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diff --git a/documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.po b/documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.po new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..38ff671f2c --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.po @@ -0,0 +1,1126 @@ +# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE +# Copyright (C) YEAR The FreeBSD Project +# This file is distributed under the same license as the FreeBSD Documentation package. +# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. +# +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: FreeBSD Documentation VERSION\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-02-01 09:21-0300\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" +"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" +"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n" +"Language: \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#. type: YAML Front Matter: description +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Introduction for people new to both FreeBSD and UNIX®" +msgstr "" + +#. type: YAML Front Matter: title +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "For People New to Both FreeBSD and UNIX®" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title = +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:11 +#, no-wrap +msgid "For People New to Both FreeBSD and UNIX(R)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:44 +msgid "Abstract" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:46 +msgid "" +"Congratulations on installing FreeBSD! This introduction is for people new " +"to both FreeBSD _and_ UNIX(R)-so it starts with basics." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:48 +msgid "'''" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:52 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Logging in and Getting Out" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:58 +msgid "" +"Log in (when you see `login:`) as a user you created during installation or " +"as `root`. (Your FreeBSD installation will already have an account for " +"`root`; who can go anywhere and do anything, including deleting essential " +"files, so be careful!) The symbols % and # in the following stand for the " +"prompt (yours may be different), with % indicating an ordinary user and # " +"indicating `root`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:60 +msgid "To log out (and get a new `login:` prompt) type" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:64 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# exit\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:68 +msgid "" +"as often as necessary. Yes, press kbd:[enter] after commands, and remember " +"that UNIX(R) is case-sensitive-``exit``, not `EXIT`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:70 +msgid "To shut down the machine type" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:74 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# /sbin/shutdown -h now\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:77 +msgid "Or to reboot type" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:81 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# /sbin/shutdown -r now\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:84 +msgid "or" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:88 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# /sbin/reboot\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:94 +msgid "" +"You can also reboot with kbd:[Ctrl+Alt+Delete]. Give it a little time to do " +"its work. This is equivalent to `/sbin/reboot` in recent releases of " +"FreeBSD and is much, much better than hitting the reset button. You do not " +"want to have to reinstall this thing, do you?" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:96 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Adding a User with Root Privileges" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:99 +msgid "" +"If you did not create any users when you installed the system and are thus " +"logged in as `root`, you should probably create a user now with" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:103 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# adduser\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:109 +msgid "" +"The first time you use `adduser`, it might ask for some defaults to save. " +"You might want to make the default shell man:csh[1] instead of man:sh[1], if " +"it suggests `sh` as the default. Otherwise just press enter to accept each " +"default. These defaults are saved in [.filename]#/etc/adduser.conf#, an " +"editable file." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:113 +msgid "" +"Suppose you create a user `jack` with full name _Jack Benimble_. Give " +"`jack` a password if security (even kids around who might pound on the " +"keyboard) is an issue. When it asks you if you want to invite `jack` into " +"other groups, type `wheel`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:117 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Login group is \"jack\". Invite jack into other groups: wheel\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:121 +msgid "" +"This will make it possible to log in as `jack` and use the man:su[1] command " +"to become `root`. Then you will not get scolded any more for logging in as " +"`root`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:124 +msgid "" +"You can quit `adduser` any time by typing kbd:[Ctrl+C], and at the end you " +"will have a chance to approve your new user or simply type kbd:[n] for no. " +"You might want to create a second new user so that when you edit `jack`'s " +"login files, you will have a hot spare in case something goes wrong." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:127 +msgid "" +"Once you have done this, use `exit` to get back to a login prompt and log in " +"as `jack`. In general, it is a good idea to do as much work as possible as " +"an ordinary user who does not have the power-and risk-of `root`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:130 +msgid "" +"If you already created a user and you want the user to be able to `su` to " +"`root`, you can log in as `root` and edit the file [.filename]#/etc/group#, " +"adding `jack` to the first line (the group `wheel`). But first you need to " +"practice man:vi[1], the text editor-or use the simpler text editor, man:" +"ee[1], installed on recent versions of FreeBSD." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:132 +msgid "To delete a user, use `rmuser`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:134 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Looking Around" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:137 +msgid "" +"Logged in as an ordinary user, look around and try out some commands that " +"will access the sources of help and information within FreeBSD." