oqfoFsGXAknLX3J96EHzMmhtRR7W4pEW8uXKsMJ3rr4qgUUX+ZtzoCMYy+UBkiJfjpWvMToGtuADNOzz0rF8BESaW/8k6iDKPmqmwdGyLGMmfGjYPcb4qg3+9egLejA+fF1OSrhHuINeO80ouw++PL0ns=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+r18q2sl76hceldh0keqr7vnqc15db64a.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  v4cknoe1mioduf5bmhgfjjq4dlqet8fm A RRSIG 
+r18q2sl76hceldh0keqr7vnqc15db64a.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VugivzPyv5+qZhl+x0frrykYyOOdZfcKdmIA13P4OzhtiRNhCRHznhrdTlmfLw/b5Rs5jFX7Iw/hhU80Geg72cYG4KVJwtP6zTyFApDl/8x3rj3vhZOc2nwpYmjjFsyrlb7M2RhcStnS6c/2R4+dBFwwVZXyJBi3fo9NybujI9g=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+f0lpjkgefgrobj5pucem78r2ouo53fq8.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  r18q2sl76hceldh0keqr7vnqc15db64a A RRSIG 
+f0lpjkgefgrobj5pucem78r2ouo53fq8.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. zishUbm8GxjaHOOUdbz0ZEut99dm+DQ/zvxhOTeS3kmUnL8t3ISew641JeNvvajAUk/xn6eGHjLBuHfwNG+itF2pSD8Gl6Ppo22Y0C9uO5TyRQalYpjtz1kI/VlIelcd0TyusmIMaRChswtpctPKITbr8Wl+MoZZtPQhJ5NjQlQ=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+2v43f6ripfocif5h6bbi07glq6849rnj.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  91onuasouslv1so1i62id4rf0l763dss A RRSIG 
+2v43f6ripfocif5h6bbi07glq6849rnj.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. d9CluwN3zWfLe20J212CuwNzJVbVsDR4eijuJyLpyHzziSc10CauWtUiuHeQMXCVJNwhPSb5kQTfKtql+Jd44BQlenRt/sHfa6YZEOwClN4O8V0vZ43K4vlwwWbh5kxQbFQ/e+w4vlYb1m4PHwzDLtqocNQ9T4A8SXl3A8paZqI=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+91onuasouslv1so1i62id4rf0l763dss.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC3	1 0 1 012345  c6ntadrd765diocebcrq6trs8npn83o3 A RRSIG 
+91onuasouslv1so1i62id4rf0l763dss.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC3 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. czJf5HkfHLpfGcku2iZnCu9tXnM7VWOYYhGtVAwkYG0M6BO4LzRxGCV3SkUvHLFxoqQY0DZLnafPl2MKg8zsF+tusf3e3xmpcCSR29IfuDYH7GzuVCj3H0ScmXM0lvyQ92JpJ0AMqq2mW1nvKmgjkyugs+EMpxcFVjhibljocLU=
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example9.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example9.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9c035aa1310d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example9.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+; signed zone but RRSIG on ZONEMD is wrong.
+
+example.com.	3600	IN	SOA	ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. gcFHT/Q4iDZ78CK6fyY2HZr8sRtgH2Rna9fEs06RW0gqMnfDntweoIaBamOZ7NlAP84aY2bZeanmEccmkHexByUpodCoKQ4NzVXctLr0TO4PVoFyfUfj62fjhM56SF8ioDxsoDQcPtYXcjNQjwfntWofMqHCMxrb9LzbgePzhOM=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NS	ns.example.com.
