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diff --git a/website/content/en/releases/6.3R/installation-amd64.html b/website/content/en/releases/6.3R/installation-amd64.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b3419deaf7 --- /dev/null +++ b/website/content/en/releases/6.3R/installation-amd64.html @@ -0,0 +1,1404 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" /> +<title>FreeBSD/amd64 6.3-RELEASE Installation Instructions</title> +<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79" /> +<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> +</head> +<body class="ARTICLE" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" +alink="#0000FF"> +<div class="ARTICLE"> +<div class="TITLEPAGE"> +<h1 class="TITLE"><a id="AEN2" name="AEN2">FreeBSD/amd64 6.3-RELEASE Installation +Instructions</a></h1> + +<h3 class="CORPAUTHOR">The FreeBSD Project</h3> + +<p class="COPYRIGHT">Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 The +FreeBSD Documentation Project</p> + +<hr /> +</div> + +<blockquote class="ABSTRACT"> +<div class="ABSTRACT"><a id="AEN14" name="AEN14"></a> +<p>This article gives some brief instructions on installing FreeBSD/amd64 6.3-RELEASE, +with particular emphasis given to obtaining a FreeBSD distribution. Some notes on +troubleshooting and frequently-asked questions are also given.</p> +</div> +</blockquote> + +<div class="SECT1"> +<hr /> +<h2 class="SECT1"><a id="INSTALL" name="INSTALL">1 Installing FreeBSD</a></h2> + +<p>This section documents the process of installing a new distribution of FreeBSD. These +instructions pay particular emphasis to the process of obtaining the FreeBSD 6.3-RELEASE +distribution and to beginning the installation procedure. The <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install.html" +target="_top">“Installing FreeBSD”</a> chapter of the <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/" target="_top">FreeBSD +Handbook</a> provides more in-depth information about the installation program itself, +including a guided walkthrough with screenshots.</p> + +<p>If you are upgrading from a previous release of FreeBSD, please see <a +href="#UPGRADING">Section 3</a> for instructions on upgrading.</p> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<hr /> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="GETTING-STARTED" name="GETTING-STARTED">1.1 Getting +Started</a></h3> + +<p>Probably the most important pre-installation step that can be taken is that of reading +the various instruction documents provided with FreeBSD. A roadmap of documents +pertaining to this release of FreeBSD can be found in <tt +class="FILENAME">README.TXT</tt>, which can usually be found in the same location as this +file; most of these documents, such as the release notes and the hardware compatibility +list, are also accessible in the Documentation menu of the installer.</p> + +<p>Note that on-line versions of the FreeBSD <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/" target="_top">FAQ</a> and <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/" +target="_top">Handbook</a> are also available from the <a href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/" +target="_top">FreeBSD Project Web site</a>, if you have an Internet connection.</p> + +<p>This collection of documents may seem daunting, but the time spent reading them will +likely be saved many times over. Being familiar with what resources are available can +also be helpful in the event of problems during installation.</p> + +<p>The best laid plans sometimes go awry, so if you run into trouble take a look at <a +href="#TROUBLE">Section 4</a>, which contains valuable troubleshooting information. You +should also read an updated copy of <tt class="FILENAME">ERRATA.TXT</tt> before +installing, since this will alert you to any problems which have reported in the interim +for your particular release.</p> + +<div class="IMPORTANT"> +<blockquote class="IMPORTANT"> +<p><b>Important:</b> While FreeBSD does its best to safeguard against accidental loss of +data, it's still more than possible to <span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">wipe +out your entire disk</i></span> with this installation if you make a mistake. Please do +not proceed to the final FreeBSD installation menu unless you've adequately backed up any +important data first.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<hr /> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN39" name="AEN39">1.2 Hardware Requirements</a></h3> + +<p>FreeBSD for the AMD64 requires an Athlon64, Athlon64-FX, Opteron or better processor +to run.</p> + +<p>If you have an machine based on an nVidia nForce3 Pro-150, you MUST use the BIOS setup +to disable the IO APIC. If you do not have an option to do this, you will likely have to +disable ACPI instead. There are bugs in the Pro-150 chipset that we have not found a +workaround for yet.</p> + +<p>If you are not familiar with configuring hardware for FreeBSD, you should be sure to +read the <tt class="FILENAME">HARDWARE.TXT</tt> file; it contains important information +on what hardware is supported by FreeBSD.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<hr /> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="FLOPPIES" name="FLOPPIES">1.3 Floppy Disk Image +Instructions</a></h3> + +<p>Floppy disk based install is not supported on FreeBSD/amd64.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<hr /> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="START-INSTALLATION" name="START-INSTALLATION">1.4 Installing +FreeBSD from CDROM or the Internet</a></h3> + +<p>The easiest type of installation is from CDROM. If you have a supported CDROM drive +and a FreeBSD installation CDROM, there are 2 ways of starting the installation from +it:</p> + +<ul> +<li> +<p>If your system supports the “CDBOOT” standard for bootable CDROM media and +you have booting from CD enabled, simply put the FreeBSD installation CD in your CDROM +drive and boot the system to begin installation.</p> +</li> + +<li> +<p>Build a set of FreeBSD boot floppies from the <tt class="FILENAME">floppies/</tt> +directory in every FreeBSD distribution. Read <a href="#FLOPPIES">Section 1.3</a> for +more information on creating the bootable floppies under different operating systems. +Then you simply boot from the first floppy and you should soon be in the FreeBSD +installation.</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<br /> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<hr /> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN214" name="AEN214">1.5 Detail on various installation +types</a></h3> + +<p>Once you've gotten yourself to the initial installation screen somehow, you should be +able to follow the various menu prompts and go from there. If you've never used the +FreeBSD installation before, you are also encouraged to read some of the documentation in +the Documentation submenu as well as the general “Usage” instructions on the +first menu.</p> + +<div class="NOTE"> +<blockquote class="NOTE"> +<p><b>Note:</b> If you get stuck at a screen, press the <b class="KEYCAP">F1</b> key for +online documentation relevant to that specific section.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> + +<p>If you've never installed FreeBSD before, or even if you have, the +“Standard” installation mode is the most recommended since it makes sure that +you'll visit all the various important checklist items along the way. If you're much more +comfortable with the FreeBSD installation process and know <span class="emphasis"><i +class="EMPHASIS">exactly</i></span> what you want to do, use the “Express” or +“Custom” installation options. If you're upgrading an existing system, use +the “Upgrade” option.</p> + +<p>The FreeBSD installer supports the direct use of floppy, DOS, tape, CDROM, FTP, NFS +and UFS partitions as installation media; further tips on installing from each type of +media are listed below.</p> + +<div class="SECT3"> +<hr /> +<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN253" name="AEN253">1.5.1 Installing from a Network +CDROM</a></h4> + +<p>If you simply wish to install from a local CDROM drive then see <a +href="#START-INSTALLATION">Section 1.4</a>. If you don't have a CDROM drive on your +system and wish to use a FreeBSD distribution CD in the CDROM drive of another system to +which you have network connectivity, there are also several ways of going about it:</p> + +<ul> +<li> +<p>If you would be able to FTP install FreeBSD directly from the CDROM drive in some +FreeBSD machine, it's quite easy: You ensure an FTP server is running and then simply add +the following line to the password file (using the <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=vipw&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+6.3-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">vipw</span>(8)</span></a> +command):</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +ftp:*:99:99::0:0:FTP:/cdrom:/sbin/nologin +</pre> + +<p>On the machine on which you are running the install, go to the Options menu and set +Release Name to <tt class="LITERAL">any</tt>. You may then choose a Media type of <tt +class="LITERAL">FTP</tt> and type in <tt class="FILENAME">ftp://<tt +class="REPLACEABLE"><i>machine</i></tt></tt> after picking “URL” in the ftp +sites menu.