path: root/documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.po

# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
# Copyright (C) YEAR The FreeBSD Project
# This file is distributed under the same license as the FreeBSD Documentation package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
#
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: FreeBSD Documentation VERSION\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2024-01-17 20:35-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
"Language: \n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

#. type: YAML Front Matter: description
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1
#, no-wrap
msgid "This chapter covers the use of disks and storage media in FreeBSD. This includes SCSI and IDE disks, CD and DVD media, memory-backed disks, and USB storage devices."
msgstr ""

#. type: YAML Front Matter: part
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1
#, no-wrap
msgid "Part III. System Administration"
msgstr ""

#. type: YAML Front Matter: title
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1
#, no-wrap
msgid "Chapter 20. Storage"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title =
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:14
#, no-wrap
msgid "Storage"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:52
#, no-wrap
msgid "Synopsis"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:56
msgid ""
"This chapter covers the use of disks and storage media in FreeBSD.  This "
"includes SCSI and IDE disks, CD and DVD media, memory-backed disks, and USB "
"storage devices."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:58
msgid "After reading this chapter, you will know:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:60
msgid "How to add additional hard disks to a FreeBSD system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:61
msgid "How to grow the size of a disk's partition on FreeBSD."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:62
msgid "How to configure FreeBSD to use USB storage devices."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:63
msgid "How to use CD and DVD media on a FreeBSD system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:64
msgid "How to use the backup programs available under FreeBSD."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:65
msgid "How to set up memory disks."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:66
msgid "What file system snapshots are and how to use them efficiently."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:67
msgid "How to use quotas to limit disk space usage."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:68
msgid "How to encrypt disks and swap to secure them against attackers."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:69
msgid "How to configure a highly available storage network."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:71
msgid "Before reading this chapter, you should:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:73
msgid ""
"Know how to crossref:kernelconfig[kernelconfig,configure and install a new "
"FreeBSD kernel]."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:75
#, no-wrap
msgid "Adding Disks"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:80
msgid ""
"This section describes how to add a new SATA disk to a machine that "
"currently only has a single drive.  First, turn off the computer and install "
"the drive in the computer following the instructions of the computer, "
"controller, and drive manufacturers.  Reboot the system and become `root`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:83
msgid ""
"Inspect [.filename]#/var/run/dmesg.boot# to ensure the new disk was found.  "
"In this example, the newly added SATA drive will appear as [.filename]#ada1#."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:86
msgid ""
"For this example, a single large partition will be created on the new disk.  "
"The http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table[GPT] partitioning "
"scheme will be used in preference to the older and less versatile MBR scheme."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:91
msgid ""
"If the disk to be added is not blank, old partition information can be "
"removed with `gpart delete`.  See man:gpart[8] for details."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:95
msgid ""
"The partition scheme is created, and then a single partition is added.  To "
"improve performance on newer disks with larger hardware block sizes, the "
"partition is aligned to one megabyte boundaries:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:100
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# gpart create -s GPT ada1\n"
"# gpart add -t freebsd-ufs -a 1M ada1\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:104
msgid ""
"Depending on use, several smaller partitions may be desired.  See man:"
"gpart[8] for options to create partitions smaller than a whole disk."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:106
msgid "The disk partition information can be viewed with `gpart show`:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:114
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"% gpart show ada1\n"
"=>        34  1465146988  ada1  GPT  (699G)\n"
"          34        2014        - free -  (1.0M)\n"
"        2048  1465143296     1  freebsd-ufs  (699G)\n"
"  1465145344        1678        - free -  (839K)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:117
msgid "A file system is created in the new partition on the new disk:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:121
#, no-wrap
msgid "# newfs -U /dev/ada1p1\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:124
msgid ""
"An empty directory is created as a _mountpoint_, a location for mounting the "
"new disk in the original disk's file system:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:128
#, no-wrap
msgid "# mkdir /newdisk\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:131
msgid ""
"Finally, an entry is added to [.filename]#/etc/fstab# so the new disk will "
"be mounted automatically at startup:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:135
#, no-wrap
msgid "/dev/ada1p1\t/newdisk\tufs\trw\t2\t2\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:138
msgid "The new disk can be mounted manually, without restarting the system:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:142
#, no-wrap
msgid "# mount /newdisk\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:145
#, no-wrap
msgid "Resizing and Growing Disks"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:151
msgid ""
"A disk's capacity can increase without any changes to the data already "
"present.  This happens commonly with virtual machines, when the virtual disk "
"turns out to be too small and is enlarged.  Sometimes a disk image is "
"written to a USB memory stick, but does not use the full capacity.  Here we "
"describe how to resize or _grow_ disk contents to take advantage of "
"increased capacity."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:154
msgid ""
"Determine the device name of the disk to be resized by inspecting [."
"filename]#/var/run/dmesg.boot#.  In this example, there is only one SATA "
"disk in the system, so the drive will appear as [.filename]#ada0#."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:156
msgid "List the partitions on the disk to see the current configuration:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:165
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# gpart show ada0\n"
"=>      34  83886013  ada0  GPT  (48G) [CORRUPT]\n"
"        34       128     1  freebsd-boot  (64k)\n"
"       162  79691648     2  freebsd-ufs  (38G)\n"
"  79691810   4194236     3  freebsd-swap  (2G)\n"
"  83886046         1        - free -  (512B)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:171
msgid ""
"If the disk was formatted with the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
"GUID_Partition_Table[GPT] partitioning scheme, it may show as \"corrupted\" "
"because the GPT backup partition table is no longer at the end of the "
"drive.  Fix the backup partition table with `gpart`:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:176
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# gpart recover ada0\n"
"ada0 recovered\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:181
msgid ""
"Now the additional space on the disk is available for use by a new "
"partition, or an existing partition can be expanded:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:190
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# gpart show ada0\n"
"=>       34  102399933  ada0  GPT  (48G)\n"
"         34        128     1  freebsd-boot  (64k)\n"
"        162   79691648     2  freebsd-ufs  (38G)\n"
"   79691810    4194236     3  freebsd-swap  (2G)\n"
"   83886046   18513921        - free -  (8.8G)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:195
msgid ""
"Partitions can only be resized into contiguous free space.  Here, the last "
"partition on the disk is the swap partition, but the second partition is the "
"one that needs to be resized.  Swap partitions only contain temporary data, "
"so it can safely be unmounted, deleted, and then recreate the third "
"partition after resizing the second partition."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:197
msgid "Disable the swap partition:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:201
#, no-wrap
msgid "# swapoff /dev/ada0p3\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:204
msgid ""
"Delete the third partition, specified by the `-i` flag, from the disk _ada0_."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:214
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# gpart delete -i 3 ada0\n"
"ada0p3 deleted\n"
"# gpart show ada0\n"
"=>       34  102399933  ada0  GPT  (48G)\n"
"         34        128     1  freebsd-boot  (64k)\n"
"        162   79691648     2  freebsd-ufs  (38G)\n"
"   79691810   22708157        - free -  (10G)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:222
msgid ""
"There is risk of data loss when modifying the partition table of a mounted "
"file system.  It is best to perform the following steps on an unmounted file "
"system while running from a live CD-ROM or USB device.  However, if "
"absolutely necessary, a mounted file system can be resized after disabling "
"GEOM safety features:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:226
#, no-wrap
msgid "# sysctl kern.geom.debugflags=16\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:235
msgid ""
"Resize the partition, leaving room to recreate a swap partition of the "
"desired size.  The partition to resize is specified with `-i`, and the new "
"desired size with `-s`.  Optionally, alignment of the partition is "
"controlled with `-a`.  This only modifies the size of the partition.  The "
"file system in the partition will be expanded in a separate step."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:245
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# gpart resize -i 2 -s 47G -a 4k ada0\n"
"ada0p2 resized\n"
"# gpart show ada0\n"
"=>       34  102399933  ada0  GPT  (48G)\n"
"         34        128     1  freebsd-boot  (64k)\n"
"        162   98566144     2  freebsd-ufs  (47G)\n"
"   98566306    3833661        - free -  (1.8G)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:249
msgid ""
"Recreate the swap partition and activate it.  If no size is specified with `-"
"s`, all remaining space is used:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:260
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# gpart add -t freebsd-swap -a 4k ada0\n"
"ada0p3 added\n"
"# gpart show ada0\n"
"=>       34  102399933  ada0  GPT  (48G)\n"
"         34        128     1  freebsd-boot  (64k)\n"
"        162   98566144     2  freebsd-ufs  (47G)\n"
"   98566306    3833661     3  freebsd-swap  (1.8G)\n"
"# swapon /dev/ada0p3\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:263
msgid ""
"Grow the UFS file system to use the new capacity of the resized partition:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:273
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# growfs /dev/ada0p2\n"
"Device is mounted read-write; resizing will result in temporary write suspension for /.\n"
"It's strongly recommended to make a backup before growing the file system.\n"
"OK to grow file system on /dev/ada0p2, mounted on /, from 38GB to 47GB? [Yes/No] Yes\n"
"super-block backups (for fsck -b #) at:\n"
" 80781312, 82063552, 83345792, 84628032, 85910272, 87192512, 88474752,\n"
" 89756992, 91039232, 92321472, 93603712, 94885952, 96168192, 97450432\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:276
msgid ""
"If the file system is ZFS, the resize is triggered by running the `online` "
"subcommand with `-e`:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:280
#, no-wrap
msgid "# zpool online -e zroot /dev/ada0p2\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:283
msgid ""
"Both the partition and the file system on it have now been resized to use "
"the newly-available disk space."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:285
#, no-wrap
msgid "USB Storage Devices"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:289
msgid ""
"Many external storage solutions, such as hard drives, USB thumbdrives, and "
"CD and DVD burners, use the Universal Serial Bus (USB).  FreeBSD provides "
"support for USB 1.x, 2.0, and 3.0 devices."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:294
msgid ""
"USB 3.0 support is not compatible with some hardware, including Haswell "
"(Lynx point) chipsets.  If FreeBSD boots with a `failed with error 19` "
"message, disable xHCI/USB3 in the system BIOS."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:298
msgid ""
"Support for USB storage devices is built into the [.filename]#GENERIC# "
"kernel.  For a custom kernel, be sure that the following lines are present "
"in the kernel configuration file:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:311
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"device scbus\t# SCSI bus (required for ATA/SCSI)\n"
"device da\t# Direct Access (disks)\n"
"device pass\t# Passthrough device (direct ATA/SCSI access)\n"
"device uhci\t# provides USB 1.x support\n"
"device ohci\t# provides USB 1.x support\n"
"device ehci\t# provides USB 2.0 support\n"
"device xhci\t# provides USB 3.0 support\n"
"device usb\t# USB Bus (required)\n"
"device umass\t# Disks/Mass storage - Requires scbus and da\n"
"device cd\t# needed for CD and DVD burners\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:315
msgid ""
"FreeBSD uses the man:umass[4] driver which uses the SCSI subsystem to access "
"USB storage devices.  Since any USB device will be seen as a SCSI device by "
"the system, if the USB device is a CD or DVD burner, do _not_ include "
"`device atapicam` in a custom kernel configuration file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:317
msgid ""
"The rest of this section demonstrates how to verify that a USB storage "
"device is recognized by FreeBSD and how to configure the device so that it "
"can be used."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:318
#, no-wrap
msgid "Device Configuration"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:323
msgid ""
"To test the USB configuration, plug in the USB device.  Use `dmesg` to "
"confirm that the drive appears in the system message buffer.  It should look "
"something like this:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:335
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"umass0: <STECH Simple Drive, class 0/0, rev 2.00/1.04, addr 3> on usbus0\n"
"umass0:  SCSI over Bulk-Only; quirks = 0x0100\n"
"umass0:4:0:-1: Attached to scbus4\n"
"da0 at umass-sim0 bus 0 scbus4 target 0 lun 0\n"
"da0: <STECH Simple Drive 1.04> Fixed Direct Access SCSI-4 device\n"
"da0: Serial Number WD-WXE508CAN263\n"
"da0: 40.000MB/s transfers\n"
"da0: 152627MB (312581808 512 byte sectors: 255H 63S/T 19457C)\n"
"da0: quirks=0x2<NO_6_BYTE>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:338
msgid ""
"The brand, device node ([.filename]#da0#), speed, and size will differ "
"according to the device."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:340
msgid ""
"Since the USB device is seen as a SCSI one, `camcontrol` can be used to list "
"the USB storage devices attached to the system:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:345
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# camcontrol devlist\n"
"<STECH Simple Drive 1.04>          at scbus4 target 0 lun 0 (pass3,da0)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:349
msgid ""
"Alternately, `usbconfig` can be used to list the device.  Refer to man:"
"usbconfig[8] for more information about this command."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:354
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# usbconfig\n"
"ugen0.3: <Simple Drive STECH> at usbus0, cfg=0 md=HOST spd=HIGH (480Mbps) pwr=ON (2mA)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:358
msgid ""
"If the device has not been formatted, refer to <<disks-adding>> for "
"instructions on how to format and create partitions on the USB drive.  If "
"the drive comes with a file system, it can be mounted by `root` using the "
"instructions in crossref:basics[mount-unmount,“Mounting and Unmounting File "
"Systems”]."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:363
msgid ""
"Allowing untrusted users to mount arbitrary media, by enabling `vfs."
"usermount` as described below, should not be considered safe from a security "
"point of view.  Most file systems were not built to safeguard against "
"malicious devices."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:367
msgid ""
"To make the device mountable as a normal user, one solution is to make all "
"users of the device a member of the `operator` group using man:pw[8].  Next, "
"ensure that `operator` is able to read and write the device by adding these "
"lines to [.filename]#/etc/devfs.rules#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:372
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"[localrules=5]\n"
"add path 'da*' mode 0660 group operator\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:377
msgid ""
"If internal SCSI disks are also installed in the system, change the second "
"line as follows:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:381
#, no-wrap
msgid "add path 'da[3-9]*' mode 0660 group operator\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:386
msgid ""
"This will exclude the first three SCSI disks ([.filename]#da0# to [."
