diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics')
| -rw-r--r-- | documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc | 39 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.po | 632 |
2 files changed, 652 insertions, 19 deletions
diff --git a/documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc b/documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc index acaca6502e..b55be854c3 100644 --- a/documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc +++ b/documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc @@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ description: Writing FreeBSD Device Drivers tags: ["writing", "device drivers", "KLD", "FreeBSD"] showBookMenu: true weight: 11 -path: "/books/arch-handbook/" +params: + path: "/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/" --- [[driverbasics]] @@ -90,28 +91,28 @@ Skeleton Layout of a kernel module static int skel_loader(struct module *m, int what, void *arg) { - int err = 0; - - switch (what) { - case MOD_LOAD: /* kldload */ - uprintf("Skeleton KLD loaded.\n"); - break; - case MOD_UNLOAD: - uprintf("Skeleton KLD unloaded.\n"); - break; - default: - err = EOPNOTSUPP; - break; - } - return(err); + int err = 0; + + switch (what) { + case MOD_LOAD: /* kldload */ + uprintf("Skeleton KLD loaded.\n"); + break; + case MOD_UNLOAD: + uprintf("Skeleton KLD unloaded.\n"); + break; + default: + err = EOPNOTSUPP; + break; + } + return(err); } /* Declare this module to the rest of the kernel */ static moduledata_t skel_mod = { - "skel", - skel_loader, - NULL + "skel", + skel_loader, + NULL }; DECLARE_MODULE(skeleton, skel_mod, SI_SUB_KLD, SI_ORDER_ANY); @@ -343,4 +344,4 @@ For this reason, no serious applications rely on block devices, and in fact, alm Drivers for network devices do not use device nodes in order to be accessed. Their selection is based on other decisions made inside the kernel and instead of calling open(), use of a network device is generally introduced by using the system call socket(2). -For more information see ifnet(9), the source of the loopback device, and Bill Paul's network drivers. +For more information see ifnet(9), the source of the loopback device. diff --git a/documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.po b/documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.po new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d4b715c1a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.po @@ -0,0 +1,632 @@ +# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE +# Copyright (C) YEAR The FreeBSD Project +# This file is distributed under the same license as the FreeBSD Documentation package. +# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. +# +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: FreeBSD Documentation VERSION\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2025-05-01 19:56-0300\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" +"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" +"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n" +"Language: \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#. type: Title = +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:1 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:14 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Writing FreeBSD Device Drivers" +msgstr "" + +#. type: YAML Front Matter: title +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Chapter 9. Writing FreeBSD Device Drivers" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:52 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Introduction" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:55 +msgid "" +"This chapter provides a brief introduction to writing device drivers for " +"FreeBSD. A device in this context is a term used mostly for hardware-related " +"stuff that belongs to the system, like disks, printers, or a graphics " +"display with its keyboard. A device driver is the software component of the " +"operating system that controls a specific device. There are also so-called " +"pseudo-devices where a device driver emulates the behavior of a device in " +"software without any particular underlying hardware. Device drivers can be " +"compiled into the system statically or loaded on demand through the dynamic " +"kernel linker facility `kld'." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:57 +msgid "" +"Most devices in a UNIX(R)-like operating system are accessed through device-" +"nodes, sometimes also called special files. These files are usually located " +"under the directory [.filename]#/dev# in the filesystem hierarchy." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:59 +msgid "" +"Device drivers can roughly be broken down into two categories; character and " +"network device drivers." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:61 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Dynamic Kernel Linker Facility - KLD" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:64 +msgid "" +"The kld interface allows system administrators to dynamically add and remove " +"functionality from a running system. This allows device driver writers to " +"load their new changes into a running kernel without constantly rebooting to " +"test changes." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:66 +msgid "The kld interface is used through:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:68 +msgid "`kldload` - loads a new kernel module" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:69 +msgid "`kldunload` - unloads a kernel module" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:70 +msgid "`kldstat` - lists loaded modules" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:72 +msgid "Skeleton Layout of a kernel module" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:79 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"/*\n" +" * KLD Skeleton\n" +" * Inspired by Andrew Reiter's Daemonnews article\n" +" */\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:86 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"#include <sys/types.h>\n" +"#include <sys/systm.h> /* uprintf */\n" +"#include <sys/errno.h>\n" +"#include <sys/param.h> /* defines used in kernel.h */\n" +"#include <sys/module.h>\n" +"#include <sys/kernel.h> /* types used in module initialization */\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:90 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"/*\n" +" * Load handler that deals with the loading and unloading of a KLD.