</p> + +<div class="WARNING"> +<blockquote class="WARNING"> +<p><b>Warning:</b> This may allow anyone on the local network (or Internet) to make +“anonymous FTP” connections to this machine, which may not be desirable.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> +</li> + +<li> +<p>If you would rather use NFS to export the CDROM directly to the machine(s) you'll be +installing from, you need to first add an entry to the <tt +class="FILENAME">/etc/exports</tt> file (on the machine with the CDROM drive). The +example below allows the machine <tt class="HOSTID">ziggy.foo.com</tt> to mount the CDROM +directly via NFS during installation:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +/cdrom -ro ziggy.foo.com +</pre> + +<p>The machine with the CDROM must also be configured as an NFS server, of course, and if +you're not sure how to do that then an NFS installation is probably not the best choice +for you unless you're willing to read up on <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rc.conf&sektion=5&manpath=FreeBSD+6.3-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">rc.conf</span>(5)</span></a> and +configure things appropriately. Assuming that this part goes smoothly, you should be able +to enter: <tt class="FILENAME"><tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>cdrom-host</i></tt>:/cdrom</tt> +as the path for an NFS installation when the target machine is installed, e.g. <tt +class="FILENAME">wiggy:/cdrom</tt>.</p> +</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<div class="SECT3"> +<hr /> +<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN285" name="AEN285">1.5.2 Installing from Floppies</a></h4> + +<p>If you must install from floppy disks, either due to unsupported hardware or just +because you enjoy doing things the hard way, you must first prepare some floppies for the +install.</p> + +<p>First, make your boot floppies as described in <a href="#FLOPPIES">Section +1.3</a>.</p> + +<p>Second, peruse <a href="#LAYOUT">Section 2</a> and pay special attention to the +“Distribution Format” section since it describes which files you're going to +need to put onto floppy and which you can safely skip.</p> + +<p>Next you will need, at minimum, as many 1.44MB floppies as it takes to hold all files +in the <tt class="FILENAME">bin</tt> (binary distribution) directory. If you're preparing +these floppies under DOS, then these floppies <span class="emphasis"><i +class="EMPHASIS">must</i></span> be formatted using the MS-DOS <tt +class="FILENAME">FORMAT</tt> command. If you're using Windows, use the Windows File +Manager format command.</p> + +<div class="IMPORTANT"> +<blockquote class="IMPORTANT"> +<p><b>Important:</b> Frequently, floppy disks come “factory preformatted”. +While convenient, many problems reported by users in the past have resulted from the use +of improperly formatted media. Re-format them yourself, just to make sure.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> + +<p>If you're creating the floppies from another FreeBSD machine, a format is still not a +bad idea though you don't need to put a DOS filesystem on each floppy. You can use the <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=disklabel&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+6.3-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">disklabel</span>(8)</span></a> and +<a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=newfs&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+6.3-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">newfs</span>(8)</span></a> +commands to put a UFS filesystem on a floppy, as the following sequence of commands +illustrates:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">fdformat -f 1440 fd0</kbd> +<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">disklabel -w fd0 floppy3</kbd> +<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">newfs -i 65536 /dev/fd0</kbd> +</pre> + +<p>After you've formatted the floppies for DOS or UFS, you'll need to copy the files onto +them. The distribution files are sized so that a floppy disk will hold a single file. +Each distribution should go into its own subdirectory on the floppy, e.g.: <tt +class="FILENAME">a:\bin\bin.inf</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">a:\bin\bin.aa</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">a:\bin\bin.ab</tt>, ...</p> + +<div class="IMPORTANT"> +<blockquote class="IMPORTANT"> +<p><b>Important:</b> The <tt class="FILENAME">bin.inf</tt> file also needs to go on the +first floppy of the <tt class="FILENAME">bin</tt> set since it is read by the +installation program in order to figure out how many additional pieces to look for when +fetching and concatenating the distribution. When putting distributions onto floppies, +the <tt class="FILENAME">distname.inf</tt> file <span class="emphasis"><i +class="EMPHASIS">must</i></span> occupy the first floppy of each distribution set.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> + +<p>Once you come to the Media screen of the install, select “Floppy” and +you'll be prompted for the rest.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT3"> +<hr /> +<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN326" name="AEN326">1.5.3 Installing from a DOS +partition</a></h4> + +<p>To prepare for installation from an MS-DOS partition you should simply copy the files +from the distribution into a directory called <tt class="FILENAME">FREEBSD</tt> on the +Primary DOS partition (<tt class="DEVICENAME">C:</tt>). For example, to do a minimal +installation of FreeBSD from DOS using files copied from the CDROM, you might do +something like this:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">C:\></samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">MD C:\FREEBSD</kbd> +<samp class="PROMPT">C:\></samp> <kbd +class="USERINPUT">XCOPY /S E:\BASE C:\FREEBSD\BASE</kbd> +</pre> + +<p>Assuming that <tt class="DEVICENAME">E:</tt> was where your CD was mounted.</p> + +<p>For as many distributions as you wish to install from DOS (and you have free space +for), install each one in a directory under <tt class="FILENAME">C:\FREEBSD</tt> - the +<tt class="FILENAME">BIN</tt> dist is only the minimal requirement.</p> + +<p>Once you've copied the directories, you can simply launch the installation from +floppies as normal and select “DOS” as your media type when the time +comes.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT3"> +<hr /> +<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN354" name="AEN354">1.5.4 Installing from QIC/SCSI +Tape</a></h4> + +<p>When installing from tape, the installation program expects the files to be simply +tar'ed onto it, so after fetching all of the files for the distributions you're +interested in, simply use <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tar&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+6.3-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">tar</span>(1)</span></a> to get +them onto the tape with a command something like this:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd <tt +class="REPLACEABLE"><i>/where/you/have/your/dists</i></tt></kbd> +<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">tar cvf /dev/sa0 <tt +class="REPLACEABLE"><i>dist1</i></tt> .. <tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>dist2</i></tt></kbd> +</pre> + +<p>When you go to do the installation, you should also make sure that you leave enough +room in some temporary directory (which you'll be allowed to choose) to accommodate the +<span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">full</i></span> contents of the tape you've +created. Due to the non-random access nature of tapes, this method of installation +requires quite a bit of temporary storage. You should expect to require as much temporary +storage as you have stuff written on tape.</p> + +<div class="NOTE"> +<blockquote class="NOTE"> +<p><b>Note:</b> When going to do the installation, the tape must be in the drive <span +class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">before</i></span> booting from the boot floppies. +The installation “probe” may otherwise fail to find it.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> + +<p>Now create a boot floppy as described in <a href="#FLOPPIES">Section 1.3</a> and +proceed with the installation.