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title: FreeBSD Glossary
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[glossary]
[[freebsd-glossary]]
= FreeBSD Glossary
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This glossary contains terms and acronyms used within the FreeBSD community and documentation.

[discrete]
== A

ACL::
See crossref:glossary[acl-glossary,Access Control List].

ACPI::
See crossref:glossary[acpi-glossary,Advanced Configuration and Power Interface].

AMD::
See crossref:glossary[amd-glossary,Automatic Mount Daemon].

AML::
See crossref:glossary[aml-glossary,ACPI Machine Language].

API::
See crossref:glossary[api-glossary,Application Programming Interface].

APIC::
See crossref:glossary[apic-glossary,Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller].

APM::
See crossref:glossary[apm-glossary,Advanced Power Management].

APOP::
See crossref:glossary[apop-glossary,Authenticated Post Office Protocol].

ASL::
See crossref:glossary[asl-glossary,ACPI Source Language].

ATA::
See crossref:glossary[ata-glossary,Advanced Technology Attachment].

ATM::
See crossref:glossary[atm-glossary,Asynchronous Transfer Mode].

[[aml-glossary]]
ACPI Machine Language::
Pseudocode, interpreted by a virtual machine within an ACPI-compliant operating system, providing a layer between the underlying hardware and the documented interface presented to the OS.

[[asl-glossary]]
ACPI Source Language::
The programming language AML is written in.

[[acl-glossary]]
Access Control List::
A list of permissions attached to an object, usually either a file or a network device.

[[acpi-glossary]]
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface::
A specification which provides an abstraction of the interface the hardware presents to the operating system, so that the operating system should need to know nothing about the underlying hardware to make the most of it.
ACPI evolves and supersedes the functionality provided previously by APM, PNPBIOS and other technologies, and provides facilities for controlling power consumption, machine suspension, device enabling and disabling, etc.

[[api-glossary]]
Application Programming Interface::
A set of procedures, protocols and tools that specify the canonical interaction of one or more program parts;
how, when and why they do work together, and what data they share or operate on.

[[apm-glossary]]
Advanced Power Management::
An API enabling the operating system to work in conjunction with the BIOS in order to achieve power management.
APM has been superseded by the much more generic and powerful ACPI specification for most applications.

[[apic-glossary]]
Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller::
{empty}

[[ata-glossary]]
Advanced Technology Attachment::
{empty}

[[atm-glossary]]
Asynchronous Transfer Mode::
{empty}

[[apop-glossary]]
Authenticated Post Office Protocol::
{empty}

[[amd-glossary]]
Automatic Mount Daemon::
A daemon that automatically mounts a filesystem when a file or directory within that filesystem is accessed.

[discrete]
== B

BAR::
See crossref:glossary[bar-glossary,Base Address Register].

BIND::
See crossref:glossary[bind-glossary,Berkeley Internet Name Domain].

BIOS::
See crossref:glossary[bios-glossary,Basic Input/Output System].

BSD::
See crossref:glossary[bsd-glossary,Berkeley Software Distribution].

[[bar-glossary]]
Base Address Register::
The registers that determine which address range a PCI device will respond to.

[[bios-glossary]]
Basic Input/Output System::
The definition of BIOS depends a bit on the context.
Some people refer to it as the ROM chip with a basic set of routines to provide an interface between software and hardware.
Others refer to it as the set of routines contained in the chip that help in bootstrapping the system.
Some might also refer to it as the screen used to configure the bootstrapping process.
The BIOS is PC-specific but other systems have something similar.

[[bind-glossary]]
Berkeley Internet Name Domain::
An implementation of the DNS protocols.

[[bsd-glossary]]
Berkeley Software Distribution::
This is the name that the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at link:http://www.berkeley.edu[The University of California at Berkeley] gave to their improvements and modifications to AT&T's 32V UNIX(R).
FreeBSD is a descendant of the CSRG work.

[[bikeshed-glossary]]
Bikeshed Building::
A phenomenon whereby many people will give an opinion on an uncomplicated topic, whilst a complex topic receives little or no discussion.
See the extref:{faq}[FAQ, bikeshed-painting] for the origin of the term.

[discrete]
== C

CD::
See crossref:glossary[cd-glossary,Carrier Detect].

CHAP::
See crossref:glossary[chap-glossary,Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol].