"filename]#da2#) from belonging to the `operator` group.  Replace _3_ with "
"the number of internal SCSI disks.  Refer to man:devfs.rules[5] for more "
"information about this file."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:389
msgid "Next, enable the ruleset in [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:393
#, no-wrap
msgid "devfs_system_ruleset=\"localrules\"\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:396
msgid ""
"Then, instruct the system to allow regular users to mount file systems by "
"adding the following line to [.filename]#/etc/sysctl.conf#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:400
#, no-wrap
msgid "vfs.usermount=1\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:403
msgid ""
"Since this only takes effect after the next reboot, use `sysctl` to set this "
"variable now:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:408
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# sysctl vfs.usermount=1\n"
"vfs.usermount: 0 -> 1\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:414
msgid ""
"The final step is to create a directory where the file system is to be "
"mounted.  This directory needs to be owned by the user that is to mount the "
"file system.  One way to do that is for `root` to create a subdirectory "
"owned by that user as [.filename]#/mnt/username#.  In the following example, "
"replace _username_ with the login name of the user and _usergroup_ with the "
"user's primary group:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:419
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# mkdir /mnt/username\n"
"# chown username:usergroup /mnt/username\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:423
msgid ""
"Suppose a USB thumbdrive is plugged in, and a device [.filename]#/dev/da0s1# "
"appears.  If the device is formatted with a FAT file system, the user can "
"mount it using:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:427
#, no-wrap
msgid "% mount -t msdosfs -o -m=644,-M=755 /dev/da0s1 /mnt/username\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:430
msgid "Before the device can be unplugged, it _must_ be unmounted first:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:434
#, no-wrap
msgid "% umount /mnt/username\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:437
msgid ""
"After device removal, the system message buffer will show messages similar "
"to the following:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:444
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"umass0: at uhub3, port 2, addr 3 (disconnected)\n"
"da0 at umass-sim0 bus 0 scbus4 target 0 lun 0\n"
"da0: <STECH Simple Drive 1.04> s/n WD-WXE508CAN263          detached\n"
"(da0:umass-sim0:0:0:0): Periph destroyed\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:446
#, no-wrap
msgid "Automounting Removable Media"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:449
msgid ""
"USB devices can be automatically mounted by uncommenting this line in [."
"filename]#/etc/auto_master#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:453
#, no-wrap
msgid "/media\t\t-media\t\t-nosuid\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:456
msgid "Then add these lines to [.filename]#/etc/devd.conf#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:464
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"notify 100 {\n"
"\tmatch \"system\" \"GEOM\";\n"
"\tmatch \"subsystem\" \"DEV\";\n"
"\taction \"/usr/sbin/automount -c\";\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:467
msgid ""
"Reload the configuration if man:autofs[5] and man:devd[8] are already "
"running:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:472
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# service automount restart\n"
"# service devd restart\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:475
msgid ""
"man:autofs[5] can be set to start at boot by adding this line to [."
"filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:479
#, no-wrap
msgid "autofs_enable=\"YES\"\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:482
msgid "man:autofs[5] requires man:devd[8] to be enabled, as it is by default."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:484
msgid "Start the services immediately with:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:491
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# service automount start\n"
"# service automountd start\n"
"# service autounmountd start\n"
"# service devd start\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:496
msgid ""
"Each file system that can be automatically mounted appears as a directory in "
"[.filename]#/media/#.  The directory is named after the file system label.  "
"If the label is missing, the directory is named after the device node."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:499
msgid ""
"The file system is transparently mounted on the first access, and unmounted "
"after a period of inactivity.  Automounted drives can also be unmounted "
"manually:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:503
#, no-wrap
msgid "# automount -fu\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:507
msgid ""
"This mechanism is typically used for memory cards and USB memory sticks.  It "
"can be used with any block device, including optical drives or iSCSILUNs."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:509
#, no-wrap
msgid "Creating and Using CD Media"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:515
msgid ""
"Compact Disc (CD) media provide a number of features that differentiate them "
"from conventional disks.  They are designed so that they can be read "
"continuously without delays to move the head between tracks.  While CD media "
"do have tracks, these refer to a section of data to be read continuously, "
"and not a physical property of the disk.  The ISO 9660 file system was "
"designed to deal with these differences."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:519
msgid ""
"The FreeBSD Ports Collection provides several utilities for burning and "
"duplicating audio and data CDs.  This chapter demonstrates the use of "
"several command line utilities.  For CD burning software with a graphical "
"utility, consider installing the package:sysutils/xcdroast[] or package:"
"sysutils/k3b[] packages or ports."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:521
#, no-wrap
msgid "Supported Devices"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:525
msgid ""
"The [.filename]#GENERIC# kernel provides support for SCSI, USB, and ATAPICD "
"readers and burners.  If a custom kernel is used, the options that need to "
"be present in the kernel configuration file vary by the type of device."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:527
msgid "For a SCSI burner, make sure these options are present:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:534
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"device scbus\t# SCSI bus (required for ATA/SCSI)\n"
"device da\t# Direct Access (disks)\n"
"device pass\t# Passthrough device (direct ATA/SCSI access)\n"
"device cd\t# needed for CD and DVD burners\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:537
msgid "For a USB burner, make sure these options are present:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:550
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"device scbus\t# SCSI bus (required for ATA/SCSI)\n"
"device da\t# Direct Access (disks)\n"
"device pass\t# Passthrough device (direct ATA/SCSI access)\n"
"device cd\t# needed for CD and DVD burners\n"
"device uhci\t# provides USB 1.x support\n"
"device ohci\t# provides USB 1.x support\n"
"device ehci\t# provides USB 2.0 support\n"
"device xhci\t# provides USB 3.0 support\n"
"device usb\t# USB Bus (required)\n"
"device umass\t# Disks/Mass storage - Requires scbus and da\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:553
msgid "For an ATAPI burner, make sure these options are present:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:560
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"device ata\t# Legacy ATA/SATA controllers\n"
"device scbus\t# SCSI bus (required for ATA/SCSI)\n"
"device pass\t# Passthrough device (direct ATA/SCSI access)\n"
"device cd\t# needed for CD and DVD burners\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:565
msgid ""
"On FreeBSD versions prior to 10.x, this line is also needed in the kernel "
"configuration file if the burner is an ATAPI device:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:569
#, no-wrap
msgid "device atapicam\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:572
msgid ""
"Alternately, this driver can be loaded at boot time by adding the following "
"line to [.filename]#/boot/loader.conf#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:576
#, no-wrap
msgid "atapicam_load=\"YES\"\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:579
msgid ""
"This will require a reboot of the system as this driver can only be loaded "
"at boot time."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:583
msgid ""
"To verify that FreeBSD recognizes the device, run `dmesg` and look for an "
"entry for the device.  On systems prior to 10.x, the device name in the "
"first line of the output will be [.filename]#acd0# instead of [."
"filename]#cd0#."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:592
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"% dmesg | grep cd\n"
"cd0 at ahcich1 bus 0 scbus1 target 0 lun 0\n"
"cd0: <HL-DT-ST DVDRAM GU70N LT20> Removable CD-ROM SCSI-0 device\n"
"cd0: Serial Number M3OD3S34152\n"
"cd0: 150.000MB/s transfers (SATA 1.x, UDMA6, ATAPI 12bytes, PIO 8192bytes)\n"
"cd0: Attempt to query device size failed: NOT READY, Medium not present - tray closed\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:595
#, no-wrap
msgid "Burning a CD"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:599
msgid ""
"In FreeBSD, `cdrecord` can be used to burn CDs.  This command is installed "
"with the package:sysutils/cdrtools[] package or port."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:602
msgid ""
"While `cdrecord` has many options, basic usage is simple.  Specify the name "
"of the ISO file to burn and, if the system has multiple burner devices, "
"specify the name of the device to use:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:606
#, no-wrap
msgid "# cdrecord dev=device imagefile.iso\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:609
msgid ""
"To determine the device name of the burner, use `-scanbus` which might "
"produce results like this:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:633
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# cdrecord -scanbus\n"
"ProDVD-ProBD-Clone 3.00 (amd64-unknown-freebsd10.0) Copyright (C) 1995-2010 Jörg Schilling\n"
"Using libscg version 'schily-0.9'\n"
"scsibus0:\n"
"        0,0,0     0) 'SEAGATE ' 'ST39236LW       ' '0004' Disk\n"
"        0,1,0     1) 'SEAGATE ' 'ST39173W        ' '5958' Disk\n"
"        0,2,0     2) *\n"
"        0,3,0     3) 'iomega  ' 'jaz 1GB         ' 'J.86' Removable Disk\n"
"        0,4,0     4) 'NEC     ' 'CD-ROM DRIVE:466' '1.26' Removable CD-ROM\n"
"        0,5,0     5) *\n"
"        0,6,0     6) *\n"
"        0,7,0     7) *\n"
"scsibus1:\n"
"        1,0,0   100) *\n"
"        1,1,0   101) *\n"
"        1,2,0   102) *\n"
"        1,3,0   103) *\n"
"        1,4,0   104) *\n"
"        1,5,0   105) 'YAMAHA  ' 'CRW4260         ' '1.0q' Removable CD-ROM\n"
"        1,6,0   106) 'ARTEC   ' 'AM12S           ' '1.06' Scanner\n"
"        1,7,0   107) *\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:638
msgid ""
"Locate the entry for the CD burner and use the three numbers separated by "
"commas as the value for `dev`.  In this case, the Yamaha burner device is "
"`1,5,0`, so the appropriate input to specify that device is `dev=1,5,0`.  "
"Refer to the manual page for `cdrecord` for other ways to specify this value "
"and for information on writing audio tracks and controlling the write speed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:640
msgid ""
"Alternately, run the following command to get the device address of the "
"burner:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:645
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# camcontrol devlist\n"
"<MATSHITA CDRW/DVD UJDA740 1.00>   at scbus1 target 0 lun 0 (cd0,pass0)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:649
msgid ""
"Use the numeric values for `scbus`, `target`, and `lun`.  For this example, "
"`1,0,0` is the device name to use."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:651
#, no-wrap
msgid "Writing Data to an ISO File System"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:656
msgid ""
"In order to produce a data CD, the data files that are going to make up the "
"tracks on the CD must be prepared before they can be burned to the CD.  In "
"FreeBSD, package:sysutils/cdrtools[] installs `mkisofs`, which can be used "
"to produce an ISO 9660 file system that is an image of a directory tree "
"within a UNIX(R) file system.  The simplest usage is to specify the name of "
"the ISO file to create and the path to the files to place into the ISO 9660 "
"file system:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:660
#, no-wrap
msgid "# mkisofs -o imagefile.iso /path/to/tree\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:663
msgid ""
"This command maps the file names in the specified path to names that fit the "
"limitations of the standard ISO 9660 file system, and will exclude files "
"that do not meet the standard for ISO file systems."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:666
msgid ""
"A number of options are available to overcome the restrictions imposed by "
"the standard.  In particular, `-R` enables the Rock Ridge extensions common "
"to UNIX(R) systems and `-J` enables Joliet extensions used by Microsoft(R) "
"systems."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:669
msgid ""
"For CDs that are going to be used only on FreeBSD systems, `-U` can be used "
"to disable all filename restrictions.  When used with `-R`, it produces a "
"file system image that is identical to the specified FreeBSD tree, even if "
"it violates the ISO 9660 standard."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:677
msgid ""
"The last option of general use is `-b`.  This is used to specify the "
"location of a boot image for use in producing an \"El Torito\" bootable CD.  "
"This option takes an argument which is the path to a boot image from the top "
"of the tree being written to the CD.  By default, `mkisofs` creates an ISO "
"image in \"floppy disk emulation\" mode, and thus expects the boot image to "
"be exactly 1200, 1440 or 2880 KB in size.  Some boot loaders, like the one "
"used by the FreeBSD distribution media, do not use emulation mode.  In this "
"case, `-no-emul-boot` should be used.  So, if [.filename]#/tmp/myboot# holds "
"a bootable FreeBSD system with the boot image in [.filename]#/tmp/myboot/"
"boot/cdboot#, this command would produce [.filename]#/tmp/bootable.iso#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:681
#, no-wrap
msgid "# mkisofs -R -no-emul-boot -b boot/cdboot -o /tmp/bootable.iso /tmp/myboot\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:684
msgid "The resulting ISO image can be mounted as a memory disk with:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:689
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# mdconfig -a -t vnode -f /tmp/bootable.iso -u 0\n"
"# mount -t cd9660 /dev/md0 /mnt\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:692
msgid ""
"One can then verify that [.filename]#/mnt# and [.filename]#/tmp/myboot# are "
"identical."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:695
msgid ""
"There are many other options available for `mkisofs` to fine-tune its "
"behavior.  Refer to man:mkisofs[8] for details."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:700
msgid ""
"It is possible to copy a data CD to an image file that is functionally "
"equivalent to the image file created with `mkisofs`.  To do so, use [."