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT3"> +<hr /> +<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="FTPNFS" name="FTPNFS">1.5.5 Installing over a Network using FTP +or NFS</a></h4> + +<p>After making the boot floppies as described in the first section, you can load the +rest of the installation over a network using one of 3 types of connections: serial port, +parallel port, or Ethernet.</p> + +<div class="SECT4"> +<hr /> +<h5 class="SECT4"><a id="AEN379" name="AEN379">1.5.5.1 Serial Port</a></h5> + +<p>SLIP support is rather primitive, and is limited primarily to hard-wired links, such +as a serial cable running between two computers. The link must be hard-wired because the +SLIP installation doesn't currently offer a dialing capability. If you need to dial out +with a modem or otherwise dialog with the link before connecting to it, then the PPP +utility should be used instead.</p> + +<p>If you're using PPP, make sure that you have your Internet Service Provider's IP +address and DNS information handy as you'll need to know it fairly early in the +installation process. You may also need to know your own IP address, though PPP supports +dynamic address negotiation and may be able to pick up this information directly from +your ISP if they support it.</p> + +<p>You will also need to know how to use the various “AT commands” for +dialing out with your particular brand of modem as the PPP dialer provides only a very +simple terminal emulator.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT4"> +<hr /> +<h5 class="SECT4"><a id="AEN385" name="AEN385">1.5.5.2 Parallel Port</a></h5> + +<p>If a hard-wired connection to another FreeBSD or Linux machine is available, you might +also consider installing over a “laplink” style parallel port cable. The data +rate over the parallel port is much higher than what is typically possible over a serial +line (up to 50k/sec), thus resulting in a quicker installation. It's not typically +necessary to use “real” IP addresses when using a point-to-point parallel +cable in this way and you can generally just use RFC 1918 style addresses for the ends of +the link (e.g. <tt class="HOSTID">10.0.0.1</tt>, <tt class="HOSTID">10.0.0.2</tt>, +etc).</p> + +<div class="IMPORTANT"> +<blockquote class="IMPORTANT"> +<p><b>Important:</b> If you use a Linux machine rather than a FreeBSD machine as your +PLIP peer, you will also have to specify <code class="OPTION">link0</code> in the TCP/IP +setup screen's “extra options for ifconfig” field in order to be compatible +with Linux's slightly different PLIP protocol.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="SECT4"> +<hr /> +<h5 class="SECT4"><a id="AEN396" name="AEN396">1.5.5.3 Ethernet</a></h5> + +<p>FreeBSD supports most common Ethernet cards; a table of supported cards is provided as +part of the FreeBSD Hardware Notes (see <tt class="FILENAME">HARDWARE.TXT</tt> in the +Documentation menu on the boot floppy or the top level directory of the CDROM). If you +are using one of the supported PCMCIA Ethernet cards, also be sure that it's plugged in +<span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">before</i></span> the laptop is powered on. +FreeBSD does not, unfortunately, currently support “hot insertion” of PCMCIA +cards during installation.</p> + +<p>You will also need to know your IP address on the network, the <code +class="OPTION">netmask</code> value for your subnet and the name of your machine. Your +system administrator can tell you which values are appropriate to your particular network +setup. If you will be referring to other hosts by name rather than IP address, you'll +also need a name server and possibly the address of a gateway (if you're using PPP, it's +your provider's IP address) to use in talking to it. If you want to install by FTP via an +HTTP proxy (see below), you will also need the proxy's address.</p> + +<p>If you do not know the answers to these questions then you should really probably talk +to your system administrator <span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">first</i></span> +before trying this type of installation. Using a randomly chosen IP address or netmask on +a live network is almost guaranteed not to work, and will probably result in a lecture +from said system administrator.</p> + +<p>Once you have a network connection of some sort working, the installation can continue +over NFS or FTP.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT4"> +<hr /> +<h5 class="SECT4"><a id="AEN407" name="AEN407">1.5.5.4 NFS installation tips</a></h5> + +<p>NFS installation is fairly straight-forward: Simply copy the FreeBSD distribution +files you want onto a server somewhere and then point the NFS media selection at it.</p> + +<p>If this server supports only “privileged port” access (this is generally +the default for Sun and Linux workstations), you may need to set this option in the +Options menu before installation can proceed.</p> + +<p>If you have a poor quality Ethernet card which suffers from very slow transfer rates, +you may also wish to toggle the appropriate Options flag.</p> + +<p>In order for NFS installation to work, the server must also support “subdir +mounts”, e.g. if your FreeBSD distribution directory lives on <tt +class="FILENAME">wiggy:/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD</tt>, then <tt +class="HOSTID">wiggy</tt> will have to allow the direct mounting of <tt +class="FILENAME">/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD</tt>, not just <tt class="FILENAME">/usr</tt> +or <tt class="FILENAME">/usr/archive/stuff</tt>.</p> + +<p>In FreeBSD's <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/exports</tt> file this is controlled by the +<code class="OPTION">-alldirs</code> option. Other NFS servers may have different +conventions. If you are getting <tt class="LITERAL">Permission Denied</tt> messages from +the server then it's likely that you don't have this properly enabled.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT4"> +<hr /> +<h5 class="SECT4"><a id="AEN424" name="AEN424">1.5.5.5 FTP Installation tips</a></h5> + +<p>FTP installation may be done from any mirror site containing a reasonably up-to-date +version of FreeBSD. A full menu of reasonable choices for almost any location in the +world is provided in the FTP site menu during installation.</p> + +<p>If you are installing from some other FTP site not listed in this menu, or you are +having troubles getting your name server configured properly, you can also specify your +own URL by selecting the “URL” choice in that menu. A URL can contain a +hostname or an IP address, so something like the following would work in the absence of a +name server:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +ftp://216.66.64.162/pub/FreeBSD/releases/amd64/4.2-RELEASE +</pre> + +<p>There are three FTP installation modes you can use:</p> + +<ul> +<li> +<p>FTP: This method uses the standard “Active” mode for transfers, in which +the server initiates a connection to the client. This will not work through most +firewalls but will often work best with older FTP servers that do not support passive +mode. If your connection hangs with passive mode, try this one.</p> +</li> + +<li> +<p>FTP Passive: This sets the FTP "Passive" mode which prevents the server from opening +connections to the client. This option is best for users to pass through firewalls that +do not allow incoming connections on random port addresses.</p> +</li> + +<li> +<p>FTP via an HTTP proxy: This option instructs FreeBSD to use HTTP to connect to a proxy +for all FTP operations. The proxy will translate the requests and send them to the FTP +server. This allows the user to pass through firewalls that do not allow FTP at all, but +offer an HTTP proxy. You must specify the hostname of the proxy in addition to the FTP +server.</p> + +<p>In the rare case that you have an FTP proxy that does not go through HTTP, you can +specify the URL as something like:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<kbd class="USERINPUT">ftp://foo.bar.com:<tt +class="REPLACEABLE"><i>port</i></tt>/pub/FreeBSD</kbd> +</pre> + +<p>In the URL above, <tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>port</i></tt> is the port number of the +proxy FTP server.</p> +</li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="SECT3"> +<hr /> +<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN445" name="AEN445">1.5.6 Tips for Serial Console +Users</a></h4> + +<p>If you'd like to install FreeBSD on a machine using just a serial port (e.g. you don't +have or wish to use a VGA card), please follow these steps:</p> + +<div class="PROCEDURE"> +<ol type="1"> +<li class="STEP"> +<p>Connect some sort of ANSI (vt100) compatible terminal or terminal emulation program to +the <tt class="DEVICENAME">COM1</tt> port of the PC you are installing FreeBSD onto.