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:139 +msgid "Here are some commands and what they do:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:140 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`id`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:142 +msgid "Tells you who you are!" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:143 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`pwd`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:145 +msgid "Shows you where you are-the current working directory." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:146 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`ls`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:148 +msgid "Lists the files in the current directory." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:149 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`ls -F`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:151 +msgid "" +"Lists the files in the current directory with a * after executables, a `/` " +"after directories, and an `@` after symbolic links." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:152 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`ls -l`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:154 +msgid "Lists the files in long format-size, date, permissions." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:155 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`ls -a`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:158 +msgid "" +"Lists hidden \"dot\" files with the others. If you are `root`, the \"dot\" " +"files show up without the `-a` switch." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:159 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`cd`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:163 +msgid "" +"Changes directories. `cd ..` backs up one level; note the space after `cd`. " +"`cd /usr/local` goes there. `cd ~` goes to the home directory of the person " +"logged in-e.g., [.filename]#/usr/home/jack#. Try `cd /cdrom`, and then " +"`ls`, to find out if your CDROM is mounted and working." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:164 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`less _filename_`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:168 +msgid "" +"Lets you look at a file (named _filename_) without changing it. Try `less /" +"etc/fstab`. Type `q` to quit." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:169 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`cat _filename_`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:174 +msgid "" +"Displays _filename_ on screen. If it is too long and you can see only the " +"end of it, press kbd:[ScrollLock] and use the kbd:[up-arrow] to move " +"backward; you can use kbd:[ScrollLock] with manual pages too. Press kbd:" +"[ScrollLock] again to quit scrolling. You might want to try `cat` on some " +"of the dot files in your home directory-`cat .cshrc`, `cat .login`, `cat ." +"profile`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:178 +msgid "" +"You will notice aliases in [.filename]#.cshrc# for some of the `ls` commands " +"(they are very convenient). You can create other aliases by editing [." +"filename]#.cshrc#. You can make these aliases available to all users on the " +"system by putting them in the system-wide `csh` configuration file, [." +"filename]#/etc/csh.cshrc#." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:180 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Getting Help and Information" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:184 +msgid "" +"Here are some useful sources of help. _Text_ stands for something of your " +"choice that you type in-usually a command or filename." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:185 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`apropos _text_`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:187 +msgid "Everything containing string _text_ in the `whatis database`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:188 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`man _text_`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:193 +msgid "" +"The manual page for _text_. The major source of documentation for UNIX(R) " +"systems. `man ls` will tell you all the ways to use `ls`. Press kbd:" +"[Enter] to move through text, kbd:[Ctrl+B] to go back a page, kbd:[Ctrl+F] " +"to go forward, kbd:[q] or kbd:[Ctrl+C] to quit." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:194 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`which _text_`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:196 +msgid "Tells you where in the user's path the command _text_ is found." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:197 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`locate _text_`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:199 +msgid "All the paths where the string _text_ is found." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:200 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`whatis _text_`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:203 +msgid "" +"Tells you what the command _text_ does and its manual page. Typing `whatis " +"*` will tell you about all the binaries in the current directory." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:204 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`whereis _text_`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:206 +msgid "Finds the file _text_, giving its full path." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:210 +msgid "" +"You might want to try using `whatis` on some common useful commands like " +"`cat`, `more`, `grep`, `mv`, `find`, `tar`, `chmod`, `chown`, `date`, and " +"`script`. `more` lets you read a page at a time as it does in DOS, e.g., " +"`ls -l | more` or `more _filename_`. The * works as a wildcard-e.g., `ls " +"w*` will show you files beginning with `w`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:214 +msgid "" +"Are some of these not working very well? Both man:locate[1] and man:" +"whatis[1] depend on a database that is rebuilt weekly. If your machine is " +"not going to be left on over the weekend (and running FreeBSD), you might " +"want to run the commands for daily, weekly, and monthly maintenance now and " +"then. Run them as `root` and, for now, give each one time to finish before " +"you start the next one." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:223 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# periodic daily\n" +"output omitted\n" +"# periodic weekly\n" +"output omitted\n" +"# periodic monthly\n" +"output omitted\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:229 +msgid "" +"If you get tired of waiting, press kbd:[Alt+F2] to get another _virtual " +"console_, and log in again. After all, it is a multi-user, multi-tasking " +"system. Nevertheless these commands will probably flash messages on your " +"screen while they are running; you can type `clear` at the prompt to clear " +"the screen. Once they have run, you might want to look at [.filename]#/var/" +"mail/root# and [.filename]#/var/log/messages#." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:235 +msgid "" +"Running such commands is part of system administration-and as a single user " +"of a UNIX(R) system, you are your own system administrator. Virtually " +"everything you need to be `root` to do is system administration. Such " +"responsibilities are not covered very well even in those big fat books on " +"UNIX(R), which seem to devote a lot of space to pulling down menus in " +"windows managers. You might want to get one of the two leading books on " +"systems administration, either Evi Nemeth et.al.'s UNIX System " +"Administration Handbook (Prentice-Hall, 1995, ISBN 0-13-15051-7)-the second " +"edition with the red cover; or Æleen Frisch's Essential System " +"Administration (O'Reilly & Associates, 2002, ISBN 0-596-00343-9). I used " +"Nemeth." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:237 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Editing Text" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:243 +msgid "" +"To configure your system, you need to edit text files. Most of them will be " +"in the [.filename]#/etc# directory; and you will need to `su` to `root` to " +"be able to change them. You can use the easy `ee`, but in the long run the " +"text editor `vi` is worth learning. There is an excellent tutorial on vi in " +"[.filename]#/usr/src/contrib/nvi/docs/tutorial#, if you have the system " +"sources installed." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:247 +msgid "" +"Before you edit a file, you should probably back it up. Suppose you want to " +"edit [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#. You could just use `cd /etc` to get to the " +"[.filename]#/etc# directory and do:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:251 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# cp rc.conf rc.conf.orig\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:255 +msgid "" +"This would copy [.filename]#rc.conf# to [.filename]#rc.conf.orig#, and you " +"could later copy [.filename]#rc.conf.orig# to [.filename]#rc.conf# to " +"recover the original. But even better would be moving (renaming) and then " +"copying back:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:260 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# mv rc.conf rc.conf.orig\n" +"# cp rc.conf.orig rc.conf\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:265 +msgid "" +"because `mv` preserves the original date and owner of the file. You can now " +"edit [.filename]#rc.conf#. If you want the original back, you would then " +"`mv rc.conf rc.conf.myedit` (assuming you want to preserve your edited " +"version) and then" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:269 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# mv rc.conf.orig rc.conf\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:272 +msgid "to put things back the way they were." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:274 +msgid "To edit a file, type" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:278 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# vi filename\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:283 +msgid "" +"Move through the text with the arrow keys. kbd:[Esc] (the escape key) puts " +"`vi` in command mode. Here are some commands:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:284 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`x`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:286 +msgid "delete letter the cursor is on" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:287 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`dd`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:289 +msgid "delete the entire line (even if it wraps on the screen)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:290 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`i`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:292 +msgid "insert text at the cursor" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:293 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`a`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:295 +msgid "insert text after the cursor" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:298 +msgid "" +"Once you type `i` or `a`, you can enter text. `Esc` puts you back in " +"command mode where you can type" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:299 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`:w`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:301 +msgid "to write your changes to disk and continue editing" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:302 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`:wq`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:304 +msgid "to write and quit" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:305 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`:q!`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:307 +msgid "to quit without saving changes" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:308 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`/_text_`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:310 +msgid "" +"to move the cursor to _text_; `/` kbd:[Enter] (the enter key) to find the " +"next instance of _text_." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:311 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`G`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:313 +msgid "to go to the end of the file" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:314 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`nG`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:316 +msgid "to go to line _n_ in the file, where _n_ is a number" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:317 +#, no-wrap +msgid "kbd:[Ctrl+L]" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:319 +msgid "to redraw the screen" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:320 +#, no-wrap +msgid "kbd:[Ctrl+b] and kbd:[Ctrl+f]" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:322 +msgid "go back and forward a screen, as they do with `more` and `view`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:327 +msgid "" +"Practice with `vi` in your home directory by creating a new file with `vi " +"_filename_` and adding and deleting text, saving the file, and calling it up " +"again. `vi` delivers some surprises because it is really quite complex, and " +"sometimes you will inadvertently issue a command that will do something you " +"do not expect. (Some people actually like `vi`-it is more powerful than DOS " +"EDIT-find out about `:r`.) Use kbd:[Esc] one or more times to be sure you " +"are in command mode and proceed from there when it gives you trouble, save " +"often with `:w`, and use `:q!