"filename]#dd# with the device name as the input file and the name of the ISO "
"to create as the output file:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:704
#, no-wrap
msgid "# dd if=/dev/cd0 of=file.iso bs=2048\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:707
msgid ""
"The resulting image file can be burned to CD as described in <<cdrecord>>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:710
#, no-wrap
msgid "Using Data CDs"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:713
msgid ""
"Once an ISO has been burned to a CD, it can be mounted by specifying the "
"file system type, the name of the device containing the CD, and an existing "
"mount point:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:717
#, no-wrap
msgid "# mount -t cd9660 /dev/cd0 /mnt\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:720
msgid ""
"Since `mount` assumes that a file system is of type `ufs`, an `Incorrect "
"super block` error will occur if `-t cd9660` is not included when mounting a "
"data CD."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:725
msgid ""
"While any data CD can be mounted this way, disks with certain ISO 9660 "
"extensions might behave oddly.  For example, Joliet disks store all "
"filenames in two-byte Unicode characters.  If some non-English characters "
"show up as question marks, specify the local charset with `-C`.  For more "
"information, refer to man:mount_cd9660[8]."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:730
msgid ""
"In order to do this character conversion with the help of `-C`, the kernel "
"requires the [.filename]#cd9660_iconv.ko# module to be loaded.  This can be "
"done either by adding this line to [.filename]#loader.conf#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:734
#, no-wrap
msgid "cd9660_iconv_load=\"YES\"\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:737
msgid ""
"and then rebooting the machine, or by directly loading the module with "
"`kldload`."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:742
msgid ""
"Occasionally, `Device not configured` will be displayed when trying to mount "
"a data CD.  This usually means that the CD drive has not detected a disk in "
"the tray, or that the drive is not visible on the bus.  It can take a couple "
"of seconds for a CD drive to detect media, so be patient."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:746
msgid ""
"Sometimes, a SCSICD drive may be missed because it did not have enough time "
"to answer the bus reset.  To resolve this, a custom kernel can be created "
"which increases the default SCSI delay.  Add the following option to the "
"custom kernel configuration file and rebuild the kernel using the "
"instructions in crossref:kernelconfig[kernelconfig-building,“Building and "
"Installing a Custom Kernel”]:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:750
#, no-wrap
msgid "options SCSI_DELAY=15000\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:753
msgid ""
"This tells the SCSI bus to pause 15 seconds during boot, to give the CD "
"drive every possible chance to answer the bus reset."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:758
msgid ""
"It is possible to burn a file directly to CD, without creating an ISO 9660 "
"file system.  This is known as burning a raw data CD and some people do this "
"for backup purposes."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:762
msgid ""
"This type of disk can not be mounted as a normal data CD.  In order to "
"retrieve the data burned to such a CD, the data must be read from the raw "
"device node.  For example, this command will extract a compressed tar file "
"located on the second CD device into the current working directory:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:766
#, no-wrap
msgid "# tar xzvf /dev/cd1\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:769
msgid "In order to mount a data CD, the data must be written using `mkisofs`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:772
#, no-wrap
msgid "Duplicating Audio CDs"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:775
msgid ""
"To duplicate an audio CD, extract the audio data from the CD to a series of "
"files, then write these files to a blank CD."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:778
msgid ""
"<<using-cdrecord>> describes how to duplicate and burn an audio CD.  If the "
"FreeBSD version is less than 10.0 and the device is ATAPI, the `atapicam` "
"module must be first loaded using the instructions in <<atapicam>>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Block title
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:781
#, no-wrap
msgid "Procedure: Duplicating an Audio CD"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:783
msgid ""
"The package:sysutils/cdrtools[] package or port installs `cdda2wav`. This "
"command can be used to extract all of the audio tracks, with each track "
"written to a separate WAV file in the current working directory:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:787
#, no-wrap
msgid "% cdda2wav -vall -B -Owav\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:791
msgid ""
"A device name does not need to be specified if there is only one CD device "
"on the system.  Refer to the `cdda2wav` manual page for instructions on how "
"to specify a device and to learn more about the other options available for "
"this command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:792
msgid "Use `cdrecord` to write the [.filename]#.wav# files:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:796
#, no-wrap
msgid "% cdrecord -v dev=2,0 -dao -useinfo  *.wav\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:799
msgid ""
"Make sure that _2,0_ is set appropriately, as described in <<cdrecord>>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:801
#, no-wrap
msgid "Creating and Using DVD Media"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:805
msgid ""
"Compared to the CD, the DVD is the next generation of optical media storage "
"technology.  The DVD can hold more data than any CD and is the standard for "
"video publishing."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:807
msgid "Five physical recordable formats can be defined for a recordable DVD:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:809
msgid ""
"DVD-R: This was the first DVD recordable format available. The DVD-R "
"standard is defined by the http://www.dvdforum.org/forum.shtml[DVD Forum]. "
"This format is write once."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:810
msgid ""
"DVD-RW: This is the rewritable version of the DVD-R standard. A DVD-RW can "
"be rewritten about 1000 times."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:811
msgid ""
"DVD-RAM: This is a rewritable format which can be seen as a removable hard "
"drive. However, this media is not compatible with most DVD-ROM drives and "
"DVD-Video players as only a few DVD writers support the DVD-RAM format. "
"Refer to <<creating-dvd-ram>> for more information on DVD-RAM use."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:812
msgid ""
"DVD+RW: This is a rewritable format defined by the https://en.wikipedia.org/"
"wiki/DVD%2BRW_Alliance[DVD+RW Alliance]. A DVD+RW can be rewritten about "
"1000 times."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:813
msgid "DVD+R: This format is the write once variation of the DVD+RW format."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:815
msgid ""
"A single layer recordable DVD can hold up to 4,700,000,000 bytes which is "
"actually 4.38 GB or 4485 MB as 1 kilobyte is 1024 bytes."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:821
msgid ""
"A distinction must be made between the physical media and the application.  "
"For example, a DVD-Video is a specific file layout that can be written on "
"any recordable DVD physical media such as DVD-R, DVD+R, or DVD-RW.  Before "
"choosing the type of media, ensure that both the burner and the DVD-Video "
"player are compatible with the media under consideration."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:823
#, no-wrap
msgid "Configuration"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:827
msgid ""
"To perform DVD recording, use man:growisofs[1].  This command is part of the "
"package:sysutils/dvd+rw-tools[] utilities which support all DVD media types."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:831
msgid ""
"These tools use the SCSI subsystem to access the devices, therefore "
"<<atapicam,ATAPI/CAM support>> must be loaded or statically compiled into "
"the kernel.  This support is not needed if the burner uses the USB "
"interface.  Refer to <<usb-disks>> for more details on USB device "
"configuration."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:833
msgid ""
"DMA access must also be enabled for ATAPI devices, by adding the following "
"line to [.filename]#/boot/loader.conf#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:837
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1070
#, no-wrap
msgid "hw.ata.atapi_dma=\"1\"\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:840
msgid ""
"Before attempting to use dvd+rw-tools, consult the http://fy.chalmers.se/"
"~appro/linux/DVD+RW/hcn.html[Hardware Compatibility Notes]."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:844
msgid ""
"For a graphical user interface, consider using package:sysutils/k3b[] which "
"provides a user friendly interface to man:growisofs[1] and many other "
"burning tools."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:846
#, no-wrap
msgid "Burning Data DVDs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:850
msgid ""
"Since man:growisofs[1] is a front-end to <<mkisofs,mkisofs>>, it will invoke "
"man:mkisofs[8] to create the file system layout and perform the write on the "
"DVD.  This means that an image of the data does not need to be created "
"before the burning process."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:852
msgid ""
"To burn to a DVD+R or a DVD-R the data in [.filename]#/path/to/data#, use "
"the following command:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:856
#, no-wrap
msgid "# growisofs -dvd-compat -Z /dev/cd0 -J -R /path/to/data\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:860
msgid ""
"In this example, `-J -R` is passed to man:mkisofs[8] to create an ISO 9660 "
"file system with Joliet and Rock Ridge extensions.  Refer to man:mkisofs[8] "
"for more details."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:865
msgid ""
"For the initial session recording, `-Z` is used for both single and multiple "
"sessions.  Replace _/dev/cd0_, with the name of the DVD device.  Using `-dvd-"
"compat` indicates that the disk will be closed and that the recording will "
"be unappendable.  This should also provide better media compatibility with "
"DVD-ROM drives."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:867
msgid "To burn a pre-mastered image, such as _imagefile.iso_, use:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:871
#, no-wrap
msgid "# growisofs -dvd-compat -Z /dev/cd0=imagefile.iso\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:875
msgid ""
"The write speed should be detected and automatically set according to the "
"media and the drive being used.  To force the write speed, use `-speed=`. "
"Refer to man:growisofs[1] for example usage."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:882
msgid ""
"In order to support working files larger than 4.38GB, an UDF/ISO-9660 hybrid "
"file system must be created by passing `-udf -iso-level 3` to man:mkisofs[8] "
"and all related programs, such as man:growisofs[1].  This is required only "
"when creating an ISO image file or when writing files directly to a disk.  "
"Since a disk created this way must be mounted as an UDF file system with man:"
"mount_udf[8], it will be usable only on an UDF aware operating system.  "
"Otherwise it will look as if it contains corrupted files."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:884
msgid "To create this type of ISO file:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:888
#, no-wrap
msgid "% mkisofs -R -J -udf -iso-level 3 -o imagefile.iso /path/to/data\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:891
msgid "To burn files directly to a disk:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:895
#, no-wrap
msgid "# growisofs -dvd-compat -udf -iso-level 3 -Z /dev/cd0 -J -R /path/to/data\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:898
msgid ""
"When an ISO image already contains large files, no additional options are "
"required for man:growisofs[1] to burn that image on a disk."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:901
msgid ""
"Be sure to use an up-to-date version of package:sysutils/cdrtools[], which "
"contains man:mkisofs[8], as an older version may not contain large files "
"support.  If the latest version does not work, install package:sysutils/"
"cdrtools-devel[] and read its man:mkisofs[8]."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:903
#, no-wrap
msgid "Burning a DVD-Video"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:907
msgid ""
"A DVD-Video is a specific file layout based on the ISO 9660 and micro-UDF (M-"
"UDF) specifications.  Since DVD-Video presents a specific data structure "
"hierarchy, a particular program such as package:multimedia/dvdauthor[] is "
"needed to author the DVD."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:910
msgid ""
"If an image of the DVD-Video file system already exists, it can be burned in "
"the same way as any other image.  If `dvdauthor` was used to make the DVD "
"and the result is in [.filename]#/path/to/video#, the following command "
"should be used to burn the DVD-Video:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:914
#, no-wrap
msgid "# growisofs -Z /dev/cd0 -dvd-video /path/to/video\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:918
msgid ""
"`-dvd-video` is passed to man:mkisofs[8] to instruct it to create a DVD-"
"Video file system layout.  This option implies the `-dvd-compat` man:"
"growisofs[1] option."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:919
#, no-wrap
msgid "Using a DVD+RW"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:924
msgid ""
"Unlike CD-RW, a virgin DVD+RW needs to be formatted before first use.  It is "
"_recommended_ to let man:growisofs[1] take care of this automatically "
"whenever appropriate.  However, it is possible to use `dvd+rw-format` to "
"format the DVD+RW:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:928
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1018
#, no-wrap
msgid "# dvd+rw-format /dev/cd0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:932
msgid ""
"Only perform this operation once and keep in mind that only virgin DVD+RW "
"medias need to be formatted.  Once formatted, the DVD+RW can be burned as "
"usual."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:935
msgid ""
"To burn a totally new file system and not just append some data onto a "
"DVD+RW, the media does not need to be blanked first.  Instead, write over "
"the previous recording like this:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:939
#, no-wrap
msgid "# growisofs -Z /dev/cd0 -J -R /path/to/newdata\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:944
msgid ""
"The DVD+RW format supports appending data to a previous recording.  This "
"operation consists of merging a new session to the existing one as it is not "
"considered to be multi-session writing.  man:growisofs[1] will _grow_ the "
"ISO 9660 file system present on the media."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:946
msgid "For example, to append data to a DVD+RW, use the following:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:950
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1038
#, no-wrap
msgid "# growisofs -M /dev/cd0 -J -R /path/to/nextdata\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:953
msgid ""
"The same man:mkisofs[8] options used to burn the initial session should be "
"used during next writes."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:958
msgid ""
"Use `-dvd-compat` for better media compatibility with DVD-ROM drives.  When "
"using DVD+RW, this option will not prevent the addition of data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:961
msgid "To blank the media, use:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:965
#, no-wrap
msgid "# growisofs -Z /dev/cd0=/dev/zero\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:967
#, no-wrap
msgid "Using a DVD-RW"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:971
msgid ""
"A DVD-RW accepts two disc formats: incremental sequential and restricted "
"overwrite.  By default, DVD-RW discs are in sequential format."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:974
msgid ""
"A virgin DVD-RW can be directly written without being formatted.  However, a "
"non-virgin DVD-RW in sequential format needs to be blanked before writing a "
"new initial session."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:976
msgid "To blank a DVD-RW in sequential mode:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:980
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1025
#, no-wrap
msgid "# dvd+rw-format -blank=full /dev/cd0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:987
msgid ""
"A full blanking using `-blank=full` will take about one hour on a 1x media.  "
"A fast blanking can be performed using `-blank`, if the DVD-RW will be "
"recorded in Disk-At-Once (DAO) mode.  To burn the DVD-RW in DAO mode, use "
"the command:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:991
#, no-wrap
msgid "# growisofs -use-the-force-luke=dao -Z /dev/cd0=imagefile.iso\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:994
msgid ""
"Since man:growisofs[1] automatically attempts to detect fast blanked media "
"and engage DAO write, `-use-the-force-luke=dao` should not be required."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:996
msgid ""
"One should instead use restricted overwrite mode with any DVD-RW as this "
"format is more flexible than the default of incremental sequential."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:999
msgid ""
"To write data on a sequential DVD-RW, use the same instructions as for the "
"other DVD formats:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1003
#, no-wrap
msgid "# growisofs -Z /dev/cd0 -J -R /path/to/data\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1007
msgid ""
"To append some data to a previous recording, use `-M` with man:"
"growisofs[1].  However, if data is appended on a DVD-RW in incremental "
"sequential mode, a new session will be created on the disc and the result "
"will be a multi-session disc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1012
msgid ""
"A DVD-RW in restricted overwrite format does not need to be blanked before a "
"new initial session.  Instead, overwrite the disc with `-Z`.  It is also "
"possible to grow an existing ISO 9660 file system written on the disc with `-"
"M`.  The result will be a one-session DVD."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1014
msgid ""
"To put a DVD-RW in restricted overwrite format, the following command must "
"be used:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1021
msgid "To change back to sequential format, use:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1027
#, no-wrap
msgid "Multi-Session"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1032
msgid ""
"Few DVD-ROM drives support multi-session DVDs and most of the time only read "
"the first session.  DVD+R, DVD-R and DVD-RW in sequential format can accept "
"multiple sessions.  The notion of multiple sessions does not exist for the "
"DVD+RW and the DVD-RW restricted overwrite formats."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1034
msgid ""
"Using the following command after an initial non-closed session on a DVD+R, "
"DVD-R, or DVD-RW in sequential format, will add a new session to the disc:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1043
msgid ""
"Using this command with a DVD+RW or a DVD-RW in restricted overwrite mode "
"will append data while merging the new session to the existing one.  The "
"result will be a single-session disc.  Use this method to add data after an "
"initial write on these types of media."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1048
msgid ""
"Since some space on the media is used between each session to mark the end "
"and start of sessions, one should add sessions with a large amount of data "
"to optimize media space.  The number of sessions is limited to 154 for a "
"DVD+R, about 2000 for a DVD-R, and 127 for a DVD+R Double Layer."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1050
#, no-wrap
msgid "For More Information"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1053
msgid ""
"To obtain more information about a DVD, use `dvd+rw-mediainfo _/dev/cd0_` "
"while the disc in the specified drive."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1055
msgid ""
"More information about dvd+rw-tools can be found in man:growisofs[1], on the "
"http://fy.chalmers.se/~appro/linux/DVD+RW/[dvd+rw-tools web site], and in "
"the http://lists.debian.org/cdwrite/[cdwrite mailing list] archives."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1059
msgid ""
"When creating a problem report related to the use of dvd+rw-tools, always "
"include the output of `dvd+rw-mediainfo`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1062
#, no-wrap
msgid "Using a DVD-RAM"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1066
msgid ""
"DVD-RAM writers can use either a SCSI or ATAPI interface.  For ATAPI "
"devices, DMA access has to be enabled by adding the following line to [."