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. X+V3XsbJbBi9OsHpjMkGCox8RLY/uXp/XX/O/flTrIre9fMDWm9ZGnewtuQFpLgGc6hUTi0eLsuRWRA5fZXEKUBhmoR2Ph01KgE1gvlL7v6zPWQwXVcBRUr3mOSbYdNNkHkXEjiDBGEhNkfqR216zNgw563eEGXOkLUFNIx5Zpg=
+example.com.	3600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAdug/L739i0mgN2nuK/bhxu3wFn5Ud9nK2+XUmZQlPUEZUC5YZvm1rfMmEWTGBn87fFxEu/kjFZHJ55JLzqsbbpVHLbmKCTT2gYR2FV2WDKROGKuYbVkJIXdKAjJ0ONuK507NinYvlWXIoxHn22KAWOd9wKgSTNHBlmGkX+ts3hh ;{id = 55566 (zsk), size = 1024b}
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fsdnVg38PKQTH2mDOwkXL6Jre7JP7Gf8WI3CvIbmeYQUJtAlpcSbZkS3wInm3kKMxOuT55BWzndQzpfmpo91OqJjG27W0k9301NMLUwFprA6b9HK+iPAT0JpYPDPzcm1bQdarLzLS+eD/GPwmyVSX7Gze+08VfE8m8sOW2r7UjA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	TYPE63	\# 70 0bee1bc6010258f7620f93204bbb31b44f795b3409cc4abd9ef5601decc15675bd7751213152984eddce0626e6062e744b03b3e47711202fbb79e4a2eb8bc5cf46741b5cae6f
+; old sig
+; example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	TYPE63 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. orn8ZF/yqj9u4WrhiO6gtEcTaVsnZSWWZLfXhcIOiWSB8kKCxtZl5cG17dD3Du1NllUwMRqkp0KleLhIoUS9xeQ/0x05u+CYLrfQ62oAiD7q54ZQzpXJIH52aQzKV70ZnO03CZowhQBnetmIoKX6xLogKo8pt+BdQbo3oVHxV8Y=
+; wrong sig
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	TYPE63 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. orn8ZF/yqj9u4WrhiO6gtEcTaVsnZSWWZLfXhcIOiWSB8kKCxtZl5cG17dD3Du1NllUwMRqkp0KleLhIoUS9xeQ/0x05u+CYLrfQ62oAiD7q54ZQzpXJIH52aQzKV70ZnO03CZowhQBnetmIoKX6xLogKo8pt+BdQbo3oVAAAAA=
+example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	bar.example.com. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY TYPE63 
+example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ufLrlOQprAqjnH85Rt3T0Mxd3ZB0mBeeNIr84eFJ8Rk6WiWEPm0Y1R7GRufNI24Mj7iqLcL4nJM6KK6B7dJqjqu73jw1acuYNnbsoV2BNDRXRFP2FNWTpctVdi+955f3FzgsmEJXfGiSUG0YXAEcZmdCPCn5ii2jk8mk7r6KKYo=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. NYhmRicF4C9+YxpWeQrepy4ALM1CM0USoDuGi3W5Xtp4/+YpCJfSIdR9vlJaJ2WayYuZrz9Ai2ci7oWwE1Fn3oywGwCKvGo9m0c3mC2eEtphE19wrop6pWu6um4RiFhmzYS1voraA3PAdYzze9U4NHzlk0+sb5vNZW9dSZS30Ds=
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ding.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+bar.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. VhsGuBx20DXQZNU8ITAMnasn6NVyEjN9xtB8msH5xJn80UCuaqvFBURzcPWN3aHnykEvGfdPF/9P3WvlON0cMikWkqSLy6Q9bpvgAq13HWYh+ZcDoqLtICaB7RkBQc+6aHAqZFyQbD8/m8Kxt5eVJtV6rEuf+yPX0+3aXHhsRg0=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. OERsruISkpd1s68ute8Xm8YXisBCTkkiDMt34K+0dVqvySOJq63d3qN18BeUxZxLyHDB1eR3nZZKqEdkTqrv2r98skhWhjnOECpFbu5gKjtN/KPexbbJ+rxC0QqciuWOC7M6YE0cvI17/RB9KhVRy5rqY2X4Gt2wk2CNeD1dAko=
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	foo.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ding.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. nb1W2aaKrU5iAQiY8gMsoMOejID19JMTEwY2rRoe+KsvzMs0rE0ifEkqit4blXaU0tfy0foJ70uqdJFqBoGz1NcSwZ6GNk/iNfGvG3XpxZ/zqEe7kkIucqqei794G7z9psqV94yZ3WaT+IswPpWrSaWv1w41RtcWufPhe4fOAmU=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	A	1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. ZcUngb2pUejwnsshbJN/Dfr+Bzu8fcZXyqLArQ+10Bw1IPHyfx7yyUJ43V5tTYVHPSEsJzTnaWj+olVrNhVZxq5e0pgzSYPfGln2FEItEvMIOn33j8yKTpPW2MLyuFF5ZkXhosG20EUwRMvMmRHRz9mIZfwWoMbSGPukmLh8zMA=
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	ns.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+foo.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. fUZEpkEULRWDntN5Z7Kr8M83Hjhf08ECMKRpo6IBoBc3ayenj+YMgWAvFXC825wjENPYYWNGag0d32U83zCZxqgv+8uXZd3B7QDpTbL41aWZdc++s5YWTkYjyOWwJ1XHOv4nL3qEnJBXVzo/E1gbSKhTFuG97i+7J1MFd9MsC5s=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. SiuxuPtN/ITd+Z20j8UNUHJWbLHirE8zQOWMv5fAZ1rPKpAidrZgUL8J417GdrTwkueU2ywAJ7EzFJSwNTa7o/wUnq7svmOR6Ze6UQsKuZFZGEfqPNDRp4YuF86LU5jChuo+f/IRpydHrxVwGxDPCR9KarDM+ewfW+yI5bZeZcg=
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	www.example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+ns.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. 0upKNYjiow4NDJm3I1RbUddE9GGuFYEVKswww5BAc/6WHuukupncL30lskvcSKGpByDssP2Hi2CufyEtYeGWh6q1TxtOFRqFBX1p6Q5b3tBlCtvv4h31dQR9uqLvq+GkGS5MR+0LO5kWagIpZmnI8YY5plVdXEtNbp2Ar8zvz/A=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	A	127.0.0.1
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. AaIeICaPjV50TDrpbyOn94+hs8EYIMTmN4pYqj7e8GIGimqQIk5jgpwSx6SOoOF+uOqkf9GKHkQTn5YVGaeXwEQleg7mPTmMYKAOk06Y7MFUO1Vwt1Vt7Wo+Cpa3x2a1CmEkfFOi4WqP43VJnUtjjKmXoKRz3VUmqByyJYUAGbQ=
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	NSEC	example.com. A RRSIG NSEC 
