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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook XML V4.5-Based Extension//EN"
	"../../../share/xml/freebsd45.dtd">

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<article lang="ru">
  <articleinfo>
    <title>ðÏÓÏÂÉÅ ÄÌÑ ÎÏ×ÉÞËÏ× ×Ï FreeBSD É &unix;</title>

    <authorgroup>
      <author>
	<firstname>Annelise</firstname>

	<surname>Anderson</surname>

	<affiliation>
	  <address><email>andrsn@andrsn.stanford.edu</email></address>
	</affiliation>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>

    <pubdate>15 Á×ÇÕÓÔÁ 1997</pubdate>

    <legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
      &tm-attrib.freebsd;
      &tm-attrib.ibm;
      &tm-attrib.microsoft;
      &tm-attrib.opengroup;
      &tm-attrib.general;
    </legalnotice>

    <releaseinfo>$FreeBSD$</releaseinfo>

    <abstract>
      <para>ðÏÚÄÒÁ×ÌÑÅÍ ×ÁÓ Ó ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÏÊ FreeBSD!  üÔÏ ××ÏÄÎÏÅ ÐÏÓÏÂÉÅ
	ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÔÅÈ, ËÔÏ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÏ×ÉÞËÏÍ × ÍÉÒÅ FreeBSD
	<emphasis>É</emphasis> &unix;&mdash;ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÏÎÏ ÎÁÞΣÔÓÑ Ó ÏÓÎÏ×.
	ðÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ× &os; ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 2.0.5
	ÉÌÉ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÚÄÎÅÊ, ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÑÅÍÙÊ &os;.org, É × ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ (ÎÁ ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ) ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÏÄÉÎ
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ (ÜÔÏ ×Ù)&mdash;É ×Ù ÈÏÒÏÛÏ ÏÒÉÅÎÔÉÒÕÅÔÅÓØ × DOS/&windows;
	ÉÌÉ &os2;.</para>
    </abstract>
  </articleinfo>

  <sect1 id="in-and-out">
    <title>òÅÇÉÓÔÒÁÃÉÑ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ É ×ÙÈÏÄ ÉÚ ÎÅ£</title>

    <para>úÁÒÅÇÉÓÔÒÉÒÕÊÔÅÓØ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ (ËÏÇÄÁ Õ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÅ
      <prompt >login:</prompt>) ËÁË ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÇÏ ×Ù ÓÏÚÄÁÌÉ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ
      ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ, ÉÌÉ ×ÏÊÄÉÔÅ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ËÁË ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ
      <username>root</username>.  (÷ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÕÖÅ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ
      ÕÞ£ÔÎÁÑ ÚÁÐÉÓØ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>root</username>; ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÉÔØ ÈÏÔØ ËÕÄÁ
      É ÄÅÌÁÔØ ×Ó£, ÞÔÏ ÕÇÏÄÎÏ, × ÔÏÍ ÞÉÓÌÅ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÉÅ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÙÈ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ
      ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÂÕÄØÔÅ ×ÎÉÍÁÔÅÌØÎÙ!)  ïÂÏÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ &prompt.user; É
      &prompt.root; × ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍ ÔÅËÓÔÅ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÀÔ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ (×ÁÛÅ
      ÍÏÖÅÔ ÏÔÌÉÞÁÔØÓÑ ÏÔ ÎÅÇÏ), ÐÒÉÞ£Í &prompt.user; ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ ÏÂÙÞÎÏÇÏ
      ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, Á &prompt.root; ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>root</username>.</para>

    <para>þÔÏÂÙ ×ÙÊÔÉ ÉÚ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ (É ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÅ
      <prompt >login:</prompt>) ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>exit</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>ÓÔÏÌØËÏ ÒÁÚ, ÓËÏÌØËÏ ÎÕÖÎÏ.  äÁ, ÎÁÖÉÍÁÊÔÅ <keysym>enter</keysym>
      ÐÏÓÌÅ ÎÁÂÏÒÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄ, É ÐÏÍÎÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ &unix; ÞÕ×ÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌÅÎ Ë ÒÅÇÉÓÔÒÕ
      ÂÕË×&mdash;ÎÁÂÉÒÁÊÔÅ <command>exit</command>, ÎÏ ÎÅ
      <command>EXIT</command>.</para>