` to get out and start over (from your last `:" +"w`) when you need to." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:331 +msgid "" +"Now you can `cd` to [.filename]#/etc#, `su` to `root`, use `vi` to edit the " +"file [.filename]#/etc/group#, and add a user to `wheel` so the user has root " +"privileges. Just add a comma and the user's login name to the end of the " +"first line in the file, press kbd:[Esc], and use `:wq` to write the file to " +"disk and quit. Instantly effective. (You did not put a space after the " +"comma, did you?)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:333 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Other Useful Commands" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:335 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`df`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:337 +msgid "shows file space and mounted systems." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:338 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`ps aux`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:340 +msgid "shows processes running. `ps ax` is a narrower form." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:341 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`rm _filename_`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:343 +msgid "remove _filename_." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:344 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`rm -R _dir_`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:346 +msgid "removes a directory _dir_ and all subdirectories-careful!" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:347 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`ls -R`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:349 +msgid "" +"lists files in the current directory and all subdirectories; I used a " +"variant, `ls -AFR > where.txt`, to get a list of all the files in [." +"filename]#/# and (separately) [.filename]#/usr# before I found better ways " +"to find files." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:350 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`passwd`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:352 +msgid "to change user's password (or ``root``'s password)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Labeled list +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:353 +#, no-wrap +msgid "`man hier`" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:355 +msgid "manual page on the UNIX(R) filesystem" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:357 +msgid "" +"Use `find` to locate [.filename]#filename# in [.filename]#/usr# or any of " +"its subdirectories with" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:361 +#, no-wrap +msgid "% find /usr -name \"filename\"\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:365 +msgid "" +"You can use * as a wildcard in `\"_filename_\"` (which should be in " +"quotes). If you tell `find` to search in [.filename]#/# instead of [." +"filename]#/usr# it will look for the file(s) on all mounted filesystems, " +"including the CDROM and the DOS partition." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:367 +msgid "" +"An excellent book that explains UNIX(R) commands and utilities is Abrahams & " +"Larson, Unix for the Impatient (2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, 1996). There is " +"also a lot of UNIX(R) information on the Internet." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:369 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Next Steps" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:376 +msgid "" +"You should now have the tools you need to get around and edit files, so you " +"can get everything up and running. There is a great deal of information in " +"the FreeBSD handbook (which is probably on your hard drive) and link:https://" +"www.FreeBSD.org/[FreeBSD's web site]. A wide variety of packages and ports " +"are on the CDROM as well as the web site. The handbook tells you more about " +"how to use them (get the package if it exists, with `pkg add _packagename_`, " +"where _packagename_ is the filename of the package). The CDROM has lists of " +"the packages and ports with brief descriptions in [.filename]#cdrom/packages/" +"index#, [.filename]#cdrom/packages/index.txt#, and [.filename]#cdrom/ports/" +"index#, with fuller descriptions in [.filename]#/cdrom/ports/\\*/*/pkg/" +"DESCR#, where the *s represent subdirectories of kinds of programs and " +"program names respectively." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:378 +msgid "" +"If you find the handbook too sophisticated (what with `lndir` and all) on " +"installing ports from the CDROM, here is what usually works:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:381 +msgid "" +"Find the port you want, say `kermit`. There will be a directory for it on " +"the CDROM. Copy the subdirectory to [.filename]#/usr/local# (a good place " +"for software you add that should be available to all users) with:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:385 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# cp -R /cdrom/ports/comm/kermit /usr/local\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:388 +msgid "" +"This should result in a [.filename]#/usr/local/kermit# subdirectory that has " +"all the files that the `kermit` subdirectory on the CDROM has." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:393 +msgid "" +"Next, create the directory [.filename]#/usr/ports/distfiles# if it does not " +"already exist using `mkdir`. Now check [.filename]#/cdrom/ports/distfiles# " +"for a file with a name that indicates it is the port you want. Copy that " +"file to [.filename]#/usr/ports/distfiles#; in recent versions you can skip " +"this step, as FreeBSD will do it for you. In the case of `kermit`, there is " +"no distfile." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:396 +msgid "" +"Then `cd` to the subdirectory of [.filename]#/usr/local/kermit# that has the " +"file [.filename]#Makefile#. Type" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:400 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# make all install\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:406 +msgid "" +"During this process the port will FTP to get any compressed files it needs " +"that it did not find on the CDROM or in [.filename]#/usr/ports/distfiles#. " +"If you do not have your network running yet and there was no file for the " +"port in [.filename]#/cdrom/ports/distfiles#, you will have to get the " +"distfile using another machine and copy it to [.filename]#/usr/ports/" +"distfiles#. Read [.filename]#Makefile# (with `cat` or `more` or `view`) to " +"find out where to go (the master distribution site) to get the file and what " +"its name is. (Use binary file transfers!) Then go back to [.filename]#/usr/" +"local/kermit#, find the directory with [.filename]#Makefile#, and type `make " +"all install`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:408 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Your Working Environment" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:413 +msgid "" +"Your shell is the most important part of your working environment. The " +"shell is what interprets the commands you type on the command line, and thus " +"communicates with the rest of the operating system. You can also write " +"shell scripts a series of commands to be run without intervention." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:417 +msgid "" +"Two shells come installed with FreeBSD: `csh` and `sh`. `csh` is good for " +"command-line work, but scripts should be written with `sh` (or `bash`). You " +"can find out what shell you have by typing `echo $SHELL`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:423 +msgid "" +"The `csh` shell is okay, but `tcsh` does everything `csh` does and more. It " +"allows you to recall commands with the arrow keys and edit them. It has tab-" +"key completion of filenames (`csh` uses kbd:[Esc]), and it lets you switch " +"to the directory you were last in with `cd -`. It is also much easier to " +"alter your prompt with `tcsh`. It makes life a lot easier." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:425 +msgid "Here are the three steps for installing a new shell:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:429 +msgid "" +"Install the shell as a port or a package, just as you would any other port " +"or package." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:430 +msgid "" +"Use `chsh` to change your shell to `tcsh` permanently, or type `tcsh` at the " +"prompt to change your shell without logging in again." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:438 +msgid "" +"It can be dangerous to change `root`'s shell to something other than `sh` or " +"`csh` on early versions of FreeBSD and many other versions of UNIX(R); you " +"may not have a working shell when the system puts you into single user " +"mode. The solution is to use `su -m` to become `root`, which will give you " +"the `tcsh` as `root`, because the shell is part of the environment. You can " +"make this permanent by adding it to your [.filename]#.tcshrc# as an alias " +"with:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:442 +#, no-wrap +msgid "alias su su -m\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:449 +msgid "" +"When `tcsh` starts up, it will read the [.filename]#/etc/csh.cshrc# and [." +"filename]#/etc/csh.login# files, as does `csh`. It will also read [." +"filename]#.login# in your home directory and [.filename]#.cshrc# as well, " +"unless you provide a [.filename]#.tcshrc#. This you can do by simply " +"copying [.filename]#.cshrc# to [.filename]#.tcshrc#." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:453 +msgid "" +"Now that you have installed `tcsh`, you can adjust your prompt. You can " +"find the details in the manual page for `tcsh`, but here is a line to put in " +"your [.filename]#.tcshrc# that will tell you how many commands you have " +"typed, what time it is, and what directory you are in. It also produces a " +"`>` if you are an ordinary user and a # if you are `root`, but tsch will do " +"that in any case:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:455 +msgid "set prompt = \"%h %t %~ %# \"" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:460 +msgid "" +"This should go in the same place as the existing set prompt line if there is " +"one, or under \"if($?prompt) then\" if not. Comment out the old line; you " +"can always switch back to it if you prefer it. Do not forget the spaces and " +"quotes. You can get the [.filename]#.tcshrc# reread by typing `source ." +"tcshrc`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:464 +msgid "" +"You can get a listing of other environmental variables that have been set by " +"typing `env` at the prompt. The result will show you your default editor, " +"pager, and terminal type, among possibly many others. A useful command if " +"you log in from a remote location and cannot run a program because the " +"terminal is not capable is `setenv TERM vt100`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:466 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Other" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:470 +msgid "" +"As `root`, you can unmount the CDROM with `/sbin/umount /cdrom`, take it out " +"of the drive, insert another one, and mount it with `/sbin/mount_cd9660 /dev/" +"cd0a /cdrom` assuming cd0a is the device name for your CDROM drive. The " +"most recent versions of FreeBSD let you mount the CDROM with just `/sbin/" +"mount /cdrom`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:476 +msgid "" +"Using the live filesystem-the second of FreeBSD's CDROM disks-is useful if " +"you have got limited space. What is on the live filesystem varies from " +"release to release. You might try playing games from the CDROM. This " +"involves using `lndir`, which gets installed with the X Window System, to " +"tell the program(s) where to find the necessary files, because they are in [." +"filename]#/cdrom# instead of in [.filename]#/usr# and its subdirectories, " +"which is where they are expected to be. Read `man lndir`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:478 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Comments Welcome" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:482 +msgid "" +"If you use this guide I would be interested in knowing where it was unclear " +"and what was left out that you think should be included, and if it was " +"helpful. My thanks to Eugene W. Stark, professor of computer science at " +"SUNY-Stony Brook, and John Fieber for helpful comments." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:483 +msgid "" +"Annelise Anderson, mailto:andrsn@andrsn.stanford.edu[andrsn@andrsn.stanford." +"edu]" +msgstr "" |