CLIP::
See crossref:glossary[clip-glossary,Classical IP over ATM].

COFF::
See crossref:glossary[coff-glossary,Common Object File Format].

CPU::
See crossref:glossary[cpu-glossary,Central Processing Unit].

CTS::
See crossref:glossary[cts-glossary,Clear To Send].

[[cd-glossary]]
Carrier Detect::
An RS232C signal indicating that a carrier has been detected.

[[cpu-glossary]]
Central Processing Unit::
Also known as the processor.
This is the brain of the computer where all calculations take place.
There are a number of different architectures with different instruction sets.
Among the more well-known are the Intel-x86 and derivatives, Arm, and PowerPC.

[[chap-glossary]]
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol::
A method of authenticating a user, based on a secret shared between client and server.

[[clip-glossary]]
Classical IP over ATM::
{empty}

[[cts-glossary]]
Clear To Send::
An RS232C signal giving the remote system permission to send data.
+
See crossref:glossary[rts-glossary,Also Request To Send].

[[coff-glossary]]
Common Object File Format::
{empty}

[discrete]
== D

DAC::
See crossref:glossary[dac-glossary,Discretionary Access Control].

DDB::
See crossref:glossary[ddb-glossary,Debugger].

DES::
See crossref:glossary[des-glossary,Data Encryption Standard].

DHCP::
See crossref:glossary[dhcp-glossary,Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol].

DNS::
See crossref:glossary[dns-glossary,Domain Name System].

DRM::
See crossref:glossary[drm-glossary,Direct Rendering Manager].

DSDT::
See crossref:glossary[dsdt-glossary,Differentiated System Description Table].

DSR::
See crossref:glossary[dsr-glossary,Data Set Ready].

DTR::
See crossref:glossary[dtr-glossary,Data Terminal Ready].

DVMRP::
See crossref:glossary[dvmrp-glossary,Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol].

[[dac-glossary]]
Discretionary Access Control::
{empty}

[[des-glossary]]
Data Encryption Standard::
A method of encrypting information, traditionally used as the method of encryption for UNIX(R) passwords and the man:crypt[3] function.

[[dsr-glossary]]
Data Set Ready::
An RS232C signal sent from the modem to the computer or terminal indicating a readiness to send and receive data.
+
See crossref:glossary[dtr-glossary,Also Data Terminal Ready].

[[dtr-glossary]]
Data Terminal Ready::
An RS232C signal sent from the computer or terminal to the modem indicating a readiness to send and receive data.

[[ddb-glossary]]
Debugger::
An interactive in-kernel facility for examining the status of a system, often used after a system has crashed to establish the events surrounding the failure.

[[dsdt-glossary]]
Differentiated System Description Table::
An ACPI table, supplying basic configuration information about the base system.

[[dvmrp-glossary]]
Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol::
{empty}

[[dns-glossary]]
Domain Name System::
The system that converts humanly readable hostnames (i.e., mail.example.net) to Internet addresses and vice versa.

[[drm-glossary]]
Direct Rendering Manager::
The man:drm[7] kernel module allows client applications direct access to the graphical hardware via the Direct Rendering Infrastructure.

[[dhcp-glossary]]
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol::
A protocol that dynamically assigns IP addresses to a computer (host) when it requests one from the server.
The address assignment is called a “lease”.

[discrete]
== E

ECOFF::
See crossref:glossary[ecoff-glossary,Extended COFF].

ELF::
See crossref:glossary[elf-glossary,Executable and Linking Format].

ESP::
See crossref:glossary[esp-glossary,Encapsulated Security Payload].

Encapsulated Security Payload::
{empty}

[[elf-glossary]]
Executable and Linking Format::
{empty}

[[ecoff-glossary]]
Extended COFF::
{empty}

[discrete]
== F

FADT::
See crossref:glossary[fadt-glossary,Fixed ACPI Description Table].

FAT::
See crossref:glossary[fat-glossary,File Allocation Table].

FAT16::
See crossref:glossary[fat16-glossary,File Allocation Table (16-bit)].

FTP::
See crossref:glossary[ftp-glossary,File Transfer Protocol].