+www.example.com.	3600	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 3600 20201116135527 20201019135527 55566 example.com. meg/t6nIBqQZ0d5/dT7uu/3CuP4vE+HxqFQaj2fjUNceA/6C7QIQnqQ5Kyblg+XijDkQX0yvyFNHYdgF16UDgFT7tlNUCHk1SpF5BWzV4c4tBEhxASTz7UQo111O3Tyd6CldPzO/Se15Ud0/ZYltHEqWTfY5nJoXC/OJD9V2QOI=
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example_a1.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example_a1.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..331b45a153d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example_a1.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+example.      86400   IN  SOA     ns1 admin 2018031900 ( 1800 900 604800 86400 )
+              86400   IN  NS      ns1
+              86400   IN  NS      ns2
+              86400   IN  ZONEMD  2018031900 1 1 ( c68090d90a7aed71 6bc459f9340e3d7c 1370d4d24b7e2fc3 a1ddc0b9a87153b9 a9713b3c9ae5cc27 777f98b8e730044c )
+ns1           3600    IN  A       203.0.113.63
+ns2           3600    IN  AAAA    2001:db8::63
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example_a2.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example_a2.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..56d06ae066bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example_a2.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+example.      86400   IN  SOA     ns1 admin 2018031900 (
+			     1800 900 604800 86400 )
+	      86400   IN  NS      ns1
+	      86400   IN  NS      ns2
+	      86400   IN  ZONEMD  2018031900 1 1 (
+			          31cefb03814f5062
+			          ad12fa951ba0ef5f
+			          8da6ae354a415767
+			          246f7dc932ceb1e7
+			          42a2108f529db6a3
+			          3a11c01493de358d )
+ns1           3600    IN  A       203.0.113.63
+ns2           3600    IN  AAAA    2001:db8::63
+occluded.sub  7200    IN  TXT     "I'm occluded but must be digested"
+sub           7200    IN  NS      ns1
+duplicate     300     IN  TXT     "I must be digested just once"
+duplicate     300     IN  TXT     "I must be digested just once"
+foo.test.     555     IN  TXT     "out-of-zone data must be excluded"
+non-apex      900     IN  ZONEMD  2018031900 1 1 (
+			          616c6c6f77656420
+			          6275742069676e6f
+			          7265642e20616c6c
+			          6f77656420627574
+			          2069676e6f726564
+			          2e20616c6c6f7765 )
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example_a3.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example_a3.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..45c47ad0508e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example_a3.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+example.      86400   IN  SOA     ns1 admin 2018031900 (
+                                  1800 900 604800 86400 )
+example.      86400   IN  NS      ns1.example.
+example.      86400   IN  NS      ns2.example.
+example.      86400   IN  ZONEMD  2018031900 1 1 (
+                                  62e6cf51b02e54b9
+                                  b5f967d547ce4313
+                                  6792901f9f88e637
+                                  493daaf401c92c27
+                                  9dd10f0edb1c56f8
+                                  080211f8480ee306 )
+example.      86400   IN  ZONEMD  2018031900 1 2 (
+                                  08cfa1115c7b948c
+                                  4163a901270395ea
+                                  226a930cd2cbcf2f
+                                  a9a5e6eb85f37c8a
+                                  4e114d884e66f176
+                                  eab121cb02db7d65
+                                  2e0cc4827e7a3204
+                                  f166b47e5613fd27 )
+example.      86400   IN  ZONEMD  2018031900 1 240 (
+                                  e2d523f654b9422a
+                                  96c5a8f44607bbee )
+example.      86400   IN  ZONEMD  2018031900 241 1 (
+                                  e1846540e33a9e41
+                                  89792d18d5d131f6
+                                  05fc283e )
+ns1.example.  3600    IN  A       203.0.113.63
+ns2.example.  86400   IN  TXT     "This example has multiple digests"
+ns2.example.  3600    IN  AAAA    2001:db8::63
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example_a4.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example_a4.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..74b913c89e2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example_a4.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+uri.arpa.         3600    IN      SOA     sns.dns.icann.org. (
+    noc.dns.icann.org. 2018100702 10800 3600 1209600 3600 )
+uri.arpa.         3600    IN      RRSIG   NSEC 8 2 3600 (
+    20181028142623 20181007205525 47155 uri.arpa.