</p> +</li> + +<li class="STEP"> +<p>Unplug the keyboard (yes, that's correct!) and then try to boot from floppy or the +installation CDROM, depending on the type of installation media you have, with the +keyboard unplugged.</p> +</li> + +<li class="STEP"> +<p>If you don't get any output on your serial console, plug the keyboard in again. If you +are booting from the CDROM, proceed to <a href="#HITSPACE">step 5</a> as soon as you hear +the beep.</p> +</li> + +<li class="STEP"> +<p>If booting from floppies, when access to the disk stops, insert the first of the <tt +class="FILENAME">kern<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>X</i></tt>.flp</tt> disks and press <b +class="KEYCAP">Enter</b>. When access to this disk finishes, insert the next <tt +class="FILENAME">kern<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>X</i></tt>.flp</tt> disk and press <b +class="KEYCAP">Enter</b>, and repeat until all <tt class="FILENAME">kern<tt +class="REPLACEABLE"><i>X</i></tt>.flp</tt> disks have been inserted. When disk activity +finishes, reinsert the <tt class="FILENAME">boot.flp</tt> floppy disk and press <b +class="KEYCAP">Enter</b>.</p> +</li> + +<li class="STEP"><a id="HITSPACE" name="HITSPACE"></a> +<p>Once a beep is heard, hit the number <b class="KEYCAP">6</b>, then enter</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<kbd class="USERINPUT">boot -h</kbd> +</pre> + +<p>and you should now definitely be seeing everything on the serial port. If that still +doesn't work, check your serial cabling as well as the settings on your terminal +emulation program or actual terminal device. It should be set for 9600 baud, 8 bits, no +parity.</p> +</li> +</ol> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<hr /> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN475" name="AEN475">1.6 Question and Answer Section for AMD64 +Architecture Users</a></h3> + +<div class="QANDASET"> +<dl> +<dt>1.6.1. <a href="#Q1.6.1.">Help! I have no space! Do I need to delete everything +first?</a></dt> + +<dt>1.6.2. <a href="#Q1.6.2.">Can I use compressed DOS filesystems from FreeBSD?</a></dt> + +<dt>1.6.3. <a href="#Q1.6.3.">Can I mount my DOS extended partitions?</a></dt> + +<dt>1.6.4. <a href="#Q1.6.4.">Can I run DOS binaries under FreeBSD?</a></dt> + +<dt>1.6.5. <a href="#Q1.6.5.">Can I run <span +class="TRADEMARK">Microsoft</span>® <span class="TRADEMARK">Windows</span>® +applications under FreeBSD?</a></dt> + +<dt>1.6.6. <a href="#Q1.6.6.">Can I run other Operating Systems under FreeBSD?</a></dt> +</dl> + +<div class="QANDAENTRY"> +<div class="QUESTION"> +<p><a id="Q1.6.1." name="Q1.6.1."></a><b>1.6.1.</b> Help! I have no space! Do I need to +delete everything first?</p> +</div> + +<div class="ANSWER"> +<p><b></b>If your machine is already running DOS and has little or no free space +available for FreeBSD's installation, there are several alternatives for resizing +existing partitions so that you can install FreeBSD.</p> + +<p>The <b class="APPLICATION">FIPS</b> utility, provided in the <tt +class="FILENAME">tools/</tt> subdirectory on the FreeBSD CDROM or on the various FreeBSD +ftp sites, can resize an existing FAT partition. It allows you to split an existing DOS +partition into two pieces, preserving the original partition and allowing you to install +onto the second free piece. You first “defrag” your DOS partition, using the +DOS 6.xx <tt class="FILENAME">DEFRAG</tt> utility or the <b class="APPLICATION">Norton +Disk Tools</b>, then run FIPS. It will prompt you for the rest of the information it +needs. Afterwards, you can reboot and install FreeBSD on the new partition. Also note +that FIPS will create the second partition as a “clone” of the first, so +you'll actually see that you now have two DOS Primary partitions where you formerly had +one. Don't be alarmed! You can simply delete the extra DOS Primary partition (making sure +it's the right one by examining its size).</p> + +<p>For systems with NTFS partitions, a different tool, such as <b +class="APPLICATION">ntfsresize</b> or the commercially-available <b +class="APPLICATION">Partition Magic</b>, is required. <b +class="APPLICATION">ntfsresize</b>, as well as the <b class="APPLICATION">GParted</b> +graphical interface for partition resizing, is available on a number of Live CD Linux +distributions, such as <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/" +target="_top">SystemRescueCD</a>.</p> + +<p>Problems have been reported resizing Microsoft Vista partitions. Having a Vista +installation CDROM handy when attempting such an operation is recommended. As with all +such disk maintenance tasks, a current set of backups is also strongly advised.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="QANDAENTRY"> +<div class="QUESTION"> +<p><a id="Q1.6.2." name="Q1.6.2."></a><b>1.6.2.</b> Can I use compressed DOS filesystems +from FreeBSD?</p> +</div> + +<div class="ANSWER"> +<p><b></b>No. If you are using a utility such as <b class="APPLICATION">Stacker</b>(tm) +or <b class="APPLICATION">DoubleSpace</b>(tm), FreeBSD will only be able to use whatever +portion of the filesystem you leave uncompressed. The rest of the filesystem will show up +as one large file (the stacked/dblspaced file!). <span class="emphasis"><i +class="EMPHASIS">Do not remove that file</i></span> as you will probably regret it +greatly!</p> + +<p>It is probably better to create another uncompressed DOS extended partition and use +this for communications between DOS and FreeBSD if such is your desire.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="QANDAENTRY"> +<div class="QUESTION"> +<p><a id="Q1.6.3." name="Q1.6.3."></a><b>1.6.3.</b> Can I mount my DOS extended +partitions?</p> +</div> + +<div class="ANSWER"> +<p><b></b>Yes. DOS extended partitions are mapped in at the end of the other +“slices” in FreeBSD, e.g. your <tt class="DEVICENAME">D:</tt> drive might be +<tt class="FILENAME">/dev/da0s5</tt>, your <tt class="DEVICENAME">E:</tt> drive <tt +class="FILENAME">/dev/da0s6</tt>, and so on. This example assumes, of course, that your +extended partition is on SCSI drive 0. For IDE drives, substitute <tt +class="LITERAL">ad</tt> for <tt class="LITERAL">da</tt> appropriately. You otherwise +mount extended partitions exactly like you would mount any other DOS drive, e.g.:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd +class="USERINPUT">mount -t msdos /dev/da0s5 /dos_d</kbd> +</pre> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="QANDAENTRY"> +<div class="QUESTION"> +<p><a id="Q1.6.4." name="Q1.6.4."></a><b>1.6.4.</b> Can I run DOS binaries under +FreeBSD?</p> +</div> + +<div class="ANSWER"> +<p><b></b>Ongoing work with BSDI's <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=doscmd&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+6.3-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">doscmd</span>(1)</span></a> +utility will suffice in many cases, though it still has some rough edges. The <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/emulators/doscmd/pkg-descr"><tt +class="FILENAME">emulators/doscmd</tt></a> port/package can be found in the FreeBSD Ports +Collection. If you're interested in working on this, please send mail to the <a +href="http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-emulation" +target="_top">FreeBSD-emulation mailing list</a> and indicate that you're interested in +joining this ongoing effort!</p> + +<p>The <a href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/emulators/pcemu/pkg-descr"><tt +class="FILENAME">emulators/pcemu</tt></a> port/package in the FreeBSD Ports Collection +which emulates an 8088 and enough BIOS services to run DOS text mode applications. It +requires the X Window System (XFree86) to operate.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="QANDAENTRY"> +<div class="QUESTION"> +<p><a id="Q1.6.5." name="Q1.6.5."></a><b>1.6.5.</b> Can I run <span +class="TRADEMARK">Microsoft</span>® <span class="TRADEMARK">Windows</span>® +applications under FreeBSD?</p> +</div> + +<div class="ANSWER"> +<p><b></b>There are several ports/packages in the FreeBSD Ports Collection which can +enable the use of many <span class="TRADEMARK">Windows</span> applications. The <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/emulators/wine/pkg-descr"><tt +class="FILENAME">emulators/wine</tt></a> port/package provides a compatibility layer on +top of FreeBSD which allow many <span class="TRADEMARK">Windows</span> applications to be +run within X Windows (XFree86).</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="QANDAENTRY"> +<div class="QUESTION"> +<p><a id="Q1.6.6." name="Q1.6.6."