[[fat-glossary]]
File Allocation Table::
{empty}

[[fat16-glossary]]
File Allocation Table (16-bit)::
{empty}

[[ftp-glossary]]
File Transfer Protocol::
A member of the family of high-level protocols implemented on top of TCP which can be used to transfer files over a TCP/IP network.

[[fadt-glossary]]
Fixed ACPI Description Table::
{empty}

[discrete]
== G

GUI::
See crossref:glossary[gui-glossary,Graphical User Interface].

[[giant-glossary]]
Giant::
The name of a mutual exclusion mechanism (a sleep `mutex`) that protects a large set of kernel resources.
Although a simple locking mechanism was adequate in the days where a machine might have only a few dozen processes, one networking card, and certainly only one processor, in current times it is an unacceptable performance bottleneck.
FreeBSD developers are actively working to replace it with locks that protect individual resources, which will allow a much greater degree of parallelism for both single-processor and multi-processor machines.

[[gui-glossary]]
Graphical User Interface::
A system where the user and computer interact with graphics.

[discrete]
== H

HTML::
See crossref:glossary[html-glossary,HyperText Markup Language].

HUP::
See crossref:glossary[hup-glossary,HangUp].

[[hup-glossary]]
HangUp::
{empty}

[[html-glossary]]
HyperText Markup Language::
The markup language used to create web pages.

[discrete]
== I

I/O::
See crossref:glossary[io-glossary,Input/Output].

IASL::
See crossref:glossary[iasl-glossary,Intel’s ASL compiler].

IMAP::
See crossref:glossary[imap-glossary,Internet Message Access Protocol].

IP::
See crossref:glossary[ip-glossary,Internet Protocol].

IPFW::
See crossref:glossary[ipfw-glossary,IP Firewall].

IPP::
See crossref:glossary[ipp-glossary,Internet Printing Protocol].

IPv4::
See crossref:glossary[ipv4-glossary,IP Version 4].

IPv6::
See crossref:glossary[ipv6-glossary,IP Version 6].

ISP::
See crossref:glossary[isp-glossary,Internet Service Provider].

[[ipfw-glossary]]
IP Firewall::
{empty}

[[ipv4-glossary]]
IP Version 4::
The IP protocol version 4, which uses 32 bits for addressing.
This version is still the most widely used, but it is slowly being replaced with IPv6.
+
See crossref:glossary[ipv6-glossary,Also IP Version 6].

[[ipv6-glossary]]
IP Version 6::
The new IP protocol.
Invented because the address space in IPv4 is running out.
Uses 128 bits for addressing.

[[io-glossary]]
Input/Output::
{empty}

[[iasl-glossary]]
Intel’s ASL compiler::
Intel’s compiler for converting ASL into AML.

[[imap-glossary]]
Internet Message Access Protocol::
A protocol for accessing email messages on a mail server, characterised by the messages usually being kept on the server as opposed to being downloaded to the mail reader client.
+
See Also Post Office Protocol Version 3.

[[ipp-glossary]]
Internet Printing Protocol::
{empty}

[[ip-glossary]]
Internet Protocol::
The packet transmitting protocol that is the basic protocol on the Internet.
Originally developed at the U.S. Department of Defense and an extremely important part of the TCP/IP stack.
Without the Internet Protocol, the Internet would not have become what it is today.
For more information, see link:ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc791.txt[RFC 791].

[[isp-glossary]]
Internet Service Provider::
A company that provides access to the Internet.

[discrete]
== K

[[kame-glossary]]
KAME::
Japanese for “turtle”, the term KAME is used in computing circles to refer to the link:http://www.kame.net/[KAME Project], who work on an implementation of IPv6.

KDC::
See crossref:glossary[kdc-glossary,Key Distribution Center].

KLD::
See crossref:glossary[kld-glossary,Kernel ld(1)].

KMS::
See crossref:glossary[kms-glossary,Kernel Mode Setting].

KSE::
See crossref:glossary[kse-glossary,Kernel Scheduler Entities].

KVA::
See crossref:glossary[kva-glossary,Kernel Virtual Address].

Kbps::
See crossref:glossary[kbps-glossary,Kilo Bits Per Second].

[[kms-glossary]]
Setting the display mode in kernel space.

[[kld-glossary]]
Kernel man:ld[1]::
A method of dynamically loading functionality into a FreeBSD kernel without rebooting the system.