+    eEC4w/oXLR1Epwgv4MBiDtSBsXhqrJVvJWUpbX8XpetAvD35bxwNCUTi
+    /pAJVUXefegWeiriD2rkTgCBCMmn7YQIm3gdR+HjY/+o3BXNQnz97f+e
+    HAE9EDDzoNVfL1PyV/2fde9tDeUuAGVVwmD399NGq9jWYMRpyri2kysr q/g= )
+uri.arpa.         86400   IN      RRSIG   NS 8 2 86400 (
+    20181028172020 20181007175821 47155 uri.arpa.
+    ATyV2A2A8ZoggC+68u4GuP5MOUuR+2rr3eWOkEU55zAHld/7FiBxl4ln
+    4byJYy7NudUwlMOEXajqFZE7DVl8PpcvrP3HeeGaVzKqaWj+aus0jbKF
+    Bsvs2b1qDZemBfkz/IfAhUTJKnto0vSUicJKfItu0GjyYNJCz2CqEuGD Wxc= )
+uri.arpa.         600     IN      RRSIG   MX 8 2 600 (
+    20181028170556 20181007175821 47155 uri.arpa.
+    e7/r3KXDohX1lyVavetFFObp8fB8aXT76HnN9KCQDxSnSghNM83UQV0t
+    lTtD8JVeN1mCvcNFZpagwIgB7XhTtm6Beur/m5ES+4uSnVeS6Q66HBZK
+    A3mR95IpevuVIZvvJ+GcCAQpBo6KRODYvJ/c/ZG6sfYWkZ7qg/Em5/+3 4UI= )
+uri.arpa.         3600    IN      RRSIG   DNSKEY 8 2 3600 (
+    20181028152832 20181007175821 15796 uri.arpa.
+    nzpbnh0OqsgBBP8St28pLvPEQ3wZAUdEBuUwil+rtjjWlYYiqjPxZ286
+    XF4Rq1usfV5x71jZz5IqswOaQgia91ylodFpLuXD6FTGs2nXGhNKkg1V
+    chHgtwj70mXU72GefVgo8TxrFYzxuEFP5ZTP92t97FVWVVyyFd86sbbR
+    6DZj3uA2wEvqBVLECgJLrMQ9Yy7MueJl3UA4h4E6zO2JY9Yp0W9woq0B
+    dqkkwYTwzogyYffPmGAJG91RJ2h6cHtFjEZe2MnaY2glqniZ0WT9vXXd
+    uFPm0KD9U77Ac+ZtctAF9tsZwSdAoL365E2L1usZbA+K0BnPPqGFJRJk
+    5R0A1w== )
+uri.arpa.         3600    IN      RRSIG   DNSKEY 8 2 3600 (
+    20181028152832 20181007175821 55480 uri.arpa.
+    lWtQV/5szQjkXmbcD47/+rOW8kJPksRFHlzxxmzt906+DBYyfrH6uq5X
+    nHvrUlQO6M12uhqDeL+bDFVgqSpNy+42/OaZvaK3J8EzPZVBHPJykKMV
+    63T83aAiJrAyHzOaEdmzLCpalqcEE2ImzlLHSafManRfJL8Yuv+JDZFj
+    2WDWfEcUuwkmIZWX11zxp+DxwzyUlRl7x4+ok5iKZWIg5UnBAf6B8T75
+    WnXzlhCw3F2pXI0a5LYg71L3Tp/xhjN6Yy9jGlIRf5BjB59X2zra3a2R
+    PkI09SSnuEwHyF1mDaV5BmQrLGRnCjvwXA7ho2m+vv4SP5dUdXf+GTeA
+    1HeBfw== )
+uri.arpa.         3600    IN      RRSIG   SOA 8 2 3600 (
+    20181029114753 20181008222815 47155 uri.arpa.
+    qn8yBNoHDjGdT79U2Wu9IIahoS0YPOgYP8lG+qwPcrZ1BwGiHywuoUa2
+    Mx6BWZlg+HDyaxj2iOmox+IIqoUHhXUbO7IUkJFlgrOKCgAR2twDHrXu
+    9BUQHy9SoV16wYm3kBTEPyxW5FFm8vcdnKAF7sxSY8BbaYNpRIEjDx4A JUc= )
+uri.arpa.         3600    IN      NSEC    ftp.uri.arpa. NS SOA (
+    MX RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY )
+uri.arpa.         86400   IN      NS      a.iana-servers.net.
+uri.arpa.         86400   IN      NS      b.iana-servers.net.
+uri.arpa.         86400   IN      NS      c.iana-servers.net.