></a><b>1.6.6.</b> Can I run other Operating Systems +under FreeBSD?</p> +</div> + +<div class="ANSWER"> +<p><b></b>Again, there are several ports/packages in the FreeBSD Ports Collection which +simulate "virtual machines" and allow other operating systems to run on top of FreeBSD. +The <a href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/emulators/bochs/pkg-descr"><tt +class="FILENAME">emulators/bochs</tt></a> port/package allows <span +class="TRADEMARK">Microsoft</span> <span class="TRADEMARK">Windows</span>, Linux and +even other copies of FreeBSD to be run within a window on the FreeBSD desktop. The <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/emulators/vmware2/pkg-descr"><tt +class="FILENAME">emulators/vmware2</tt></a> and <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/emulators/vmware3/pkg-descr"><tt +class="FILENAME">emulators/vmware3</tt></a> ports/packages allow the commercial VMware +virtual machine software to be run on FreeBSD.</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="SECT1"> +<hr /> +<h2 class="SECT1"><a id="LAYOUT" name="LAYOUT">2 Distribution Format</a></h2> + +<p>A typical FreeBSD distribution directory looks something like this (exact details may +vary depending on version, architecture, and other factors):</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +ERRATA.HTM README.TXT compat1x dict kernel +ERRATA.TXT RELNOTES.HTM compat20 doc manpages +HARDWARE.HTM RELNOTES.TXT compat21 docbook.css packages +HARDWARE.TXT base compat22 filename.txt ports +INSTALL.HTM boot compat3x floppies proflibs +INSTALL.TXT catpages compat4x games src +README.HTM cdrom.inf crypto info tools +</pre> + +<p>These same files are contained in the first CDROM of a multi-disk set, but they are +laid out slightly differently on the disk. On most architectures, the installation CDROM +also contains a “live filesystem” in addition to the distribution files. The +live filesystem is useful when repairing or troubleshooting an existing FreeBSD +installation (see <a href="#TROUBLE">Section 4</a> for how to use this).</p> + +<p>The <tt class="FILENAME">floppies</tt> directory will be of particular interest to +users who are unable to boot from the CDROM media (but are able to read the CDROM by +other means). It is easy to generate a set of 1.44MB boot floppies from the <tt +class="FILENAME">floppies</tt> directory (see <a href="#FLOPPIES">Section 1.3</a> for +instructions on how to do this) and use these to start an installation from CDROM, FTP, +or NFS. The rest of the data needed during the installation will be obtained +automatically based on your selections. If you've never installed FreeBSD before, you +also want to read the entirety of this document (the installation instructions) file.</p> + +<p>If you're trying to do some other type of installation or are merely curious about how +a distribution is organized, what follows is a more thorough description of some of these +items in more detail:</p> + +<ol type="1"> +<li> +<p>The <tt class="FILENAME">*.TXT</tt> and <tt class="FILENAME">*.HTM</tt> files contain +documentation (for example, this document is contained in both <tt +class="FILENAME">INSTALL.TXT</tt> and <tt class="FILENAME">INSTALL.HTM</tt>) and should +be read before starting an installation. The <tt class="FILENAME">*.TXT</tt> files are +plain text, while the <tt class="FILENAME">*.HTM</tt> files are HTML files that can be +read by almost any Web browser. Some distributions may contain documentation in other +formats as well, such as PDF or PostScript.</p> +</li> + +<li> +<p><tt class="FILENAME">docbook.css</tt> is a Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) file used by +some Web browsers for formatting the HTML documentation.</p> +</li> + +<li> +<p>The <tt class="FILENAME">base</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">catpages</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">crypto</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">dict</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">doc</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">games</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">info</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">manpages</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">proflibs</tt>, and <tt class="FILENAME">src</tt> directories contain the +primary distribution components of FreeBSD itself and are split into smaller files for +easy packing onto floppies (should that be necessary).</p> +</li> + +<li> +<p>The <tt class="FILENAME">compat1x</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">compat20</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">compat21</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">compat22</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">compat3x</tt>, and <tt class="FILENAME">compat4x</tt> directories +contain distributions for compatibility with older releases and are distributed as single +gzip'd tar files - they can be installed during release time or later by running their +<tt class="FILENAME">install.sh</tt> scripts.</p> +</li> + +<li> +<p>The <tt class="FILENAME">floppies/</tt> subdirectory contains the floppy installation +images; further information on using them can be found in <a href="#FLOPPIES">Section +1.3</a>.</p> +</li> + +<li> +<p>The <tt class="FILENAME">packages</tt> and <tt class="FILENAME">ports</tt> directories +contain the FreeBSD Packages and Ports Collections. Packages may be installed from the +packages directory by running the command:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">sysinstall configPackages</kbd> +</pre> + +<p>Packages can also be installed by feeding individual filenames in <tt +class="FILENAME">packages</tt>/ to the <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pkg_add&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+6.3-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">pkg_add</span>(1)</span></a> +command.</p> + +<p>The Ports Collection may be installed like any other distribution and requires about +190MB unpacked. More information on the ports collection may be obtained from <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/" target="_top">http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/</a> or +locally from <tt class="FILENAME">/usr/share/doc/handbook</tt> if you've installed the +<tt class="FILENAME">doc</tt> distribution.</p> +</li> + +<li> +<p>Last of all, the <tt class="FILENAME">tools</tt> directory contains various DOS tools +for discovering disk geometries, installing boot managers and the like. It is purely +optional and provided only for user convenience.</p> +</li> +</ol> + +<p>A typical distribution directory (for example, the <tt class="FILENAME">info</tt> +distribution) looks like this internally:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +CHECKSUM.MD5 info.ab info.ad info.inf install.sh +info.aa info.ac info.ae info.mtree +</pre> + +<p>The <tt class="FILENAME">CHECKSUM.MD5</tt> file contains MD5 signatures for each file, +should data corruption be suspected, and is purely for reference. It is not used by the +actual installation and does not need to be copied with the rest of the distribution +files. The <tt class="FILENAME">info.a*</tt> files are split, gzip'd tar files, the +contents of which can be viewed by doing:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cat info.a* | tar tvzf -</kbd> +</pre> + +<p>During installation, they are automatically concatenated and extracted by the +installation procedure.</p> + +<p>The <tt class="FILENAME">info.inf</tt> file is also necessary since it is read by the +installation program in order to figure out how many pieces to look for when fetching and +concatenating the distribution. When putting distributions onto floppies, the <tt +class="FILENAME">.inf</tt> file <span class="emphasis"><i +class="EMPHASIS">must</i></span> occupy the first floppy of each distribution set!</p> + +<p>The <tt class="FILENAME">info.mtree</tt> file is another non-essential file which is +provided for user reference. It contains the MD5 signatures of the <span +class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">unpacked</i></span> distribution files and can be +later used with the <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=mtree&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+6.3-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">mtree</span>(8)</span></a> program +to verify the installation permissions and checksums against any possible modifications +to the file. When used with the <tt class="FILENAME">base</tt> distribution, this can be +an excellent way of detecting trojan horse attacks on your system.