[[kse-glossary]]
Kernel Scheduler Entities::
A kernel-supported threading system.
See the link:http://www.freebsd.org/kse[project home page] for further details.

[[kva-glossary]]
Kernel Virtual Address::
{empty}

[[kdc-glossary]]
Key Distribution Center::
{empty}

[[kbps-glossary]]
Kilo Bits Per Second::
Used to measure bandwidth (how much data can pass a given point at a specified amount of time).
Alternates to the Kilo prefix include Mega, Giga, Tera, and so forth.

[discrete]
== L

LAN::
See crossref:glossary[lan-glossary,Local Area Network].

LOR::
See crossref:glossary[lor-glossary,Lock Order Reversal].

LPD::
See crossref:glossary[lpd-glossary,Line Printer Daemon].

[[lpd-glossary]]
Line Printer Daemon::
{empty}

[[lan-glossary]]
Local Area Network::
A network used on a local area, e.g. office, home, or so forth.

[[lor-glossary]]
Lock Order Reversal::
The FreeBSD kernel uses a number of resource locks to arbitrate contention for those resources.
A run-time lock diagnostic system found in FreeBSD-CURRENT kernels (but removed for releases), called man:witness[4], detects the potential for deadlocks due to locking errors.
(man:witness[4] is actually slightly conservative, so it is possible to get false positives.)
A true positive report indicates that “if you were unlucky, a deadlock would have happened here”.
+
True positive LORs tend to get fixed quickly, so check https://lists.FreeBSD.org/subscription/freebsd-current and the link:http://sources.zabbadoz.net/freebsd/lor.html[LORs Seen] page before posting to the mailing lists.

[discrete]
== M

MAC::
See crossref:glossary[mac-glossary,Mandatory Access Control].

MADT::
See crossref:glossary[madt-glossary,Multiple APIC Description Table].

MFC::
See crossref:glossary[mfc-glossary,Merge From Current].

MFH::
See crossref:glossary[mfh-glossary,Merge From Head].

MFS::
See crossref:glossary[mfs-glossary,Merge From Stable].

MFV::
See crossref:glossary[mfv-glossary,Merge From Vendor].

MIT::
See crossref:glossary[mit-glossary,Massachusetts Institute of Technology].

MLS::
See crossref:glossary[mls-glossary,Multi-Level Security].

MOTD::
See crossref:glossary[motd-glossary,Message Of The Day].

MTA::
See crossref:glossary[mta-glossary,Mail Transfer Agent].

MUA::
See crossref:glossary[mua-glossary,Mail User Agent].

[[mta-glossary]]
Mail Transfer Agent::
An application used to transfer email.
An MTA has traditionally been part of the BSD base system.
Today Sendmail is included in the base system, but there are many other MTAs, such as postfix, qmail and Exim.

[[mua-glossary]]
Mail User Agent::
An application used by users to display and write email.

[[mac-glossary]]
Mandatory Access Control::
{empty}

[[mit-glossary]]
Massachusetts Institute of Technology::
{empty}

[[mfc-glossary]]
Merge From Current::
To merge functionality or a patch from the -CURRENT branch to another, most often -STABLE.

[[mfh-glossary]]
Merge From Head::
To merge functionality or a patch from a repository HEAD to an earlier branch.

[[mfs-glossary]]
Merge From Stable::
In the normal course of FreeBSD development, a change will be committed to the -CURRENT branch for testing before being merged to -STABLE.
On rare occasions, a change will go into -STABLE first and then be merged to -CURRENT.
+
This term is also used when a patch is merged from -STABLE to a security branch.
+
See crossref:glossary[mfc-glossary,Also Merge From Current].

[[mfv-glossary]]
Merge From Vendor::
{empty}

[[motd-glossary]]
Message Of The Day::
A message, usually shown on login, often used to distribute information to users of the system.

[[mls-glossary]]
Multi-Level Security::
{empty}

[[madt-glossary]]
Multiple APIC Description Table::
{empty}

[discrete]
== N

NAT::
See crossref:glossary[nat-glossary,Network Address Translation].

NDISulator::
See crossref:glossary[projectevil-glossary,Project Evil].

NFS::
See crossref:glossary[nfs-glossary,Network File System].

NTFS::
See crossref:glossary[ntfs-glossary,New Technology File System].