"filename]#/boot/loader.conf#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1075
msgid ""
"A DVD-RAM can be seen as a removable hard drive.  Like any other hard drive, "
"the DVD-RAM must be formatted before it can be used.  In this example, the "
"whole disk space will be formatted with a standard UFS2 file system:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1081
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/acd0 bs=2k count=1\n"
"# bsdlabel -Bw acd0\n"
"# newfs /dev/acd0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1084
msgid ""
"The DVD device, [.filename]#acd0#, must be changed according to the "
"configuration."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1086
msgid ""
"Once the DVD-RAM has been formatted, it can be mounted as a normal hard "
"drive:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1090
#, no-wrap
msgid "# mount /dev/acd0 /mnt\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1093
msgid "Once mounted, the DVD-RAM will be both readable and writeable."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1095
#, no-wrap
msgid "Creating and Using Floppy Disks"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1098
msgid "This section explains how to format a 3.5 inch floppy disk in FreeBSD."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1102
#, no-wrap
msgid "*Procedure: Steps to Format a Floppy*\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1107
msgid ""
"A floppy disk needs to be low-level formatted before it can be used.  This "
"is usually done by the vendor, but formatting is a good way to check media "
"integrity.  To low-level format the floppy disk on FreeBSD, use man:"
"fdformat[1].  When using this utility, make note of any error messages, as "
"these can help determine if the disk is good or bad."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1109
msgid ""
"To format the floppy, insert a new 3.5 inch floppy disk into the first "
"floppy drive and issue:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1113
#, no-wrap
msgid "# /usr/sbin/fdformat -f 1440 /dev/fd0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1116
msgid ""
"After low-level formatting the disk, create a disk label as it is needed by "
"the system to determine the size of the disk and its geometry. The supported "
"geometry values are listed in [.filename]#/etc/disktab#."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1118
msgid "To write the disk label, use man:bsdlabel[8]:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1122
#, no-wrap
msgid "# /sbin/bsdlabel -B -w /dev/fd0 fd1440\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1125
msgid ""
"The floppy is now ready to be high-level formatted with a file system. The "
"floppy's file system can be either UFS or FAT, where FAT is generally a "
"better choice for floppies."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1127
msgid "To format the floppy with FAT, issue:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1131
#, no-wrap
msgid "# /sbin/newfs_msdos /dev/fd0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1137
msgid ""
"The disk is now ready for use.  To use the floppy, mount it with man:"
"mount_msdosfs[8].  One can also install and use package:emulators/mtools[] "
"from the Ports Collection."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1139
#, no-wrap
msgid "Using NTFS Disks"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1142
msgid "This section explains how to mount NTFS disks in FreeBSD."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1147
msgid ""
"NTFS (New Technology File System) is a proprietary journaling file system "
"developed by Microsoft(R).  It has been the default file system in Microsoft "
"Windows(R) for many years.  FreeBSD can mount NTFS volumes using a FUSE file "
"system.  These file systems are implemented as user space programs which "
"interact with the man:fusefs[5] kernel module via a well defined interface."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1151
#, no-wrap
msgid "*Procedure: Steps to Mount a NTFS Disk*\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1154
msgid ""
"Before using a FUSE file system we need to load the man:fusefs[5] kernel "
"module:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1158
#, no-wrap
msgid "# kldload fusefs\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1161
msgid "Use man:sysrc[8] to load the module at startup:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1165
#, no-wrap
msgid "# sysrc kld_list+=fusefs\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1168
msgid ""
"Install the actual NTFS file system from packages as in the example (see "
"crossref:ports[pkgng-intro,Using pkg for Binary Package Management]) or from "
"ports (see crossref:ports[ports-using,Using the Ports Collection]):"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1172
#, no-wrap
msgid "# pkg install fusefs-ntfs\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1175
msgid ""
"Last we need to create a directory where the file system will be mounted:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1179
#, no-wrap
msgid "# mkdir /mnt/usb\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1182
msgid ""
"Suppose a USB disk is plugged in.  The disk partition information can be "
"viewed with man:gpart[8]:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1188
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# gpart show da0\n"
"=>\t  63  1953525105  da0 MBR   (932G)\n"
"\t  63  1953525105    1 ntfs  (932G)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1191
msgid "We can mount the disk using the following command:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1195
#, no-wrap
msgid "# ntfs-3g /dev/da0s1 /mnt/usb/\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1197
msgid "The disk is now ready to use."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1199
msgid "Additionally, an entry can be added to /etc/fstab:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1203
#, no-wrap
msgid "/dev/da0s1  /mnt/usb\tntfs mountprog=/usr/local/bin/ntfs-3g,noauto,rw  0 0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1206
msgid "Now the disk can be now mounted with:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1210
#, no-wrap
msgid "# mount /mnt/usb\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1213
msgid "The disk can be unmounted with:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1217
#, no-wrap
msgid "# umount /mnt/usb/\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1221
#, no-wrap
msgid "Backup Basics"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1224
msgid ""
"Implementing a backup plan is essential in order to have the ability to "
"recover from disk failure, accidental file deletion, random file corruption, "
"or complete machine destruction, including destruction of on-site backups."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1227
msgid ""
"The backup type and schedule will vary, depending upon the importance of the "
"data, the granularity needed for file restores, and the amount of acceptable "
"downtime.  Some possible backup techniques include:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1229
msgid ""
"Archives of the whole system, backed up onto permanent, off-site media. This "
"provides protection against all of the problems listed above, but is slow "
"and inconvenient to restore from, especially for non-privileged users."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1230
msgid ""
"File system snapshots, which are useful for restoring deleted files or "
"previous versions of files."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1231
msgid ""
"Copies of whole file systems or disks which are synchronized with another "
"system on the network using a scheduled package:net/rsync[]."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1232
msgid ""
"Hardware or software RAID, which minimizes or avoids downtime when a disk "
"fails."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1236
msgid ""
"Typically, a mix of backup techniques is used.  For example, one could "
"create a schedule to automate a weekly, full system backup that is stored "
"off-site and to supplement this backup with hourly ZFS snapshots.  In "
"addition, one could make a manual backup of individual directories or files "
"before making file edits or deletions."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1238
msgid ""
"This section describes some of the utilities which can be used to create and "
"manage backups on a FreeBSD system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1239
#, no-wrap
msgid "File System Backups"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1245
msgid ""
"The traditional UNIX(R) programs for backing up a file system are man:"
"dump[8], which creates the backup, and man:restore[8], which restores the "
"backup.  These utilities work at the disk block level, below the "
"abstractions of the files, links, and directories that are created by file "
"systems.  Unlike other backup software, `dump` backs up an entire file "
"system and is unable to backup only part of a file system or a directory "
"tree that spans multiple file systems.  Instead of writing files and "
"directories, `dump` writes the raw data blocks that comprise files and "
"directories."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1249
msgid ""
"If `dump` is used on the root directory, it will not back up [.filename]#/"
"home#, [.filename]#/usr# or many other directories since these are typically "
"mount points for other file systems or symbolic links into those file "
"systems."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1253
msgid ""
"When used to restore data, `restore` stores temporary files in [.filename]#/"
"tmp/# by default.  When using a recovery disk with a small [.filename]#/"
"tmp#, set `TMPDIR` to a directory with more free space in order for the "
"restore to succeed."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1257
msgid ""
"When using `dump`, be aware that some quirks remain from its early days in "
"Version 6 of AT&T UNIX(R),circa 1975.  The default parameters assume a "
"backup to a 9-track tape, rather than to another type of media or to the "
"high-density tapes available today.  These defaults must be overridden on "
"the command line."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1260
msgid ""
"It is possible to backup a file system across the network to a another "
"system or to a tape drive attached to another computer.  While the man:"
"rdump[8] and man:rrestore[8] utilities can be used for this purpose, they "
"are not considered to be secure."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1263
msgid ""
"Instead, one can use `dump` and `restore` in a more secure fashion over an "
"SSH connection.  This example creates a full, compressed backup of [."
"filename]#/usr# and sends the backup file to the specified host over a SSH "
"connection."
msgstr ""

#. type: Block title
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1264
#, no-wrap
msgid "Using `dump` over ssh"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1271
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# /sbin/dump -0uan -f - /usr | gzip -2 | ssh -c blowfish \\\n"
"          targetuser@targetmachine.example.com dd of=/mybigfiles/dump-usr-l0.gz\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1275
msgid ""
"This example sets `RSH` in order to write the backup to a tape drive on a "
"remote system over a SSH connection:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Block title
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1276
#, no-wrap
msgid "Using `dump` over ssh with `RSH` Set"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1282
#, no-wrap
msgid "# env RSH=/usr/bin/ssh /sbin/dump -0uan -f targetuser@targetmachine.example.com:/dev/sa0 /usr\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1285
#, no-wrap
msgid "Directory Backups"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1288
msgid ""
"Several built-in utilities are available for backing up and restoring "
"specified files and directories as needed."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1292
msgid ""
"A good choice for making a backup of all of the files in a directory is man:"
"tar[1].  This utility dates back to Version 6 of AT&T UNIX(R) and by default "
"assumes a recursive backup to a local tape device.  Switches can be used to "
"instead specify the name of a backup file."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1295
msgid ""
"This example creates a compressed backup of the current directory and saves "
"it to [.filename]#/tmp/mybackup.tgz#.  When creating a backup file, make "
"sure that the backup is not saved to the same directory that is being backed "
"up."
msgstr ""

#. type: Block title
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1296
#, no-wrap
msgid "Backing Up the Current Directory with `tar`"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1302
#, no-wrap
msgid "# tar czvf /tmp/mybackup.tgz .\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1308
msgid ""
"To restore the entire backup, `cd` into the directory to restore into and "
"specify the name of the backup.  Note that this will overwrite any newer "
"versions of files in the restore directory.  When in doubt, restore to a "
"temporary directory or specify the name of the file within the backup to "
"restore."
msgstr ""

#. type: Block title
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1309
#, no-wrap
msgid "Restoring Up the Current Directory with `tar`"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1315
#, no-wrap
msgid "# tar xzvf /tmp/mybackup.tgz\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1320
msgid ""
"There are dozens of available switches which are described in man:tar[1].  "
"This utility also supports the use of exclude patterns to specify which "
"files should not be included when backing up the specified directory or "
"restoring files from a backup."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1323
msgid ""
"To create a backup using a specified list of files and directories, man:"
"cpio[1] is a good choice.  Unlike `tar`, `cpio` does not know how to walk "
"the directory tree and it must be provided the list of files to backup."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1326
msgid ""
"For example, a list of files can be created using `ls` or `find`.  This "
"example creates a recursive listing of the current directory which is then "
"piped to `cpio` in order to create an output backup file named [.filename]#/"
"tmp/mybackup.cpio#."
msgstr ""

#. type: Block title
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1327
#, no-wrap
msgid "Using `ls` and `cpio` to Make a Recursive Backup of the Current Directory"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1333
#, no-wrap
msgid "# ls -R | cpio -ovF /tmp/mybackup.cpio\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1339
msgid ""
"A backup utility which tries to bridge the features provided by `tar` and "
"`cpio` is man:pax[1].  Over the years, the various versions of `tar` and "
"`cpio` became slightly incompatible.  POSIX(R) created `pax` which attempts "
"to read and write many of the various `cpio` and `tar` formats, plus new "
"formats of its own."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1341
msgid "The `pax` equivalent to the previous examples would be:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Block title
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1342
#, no-wrap
msgid "Backing Up the Current Directory with `pax`"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1348
#, no-wrap
msgid "# pax -wf /tmp/mybackup.pax .\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1352
#, no-wrap
msgid "Using Data Tapes for Backups"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1357
msgid ""
"While tape technology has continued to evolve, modern backup systems tend to "
"combine off-site backups with local removable media.  FreeBSD supports any "
"tape drive that uses SCSI, such as LTO or DAT.  There is limited support for "
"SATA and USB tape drives."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1361
msgid ""
"For SCSI tape devices, FreeBSD uses the man:sa[4] driver and the [."