+uri.arpa.         86400   IN      NS      ns2.lacnic.net.
+uri.arpa.         86400   IN      NS      sec3.apnic.net.
+uri.arpa.         600     IN      MX      10 pechora.icann.org.
+uri.arpa.         3600    IN      DNSKEY  256 3 8 (
+    AwEAAcBi7tSart2J599zbYWspMNGN70IBWb4ziqyQYH9MTB/VCz6WyUK
+    uXunwiJJbbQ3bcLqTLWEw134B6cTMHrZpjTAb5WAwg4XcWUu8mdcPTiL
+    Bl6qVRlRD0WiFCTzuYUfkwsh1Rbr7rvrxSQhF5rh71zSpwV5jjjp65Wx
+    SdJjlH0B )
+uri.arpa.         3600    IN      DNSKEY  257 3 8 (
+    AwEAAbNVv6ulgRdO31MtAehz7j3ALRjwZglWesnzvllQl/+hBRZr9QoY
+    cO2I+DkO4Q1NKxox4DUIxj8SxPO3GwDuOFR9q2/CFi2O0mZjafbdYtWc
+    3zSdBbi3q0cwCIx7GuG9eqlL+pg7mdk9dgdNZfHwB0LnqTD8ebLPsrO/
+    Id7kBaiqYOfMlZnh2fp+2h6OOJZHtY0DK1UlssyB5PKsE0tVzo5s6zo9
+    iXKe5u+8WTMaGDY49vG80JPAKE7ezMiH/NZcUMiE0PRZ8D3foq2dYuS5
+    ym+vA83Z7v8A+Rwh4UGnjxKB8zmr803V0ASAmHz/gwH5Vb0nH+LObwFt
+    l3wpbp+Wpm8= )
+uri.arpa.         3600    IN      DNSKEY  257 3 8 (
+    AwEAAbwnFTakCvaUKsXji4mgmxZUJi1IygbnGahbkmFEa0L16J+TchKR
+    wcgzVfsxUGa2MmeA4hgkAooC3uy+tTmoMsgy8uq/JAj24DjiHzd46LfD
+    FK/qMidVqFpYSHeq2Vv5ojkuIsx4oe4KsafGWYNOczKZgH5loGjN2aJG
+    mrIm++XCphOskgCsQYl65MIzuXffzJyxlAuts+ecAIiVeqRaqQfr8LRU
+    7wIsLxinXirprtQrbor+EtvlHp9qXE6ARTZDzf4jvsNpKvLFZtmxzFf3
+    e/UJz5eHjpwDSiZL7xE8aE1o1nGfPtJx9ZnB3bapltaJ5wY+5XOCKgY0
+    xmJVvNQlwdE= )
+ftp.uri.arpa.     3600    IN      RRSIG   NSEC 8 3 3600 (
+    20181028080856 20181007175821 47155 uri.arpa.
+    HClGAqPxzkYkAT7Q/QNtQeB6YrkP6EPOef+9Qo5/2zngwAewXEAQiyF9
+    jD1USJiroM11QqBS3v3aIdW/LXORs4Ez3hLcKNO1cKHsOuWAqzmE+BPP
+    Arfh8N95jqh/q6vpaB9UtMkQ53tM2fYU1GszOLN0knxbHgDHAh2axMGH lqM= )
+ftp.uri.arpa.     604800  IN      RRSIG   NAPTR 8 3 604800 (
+    20181028103644 20181007205525 47155 uri.arpa.
+    WoLi+vZzkxaoLr2IGZnwkRvcDf6KxiWQd1WZP/U+AWnV+7MiqsWPZaf0
+    9toRErerGoFOiOASNxZjBGJrRgjmavOM9U+LZSconP9zrNFd4dIu6kp5
+    YxlQJ0uHOvx1ZHFCj6lAt1ACUIw04ZhMydTmi27c8MzEOMepvn7iH7r7 k7k= )
+ftp.uri.arpa.     3600    IN      NSEC    http.uri.arpa. NAPTR (
+    RRSIG NSEC )
+ftp.uri.arpa.     604800  IN      NAPTR   0 0 "" "" (
+    "!^ftp://([^:/?#]*).*$!\\1!i" . )
+http.uri.arpa.    3600    IN      RRSIG   NSEC 8 3 3600 (
+    20181029010647 20181007175821 47155 uri.arpa.
+    U03NntQ73LHWpfLmUK8nMsqkwVsOGW2KdsyuHYAjqQSZvKbtmbv7HBmE
+    H1+Ii3Z+wtfdMZBy5aC/6sHdx69BfZJs16xumycMlAy6325DKTQbIMN+
+    ift9GrKBC7cgCd2msF/uzSrYxxg4MJQzBPvlkwXnY3b7eJSlIXisBIn7 3b8= )
+http.uri.arpa.    604800  IN      RRSIG   NAPTR 8 3 604800 (
+    20181029011815 20181007205525 47155 uri.arpa.