</p> + +<p>Finally, the <tt class="FILENAME">install.sh</tt> file is for use by those who want to +install the distribution after installation time. To install the info distribution from +CDROM after a system was installed, for example, you'd do:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /cdrom/info</kbd> +<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">sh install.sh</kbd> +</pre> +</div> + +<div class="SECT1"> +<hr /> +<h2 class="SECT1"><a id="UPGRADING" name="UPGRADING">3 Upgrading FreeBSD</a></h2> + +<p>These instructions describe a procedure for doing a binary upgrade from an older +version of FreeBSD.</p> + +<div class="WARNING"> +<blockquote class="WARNING"> +<p><b>Warning:</b> While the FreeBSD upgrade procedure does its best to safeguard against +accidental loss of data, it is still more than possible to <span class="emphasis"><i +class="EMPHASIS">wipe out your entire disk</i></span> with this installation! Please do +not accept the final confirmation request unless you have adequately backed up any +important data files.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> + +<div class="IMPORTANT"> +<blockquote class="IMPORTANT"> +<p><b>Important:</b> These notes assume that you are using the version of <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+6.3-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a> +supplied with the version of FreeBSD to which you intend to upgrade. Using a mismatched +version of <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+6.3-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a> is +almost guaranteed to cause problems and has been known to leave systems in an unusable +state. The most commonly made mistake in this regard is the use of an old copy of <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+6.3-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a> +from an existing installation to upgrade to a newer version of FreeBSD. This is <span +class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">not</i></span> recommended.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> + +<div class="WARNING"> +<blockquote class="WARNING"> +<p><b>Warning:</b> Binary upgrades to FreeBSD 6.3-RELEASE from FreeBSD 4-STABLE are not +supported at this time. There are some files present in a FreeBSD 4-STABLE whose presence +can be disruptive, but are not removed by a binary upgrade. One notable example is that +an old <tt class="FILENAME">/usr/include/g++</tt> directory will cause C++ programs to +compile incorrectly (or not at all).</p> + +<p>These upgrade instructions are provided for the use of users upgrading from relatively +recent FreeBSD 6.3-STABLE snapshots.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<hr /> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN704" name="AEN704">3.1 Introduction</a></h3> + +<p>The upgrade procedure replaces distributions selected by the user with those +corresponding to the new FreeBSD release. It preserves standard system configuration +data, as well as user data, installed packages and other software.</p> + +<p>Administrators contemplating an upgrade are encouraged to study this section in its +entirety before commencing an upgrade. Failure to do so may result in a failed upgrade or +loss of data.</p> + +<div class="SECT3"> +<hr /> +<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN708" name="AEN708">3.1.1 Upgrade Overview</a></h4> + +<p>Upgrading of a distribution is performed by extracting the new version of the +component over the top of the previous version. Files belonging to the old distribution +are not deleted.</p> + +<p>System configuration is preserved by retaining and restoring the previous version of +the following files:</p> + +<p><tt class="FILENAME">Xaccel.ini</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">XF86Config</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">adduser.conf</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">aliases</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">aliases.db</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">amd.map</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">crontab</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">csh.cshrc</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">csh.login</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">csh.logout</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">cvsupfile</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">dhclient.conf</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">disktab</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">dm.conf</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">dumpdates</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">exports</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">fbtab</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">fstab</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">ftpusers</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">gettytab</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">gnats</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">group</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">hosts</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">hosts.allow</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">hosts.equiv</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">hosts.lpd</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">inetd.conf</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">localtime</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">login.access</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">login.conf</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">mail</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">mail.rc</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">make.conf</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">manpath.config</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">master.passwd</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">motd</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">namedb</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">networks</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">newsyslog.conf</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">nsmb.conf</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">nsswitch.conf</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">pam.conf</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">passwd</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">periodic</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">ppp</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">printcap</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">profile</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">pwd.db</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">rc.conf</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">rc.conf.local</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">rc.firewall</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">rc.local</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">remote</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">resolv.conf</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">rmt</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">sendmail.cf</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">sendmail.cw</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">services</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">shells</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">skeykeys</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">spwd.db</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">ssh</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">syslog.conf</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">ttys</tt>, <tt +class="FILENAME">uucp</tt></p> + +<p>The versions of these files which correspond to the new version are moved to <tt +class="FILENAME">/etc/upgrade/</tt>. The system administrator may peruse these new +versions and merge components as desired. Note that many of these files are +interdependent, and the best merge procedure is to copy all site-specific data from the +current files into the new.</p> + +<p>During the upgrade procedure, the administrator is prompted for a location into which +all files from <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/</tt> are saved. In the event that local +modifications have been made to other files, they may be subsequently retrieved from this +location.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<hr /> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN782" name="AEN782">3.2 Procedure</a></h3> + +<p>This section details the upgrade procedure. Particular attention is given to items +which substantially differ from a normal installation.