"filename]#/dev/sa0#, [.filename]#/dev/nsa0#, and [.filename]#/dev/esa0# "
"devices.  The physical device name is [.filename]#/dev/sa0#. When [."
"filename]#/dev/nsa0# is used, the backup application will not rewind the "
"tape after writing a file, which allows writing more than one file to a "
"tape.  Using [.filename]#/dev/esa0# ejects the tape after the device is "
"closed."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1364
msgid ""
"In FreeBSD, `mt` is used to control operations of the tape drive, such as "
"seeking through files on a tape or writing tape control marks to the tape.  "
"For example, the first three files on a tape can be preserved by skipping "
"past them before writing a new file:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1368
#, no-wrap
msgid "# mt -f /dev/nsa0 fsf 3\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1371
msgid "This utility supports many operations. Refer to man:mt[1] for details."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1373
msgid ""
"To write a single file to tape using `tar`, specify the name of the tape "
"device and the file to backup:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1377
#, no-wrap
msgid "# tar cvf /dev/sa0 file\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1380
msgid ""
"To recover files from a `tar` archive on tape into the current directory:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1384
#, no-wrap
msgid "# tar xvf /dev/sa0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1388
msgid ""
"To backup a UFS file system, use `dump`.  This examples backs up [."
"filename]#/usr# without rewinding the tape when finished:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1392
#, no-wrap
msgid "# dump -0aL -b64 -f /dev/nsa0 /usr\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1395
msgid ""
"To interactively restore files from a `dump` file on tape into the current "
"directory:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1399
#, no-wrap
msgid "# restore -i -f /dev/nsa0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1402
#, no-wrap
msgid "Third-Party Backup Utilities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1406
msgid ""
"The FreeBSD Ports Collection provides many third-party utilities which can "
"be used to schedule the creation of backups, simplify tape backup, and make "
"backups easier and more convenient.  Many of these applications are client/"
"server based and can be used to automate the backups of a single system or "
"all of the computers in a network."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1408
msgid "Popular utilities include Amanda, Bacula, rsync, and duplicity."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1409
#, no-wrap
msgid "Emergency Recovery"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1412
msgid ""
"In addition to regular backups, it is recommended to perform the following "
"steps as part of an emergency preparedness plan."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1414
msgid "Create a print copy of the output of the following commands:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1416
msgid "`gpart show`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1417
msgid "`more /etc/fstab`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1418
msgid "`dmesg`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1422
msgid ""
"Store this printout and a copy of the installation media in a secure "
"location.  Should an emergency restore be needed, boot into the installation "
"media and select `Live CD` to access a rescue shell.  This rescue mode can "
"be used to view the current state of the system, and if needed, to reformat "
"disks and restore data from backups."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1427
msgid ""
"Next, test the rescue shell and the backups.  Make notes of the procedure.  "
"Store these notes with the media, the printouts, and the backups.  These "
"notes may prevent the inadvertent destruction of the backups while under the "
"stress of performing an emergency recovery."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1429
msgid ""
"For an added measure of security, store the latest backup at a remote "
"location which is physically separated from the computers and disk drives by "
"a significant distance."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1431
#, no-wrap
msgid "Memory Disks"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1435
msgid ""
"In addition to physical disks, FreeBSD also supports the creation and use of "
"memory disks.  One possible use for a memory disk is to access the contents "
"of an ISO file system without the overhead of first burning it to a CD or "
"DVD, then mounting the CD/DVD media."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1439
msgid ""
"In FreeBSD, the man:md[4] driver is used to provide support for memory "
"disks.  The [.filename]#GENERIC# kernel includes this driver.  When using a "
"custom kernel configuration file, ensure it includes this line:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1443
#, no-wrap
msgid "device md\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1446
#, no-wrap
msgid "Attaching and Detaching Existing Images"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1452
msgid ""
"To mount an existing file system image, use `mdconfig` to specify the name "
"of the ISO file and a free unit number.  Then, refer to that unit number to "
"mount it on an existing mount point.  Once mounted, the files in the ISO "
"will appear in the mount point.  This example attaches _diskimage.iso_ to "
"the memory device [.filename]#/dev/md0# then mounts that memory device on [."
"filename]#/mnt#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1457
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# mdconfig -f diskimage.iso -u 0\n"
"# mount -t cd9660 /dev/md0 /mnt\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1462
msgid ""
"Notice that `-t cd9660` was used to mount an ISO format.  If a unit number "
"is not specified with `-u`, `mdconfig` will automatically allocate an unused "
"memory device and output the name of the allocated unit, such as [."
"filename]#md4#.  Refer to man:mdconfig[8] for more details about this "
"command and its options."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1466
msgid ""
"When a memory disk is no longer in use, its resources should be released "
"back to the system.  First, unmount the file system, then use `mdconfig` to "
"detach the disk from the system and release its resources.  To continue this "
"example:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1471
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# umount /mnt\n"
"# mdconfig -d -u 0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1474
msgid ""
"To determine if any memory disks are still attached to the system, type "
"`mdconfig -l`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1476
#, no-wrap
msgid "Creating a File- or Memory-Backed Memory Disk"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1481
msgid ""
"FreeBSD also supports memory disks where the storage to use is allocated "
"from either a hard disk or an area of memory.  The first method is commonly "
"referred to as a file-backed file system and the second method as a memory-"
"backed file system.  Both types can be created using `mdconfig`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1486
msgid ""
"To create a new memory-backed file system, specify a type of `swap` and the "
"size of the memory disk to create.  Then, format the memory disk with a file "
"system and mount as usual.  This example creates a 5M memory disk on unit "
"`1`.  That memory disk is then formatted with the UFS file system before it "
"is mounted:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1500
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# mdconfig -a -t swap -s 5m -u 1\n"
"# newfs -U md1\n"
"/dev/md1: 5.0MB (10240 sectors) block size 16384, fragment size 2048\n"
"        using 4 cylinder groups of 1.27MB, 81 blks, 192 inodes.\n"
"        with soft updates\n"
"super-block backups (for fsck -b #) at:\n"
" 160, 2752, 5344, 7936\n"
"# mount /dev/md1 /mnt\n"
"# df /mnt\n"
"Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity  Mounted on\n"
"/dev/md1        4718    4  4338     0%    /mnt\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1504
msgid ""
"To create a new file-backed memory disk, first allocate an area of disk to "
"use.  This example creates an empty 5MB file named [.filename]#newimage#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1510
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# dd if=/dev/zero of=newimage bs=1k count=5k\n"
"5120+0 records in\n"
"5120+0 records out\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1513
msgid ""
"Next, attach that file to a memory disk, label the memory disk and format it "
"with the UFS file system, mount the memory disk, and verify the size of the "
"file-backed disk:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1527
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# mdconfig -f newimage -u 0\n"
"# bsdlabel -w md0 auto\n"
"# newfs -U md0a\n"
"/dev/md0a: 5.0MB (10224 sectors) block size 16384, fragment size 2048\n"
"        using 4 cylinder groups of 1.25MB, 80 blks, 192 inodes.\n"
"super-block backups (for fsck -b #) at:\n"
" 160, 2720, 5280, 7840\n"
"# mount /dev/md0a /mnt\n"
"# df /mnt\n"
"Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity  Mounted on\n"
"/dev/md0a       4710    4  4330     0%    /mnt\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1532
msgid ""
"It takes several commands to create a file- or memory-backed file system "
"using `mdconfig`.  FreeBSD also comes with `mdmfs` which automatically "
"configures a memory disk, formats it with the UFS file system, and mounts "
"it.  For example, after creating _newimage_ with `dd`, this one command is "
"equivalent to running the `bsdlabel`, `newfs`, and `mount` commands shown "
"above:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1536
#, no-wrap
msgid "# mdmfs -F newimage -s 5m md0 /mnt\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1539
msgid ""
"To instead create a new memory-based memory disk with `mdmfs`, use this one "
"command:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1543
#, no-wrap
msgid "# mdmfs -s 5m md1 /mnt\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1547
msgid ""
"If the unit number is not specified, `mdmfs` will automatically select an "
"unused memory device.  For more details about `mdmfs`, refer to man:mdmfs[8]."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1549
#, no-wrap
msgid "File System Snapshots"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1552
msgid ""
"FreeBSD offers a feature in conjunction with crossref:config[soft-updates,"
"Soft Updates]: file system snapshots."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1558
msgid ""
"UFS snapshots allow a user to create images of specified file systems, and "
"treat them as a file.  Snapshot files must be created in the file system "
"that the action is performed on, and a user may create no more than 20 "
"snapshots per file system.  Active snapshots are recorded in the superblock "
"so they are persistent across unmount and remount operations along with "
"system reboots.  When a snapshot is no longer required, it can be removed "
"using man:rm[1].  While snapshots may be removed in any order, all the used "
"space may not be acquired because another snapshot will possibly claim some "
"of the released blocks."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1561
msgid ""
"The un-alterable `snapshot` file flag is set by man:mksnap_ffs[8] after "
"initial creation of a snapshot file.  man:unlink[1] makes an exception for "
"snapshot files since it allows them to be removed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1564
msgid ""
"Snapshots are created using man:mount[8].  To place a snapshot of [."