NTP::
See crossref:glossary[ntp-glossary,Network Time Protocol].

[[nat-glossary]]
Network Address Translation::
A technique where IP packets are rewritten on the way through a gateway, enabling many machines behind the gateway to effectively share a single IP address.

[[nfs-glossary]]
Network File System::
{empty}

[[ntfs-glossary]]
New Technology File System::
A filesystem developed by Microsoft and available in its “New Technology” operating systems, such as Windows(R) 2000, Windows NT(R) and Windows(R) XP.

[[ntp-glossary]]
Network Time Protocol::
A means of synchronizing clocks over a network.

[discrete]
== O

OBE::
See crossref:glossary[obe-glossary,Overtaken By Events].

ODMR::
See crossref:glossary[odmr-glossary,On-Demand Mail Relay].

OS::
See crossref:glossary[os-glossary,Operating System].

[[odmr-glossary]]
On-Demand Mail Relay::
{empty}

[[os-glossary]]
Operating System::
A set of programs, libraries and tools that provide access to the hardware resources of a computer.
Operating systems range today from simplistic designs that support only one program running at a time, accessing only one device to fully multi-user, multi-tasking and multi-process systems that can serve thousands of users simultaneously, each of them running dozens of different applications.

[[obe-glossary]]
Overtaken By Events::
Indicates a suggested change (such as a Problem Report or a feature request) which is no longer relevant or applicable due to such things as later changes to FreeBSD, changes in networking standards, the affected hardware having since become obsolete, and so forth.

[discrete]
== P

PAE::
See crossref:glossary[pae-glossary,Physical Address Extensions].

PAM::
See crossref:glossary[pam-glossary,Pluggable Authentication Modules].

PAP::
See crossref:glossary[pap-glossary,Password Authentication Protocol].

PC::
See crossref:glossary[pc-glossary,Personal Computer].

PCNSFD::
See crossref:glossary[pcnfsd-glossary,Personal Computer Network File System
Daemon].

PDF::
See crossref:glossary[pdf-glossary,Portable Document Format].

PID::
See crossref:glossary[pid-glossary,Process ID].

POLA::
See crossref:glossary[pola-glossary,Principle Of Least Astonishment].

POP::
See crossref:glossary[pop-glossary,Post Office Protocol].

POP3::
See crossref:glossary[pop3-glossary,Post Office Protocol Version 3].

PPD::
See crossref:glossary[ppd-glossary,PostScript Printer Description].

PPP::
See crossref:glossary[ppp-glossary,Point-to-Point Protocol].

PPPoA::
See crossref:glossary[pppoa-glossary,PPP over ATM].

PPPoE::
See crossref:glossary[pppoe-glossary,PPP over Ethernet].

[[pppoa-glossary]]
PPP over ATM::
{empty}

[[pppoe-glossary]]
PPP over Ethernet::
{empty}

PR::
See crossref:glossary[pr-glossary,Problem Report].

PXE::
See crossref:glossary[pxe-glossary,Preboot eXecution Environment].

[[pap-glossary]]
Password Authentication Protocol::
{empty}

[[pc-glossary]]
Personal Computer::
{empty}

[[pcnfsd-glossary]]
Personal Computer Network File System Daemon::
{empty}

[[pae-glossary]]
Physical Address Extensions::
A method of enabling access to up to 64 GB of RAM on systems which only physically have a 32-bit wide address space (and would therefore be limited to 4 GB without PAE).

[[pam-glossary]]
Pluggable Authentication Modules::
{empty}

[[ppp-glossary]]
Point-to-Point Protocol::
{empty}

[[pointyhat]]
Pointy Hat::
A mythical piece of headgear, much like a dunce cap, awarded to any FreeBSD committer who breaks the build, makes revision numbers go backwards, or creates any other kind of havoc in the source base.
Any committer worth his or her salt will soon accumulate a large collection.
The usage is (almost always?) humorous.

[[pdf-glossary]]
Portable Document Format::
{empty}

[[pop-glossary]]
Post Office Protocol::
See Also Post Office Protocol Version 3.

[[pop3-glossary]]
Post Office Protocol Version 3::
A protocol for accessing email messages on a mail server, characterised by the messages usually being downloaded from the server to the client, as opposed to remaining on the server.
+
See crossref:glossary[imap-glossary,Also Internet Message Access Protocol].