+    T7mRrdag+WSmG+n22mtBSQ/0Y3v+rdDnfQV90LN5Fq32N5K2iYFajF7F
+    Tp56oOznytfcL4fHrqOE0wRc9NWOCCUec9C7Wa1gJQcllEvgoAM+L6f0
+    RsEjWq6+9jvlLKMXQv0xQuMX17338uoD/xiAFQSnDbiQKxwWMqVAimv5 7Zs= )
+http.uri.arpa.    3600    IN      NSEC    mailto.uri.arpa. NAPTR (
+    RRSIG NSEC )
+http.uri.arpa.    604800  IN      NAPTR   0 0 "" "" (
+    "!^http://([^:/?#]*).*$!\\1!i" . )
+mailto.uri.arpa.  3600    IN      RRSIG   NSEC 8 3 3600 (
+    20181028110727 20181007175821 47155 uri.arpa.
+    GvxzVL85rEukwGqtuLxek9ipwjBMfTOFIEyJ7afC8HxVMs6mfFa/nEM/
+    IdFvvFg+lcYoJSQYuSAVYFl3xPbgrxVSLK125QutCFMdC/YjuZEnq5cl
+    fQciMRD7R3+znZfm8d8u/snLV9w4D+lTBZrJJUBe1Efc8vum5vvV7819 ZoY= )
+mailto.uri.arpa.  604800  IN      RRSIG   NAPTR 8 3 604800 (
+    20181028141825 20181007205525 47155 uri.arpa.
+    MaADUgc3fc5v++M0YmqjGk3jBdfIA5RuP62hUSlPsFZO4k37erjIGCfF
+    j+g84yc+QgbSde0PQHszl9fE/+SU5ZXiS9YdcbzSZxp2erFpZOTchrpg
+    916T4vx6i59scodjb0l6bDyZ+mtIPrc1w6b4hUyOUTsDQoAJYxdfEuMg Vy4= )
+mailto.uri.arpa.  3600    IN      NSEC    urn.uri.arpa. NAPTR (
+    RRSIG NSEC )
+mailto.uri.arpa.  604800  IN      NAPTR   0 0 "" "" (
+    "!^mailto:(.*)@(.*)$!\\2!i" . )
+urn.uri.arpa.     3600    IN      RRSIG   NSEC 8 3 3600 (
+    20181028123243 20181007175821 47155 uri.arpa.
+    Hgsw4Deops1O8uWyELGe6hpR/OEqCnTHvahlwiQkHhO5CSEQrbhmFAWe
+    UOkmGAdTEYrSz+skLRQuITRMwzyFf4oUkZihGyhZyzHbcxWfuDc/Pd/9
+    DSl56gdeBwy1evn5wBTms8yWQVkNtphbJH395gRqZuaJs3LD/qTyJ5Dp LvA= )
+urn.uri.arpa.     604800  IN      RRSIG   NAPTR 8 3 604800 (
+    20181029071816 20181007205525 47155 uri.arpa.
+    ALIZD0vBqAQQt40GQ0Efaj8OCyE9xSRJRdyvyn/H/wZVXFRFKrQYrLAS
+    D/K7q6CMTOxTRCu2J8yes63WJiaJEdnh+dscXzZkmOg4n5PsgZbkvUSW
+    BiGtxvz5jNncM0xVbkjbtByrvJQAO1cU1mnlDKe1FmVB1uLpVdA9Ib4J hMU= )
+urn.uri.arpa.     3600    IN      NSEC    uri.arpa. NAPTR RRSIG (
+    NSEC )
+urn.uri.arpa.     604800  IN      NAPTR   0 0 "" "" (
+    "/urn:([^:]+)/\\1/i" . )
+uri.arpa.         3600    IN      SOA     sns.dns.icann.org. (
+    noc.dns.icann.org. 2018100702 10800 3600 1209600 3600 )
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd.example_a5.zone b/testdata/zonemd.example_a5.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..246f5e2376db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd.example_a5.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+root-servers.net.     3600000 IN  SOA     a.root-servers.net. (
+    nstld.verisign-grs.com. 2018091100 14400 7200 1209600 3600000 )
+root-servers.net.     3600000 IN  NS      a.root-servers.net.
+root-servers.net.     3600000 IN  NS      b.root-servers.net.
+root-servers.net.     3600000 IN  NS      c.root-servers.net.
+root-servers.net.     3600000 IN  NS      d.root-servers.net.
+root-servers.net.     3600000 IN  NS      e.root-servers.net.
+root-servers.net.     3600000 IN  NS      f.root-servers.net.
+root-servers.net.     3600000 IN  NS      g.root-servers.net.
+root-servers.net.     3600000 IN  NS      h.root-servers.net.
+root-servers.net.     3600000 IN  NS      i.root-servers.net.