"filename]#/var# in the file [.filename]#/var/snapshot/snap#, use the "
"following command:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1568
#, no-wrap
msgid "# mount -u -o snapshot /var/snapshot/snap /var\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1571
msgid "Alternatively, use man:mksnap_ffs[8] to create the snapshot:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1575
#, no-wrap
msgid "# mksnap_ffs /var /var/snapshot/snap\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1578
msgid ""
"One can find snapshot files on a file system, such as [.filename]#/var#, "
"using man:find[1]:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1582
#, no-wrap
msgid "# find /var -flags snapshot\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1585
msgid "Once a snapshot has been created, it has several uses:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1587
msgid ""
"Some administrators will use a snapshot file for backup purposes, because "
"the snapshot can be transferred to CDs or tape."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1588
msgid ""
"The file system integrity checker, man:fsck[8], may be run on the snapshot. "
"Assuming that the file system was clean when it was mounted, this should "
"always provide a clean and unchanging result."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1589
msgid ""
"Running man:dump[8] on the snapshot will produce a dump file that is "
"consistent with the file system and the timestamp of the snapshot. man:"
"dump[8] can also take a snapshot, create a dump image, and then remove the "
"snapshot in one command by using `-L`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1590
msgid ""
"The snapshot can be mounted as a frozen image of the file system. To man:"
"mount[8] the snapshot [.filename]#/var/snapshot/snap# run:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1595
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# mdconfig -a -t vnode -o readonly -f /var/snapshot/snap -u 4\n"
"# mount -r /dev/md4 /mnt\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1601
msgid ""
"The frozen [.filename]#/var# is now available through [.filename]#/mnt#.  "
"Everything will initially be in the same state it was during the snapshot "
"creation time.  The only exception is that any earlier snapshots will appear "
"as zero length files.  To unmount the snapshot, use:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1606
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# umount /mnt\n"
"# mdconfig -d -u 4\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1609
msgid ""
"For more information about `softupdates` and file system snapshots, "
"including technical papers, visit Marshall Kirk McKusick's website at http://"
"www.mckusick.com/[http://www.mckusick.com/]."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1611
#, no-wrap
msgid "Disk Quotas"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1615
msgid ""
"Disk quotas can be used to limit the amount of disk space or the number of "
"files a user or members of a group may allocate on a per-file system basis.  "
"This prevents one user or group of users from consuming all of the available "
"disk space."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1618
msgid ""
"This section describes how to configure disk quotas for the UFS file "
"system.  To configure quotas on the ZFS file system, refer to crossref:"
"zfs[zfs-zfs-quota,\"Dataset, User, and Group Quotas\"]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1619
#, no-wrap
msgid "Enabling Disk Quotas"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1622
msgid "To determine if the FreeBSD kernel provides support for disk quotas:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1627
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"% sysctl kern.features.ufs_quota\n"
"kern.features.ufs_quota: 1\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1631
msgid ""
"In this example, the `1` indicates quota support.  If the value is instead "
"`0`, add the following line to a custom kernel configuration file and "
"rebuild the kernel using the instructions in crossref:"
"kernelconfig[kernelconfig,Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel]:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1635
#, no-wrap
msgid "options QUOTA\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1638
msgid "Next, enable disk quotas in [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1642
#, no-wrap
msgid "quota_enable=\"YES\"\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1648
msgid ""
"Normally on bootup, the quota integrity of each file system is checked by "
"man:quotacheck[8].  This program insures that the data in the quota database "
"properly reflects the data on the file system.  This is a time consuming "
"process that will significantly affect the time the system takes to boot.  "
"To skip this step, add this variable to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1652
#, no-wrap
msgid "check_quotas=\"NO\"\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1657
msgid ""
"Finally, edit [.filename]#/etc/fstab# to enable disk quotas on a per-file "
"system basis.  To enable per-user quotas on a file system, add `userquota` "
"to the options field in the [.filename]#/etc/fstab# entry for the file "
"system to enable quotas on.  For example:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1661
#, no-wrap
msgid "/dev/da1s2g   /home    ufs rw,userquota 1 2\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1665
msgid ""
"To enable group quotas, use `groupquota` instead.  To enable both user and "
"group quotas, separate the options with a comma:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1669
#, no-wrap
msgid "/dev/da1s2g    /home    ufs rw,userquota,groupquota 1 2\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1674
msgid ""
"By default, quota files are stored in the root directory of the file system "
"as [.filename]#quota.user# and [.filename]#quota.group#.  Refer to man:"
"fstab[5] for more information.  Specifying an alternate location for the "
"quota files is not recommended."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1676
msgid ""
"Once the configuration is complete, reboot the system and [.filename]#/etc/"
"rc# will automatically run the appropriate commands to create the initial "
"quota files for all of the quotas enabled in [.filename]#/etc/fstab#."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1679
msgid ""
"In the normal course of operations, there should be no need to manually run "
"man:quotacheck[8], man:quotaon[8], or man:quotaoff[8].  However, one should "
"read these manual pages to be familiar with their operation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1680
#, no-wrap
msgid "Setting Quota Limits"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1683
msgid "To verify that quotas are enabled, run:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1687
#, no-wrap
msgid "# quota -v\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1690
msgid ""
"There should be a one line summary of disk usage and current quota limits "
"for each file system that quotas are enabled on."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1692
msgid "The system is now ready to be assigned quota limits with `edquota`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1696
msgid ""
"Several options are available to enforce limits on the amount of disk space "
"a user or group may allocate, and how many files they may create.  "
"Allocations can be limited based on disk space (block quotas), number of "
"files (inode quotas), or a combination of both.  Each limit is further "
"broken down into two categories: hard and soft limits."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1701
msgid ""
"A hard limit may not be exceeded.  Once a user reaches a hard limit, no "
"further allocations can be made on that file system by that user.  For "
"example, if the user has a hard limit of 500 kbytes on a file system and is "
"currently using 490 kbytes, the user can only allocate an additional 10 "
"kbytes.  Attempting to allocate an additional 11 kbytes will fail."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1705
msgid ""
"Soft limits can be exceeded for a limited amount of time, known as the grace "
"period, which is one week by default.  If a user stays over their limit "
"longer than the grace period, the soft limit turns into a hard limit and no "
"further allocations are allowed.  When the user drops back below the soft "
"limit, the grace period is reset."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1709
msgid ""
"In the following example, the quota for the `test` account is being edited.  "
"When `edquota` is invoked, the editor specified by `EDITOR` is opened in "
"order to edit the quota limits.  The default editor is set to vi."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1718
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# edquota -u test\n"
"Quotas for user test:\n"
"/usr: kbytes in use: 65, limits (soft = 50, hard = 75)\n"
"        inodes in use: 7, limits (soft = 50, hard = 60)\n"
"/usr/var: kbytes in use: 0, limits (soft = 50, hard = 75)\n"
"        inodes in use: 0, limits (soft = 50, hard = 60)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1724
msgid ""
"There are normally two lines for each file system that has quotas enabled.  "
"One line represents the block limits and the other represents the inode "
"limits.  Change the value to modify the quota limit.  For example, to raise "
"the block limit on [.filename]#/usr# to a soft limit of `500` and a hard "
"limit of `600`, change the values in that line as follows:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1728
#, no-wrap
msgid "/usr: kbytes in use: 65, limits (soft = 500, hard = 600)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1731
msgid "The new quota limits take effect upon exiting the editor."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1736
msgid ""
"Sometimes it is desirable to set quota limits on a range of users.  This can "
"be done by first assigning the desired quota limit to a user.  Then, use `-"
"p` to duplicate that quota to a specified range of user IDs (UIDs).  The "
"following command will duplicate those quota limits for UIDs `10,000` "
"through `19,999`:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1740
#, no-wrap
msgid "# edquota -p test 10000-19999\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1743
msgid "For more information, refer to man:edquota[8]."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1744
#, no-wrap
msgid "Checking Quota Limits and Disk Usage"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1750
msgid ""
"To check individual user or group quotas and disk usage, use man:quota[1].  "
"A user may only examine their own quota and the quota of a group they are a "
"member of.  Only the superuser may view all user and group quotas.  To get a "
"summary of all quotas and disk usage for file systems with quotas enabled, "
"use man:repquota[8]."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1754
msgid ""
"Normally, file systems that the user is not using any disk space on will not "
"show in the output of `quota`, even if the user has a quota limit assigned "
"for that file system.  Use `-v` to display those file systems.  The "
"following is sample output from `quota -v` for a user that has quota limits "
"on two file systems."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1761
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Disk quotas for user test (uid 1002):\n"
"     Filesystem  usage    quota   limit   grace   files   quota   limit   grace\n"
"           /usr      65*     50      75   5days       7      50      60\n"
"       /usr/var       0      50      75               0      50      60\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1765
msgid ""
"In this example, the user is currently 15 kbytes over the soft limit of 50 "
"kbytes on [.filename]#/usr# and has 5 days of grace period left.  The "
"asterisk `*` indicates that the user is currently over the quota limit."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1766
#, no-wrap
msgid "Quotas over NFS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1770
msgid ""
"Quotas are enforced by the quota subsystem on the NFS server.  The man:rpc."
"rquotad[8] daemon makes quota information available to `quota` on NFS "
"clients, allowing users on those machines to see their quota statistics."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1772
msgid ""
"On the NFS server, enable `rpc.rquotad` by removing the `+#+` from this line "
"in [.filename]*/etc/inetd.conf*:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1776
#, no-wrap
msgid "rquotad/1      dgram rpc/udp wait root /usr/libexec/rpc.rquotad rpc.rquotad\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1779
msgid "Then, restart `inetd`:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1783
#, no-wrap
msgid "# service inetd restart\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1786
#, no-wrap
msgid "Encrypting Disk Partitions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1791
msgid ""
"FreeBSD offers excellent online protections against unauthorized data "
"access.  File permissions and crossref:mac[mac,Mandatory Access Control] "
"(MAC) help prevent unauthorized users from accessing data while the "
"operating system is active and the computer is powered up.  However, the "
"permissions enforced by the operating system are irrelevant if an attacker "
"has physical access to a computer and can move the computer's hard drive to "
"another system to copy and analyze the data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1795
msgid ""
"Regardless of how an attacker may have come into possession of a hard drive "
"or powered-down computer, the GEOM-based cryptographic subsystems built into "
"FreeBSD are able to protect the data on the computer's file systems against "
"even highly-motivated attackers with significant resources.  Unlike "
"encryption methods that encrypt individual files, the built-in `gbde` and "
"`geli` utilities can be used to transparently encrypt entire file systems.  "
"No cleartext ever touches the hard drive's platter."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1798
msgid ""
"This chapter demonstrates how to create an encrypted file system on "
"FreeBSD.  It first demonstrates the process using `gbde` and then "
"demonstrates the same example using `geli`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1799
#, no-wrap
msgid "Disk Encryption with gbde"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1804
msgid ""
"The objective of the man:gbde[4] facility is to provide a formidable "
"challenge for an attacker to gain access to the contents of a _cold_ storage "
"device.  However, if the computer is compromised while up and running and "
"the storage device is actively attached, or the attacker has access to a "
"valid passphrase, it offers no protection to the contents of the storage "
"device.  Thus, it is important to provide physical security while the system "
"is running and to protect the passphrase used by the encryption mechanism."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1809
msgid ""
"This facility provides several barriers to protect the data stored in each "
"disk sector.  It encrypts the contents of a disk sector using 128-bit AES in "
"CBC mode.  Each sector on the disk is encrypted with a different AES key.  "
"For more information on the cryptographic design, including how the sector "
"keys are derived from the user-supplied passphrase, refer to man:gbde[4]."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1811
msgid ""
"FreeBSD provides a kernel module for gbde which can be loaded with this "
"command:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1815
#, no-wrap
msgid "# kldload geom_bde\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1818
msgid ""
"If using a custom kernel configuration file, ensure it contains this line:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1820
msgid "`options GEOM_BDE`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1822
msgid ""
"The following example demonstrates adding a new hard drive to a system that "
"will hold a single encrypted partition that will be mounted as [.filename]#/"
"private#."
msgstr ""

#. type: Block title
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1824
#, no-wrap
msgid "Procedure: Encrypting a Partition with gbde"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1826
msgid "Add the New Hard Drive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1829
msgid ""
"Install the new drive to the system as explained in <<disks-adding>>.  For "
"the purposes of this example, a new hard drive partition has been added as [."
"filename]#/dev/ad4s1c# and [.filename]#/dev/ad0s1*# represents the existing "
"standard FreeBSD partitions."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1836
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# ls /dev/ad*\n"
"/dev/ad0        /dev/ad0s1b     /dev/ad0s1e     /dev/ad4s1\n"
"/dev/ad0s1      /dev/ad0s1c     /dev/ad0s1f     /dev/ad4s1c\n"
"/dev/ad0s1a     /dev/ad0s1d     /dev/ad4\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1839
msgid "Create a Directory to Hold `gbde` Lock Files"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1843
#, no-wrap
msgid "# mkdir /etc/gbde\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1848
msgid ""
"The gbde lock file contains information that gbde requires to access "
"encrypted partitions.  Without access to the lock file, gbde will not be "
"able to decrypt the data contained in the encrypted partition without "
"significant manual intervention which is not supported by the software.  "
"Each encrypted partition uses a separate lock file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1849
msgid "Initialize the `gbde` Partition"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1854
msgid ""
"A gbde partition must be initialized before it can be used.  This "
"initialization needs to be performed only once.  This command will open the "
"default editor, in order to set various configuration options in a "
"template.  For use with the UFS file system, set the sector_size to 2048:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1867
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# gbde init /dev/ad4s1c -i -L /etc/gbde/ad4s1c.lock\n"
"# $FreeBSD: src/sbin/gbde/template.txt,v 1.1.36.1 2009/08/03 08:13:06 kensmith Exp $\n"
"#\n"
"# Sector size is the smallest unit of data which can be read or written.\n"
"# Making it too small decreases performance and decreases available space.\n"
"# Making it too large may prevent filesystems from working.  512 is the\n"
"# minimum and always safe.  For UFS, use the fragment size\n"
"#\n"
"sector_size\t=\t2048\n"
"[...]\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1873
msgid ""
"Once the edit is saved, the user will be asked twice to type the passphrase "
"used to secure the data.  The passphrase must be the same both times.  The "
"ability of gbde to protect data depends entirely on the quality of the "
"passphrase.  For tips on how to select a secure passphrase that is easy to "
"remember, see http://world.std.com/\\~reinhold/diceware.html[http://world."
"std.com/~reinhold/diceware.htm]."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1877
msgid ""
"This initialization creates a lock file for the gbde partition.  In this "
"example, it is stored as [.filename]#/etc/gbde/ad4s1c.lock#.  Lock files "
"must end in \".lock\" in order to be correctly detected by the [.filename]#/"
"etc/rc.d/gbde# start up script."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1882
msgid ""
"Lock files _must_ be backed up together with the contents of any encrypted "
"partitions.  Without the lock file, the legitimate owner will be unable to "
"access the data on the encrypted partition."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1885
msgid "Attach the Encrypted Partition to the Kernel"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1889
#, no-wrap
msgid "# gbde attach /dev/ad4s1c -l /etc/gbde/ad4s1c.lock\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1893
msgid ""
"This command will prompt to input the passphrase that was selected during "
"the initialization of the encrypted partition.  The new encrypted device "
"will appear in [.filename]#/dev# as [.filename]#/dev/device_name.bde#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1900
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# ls /dev/ad*\n"
"/dev/ad0        /dev/ad0s1b     /dev/ad0s1e     /dev/ad4s1\n"
"/dev/ad0s1      /dev/ad0s1c     /dev/ad0s1f     /dev/ad4s1c\n"
"/dev/ad0s1a     /dev/ad0s1d     /dev/ad4        /dev/ad4s1c.bde\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1903
msgid "Create a File System on the Encrypted Device"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1907
msgid ""
"Once the encrypted device has been attached to the kernel, a file system can "
"be created on the device.  This example creates a UFS file system with soft "
"updates enabled.  Be sure to specify the partition which has a [.filename]#*."
"bde# extension:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1911
#, no-wrap
msgid "# newfs -U /dev/ad4s1c.bde\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1914
msgid "Mount the Encrypted Partition"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1916
msgid "Create a mount point and mount the encrypted file system:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1921
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# mkdir /private\n"
"# mount /dev/ad4s1c.bde /private\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1924
msgid "Verify That the Encrypted File System is Available"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1926
msgid "The encrypted file system should now be visible and available for use:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1937
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"% df -H\n"
"Filesystem        Size   Used  Avail Capacity  Mounted on\n"
"/dev/ad0s1a      1037M    72M   883M     8%    /\n"
"/devfs            1.0K   1.0K     0B   100%    /dev\n"
"/dev/ad0s1f       8.1G    55K   7.5G     0%    /home\n"
"/dev/ad0s1e      1037M   1.1M   953M     0%    /tmp\n"
"/dev/ad0s1d       6.1G   1.9G   3.7G    35%    /usr\n"
"/dev/ad4s1c.bde   150G   4.1K   138G     0%    /private\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1941
msgid ""
"After each boot, any encrypted file systems must be manually re-attached to "
"the kernel, checked for errors, and mounted, before the file systems can be "
"used.  To configure these steps, add the following lines to [.filename]#/etc/"
"rc.conf#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1947
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"gbde_autoattach_all=\"YES\"\n"
"gbde_devices=\"ad4s1c\"\n"
"gbde_lockdir=\"/etc/gbde\"\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1952
msgid ""
"This requires that the passphrase be entered at the console at boot time.  "
"After typing the correct passphrase, the encrypted partition will be mounted "
"automatically.  Additional gbde boot options are available and listed in man:"
"rc.conf[5]."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1958
msgid ""
"sysinstall is incompatible with gbde-encrypted devices.  All [.filename]#*."