[[ppd-glossary]]
PostScript Printer Description::
{empty}

[[pxe-glossary]]
Preboot eXecution Environment::
{empty}

[[pola-glossary]]
Principle Of Least Astonishment::
As FreeBSD evolves, changes visible to the user should be kept as unsurprising as possible.
For example, arbitrarily rearranging system startup variables in [.filename]#/etc/defaults/rc.conf# violates POLA.
Developers consider POLA when contemplating user-visible system changes.

[[prime-glossary]]
PRIME::
A method of multiple physical graphics coprocessors coexisting by
sharing their direct memory access buffers.

[[pr-glossary]]
Problem Report::
A description of some kind of problem that has been found in either the FreeBSD source or documentation.
See extref:{problem-reports}[Writing FreeBSD Problem Reports].

[[pid-glossary]]
Process ID::
A number, unique to a particular process on a system, which identifies it and allows actions to be taken against it.

[[projectevil-glossary]]
Project Evil::
The working title for the NDISulator, written by Bill Paul, who named it referring to how awful it is (from a philosophical standpoint) to need to have something like this in the first place.
The NDISulator is a special compatibility module to allow Microsoft Windows(TM) NDIS miniport network drivers to be used with FreeBSD/i386.
This is usually the only way to use cards where the driver is closed-source.
See [.filename]#src/sys/compat/ndis/subr_ndis.c#.

[discrete]
== R

RA::
See crossref:glossary[ra-glossary,Router Advertisement].

RAID::
See crossref:glossary[raid-glossary,Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks].

RAM::
See crossref:glossary[ram-glossary,Random Access Memory].

RD::
See crossref:glossary[rd-glossary,Received Data].

RFC::
See crossref:glossary[rfc-glossary,Request For Comments].

RISC::
See crossref:glossary[risc-glossary,Reduced Instruction Set Computer].

RPC::
See crossref:glossary[rpc-glossary,Remote Procedure Call].

RS232C::
See crossref:glossary[rs232c-glossary,Recommended Standard 232C].

RTS::
See crossref:glossary[rts-glossary,Request To Send].

[[ram-glossary]]
Random Access Memory::
{empty}

[[rcs-glossary]]
Revision Control System::
The _Revision Control System (RCS)_ is one of the oldest software suites that implement “revision control” for plain files.
It allows the storage, retrieval, archival, logging, identification and merging of multiple revisions for each file.
RCS consists of many small tools that work together.
It lacks some of the features found in more modern revision control systems, like Git, but it is very simple to install, configure, and start using for a small set of files.
+
See crossref:glossary[svn-glossary,Also Subversion].

[[rd-glossary]]
Received Data::
An RS232C pin or wire that data is received on.
+
See crossref:glossary[td-glossary,Also Transmitted Data].

[[rs232c-glossary]]
Recommended Standard 232C::
A standard for communications between serial devices.

[[risc-glossary]]
Reduced Instruction Set Computer::
An approach to processor design where the operations the hardware can perform are simplified but made as general purpose as possible.
This can lead to lower power consumption, fewer transistors and in some cases, better performance and increased code density.
Examples of RISC processors include the Alpha, SPARC(R), ARM(R) and PowerPC(R).

[[raid-glossary]]
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks::
{empty}

[[rpc-glossary]]
Remote Procedure Call::
{empty}

[[rfc-glossary]]
Request For Comments::
A set of documents defining Internet standards, protocols, and so forth.
See www.rfc-editor.org.
+
Also used as a general term when someone has a suggested change and wants feedback.

[[rts-glossary]]
Request To Send::
An RS232C signal requesting that the remote system commences transmission of data.
+
See crossref:glossary[cts-glossary,Also Clear To Send].

[[ra-glossary]]
Router Advertisement::
{empty}

[discrete]
== S

SCI::
See crossref:glossary[sci-glossary,System Control Interrupt].

SCSI::
See crossref:glossary[scsi-glossary,Small Computer System Interface].

SG::
See crossref:glossary[sg-glossary,Signal Ground].

SLAAC::
See crossref:glossary[slaac-glossary,StateLess Address AutoConfiguration].

SMB::
See crossref:glossary[smb-glossary,Server Message Block].

SMP::
See crossref:glossary[smp-glossary,Symmetric MultiProcessor].