+root-servers.net.     3600000 IN  NS      j.root-servers.net.
+root-servers.net.     3600000 IN  NS      k.root-servers.net.
+root-servers.net.     3600000 IN  NS      l.root-servers.net.
+root-servers.net.     3600000 IN  NS      m.root-servers.net.
+a.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  AAAA    2001:503:ba3e::2:30
+a.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  A       198.41.0.4
+b.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  MX      20 mail.isi.edu.
+b.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  AAAA    2001:500:200::b
+b.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  A       199.9.14.201
+c.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  AAAA    2001:500:2::c
+c.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  A       192.33.4.12
+d.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  AAAA    2001:500:2d::d
+d.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  A       199.7.91.13
+e.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  AAAA    2001:500:a8::e
+e.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  A       192.203.230.10
+f.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  AAAA    2001:500:2f::f
+f.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  A       192.5.5.241
+g.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  AAAA    2001:500:12::d0d
+g.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  A       192.112.36.4
+h.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  AAAA    2001:500:1::53
+h.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  A       198.97.190.53
+i.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  MX      10 mx.i.root-servers.org.
+i.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  AAAA    2001:7fe::53
+i.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  A       192.36.148.17
+j.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  AAAA    2001:503:c27::2:30
+j.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  A       192.58.128.30
+k.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  AAAA    2001:7fd::1
+k.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  A       193.0.14.129
+l.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  AAAA    2001:500:9f::42
+l.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  A       199.7.83.42
+m.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  AAAA    2001:dc3::35
+m.root-servers.net.   3600000 IN  A       202.12.27.33
+root-servers.net.     3600000 IN  SOA     a.root-servers.net. (
+    nstld.verisign-grs.com. 2018091100 14400 7200 1209600 3600000 )
+root-servers.net.     3600000 IN  ZONEMD  2018091100 1 1 (
+    f1ca0ccd91bd5573d9f431c00ee0101b2545c97602be0a97
+    8a3b11dbfc1c776d5b3e86ae3d973d6b5349ba7f04340f79 )
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.conf b/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9afd6e2b1e23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+server:
+	verbosity: 7
+	# num-threads: 1
+	interface: 127.0.0.1
+	port: @PORT@
+	use-syslog: no
+	directory: ""
+	pidfile: "unbound.pid"
+	chroot: ""
+	username: ""
+	do-not-query-localhost: no
+	use-caps-for-id: yes
+remote-control:
+	control-enable: yes
+	control-interface: @CONTROL_PATH@/controlpipe.@CONTROL_PID@
+	control-use-cert: no
+auth-zone:
+	name: "example.com"
+	for-upstream: yes
+	for-downstream: yes
+	zonefile: "zonemd_reload.zone"
+	zonemd-check: yes
+	#master: "127.0.0.1@@TOPORT@"
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.dsc b/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.dsc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..016c3d6c7ff0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.dsc
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+BaseName: zonemd_reload
+Version: 1.0
+Description: ZONEMD check after auth_zone_reload
+CreationDate: Tue 23 Oct 12:00:00 CEST 2020
+Maintainer: dr. W.C.A. Wijngaards
+Category: 
+Component:
+CmdDepends: 
+Depends: 
+Help:
+Pre: zonemd_reload.pre
+Post: zonemd_reload.post
+Test: zonemd_reload.test
+AuxFiles: 
+Passed:
+Failure:
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.post b/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.post
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5e315088a097
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.post
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# #-- zonemd_reload.post --#
+# source the master var file when it's there
+[ -f ../.tpkg.var.master ] && source ../.tpkg.var.master
+# source the test var file when it's there
+[ -f .tpkg.var.test ] && source .tpkg.var.test
+#
+# do your teardown here
+. ../common.sh
+echo "> cat logfiles"
+cat fwd.log 
+cat unbound.log
+kill_pid $FWD_PID
+kill_pid $UNBOUND_PID
+rm -f $CONTROL_PATH/controlpipe.$CONTROL_PID
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.pre b/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.pre
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..fa5e4ca29bbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.pre
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# #-- zonemd_reload.pre--#
+# source the master var file when it's there
+[ -f ../.tpkg.var.master ] && source ../.tpkg.var.master
+# use .tpkg.var.test for in test variable passing
+[ -f .tpkg.var.test ] && source .tpkg.var.test
+
+. ../common.sh
+get_random_port 2
+UNBOUND_PORT=$RND_PORT
+FWD_PORT=$(($RND_PORT + 1))
+echo "UNBOUND_PORT=$UNBOUND_PORT" >> .tpkg.var.test
+echo "FWD_PORT=$FWD_PORT" >> .tpkg.var.test
+
+# start forwarder
+get_ldns_testns
+$LDNS_TESTNS -p $FWD_PORT zonemd_reload.testns >fwd.log 2>&1 &
+FWD_PID=$!