"bde# devices must be detached from the kernel before starting sysinstall or "
"it will crash during its initial probing for devices.  To detach the "
"encrypted device used in the example, use the following command:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1962
#, no-wrap
msgid "# gbde detach /dev/ad4s1c\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1966
#, no-wrap
msgid "Disk Encryption with `geli`"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1971
msgid ""
"An alternative cryptographic GEOM class is available using `geli`.  This "
"control utility adds some features and uses a different scheme for doing "
"cryptographic work.  It provides the following features:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1973
msgid ""
"Utilizes the man:crypto[9] framework and automatically uses cryptographic "
"hardware when it is available."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1974
msgid ""
"Supports multiple cryptographic algorithms such as AES, Blowfish, and 3DES."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1975
msgid ""
"Allows the root partition to be encrypted. The passphrase used to access the "
"encrypted root partition will be requested during system boot."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1976
msgid "Allows the use of two independent keys."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1977
msgid "It is fast as it performs simple sector-to-sector encryption."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1978
msgid ""
"Allows backup and restore of master keys. If a user destroys their keys, it "
"is still possible to get access to the data by restoring keys from the "
"backup."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1979
msgid ""
"Allows a disk to attach with a random, one-time key which is useful for swap "
"partitions and temporary file systems."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1981
msgid "More features and usage examples can be found in man:geli[8]."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1987
msgid ""
"The following example describes how to generate a key file which will be "
"used as part of the master key for the encrypted provider mounted under [."
"filename]#/private#.  The key file will provide some random data used to "
"encrypt the master key.  The master key will also be protected by a "
"passphrase.  The provider's sector size will be 4kB.  The example describes "
"how to attach to the `geli` provider, create a file system on it, mount it, "
"work with it, and finally, how to detach it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Block title
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1989
#, no-wrap
msgid "Procedure: Encrypting a Partition with `geli`"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1991
msgid "Load `geli` Support"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1993
msgid ""
"Support for `geli` is available as a loadable kernel module. To configure "
"the system to automatically load the module at boot time, add the following "
"line to [.filename]#/boot/loader.conf#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:1997
#, no-wrap
msgid "geom_eli_load=\"YES\"\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2000
msgid "To load the kernel module now:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2004
#, no-wrap
msgid "# kldload geom_eli\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2007
msgid ""
"For a custom kernel, ensure the kernel configuration file contains these "
"lines:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2012
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"options GEOM_ELI\n"
"device crypto\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2015
msgid "Generate the Master Key"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2022
msgid ""
"The following commands generate a master key that all data will be encrypted "
"with.  This key can never be changed.  Rather than using it directly, it is "
"encrypted with one or more user keys.  The user keys are made up of an "
"optional combination of random bytes from a file, [.filename]#/root/da2."
"key#, and/or a passphrase.  In this case, the data source for the key file "
"is [.filename]#/dev/random#.  This command also configures the sector size "
"of the provider ([.filename]#/dev/da2.eli#) as 4kB, for better performance:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2029
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# dd if=/dev/random of=/root/da2.key bs=64 count=1\n"
"# geli init -K /root/da2.key -s 4096 /dev/da2\n"
"Enter new passphrase:\n"
"Reenter new passphrase:\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2032
msgid ""
"It is not mandatory to use both a passphrase and a key file as either method "
"of securing the master key can be used in isolation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2035
msgid ""
"If the key file is given as \"-\", standard input will be used.  For "
"example, this command generates three key files:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2039
#, no-wrap
msgid "# cat keyfile1 keyfile2 keyfile3 | geli init -K - /dev/da2\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2042
msgid "Attach the Provider with the Generated Key"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2044
msgid ""
"To attach the provider, specify the key file, the name of the disk, and the "
"passphrase:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2049
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# geli attach -k /root/da2.key /dev/da2\n"
"Enter passphrase:\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2052
msgid "This creates a new device with an [.filename]#.eli# extension:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2057
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# ls /dev/da2*\n"
"/dev/da2  /dev/da2.eli\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2060
msgid "Create the New File System"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2062
msgid ""
"Next, format the device with the UFS file system and mount it on an existing "
"mount point:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2068
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# dd if=/dev/random of=/dev/da2.eli bs=1m\n"
"# newfs /dev/da2.eli\n"
"# mount /dev/da2.eli /private\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2071
msgid "The encrypted file system should now be available for use:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2082
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# df -H\n"
"Filesystem     Size   Used  Avail Capacity  Mounted on\n"
"/dev/ad0s1a    248M    89M   139M    38%    /\n"
"/devfs         1.0K   1.0K     0B   100%    /dev\n"
"/dev/ad0s1f    7.7G   2.3G   4.9G    32%    /usr\n"
"/dev/ad0s1d    989M   1.5M   909M     0%    /tmp\n"
"/dev/ad0s1e    3.9G   1.3G   2.3G    35%    /var\n"
"/dev/da2.eli   150G   4.1K   138G     0%    /private\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2085
msgid ""
"Once the work on the encrypted partition is done, and the [.filename]#/"
"private# partition is no longer needed, it is prudent to put the device into "
"cold storage by unmounting and detaching the `geli` encrypted partition from "
"the kernel:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2090
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# umount /private\n"
"# geli detach da2.eli\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2093
msgid ""
"An [.filename]#rc.d# script is provided to simplify the mounting of `geli`-"
"encrypted devices at boot time. For this example, add these lines to [."
"filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2098
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"geli_devices=\"da2\"\n"
"geli_da2_flags=\"-k /root/da2.key\"\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2108
msgid ""
"This configures [.filename]#/dev/da2# as a `geli` provider with a master key "
"of [.filename]#/root/da2.key#.  The system will automatically detach the "
"provider from the kernel before the system shuts down.  During the startup "
"process, the script will prompt for the passphrase before attaching the "
"provider.  Other kernel messages might be shown before and after the "
"password prompt.  If the boot process seems to stall, look carefully for the "
"password prompt among the other messages.  Once the correct passphrase is "
"entered, the provider is attached.  The file system is then mounted, "
"typically by an entry in [.filename]#/etc/fstab#.  Refer to crossref:"
"basics[mount-unmount,“Mounting and Unmounting File Systems”] for "
"instructions on how to configure a file system to mount at boot time."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2110
#, no-wrap
msgid "Encrypting Swap"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2117
msgid ""
"Like the encryption of disk partitions, encryption of swap space is used to "
"protect sensitive information.  Consider an application that deals with "
"passwords.  As long as these passwords stay in physical memory, they are not "
"written to disk and will be cleared after a reboot.  However, if FreeBSD "
"starts swapping out memory pages to free space, the passwords may be written "
"to the disk unencrypted.  Encrypting swap space can be a solution for this "
"scenario."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2120
msgid ""
"This section demonstrates how to configure an encrypted swap partition using "
"man:gbde[8] or man:geli[8] encryption.  It assumes that [.filename]#/dev/"
"ada0s1b# is the swap partition."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2121
#, no-wrap
msgid "Configuring Encrypted Swap"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2125
msgid ""
"Swap partitions are not encrypted by default and should be cleared of any "
"sensitive data before continuing.  To overwrite the current swap partition "
"with random garbage, execute the following command:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2129
#, no-wrap
msgid "# dd if=/dev/random of=/dev/ada0s1b bs=1m\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2132
msgid ""
"To encrypt the swap partition using man:gbde[8], add the `.bde` suffix to "
"the swap line in [.filename]#/etc/fstab#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2137
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# Device\t\tMountpoint\tFStype\tOptions\t\tDump\tPass#\n"
"/dev/ada0s1b.bde\tnone\t\tswap\tsw\t\t0\t0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2140
msgid ""
"To instead encrypt the swap partition using man:geli[8], use the `.eli` "
"suffix:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2145
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# Device\t\tMountpoint\tFStype\tOptions\t\tDump\tPass#\n"
"/dev/ada0s1b.eli\tnone\t\tswap\tsw\t\t0\t0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2150
msgid ""
"By default, man:geli[8] uses the AES algorithm with a key length of 128 "
"bits.  Normally the default settings will suffice.  If desired, these "
"defaults can be altered in the options field in [.filename]#/etc/fstab#. The "
"possible flags are:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2151
#, no-wrap
msgid "aalgo"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2154
msgid ""
"Data integrity verification algorithm used to ensure that the encrypted data "
"has not been tampered with.  See man:geli[8] for a list of supported "
"algorithms."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2155
#, no-wrap
msgid "ealgo"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2158
msgid ""
"Encryption algorithm used to protect the data.  See man:geli[8] for a list "
"of supported algorithms."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2159
#, no-wrap
msgid "keylen"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2162
msgid ""
"The length of the key used for the encryption algorithm.  See man:geli[8] "
"for the key lengths that are supported by each encryption algorithm."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2163
#, no-wrap
msgid "sectorsize"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2167
msgid ""
"The size of the blocks data is broken into before it is encrypted.  Larger "
"sector sizes increase performance at the cost of higher storage overhead.  "
"The recommended size is 4096 bytes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2169
msgid ""
"This example configures an encrypted swap partition using the Blowfish "
"algorithm with a key length of 128 bits and a sectorsize of 4 kilobytes:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2174
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# Device\t\tMountpoint\tFStype\tOptions\t\t\t\tDump\tPass#\n"
"/dev/ada0s1b.eli\tnone\t\tswap\tsw,ealgo=blowfish,keylen=128,sectorsize=4096\t0\t0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2176
#, no-wrap
msgid "Encrypted Swap Verification"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2179
msgid ""
"Once the system has rebooted, proper operation of the encrypted swap can be "
"verified using `swapinfo`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2181
msgid "If man:gbde[8] is being used:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2187
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"% swapinfo\n"
"Device          1K-blocks     Used    Avail Capacity\n"
"/dev/ada0s1b.bde   542720        0   542720     0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2190
msgid "If man:geli[8] is being used:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2196
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"% swapinfo\n"
"Device          1K-blocks     Used    Avail Capacity\n"
"/dev/ada0s1b.eli   542720        0   542720     0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2199
#, no-wrap
msgid "Highly Available Storage (HAST)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2205
msgid ""
"High availability is one of the main requirements in serious business "
"applications and highly-available storage is a key component in such "
"environments.  In FreeBSD, the Highly Available STorage (HAST) framework "
"allows transparent storage of the same data across several physically "
"separated machines connected by a TCP/IP network.  HAST can be understood as "
"a network-based RAID1 (mirror), and is similar to the DRBD(R) storage system "
"used in the GNU/Linux(R) platform.  In combination with other high-"
"availability features of FreeBSD like CARP, HAST makes it possible to build "
"a highly-available storage cluster that is resistant to hardware failures."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2207
msgid "The following are the main features of HAST:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2209
msgid "Can be used to mask I/O errors on local hard drives."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2210
msgid ""
"File system agnostic as it works with any file system supported by FreeBSD."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2211
msgid ""
"Efficient and quick resynchronization as only the blocks that were modified "
"during the downtime of a node are synchronized."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2212
msgid ""
"Can be used in an already deployed environment to add additional redundancy."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2213
msgid ""
"Together with CARP, Heartbeat, or other tools, it can be used to build a "
"robust and durable storage system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2215
msgid "After reading this section, you will know:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2217
msgid "What HAST is, how it works, and which features it provides."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2218
msgid "How to set up and use HAST on FreeBSD."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2219
msgid "How to integrate CARP and man:devd[8] to build a robust storage system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2221
msgid "Before reading this section, you should:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2223
msgid ""
"Understand UNIX(R) and FreeBSD basics (crossref:basics[basics,FreeBSD "
"Basics])."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2224
msgid ""
"Know how to configure network interfaces and other core FreeBSD subsystems "
"(crossref:config[config-tuning,Configuration and Tuning])."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2225
msgid ""
"Have a good understanding of FreeBSD networking (crossref:partiv[network-"
"communication,\"Network Communication\"])."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2227
msgid ""
"The HAST project was sponsored by The FreeBSD Foundation with support from "
"http://www.omc.net/[http://www.omc.net/] and http://www.transip.nl/[http://"
"www.transip.nl/]."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2228
#, no-wrap
msgid "HAST Operation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2232
msgid ""
"HAST provides synchronous block-level replication between two physical "
"machines: the _primary_ node and the _secondary_ node.  These two machines "
"together are referred to as a cluster."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2236
msgid ""
"Since HAST works in a primary-secondary configuration, it allows only one of "
"the cluster nodes to be active at any given time.  The primary node, also "
"called _active_, is the one which will handle all the I/O requests to HAST-"
"managed devices.  The secondary node is automatically synchronized from the "
"primary node."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2238
msgid ""
"The physical components of the HAST system are the local disk on primary "
"node, and the disk on the remote, secondary node."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2242
msgid ""
"HAST operates synchronously on a block level, making it transparent to file "
"systems and applications.  HAST provides regular GEOM providers in [."