SMTP::
See crossref:glossary[smtp-glossary,Simple Mail Transfer Protocol].

SMTP AUTH::
See crossref:glossary[smtpauth-glossary,SMTP Authentication].

SSH::
See crossref:glossary[ssh-glossary,Secure Shell].

STR::
See crossref:glossary[str-glossary,Suspend To RAM].

SVN::
See crossref:glossary[svn-glossary,Subversion].

[[slaac-glossary]]
StateLess Address AutoConfiguration::
{empty}

[[smtpauth-glossary]]
SMTP Authentication::
{empty}

[[smb-glossary]]
Server Message Block::
{empty}

[[sg-glossary]]
Signal Ground::
An RS232 pin or wire that is the ground reference for the signal.

[[smtp-glossary]]
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol::
{empty}

[[ssh-glossary]]
Secure Shell::
{empty}

[[scsi-glossary]]
Small Computer System Interface::
{empty}

[[svn-glossary]]
Subversion::
Subversion is a version control system currently used by the FreeBSD project.

[[str-glossary]]
Suspend To RAM::
{empty}

[[smp-glossary]]
Symmetric MultiProcessor::
{empty}

[[sci-glossary]]
System Control Interrupt::
{empty}

[discrete]
== T

TCP::
See crossref:glossary[tcp-glossary,Transmission Control Protocol].

TCP/IP::
See crossref:glossary[tcpip-glossary,Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol].

TD::
See crossref:glossary[td-glossary,Transmitted Data].

TFTP::
See crossref:glossary[tftp-glossary,Trivial FTP].

TGT::
See crossref:glossary[tgt-glossary,Ticket-Granting Ticket].

TSC::
See crossref:glossary[tsc-glossary,Time Stamp Counter].

[[tgt-glossary]]
Ticket-Granting Ticket::
{empty}

[[tsc-glossary]]
Time Stamp Counter::
A profiling counter internal to modern Pentium(R) processors that counts core frequency clock ticks.

[[tcp-glossary]]
Transmission Control Protocol::
A protocol that sits on top of (e.g.) the IP protocol and guarantees that packets are delivered in a reliable, ordered, fashion.

[[tcpip-glossary]]
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol::
The term for the combination of the TCP protocol running over the IP protocol.
Much of the Internet runs over TCP/IP.

[[td-glossary]]
Transmitted Data::
An RS232C pin or wire that data is transmitted on.
+
See crossref:glossary[rd-glossary,Also Received Data].

[[tftp-glossary]]
Trivial FTP::
{empty}

[discrete]
== U

UDP::
See crossref:glossary[udp-glossary,User Datagram Protocol].

UFS1::
See crossref:glossary[ufs1-glossary,Unix File System Version 1].

UFS2::
See crossref:glossary[ufs2-glossary,Unix File System Version 2].

UID::
See crossref:glossary[uid-glossary,User ID].

URL::
See crossref:glossary[url-glossary,Uniform Resource Locator].

USB::
See crossref:glossary[usb-glossary,Universal Serial Bus].

[[url-glossary]]
Uniform Resource Locator::
A method of locating a resource, such as a document on the Internet and a means to identify that resource.

[[ufs1-glossary]]
Unix File System Version 1::
The original UNIX(R) file system, sometimes called the Berkeley Fast File System.

[[ufs2-glossary]]
Unix File System Version 2::
An extension to UFS1, introduced in FreeBSD 5-CURRENT.
UFS2 adds 64 bit block pointers (breaking the 1T barrier), support for extended file storage and other features.

[[usb-glossary]]
Universal Serial Bus::
A hardware standard used to connect a wide variety of computer peripherals to a universal interface.

[[uid-glossary]]
User ID::
A unique number assigned to each user of a computer, by which the resources and permissions assigned to that user can be identified.

[[udp-glossary]]
User Datagram Protocol::
A simple, unreliable datagram protocol which is used for exchanging data on a TCP/IP network.
UDP does not provide error checking and correction like TCP.

[discrete]
== V

VPN::
See crossref:glossary[vpn-glossary,Virtual Private Network].

[[vpn-glossary]]
Virtual Private Network::
A method of using a public telecommunication such as the Internet, to provide remote access to a localized network, such as a corporate LAN.