+echo "FWD_PID=$FWD_PID" >> .tpkg.var.test
+
+# make config file
+CONTROL_PATH=/tmp
+CONTROL_PID=$$
+sed -e 's/@PORT\@/'$UNBOUND_PORT'/' -e 's/@TOPORT\@/'$FWD_PORT'/' -e 's?@CONTROL_PATH\@?'$CONTROL_PATH'?' -e 's/@CONTROL_PID@/'$CONTROL_PID'/' < zonemd_reload.conf > ub.conf
+# start unbound in the background
+PRE="../.."
+$PRE/unbound -d -c ub.conf >unbound.log 2>&1 &
+UNBOUND_PID=$!
+echo "UNBOUND_PID=$UNBOUND_PID" >> .tpkg.var.test
+echo "CONTROL_PATH=$CONTROL_PATH" >> .tpkg.var.test
+echo "CONTROL_PID=$CONTROL_PID" >> .tpkg.var.test
+
+cat .tpkg.var.test
+wait_ldns_testns_up fwd.log
+wait_unbound_up unbound.log
+
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.test b/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.test
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..fbdf07511306
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.test
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# #-- zonemd_reload.test --#
+# source the master var file when it's there
+[ -f ../.tpkg.var.master ] && source ../.tpkg.var.master
+# use .tpkg.var.test for in test variable passing
+[ -f .tpkg.var.test ] && source .tpkg.var.test
+
+PRE="../.."
+# do the test
+echo "> dig www.example.com."
+dig @localhost -p $UNBOUND_PORT www.example.com. | tee outfile
+if grep SERVFAIL outfile; then
+	echo "> try again"
+	dig @localhost -p $UNBOUND_PORT www.example.com. | tee outfile
+fi
+if grep SERVFAIL outfile; then
+	echo "> try again"
+	sleep 1
+	dig @localhost -p $UNBOUND_PORT www.example.com. | tee outfile
+fi
+if grep SERVFAIL outfile; then
+	echo "> try again"
+	sleep 1
+	dig @localhost -p $UNBOUND_PORT www.example.com. | tee outfile
+fi
+if grep SERVFAIL outfile; then
+	echo "> try again"
+	sleep 1
+	dig @localhost -p $UNBOUND_PORT www.example.com. | tee outfile
+fi
+if grep SERVFAIL outfile; then
+	echo "> try again"
+	sleep 10
+	dig @localhost -p $UNBOUND_PORT www.example.com. | tee outfile
+fi
+if grep SERVFAIL outfile; then
+	echo "> try again"
+	sleep 10
+	dig @localhost -p $UNBOUND_PORT www.example.com. | tee outfile
+fi
+echo "> cat logfiles"
+cat fwd.log 
+cat unbound.log
+echo "> check answer"
+if grep www.example.com outfile | grep "192.0.2.1"; then
+	echo "OK"
+else
+	echo "Not OK"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "> unbound-control status"
+$PRE/unbound-control -c ub.conf status
+if test $? -ne 0; then
+	echo "wrong exit value."
+	exit 1
+else
+	echo "exit value: OK"
+fi
+
+echo "> unbound-control auth_zone_reload example.com"
+$PRE/unbound-control -c ub.conf auth_zone_reload example.com 2>&1 | tee outfile
+if test $? -ne 0; then
+	echo "wrong exit value."
+	exit 1
+fi
+echo "> check unbound-control output"
+if grep "example.com: ZONEMD verification successful" outfile; then
+	echo "OK"
+else
+	echo "Not OK"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+exit 0
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.testns b/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.testns
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f1678a1ccc30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.testns
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN SOA
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 1 3600 900 86400 3600
+ENTRY_END
+
+ENTRY_BEGIN
+MATCH opcode qtype qname
+ADJUST copy_id
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN AXFR
+SECTION ANSWER
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 1 3600 900 86400 3600
+example.com.	IN NS	ns.example.net.
+EXTRA_PACKET
+REPLY QR AA NOERROR
+SECTION QUESTION
+example.com. IN AXFR
+SECTION ANSWER
+www.example.com. IN A	1.2.3.4
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 1 3600 900 86400 3600
+ENTRY_END
diff --git a/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.zone b/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.zone
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..01e57a738e37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/zonemd_reload.tdir/zonemd_reload.zone
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. 200154054 28800 7200 604800 3600
+example.com. IN NS ns.example.com.
+example.com. IN ZONEMD 200154054 1 2 D207FBBD1403DC8FDDC0159AB1F4B4C54A2FEB814E5CB1E82841C51D1372E78E4F6C75F7A9D710CC78C54E2DB3B92D07C72990644F93E1C44AC356EACA3980C5
+www.example.com. IN A 192.0.2.1
+ns.example.com. IN A 192.0.2.1
+bar.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+ding.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
+foo.example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4