\n" +" */\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:95 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"static int\n" +"skel_loader(struct module *m, int what, void *arg)\n" +"{\n" +"\tint err = 0;\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:109 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\tswitch (what) {\n" +"\tcase MOD_LOAD: /* kldload */\n" +"\t\tuprintf(\"Skeleton KLD loaded.\\n\");\n" +"\t\tbreak;\n" +"\tcase MOD_UNLOAD:\n" +"\t\tuprintf(\"Skeleton KLD unloaded.\\n\");\n" +"\t\tbreak;\n" +"\tdefault:\n" +"\t\terr = EOPNOTSUPP;\n" +"\t\tbreak;\n" +"\t}\n" +"\treturn(err);\n" +"}\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:111 +#, no-wrap +msgid "/* Declare this module to the rest of the kernel */\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:117 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"static moduledata_t skel_mod = {\n" +"\t\"skel\",\n" +"\tskel_loader,\n" +"\tNULL\n" +"};\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:119 +#, no-wrap +msgid "DECLARE_MODULE(skeleton, skel_mod, SI_SUB_KLD, SI_ORDER_ANY);\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title === +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:121 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Makefile" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:124 +msgid "" +"FreeBSD provides a system makefile to simplify compiling a kernel module." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:129 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"SRCS=skeleton.c\n" +"KMOD=skeleton\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:131 +#, no-wrap +msgid ".include <bsd.kmod.mk>\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:134 +msgid "" +"Running `make` with this makefile will create a file " +"[.filename]#skeleton.ko# that can be loaded into the kernel by typing:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:138 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# kldload -v ./skeleton.ko\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:141 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Character Devices" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:144 +msgid "" +"A character device driver is one that transfers data directly to and from a " +"user process. This is the most common type of device driver and there are " +"plenty of simple examples in the source tree." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:146 +msgid "" +"This simple example pseudo-device remembers whatever values are written to " +"it and can then echo them back when read." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Block title +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:147 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Example of a Sample Echo Pseudo-Device Driver for FreeBSD 10.X - 12.X" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:159 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"/*\n" +" * Simple Echo pseudo-device KLD\n" +" *\n" +" * Murray Stokely\n" +" * Søren (Xride) Straarup\n" +" * Eitan Adler\n" +" */\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:168 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"#include <sys/types.h>\n" +"#include <sys/systm.h> /* uprintf */\n" +"#include <sys/param.h> /* defines used in kernel.h */\n" +"#include <sys/module.h>\n" +"#include <sys/kernel.h> /* types used in module initialization */\n" +"#include <sys/conf.h> /* cdevsw struct */\n" +"#include <sys/uio.h> /* uio struct */\n" +"#include <sys/malloc.h>\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:170 +#, no-wrap +msgid "#define BUFFERSIZE 255\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:176 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"/* Function prototypes */\n" +"static d_open_t echo_open;\n" +"static d_close_t echo_close;\n" +"static d_read_t echo_read;\n" +"static d_write_t echo_write;\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:186 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"/* Character device entry points */\n" +"static struct cdevsw echo_cdevsw = {\n" +"\t.d_version = D_VERSION,\n" +"\t.d_open = echo_open,\n" +"\t.d_close = echo_close,\n" +"\t.d_read = echo_read,\n" +"\t.d_write = echo_write,\n" +"\t.d_name = \"echo\",\n" +"};\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:191 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"struct s_echo {\n" +"\tchar msg[BUFFERSIZE + 1];\n" +"\tint len;\n" +"};\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:195 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"/* vars */\n" +"static struct cdev *echo_dev;\n" +"static struct s_echo *echomsg;\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:198 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"MALLOC_DECLARE(M_ECHOBUF);\n" +"MALLOC_DEFINE(M_ECHOBUF, \"echobuffer\", \"buffer for echo module\");\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:207 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"/*\n" +" * This function is called by the kld[un]load(2) system calls to\n" +" * determine what actions to take when a module is loaded or unloaded.\n" +" */\n" +"static int\n" +"echo_loader(struct module *m __unused, int what, void *arg __unused)\n" +"{\n" +"\tint error = 0;\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:220 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\tswitch (what) {\n" +"\tcase MOD_LOAD: /* kldload */\n" +"\t\terror = make_dev_p(MAKEDEV_CHECKNAME | MAKEDEV_WAITOK,\n" +"\t\t &echo_dev,\n" +"\t\t &echo_cdevsw,\n" +"\t\t 0,\n" +"\t\t UID_ROOT,\n" +"\t\t GID_WHEEL,\n" +"\t\t 0600,\n" +"\t\t \"echo\");\n" +"\t\tif (error != 0)\n" +"\t\t\tbreak;\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:236 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\t\techomsg = malloc(sizeof(*echomsg), M_ECHOBUF, M_WAITOK |\n" +"\t\t M_ZERO);\n" +"\t\tprintf(\"Echo device loaded.\\n\");\n" +"\t\tbreak;\n" +"\tcase MOD_UNLOAD:\n" +"\t\tdestroy_dev(echo_dev);\n" +"\t\tfree(echomsg, M_ECHOBUF);\n" +"\t\tprintf(\"Echo device unloaded.\\n\");\n" +"\t\tbreak;\n" +"\tdefault:\n" +"\t\terror = EOPNOTSUPP;\n" +"\t\tbreak;\n" +"\t}\n" +"\treturn (error);\n" +"}\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:242 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"static int\n" +"echo_open(struct cdev *dev __unused, int oflags __unused, int devtype __unused,\n" +" struct thread *td __unused)\n" +"{\n" +"\tint error = 0;\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:246 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\tuprintf(\"Opened device \\\"echo\\\" successfully.