"filename]#/dev/hast/# for use by other tools or applications.  There is no "
"difference between using HAST-provided devices and raw disks or partitions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2246
msgid ""
"Each write, delete, or flush operation is sent to both the local disk and to "
"the remote disk over TCP/IP.  Each read operation is served from the local "
"disk, unless the local disk is not up-to-date or an I/O error occurs.  In "
"such cases, the read operation is sent to the secondary node."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2250
msgid ""
"HAST tries to provide fast failure recovery.  For this reason, it is "
"important to reduce synchronization time after a node's outage.  To provide "
"fast synchronization, HAST manages an on-disk bitmap of dirty extents and "
"only synchronizes those during a regular synchronization, with an exception "
"of the initial sync."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2253
msgid ""
"There are many ways to handle synchronization.  HAST implements several "
"replication modes to handle different synchronization methods:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2255
msgid ""
"_memsync_: This mode reports a write operation as completed when the local "
"write operation is finished and when the remote node acknowledges data "
"arrival, but before actually storing the data. The data on the remote node "
"will be stored directly after sending the acknowledgement. This mode is "
"intended to reduce latency, but still provides good reliability. This mode "
"is the default."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2256
msgid ""
"_fullsync_: This mode reports a write operation as completed when both the "
"local write and the remote write complete. This is the safest and the "
"slowest replication mode."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2257
msgid ""
"_async_: This mode reports a write operation as completed when the local "
"write completes. This is the fastest and the most dangerous replication "
"mode. It should only be used when replicating to a distant node where "
"latency is too high for other modes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2258
#, no-wrap
msgid "HAST Configuration"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2261
msgid "The HAST framework consists of several components:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2263
msgid ""
"The man:hastd[8] daemon which provides data synchronization. When this "
"daemon is started, it will automatically load `geom_gate.ko`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2264
msgid "The userland management utility, man:hastctl[8]."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2265
msgid ""
"The man:hast.conf[5] configuration file. This file must exist before "
"starting hastd."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2267
msgid ""
"Users who prefer to statically build `GEOM_GATE` support into the kernel "
"should add this line to the custom kernel configuration file, then rebuild "
"the kernel using the instructions in crossref:kernelconfig[kernelconfig,"
"Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel]:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2271
#, no-wrap
msgid "options\tGEOM_GATE\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2277
msgid ""
"The following example describes how to configure two nodes in primary-"
"secondary operation using HAST to replicate the data between the two.  The "
"nodes will be called `hasta`, with an IP address of `172.16.0.1`, and "
"`hastb`, with an IP address of `172.16.0.2`.  Both nodes will have a "
"dedicated hard drive [.filename]#/dev/ad6# of the same size for HAST "
"operation.  The HAST pool, sometimes referred to as a resource or the GEOM "
"provider in [.filename]#/dev/hast/#, will be called `test`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2281
msgid ""
"Configuration of HAST is done using [.filename]#/etc/hast.conf#.  This file "
"should be identical on both nodes.  The simplest configuration is:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2294
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"resource test {\n"
"\ton hasta {\n"
"\t\tlocal /dev/ad6\n"
"\t\tremote 172.16.0.2\n"
"\t}\n"
"\ton hastb {\n"
"\t\tlocal /dev/ad6\n"
"\t\tremote 172.16.0.1\n"
"\t}\n"
"}\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2297
msgid "For more advanced configuration, refer to man:hast.conf[5]."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2301
msgid ""
"It is also possible to use host names in the `remote` statements if the "
"hosts are resolvable and defined either in [.filename]#/etc/hosts# or in the "
"local DNS."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2305
msgid ""
"Once the configuration exists on both nodes, the HAST pool can be created.  "
"Run these commands on both nodes to place the initial metadata onto the "
"local disk and to start man:hastd[8]:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2310
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# hastctl create test\n"
"# service hastd onestart\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2316
msgid ""
"It is _not_ possible to use GEOM providers with an existing file system or "
"to convert an existing storage to a HAST-managed pool.  This procedure needs "
"to store some metadata on the provider and there will not be enough required "
"space available on an existing provider."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2320
msgid ""
"A HAST node's `primary` or `secondary` role is selected by an administrator, "
"or software like Heartbeat, using man:hastctl[8].  On the primary node, "
"`hasta`, issue this command:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2324
#, no-wrap
msgid "# hastctl role primary test\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2327
msgid "Run this command on the secondary node, `hastb`:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2331
#, no-wrap
msgid "# hastctl role secondary test\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2334
msgid "Verify the result by running `hastctl` on each node:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2338
#, no-wrap
msgid "# hastctl status test\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2344
msgid ""
"Check the `status` line in the output.  If it says `degraded`, something is "
"wrong with the configuration file.  It should say `complete` on each node, "
"meaning that the synchronization between the nodes has started.  The "
"synchronization completes when `hastctl status` reports 0 bytes of `dirty` "
"extents."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2349
msgid ""
"The next step is to create a file system on the GEOM provider and mount it.  "
"This must be done on the `primary` node.  Creating the file system can take "
"a few minutes, depending on the size of the hard drive.  This example "
"creates a UFS file system on [.filename]#/dev/hast/test#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2355
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# newfs -U /dev/hast/test\n"
"# mkdir /hast/test\n"
"# mount /dev/hast/test /hast/test\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2359
msgid ""
"Once the HAST framework is configured properly, the final step is to make "
"sure that HAST is started automatically during system boot.  Add this line "
"to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2363
#, no-wrap
msgid "hastd_enable=\"YES\"\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ====
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2365
#, no-wrap
msgid "Failover Configuration"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2369
msgid ""
"The goal of this example is to build a robust storage system which is "
"resistant to the failure of any given node.  If the primary node fails, the "
"secondary node is there to take over seamlessly, check and mount the file "
"system, and continue to work without missing a single bit of data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2375
msgid ""
"To accomplish this task, the Common Address Redundancy Protocol (CARP) is "
"used to provide for automatic failover at the IP layer.  CARP allows "
"multiple hosts on the same network segment to share an IP address.  Set up "
"CARP on both nodes of the cluster according to the documentation available "
"in crossref:advanced-networking[carp,“Common Address Redundancy Protocol "
"(CARP)”].  In this example, each node will have its own management IP "
"address and a shared IP address of _172.16.0.254_.  The primary HAST node of "
"the cluster must be the primary CARP node."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2379
msgid ""
"The HAST pool created in the previous section is now ready to be exported to "
"the other hosts on the network.  This can be accomplished by exporting it "
"through NFS or Samba, using the shared IP address _172.16.0.254_.  The only "
"problem which remains unresolved is an automatic failover should the primary "
"node fail."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2383
msgid ""
"In the event of CARP interfaces going up or down, the FreeBSD operating "
"system generates a man:devd[8] event, making it possible to watch for state "
"changes on the CARP interfaces.  A state change on the CARP interface is an "
"indication that one of the nodes failed or came back online.  These state "
"change events make it possible to run a script which will automatically "
"handle the HAST failover."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2385
msgid ""
"To catch state changes on the CARP interfaces, add this configuration to [."
"filename]#/etc/devd.conf# on each node:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2394
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"notify 30 {\n"
"\tmatch \"system\" \"IFNET\";\n"
"\tmatch \"subsystem\" \"carp0\";\n"
"\tmatch \"type\" \"LINK_UP\";\n"
"\taction \"/usr/local/sbin/carp-hast-switch primary\";\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2401
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"notify 30 {\n"
"\tmatch \"system\" \"IFNET\";\n"
"\tmatch \"subsystem\" \"carp0\";\n"
"\tmatch \"type\" \"LINK_DOWN\";\n"
"\taction \"/usr/local/sbin/carp-hast-switch secondary\";\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2406
msgid ""
"If the systems are running FreeBSD 10 or higher, replace [.filename]#carp0# "
"with the name of the CARP-configured interface."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2409
msgid ""
"Restart man:devd[8] on both nodes to put the new configuration into effect:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2413
#, no-wrap
msgid "# service devd restart\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2417
msgid ""
"When the specified interface state changes by going up or down , the system "
"generates a notification, allowing the man:devd[8] subsystem to run the "
"specified automatic failover script, [.filename]#/usr/local/sbin/carp-hast-"
"switch#.  For further clarification about this configuration, refer to man:"
"devd.conf[5]."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2419
msgid "Here is an example of an automated failover script:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2423
#, no-wrap
msgid "#!/bin/sh\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2427
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# Original script by Freddie Cash <fjwcash@gmail.com>\n"
"# Modified by Michael W. Lucas <mwlucas@BlackHelicopters.org>\n"
"# and Viktor Petersson <vpetersson@wireload.net>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2430
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# The names of the HAST resources, as listed in /etc/hast.conf\n"
"resources=\"test\"\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2434
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# delay in mounting HAST resource after becoming primary\n"
"# make your best guess\n"
"delay=3\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2438
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# logging\n"
"log=\"local0.debug\"\n"
"name=\"carp-hast\"\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2440
#, no-wrap
msgid "# end of user configurable stuff\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2445
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"case \"$1\" in\n"
"\tprimary)\n"
"\t\tlogger -p $log -t $name \"Switching to primary provider for ${resources}.\"\n"
"\t\tsleep ${delay}\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2451
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"\t\t# Wait for any \"hastd secondary\" processes to stop\n"
"\t\tfor disk in ${resources}; do\n"
"\t\t\twhile $( pgrep -lf \"hastd: ${disk} \\(secondary\\)\" > /dev/null 2>&1 ); do\n"
"\t\t\t\tsleep 1\n"
"\t\t\tdone\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2459
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"\t\t\t# Switch role for each disk\n"
"\t\t\thastctl role primary ${disk}\n"
"\t\t\tif [ $? -ne 0 ]; then\n"
"\t\t\t\tlogger -p $log -t $name \"Unable to change role to primary for resource ${disk}.\"\n"
"\t\t\t\texit 1\n"
"\t\t\tfi\n"
"\t\tdone\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2466
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"\t\t# Wait for the /dev/hast/* devices to appear\n"
"\t\tfor disk in ${resources}; do\n"
"\t\t\tfor I in $( jot 60 ); do\n"
"\t\t\t\t[ -c \"/dev/hast/${disk}\" ] && break\n"
"\t\t\t\tsleep 0.5\n"
"\t\t\tdone\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2472
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"\t\t\tif [ ! -c \"/dev/hast/${disk}\" ]; then\n"
"\t\t\t\tlogger -p $log -t $name \"GEOM provider /dev/hast/${disk} did not appear.\"\n"
"\t\t\t\texit 1\n"
"\t\t\tfi\n"
"\t\tdone\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2474
#, no-wrap
msgid "\t\tlogger -p $log -t $name \"Role for HAST resources ${resources} switched to primary.\"\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2481
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"\t\tlogger -p $log -t $name \"Mounting disks.\"\n"
"\t\tfor disk in ${resources}; do\n"
"\t\t\tmkdir -p /hast/${disk}\n"
"\t\t\tfsck -p -y -t ufs /dev/hast/${disk}\n"
"\t\t\tmount /dev/hast/${disk} /hast/${disk}\n"
"\t\tdone\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2483
#, no-wrap
msgid "\t;;\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2486
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"\tsecondary)\n"
"\t\tlogger -p $log -t $name \"Switching to secondary provider for ${resources}.\"\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2504
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"\t\t# Switch roles for the HAST resources\n"
"\t\tfor disk in ${resources}; do\n"
"\t\t\tif ! mount | grep -q \"^/dev/hast/${disk} on \"\n"
"\t\t\tthen\n"
"\t\t\telse\n"
"\t\t\t\tumount -f /hast/${disk}\n"
"\t\t\tfi\n"
"\t\t\tsleep $delay\n"
"\t\t\thastctl role secondary ${disk} 2>&1\n"
"\t\t\tif [ $? -ne 0 ]; then\n"
"\t\t\t\tlogger -p $log -t $name \"Unable to switch role to secondary for resource ${disk}.\"\n"
"\t\t\t\texit 1\n"
"\t\t\tfi\n"
"\t\t\tlogger -p $log -t $name \"Role switched to secondary for resource ${disk}.\"\n"
"\t\tdone\n"
"\t;;\n"
"esac\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2507
msgid ""
"In a nutshell, the script takes these actions when a node becomes primary:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2509
msgid "Promotes the HAST pool to primary on the other node."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2510
msgid "Checks the file system under the HAST pool."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2511
msgid "Mounts the pool."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2513
msgid "When a node becomes secondary:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2515
msgid "Unmounts the HAST pool."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2516
msgid "Degrades the HAST pool to secondary."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2521
msgid ""
"This is just an example script which serves as a proof of concept.  It does "
"not handle all the possible scenarios and can be extended or altered in any "
"way, for example, to start or stop required services."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2527
msgid ""
"For this example, a standard UFS file system was used.  To reduce the time "
"needed for recovery, a journal-enabled UFS or ZFS file system can be used "
"instead."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2530
msgid ""
"More detailed information with additional examples can be found at http://"
"wiki.FreeBSD.org/HAST[http://wiki.FreeBSD.org/HAST]."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2531
#, no-wrap
msgid "Troubleshooting"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2536
msgid ""
"HAST should generally work without issues.  However, as with any other "
"software product, there may be times when it does not work as supposed.  The "
"sources of the problems may be different, but the rule of thumb is to ensure "
"that the time is synchronized between the nodes of the cluster."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2540
msgid ""
"When troubleshooting HAST, the debugging level of man:hastd[8] should be "
"increased by starting `hastd` with `-d`.  This argument may be specified "
"multiple times to further increase the debugging level.  Consider also using "
"`-F`, which starts `hastd` in the foreground."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ====
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2542
#, no-wrap
msgid "Recovering from the Split-brain Condition"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2547
msgid ""
"_Split-brain_ occurs when the nodes of the cluster are unable to communicate "
"with each other, and both are configured as primary.  This is a dangerous "
"condition because it allows both nodes to make incompatible changes to the "
"data.  This problem must be corrected manually by the system administrator."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2551
msgid ""
"The administrator must either decide which node has more important changes, "
"or perform the merge manually.  Then, let HAST perform full synchronization "
"of the node which has the broken data.  To do this, issue these commands on "
"the node which needs to be resynchronized:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/disks/_index.adoc:2557
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# hastctl role init test\n"
"# hastctl create test\n"
"# hastctl role secondary test\n"
msgstr ""