</p> + +<div class="SECT3"> +<hr /> +<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN785" name="AEN785">3.2.1 Backup</a></h4> + +<p>User data and system configuration should be backed up before upgrading. While the +upgrade procedure does its best to prevent accidental mistakes, it is possible to +partially or completely destroy data and configuration information.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT3"> +<hr /> +<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN788" name="AEN788">3.2.2 Mount Filesystems</a></h4> + +<p>The disklabel editor is entered with the nominated disk's filesystem devices listed. +Prior to commencing the upgrade, the administrator should make a note of the device names +and corresponding mountpoints. These mountpoints should be entered here. <span +class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">Do not</i></span> set the “newfs flag” +for any filesystems, as this will cause data loss.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT3"> +<hr /> +<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN793" name="AEN793">3.2.3 Select Distributions</a></h4> + +<p>When selecting distributions, there are no constraints on which must be selected. As a +general rule, the <tt class="LITERAL">base</tt> distribution should be selected for an +update, and the <tt class="LITERAL">man</tt> distribution if manpages are already +installed. Other distributions may be selected beyond those originally installed if the +administrator wishes to add additional functionality.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT3"> +<hr /> +<h4 class="SECT3"><a id="FSTAB" name="FSTAB">3.2.4 After Installation</a></h4> + +<p>Once the installation procedure has completed, the administrator is prompted to +examine the new configuration files. At this point, checks should be made to ensure that +the system configuration is valid. In particular, the <tt +class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.conf</tt> and <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/fstab</tt> files should +be checked.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<hr /> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN803" name="AEN803">3.3 Upgrading from Source Code</a></h3> + +<p>Those interested in an upgrade method that allows more flexibility and sophistication +should take a look at <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge.html" +target="_top">The Cutting Edge</a> in the FreeBSD Handbook. This procedure involves +rebuilding all of FreeBSD from source code. It requires reliable network connectivity, +extra disk space, and time, but has advantages for networks and other more complex +installations. This is roughly the same procedure as is used for track the -STABLE or +-CURRENT development branches.</p> + +<p><tt class="FILENAME">/usr/src/UPDATING</tt> contains important information on updating +a FreeBSD system from source code. It lists various issues resulting from changes in +FreeBSD that may affect an upgrade.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="SECT1"> +<hr /> +<h2 class="SECT1"><a id="TROUBLE" name="TROUBLE">4 Troubleshooting</a></h2> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="REPAIRING" name="REPAIRING">4.1 Repairing an Existing FreeBSD +Installation</a></h3> + +<p>FreeBSD features a “fixit” option in the top menu of the <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+6.3-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a> +installation program. It provides a shell with common programs from the FreeBSD base +system; this environment is useful for repairing or troubleshooting an existing FreeBSD +installation. To use fixit mode, you will also need either the <tt +class="FILENAME">fixit.flp</tt> floppy, generated in the same fashion as the boot +floppies, or the “live filesystem” CDROM. In multi-disk FreeBSD +distributions, the live filesystem image is typically located on the installation disk. +Note that some UNIX system administration experience is required to use the fixit +option.</p> + +<p>Generally, there are two ways of invoking fixit mode. Users who can boot from the +FreeBSD installation CDROM, should do so and then choose the “fixit” item +from the main <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+6.3-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a> +menu. Then select the “CDROM/DVD” option from the fixit menu.</p> + +<p>Users who cannot boot from CDROM, but can boot from floppy disk, require a few more +steps. In addition to the <tt class="FILENAME">boot.flp</tt> and <tt +class="FILENAME">kern<tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>X</i></tt>.flp</tt> disks required for +installation, create the <tt class="FILENAME">fixit.flp</tt> floppy disk, in the same way +as the other floppy disks. Follow the instructions for booting the installation program +from floppy disk until reaching the main <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+6.3-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a> +menu. At that point, choose the “fixit” item from the main <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+6.3-RELEASE"> +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a> +menu. Then select the “Floppy” option from the fixit menu, and insert the <tt +class="FILENAME">fixit.flp</tt> floppy disk when prompted to do so.</p> + +<p>The CDROM and floppy fixit environments are similar, but not identical. Both offer a +shell with a variety of commands available for checking, repairing and examining +filesystems and their contents. The CDROM version of fixit provides all of the commands +and programs available in the FreeBSD base system, through the live filesystem. By +contrast, the floppy fixit environment can only offer a subset of commands due to space +constraints.</p> + +<p>In the floppy version of fixit, some standalone utilities can be found in <tt +class="FILENAME">/stand</tt> or <tt class="FILENAME">/mnt2/stand</tt>. In the CDROM +version of fixit, these same programs can be found in <tt class="FILENAME">/stand</tt> or +<tt class="FILENAME">/mnt2/rescue</tt> (as well as the rest of the programs from the live +filesystem, which can be found under <tt class="FILENAME">/mnt</tt>).</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<hr /> +<h3 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN847" name="AEN847">4.2 Common Installation Problems for AMD64 +Architecture Users</a></h3> + +<div class="QANDASET"> +<dl> +<dt>4.2.1. <a href="#Q4.2.1.">My system hangs while probing hardware during boot, or it +behaves strangely during install, or the floppy drive isn't probed.</a></dt> + +<dt>4.2.2. <a href="#Q4.2.2.">My system uses the nVidia nForce3 Pro-150 chipset and I get +hangs at the end of boot or suddenly starts losing interrupts.</a></dt> + +<dt>4.2.4. <a href="#Q4.2.4.">I go to boot from the hard disk for the first time after +installing FreeBSD, the kernel loads and probes my hardware, but stops with messages +like:</a></dt> + +<dt>4.2.5. <a href="#Q4.2.5.">I go to boot from the hard disk for the first time after +installing FreeBSD, but the Boot Manager prompt just prints <tt class="LITERAL">F?</tt> +at the boot menu each time but the boot won't go any further.</a></dt> + +<dt>4.2.7. <a href="#Q4.2.7.">The system finds my <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span +class="REFENTRYTITLE">ed</span>(4)</span> network card, but I keep getting device timeout +errors.</a></dt> + +<dt>4.2.12. <a href="#Q4.2.12.">I have this CMD640 IDE controller that is said to be +broken.</a></dt> + +<dt>4.2.15. <a href="#Q4.2.15.">I have an IBM EtherJet PCI card, it is detected by the +<span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">fxp</span>(4)</span> driver +correctly, but the lights on the card don't come on and it doesn't connect to the +network.</a></dt> + +<dt>4.2.17. <a href="#Q4.2.17.">When I install onto a drive managed by a Mylex PCI RAID +controller, the system fails to boot (eg. with a <tt class="LITERAL">read error</tt> +message).</a></dt> +</dl> + +<div class="QANDAENTRY"> +<div class="QUESTION"> +<p><a id="Q4.2.1." name="Q4.2.1."></a><b>4.2.1.</b> My system hangs while probing +hardware during boot, or it behaves strangely during install, or the floppy drive isn't +probed.</p> +</div> + +<div class="ANSWER"> +<p><b></b>FreeBSD 5.0 and above makes extensive use of the system ACPI service on the +i386, amd64 and ia64 platforms to aid in system configuration if it's detected during +boot. Unfortunately, some bugs still exist in both the ACPI driver and within system +motherboards and BIOS. The use of ACPI can be disabled by setting the +“hint.acpi.0.disabled” hint in the third stage boot loader:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +set hint.acpi.0.disabled="1" +</pre> + +<p>This is reset each time the system is booted, so it is necessary to add <tt +class="LITERAL">hint.acpi.0.disabled="1"</tt> to the file <tt +class="FILENAME">/boot/loader.conf</tt>. More information about the boot loader can be +found in the FreeBSD Handbook.