\\n\");\n" +"\treturn (error);\n" +"}\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:251 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"static int\n" +"echo_close(struct cdev *dev __unused, int fflag __unused, int devtype __unused,\n" +" struct thread *td __unused)\n" +"{\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:255 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\tuprintf(\"Closing device \\\"echo\\\".\\n\");\n" +"\treturn (0);\n" +"}\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:266 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"/*\n" +" * The read function just takes the buf that was saved via\n" +" * echo_write() and returns it to userland for accessing.\n" +" * uio(9)\n" +" */\n" +"static int\n" +"echo_read(struct cdev *dev __unused, struct uio *uio, int ioflag __unused)\n" +"{\n" +"\tsize_t amt;\n" +"\tint error;\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:274 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\t/*\n" +"\t * How big is this read operation? Either as big as the user wants,\n" +"\t * or as big as the remaining data. Note that the 'len' does not\n" +"\t * include the trailing null character.\n" +"\t */\n" +"\tamt = MIN(uio->uio_resid, uio->uio_offset >= echomsg->len + 1 ? 0 :\n" +"\t echomsg->len + 1 - uio->uio_offset);\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:277 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\tif ((error = uiomove(echomsg->msg, amt, uio)) != 0)\n" +"\t\tuprintf(\"uiomove failed!\\n\");\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:280 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\treturn (error);\n" +"}\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:290 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"/*\n" +" * echo_write takes in a character string and saves it\n" +" * to buf for later accessing.\n" +" */\n" +"static int\n" +"echo_write(struct cdev *dev __unused, struct uio *uio, int ioflag __unused)\n" +"{\n" +"\tsize_t amt;\n" +"\tint error;\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:297 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\t/*\n" +"\t * We either write from the beginning or are appending -- do\n" +"\t * not allow random access.\n" +"\t */\n" +"\tif (uio->uio_offset != 0 && (uio->uio_offset != echomsg->len))\n" +"\t\treturn (EINVAL);\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:301 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\t/* This is a new message, reset length */\n" +"\tif (uio->uio_offset == 0)\n" +"\t\techomsg->len = 0;\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:304 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\t/* Copy the string in from user memory to kernel memory */\n" +"\tamt = MIN(uio->uio_resid, (BUFFERSIZE - echomsg->len));\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:306 +#, no-wrap +msgid "\terror = uiomove(echomsg->msg + uio->uio_offset, amt, uio);\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:310 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\t/* Now we need to null terminate and record the length */\n" +"\techomsg->len = uio->uio_offset;\n" +"\techomsg->msg[echomsg->len] = 0;\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:315 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"\tif (error != 0)\n" +"\t\tuprintf(\"Write failed: bad address!\\n\");\n" +"\treturn (error);\n" +"}\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:317 +#, no-wrap +msgid "DEV_MODULE(echo, echo_loader, NULL);\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:321 +msgid "With this driver loaded try:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block . 4 +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:329 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# echo -n \"Test Data\" > /dev/echo\n" +"# cat /dev/echo\n" +"Opened device \"echo\" successfully.\n" +"Test Data\n" +"Closing device \"echo\".\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:332 +msgid "Real hardware devices are described in the next chapter." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:334 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Block Devices (Are Gone)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:337 +msgid "" +"Other UNIX(R) systems may support a second type of disk device known as " +"block devices. Block devices are disk devices for which the kernel provides " +"caching. This caching makes block-devices almost unusable, or at least " +"dangerously unreliable. The caching will reorder the sequence of write " +"operations, depriving the application of the ability to know the exact disk " +"contents at any one instant in time." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:339 +msgid "" +"This makes predictable and reliable crash recovery of on-disk data " +"structures (filesystems, databases, etc.) impossible. Since writes may be " +"delayed, there is no way the kernel can report to the application which " +"particular write operation encountered a write error, this further compounds " +"the consistency problem." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:341 +msgid "" +"For this reason, no serious applications rely on block devices, and in fact, " +"almost all applications which access disks directly take great pains to " +"specify that character (or \"raw\") devices should always be used. As the " +"implementation of the aliasing of each disk (partition) to two devices with " +"different semantics significantly complicated the relevant kernel code, " +"FreeBSD dropped support for cached disk devices as part of the modernization " +"of the disk I/O infrastructure." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title == +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:343 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Network Drivers" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:346 +msgid "" +"Drivers for network devices do not use device nodes in order to be accessed. " +"Their selection is based on other decisions made inside the kernel and " +"instead of calling open(), use of a network device is generally introduced " +"by using the system call socket(2)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: documentation/content/en/books/arch-handbook/driverbasics/_index.adoc:347 +msgid "For more information see ifnet(9), the source of the loopback device." +msgstr "" |