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="QANDAENTRY"> +<div class="QUESTION"> +<p><a id="Q4.2.2." name="Q4.2.2."></a><b>4.2.2.</b> My system uses the nVidia nForce3 +Pro-150 chipset and I get hangs at the end of boot or suddenly starts losing +interrupts.</p> +</div> + +<div class="ANSWER"> +<p><b></b>There are problems with the apic on this chipset and/or the bios on every +machine that we had seen at the time of release. While disabling ACPI as above will work, +a less drastic option may be to set the “hint.apic.0.disabled” hint instead. +If you have the option in the bios, try disabling the APIC support. Unfortunately some +machines lack this option.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="QANDAENTRY"> +<div class="QUESTION"> +<p><a id="Q4.2.4." name="Q4.2.4."></a><b>4.2.4.</b> I go to boot from the hard disk for +the first time after installing FreeBSD, the kernel loads and probes my hardware, but +stops with messages like:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +changing root device to ad1s1a panic: cannot mount root +</pre> + +<p>What is wrong? What can I do?</p> + +<p>What is this <tt class="LITERAL">bios_drive:interface(unit,partition)kernel_name</tt> +thing that is displayed with the boot help?</p> +</div> + +<div class="ANSWER"> +<p><b></b>There is a longstanding problem in the case where the boot disk is not the +first disk in the system. The BIOS uses a different numbering scheme to FreeBSD, and +working out which numbers correspond to which is difficult to get right.</p> + +<p>In the case where the boot disk is not the first disk in the system, FreeBSD can need +some help finding it. There are two common situations here, and in both of these cases, +you need to tell FreeBSD where the root filesystem is. You do this by specifying the BIOS +disk number, the disk type and the FreeBSD disk number for that type.</p> + +<p>The first situation is where you have two IDE disks, each configured as the master on +their respective IDE busses, and wish to boot FreeBSD from the second disk. The BIOS sees +these as disk 0 and disk 1, while FreeBSD sees them as <tt class="DEVICENAME">ad0</tt> +and <tt class="DEVICENAME">ad2</tt>.</p> + +<p>FreeBSD is on BIOS disk 1, of type <tt class="LITERAL">ad</tt> and the FreeBSD disk +number is 2, so you would say:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<kbd class="USERINPUT">1:ad(2,a)kernel</kbd> +</pre> + +<p>Note that if you have a slave on the primary bus, the above is not necessary (and is +effectively wrong).</p> + +<p>The second situation involves booting from a SCSI disk when you have one or more IDE +disks in the system. In this case, the FreeBSD disk number is lower than the BIOS disk +number. If you have two IDE disks as well as the SCSI disk, the SCSI disk is BIOS disk 2, +type <tt class="LITERAL">da</tt> and FreeBSD disk number 0, so you would say:</p> + +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<kbd class="USERINPUT">2:da(0,a)kernel</kbd> +</pre> + +<p>To tell FreeBSD that you want to boot from BIOS disk 2, which is the first SCSI disk +in the system. If you only had one IDE disk, you would use '1:' instead.</p> + +<p>Once you have determined the correct values to use, you can put the command exactly as +you would have typed it in the <tt class="FILENAME">/boot.config</tt> file using a +standard text editor. Unless instructed otherwise, FreeBSD will use the contents of this +file as the default response to the <tt class="LITERAL">boot:</tt> prompt.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="QANDAENTRY"> +<div class="QUESTION"> +<p><a id="Q4.2.5." name="Q4.2.5."></a><b>4.2.5.</b> I go to boot from the hard disk for +the first time after installing FreeBSD, but the Boot Manager prompt just prints <tt +class="LITERAL">F?</tt> at the boot menu each time but the boot won't go any further.</p> +</div> + +<div class="ANSWER"> +<p><b></b>The hard disk geometry was set incorrectly in the Partition editor when you +installed FreeBSD. Go back into the partition editor and specify the actual geometry of +your hard disk. You must reinstall FreeBSD again from the beginning with the correct +geometry.</p> + +<p>If you are failing entirely in figuring out the correct geometry for your machine, +here's a tip: Install a small DOS partition at the beginning of the disk and install +FreeBSD after that. The install program will see the DOS partition and try to infer the +correct geometry from it, which usually works.</p> + +<p>The following tip is no longer recommended, but is left here for reference:</p> + +<a id="AEN910" name="AEN910"></a> +<blockquote class="BLOCKQUOTE"> +<p>If you are setting up a truly dedicated FreeBSD server or workstation where you don't +care for (future) compatibility with DOS, Linux or another operating system, you've also +got the option to use the entire disk (`A' in the partition editor), selecting the +non-standard option where FreeBSD occupies the entire disk from the very first to the +very last sector. This will leave all geometry considerations aside, but is somewhat +limiting unless you're never going to run anything other than FreeBSD on a disk.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="QANDAENTRY"> +<div class="QUESTION"> +<p><a id="Q4.2.7." name="Q4.2.7."></a><b>4.2.7.</b> The system finds my <span +class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">ed</span>(4)</span> network card, but I +keep getting device timeout errors.</p> +</div> + +<div class="ANSWER"> +<p><b></b>Your card is probably on a different IRQ from what is specified in the <tt +class="FILENAME">/boot/device.hints</tt> file. The ed driver does not use the `soft' +configuration by default (values entered using EZSETUP in DOS), but it will use the +software configuration if you specify <tt class="LITERAL">-1</tt> in the hints for the +interface.</p> + +<p>Either move the jumper on the card to a hard configuration setting (altering the +kernel settings if necessary), or specify the IRQ as <tt class="LITERAL">-1</tt> by +setting the hint “hint.ed.0.irq="-1"” This will tell the kernel to use the +soft configuration.</p> + +<p>Another possibility is that your card is at IRQ 9, which is shared by IRQ 2 and +frequently a cause of problems (especially when you have a VGA card using IRQ 2!). You +should not use IRQ 2 or 9 if at all possible.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="QANDAENTRY"> +<div class="QUESTION"> +<p><a id="Q4.2.12." name="Q4.2.12."></a><b>4.2.12.</b> I have this CMD640 IDE controller +that is said to be broken.</p> +</div> + +<div class="ANSWER"> +<p><b></b>FreeBSD does not support this controller.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="QANDAENTRY"> +<div class="QUESTION"> +<p><a id="Q4.2.15." name="Q4.2.15."></a><b>4.2.15.</b> I have an IBM EtherJet PCI card, +it is detected by the <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span +class="REFENTRYTITLE">fxp</span>(4)</span> driver correctly, but the lights on the card +don't come on and it doesn't connect to the network.</p> +</div> + +<div class="ANSWER"> +<p><b></b>We don't understand why this happens. Neither do IBM (we asked them). The card +is a standard Intel EtherExpress Pro/100 with an IBM label on it, and these cards +normally work just fine. You may see these symptoms only in some IBM Netfinity servers. +The only solution is to install a different Ethernet adapter.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="QANDAENTRY"> +<div class="QUESTION"> +<p><a id="Q4.2.17." name="Q4.2.17."></a><b>4.2.17.</b> When I install onto a drive +managed by a Mylex PCI RAID controller, the system fails to boot (eg. with a <tt +class="LITERAL">read error</tt> message).</p> +</div> + +<div class="ANSWER"> +<p><b></b>There is a bug in the Mylex driver which results in it ignoring the +“8GB” geometry mode setting in the BIOS. Use the 2GB mode instead.</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<hr /> +<p align="center"><small>This file, and other release-related documents, can be +downloaded from <a href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/</a>.</small></p> + +<p align="center"><small>For questions about FreeBSD, read the <a +href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/docs.html">documentation</a> before contacting <<a +href="mailto:questions@FreeBSD.org">questions@FreeBSD.org</a>>.</small></p> + +<p align="center"><small>For questions about this documentation, e-mail <<a +href="mailto:doc@FreeBSD.org">doc@FreeBSD.org</a>>.</small></p> +</body> +</html> + |