    <para>äÌÑ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/sbin/shutdown -h now</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>éÌÉ, ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÎÁÂÒÁÔØ</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/sbin/shutdown -r now</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>ÉÌÉ</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/sbin/reboot</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>ðÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÕ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÔÁËÖÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÎÁÖÁÔÉÅÍ ËÌÁ×ÉÛ
      <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
      <keycap>Delete</keycap></keycombo>.  ðÏÄÏÖÄÉÔÅ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ, ÞÔÏÂÙ
      ÄÁÔØ ÜÔÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ ÏÔÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ.  ÷ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÈ ÒÅÌÉÚÁÈ FreeBSD ÏÎÁ
      ÜË×É×ÁÌÅÎÔÁ ×ÙÄÁÞÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ <command>/sbin/reboot</command> É ÇÏÒÁÚÄÏ,
      ÇÏÒÁÚÄÏ ÌÕÞÛÅ, ÞÅÍ ÎÁÖÁÔÉÅ ËÎÏÐËÉ ÓÂÒÏÓÁ.  ÷Ù ×ÅÄØ ÎÅ ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ×Ó£
      ÐÅÒÅÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÔØ ÚÁÎÏ×Ï, ÎÅ ÔÁË ÌÉ?</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="adding-a-user">
    <title>äÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ Ó ÐÒÉ×ÉÌÅÇÉÑÍÉ root</title>

    <para>åÓÌÉ ÐÒÉ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ×Ù ÎÅ ÓÏÚÄÁÌÉ ÎÉ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, É
      ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ×ÏÛÌÉ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ËÁË <username>root</username>, ÔÏ ÔÅÐÅÒØ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ
      ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ ÐÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>adduser</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>ðÒÉ ÐÅÒ×ÏÍ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ <command>adduser</command> ÏÎÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÚÁÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÔØ
      ÓÏÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÅ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× ÄÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÉÈ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ.
      ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÏÊ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÊ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ, ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ
      ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ &man.csh.1;, Á ÎÅ &man.sh.1;, ÅÓÌÉ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ×ÁÍ
      ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ <command>sh</command>.  ÷ ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÎÁÖÉÍÁÊÔÅ
      enter ÄÌÑ ÐÒÉÎÑÔÉÑ ×ÓÅÈ ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÅÍÙÈ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔÏ×.  üÔÉ
      ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÑÀÔÓÑ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
      <filename>/etc/adduser.conf</filename>, × ÆÏÒÍÅ, ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÏÊ ÄÌÑ
      ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.</para>

    <para>ðÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÓÏÚÄÁÌÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>jack</username> Ó
      ÐÏÌÎÙÍ ÉÍÅÎÅÍ <emphasis>Jack Benimble</emphasis>.  îÁÚÎÁÞØÔÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ
      <username>jack</username> ÐÁÒÏÌØ, ÅÓÌÉ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÏÎÎÁÑ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔØ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ (ÄÁÖÅ ÅÓÌÉ
      ÜÔÏ ÄÅÔÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÓÔÕÞÁÔØ ÐÏ ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÅ).  ëÏÇÄÁ ×ÁÍ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁÄÁÎ
      ×ÏÐÒÏÓ ÐÏ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÉÀ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>jack</username> × ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ, ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ
      <groupname>wheel</groupname></para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>Login group is ``jack''. Invite jack into other groups: <userinput>wheel</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>üÔÏ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔ ×ÈÏÄÉÔØ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ËÁË ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ
      <username>jack</username> É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ &man.su.1; ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ,
      ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÔÁÔØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ <username>root</username>.  ôÏÇÄÁ ×ÁÓ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÕÔ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÏÂ×ÉÎÑÔØ ×
      ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ×Ù ×ÈÏÄÉÔÅ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ËÁË ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ <username>root</username>.</para>

    <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÒÅËÒÁÔÉÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó <command>adduser</command> × ÌÀÂÏÊ
      ÍÏÍÅÎÔ, ÎÁÖÁ× <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
      <keycap>C</keycap></keycombo>, Á × ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÉ ××ÏÄÁ Õ ×ÁÓ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÛÁÎÓ
      ÐÏÄÔ×ÅÒÄÉÔØ ÚÁ×ÅÄÅÎÉÅ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ ÉÌÉ ÎÁÂÒÁÔØ <keycap>n</keycap>
      × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÏÔÒÉÃÁÔÅÌØÎÏÇÏ ÏÔ×ÅÔÁ.  ÷ÁÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÚÁÈÏÔÅÔØÓÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ×ÔÏÒÏÇÏ
      ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÒÉ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ×
      ÄÌÑ ×ÈÏÄÁ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>jack</username> ÉÍÅÌÓÑ ÇÏÒÑÞÉÊ ÒÅÚÅÒ× ÎÁ ÔÏÔ ÓÌÕÞÁÊ,
      ÅÓÌÉ ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ÐÏÊÄ£Ô ÎÅ ÔÁË.</para>

    <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ×Ù ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÅÔÅ, ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ
      <command>exit</command> ÄÌÑ ×ÏÚ×ÒÁÔÁ Ë ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÀ ËÏ ×ÈÏÄÕ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ É
      ÚÁÒÅÇÉÓÔÒÉÒÕÊÔÅÓØ × ÎÅÊ ËÁË ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ <username>jack</username>.
      ÷ÏÏÂÝÅ ÇÏ×ÏÒÑ, ÌÕÞÛÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÕÀ ÍÁÓÓÕ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ, ÒÁÂÏÔÁÑ ËÁË
      ÏÂÙÞÎÙÊ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÎÅ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÍÏÝØ É ÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ
      <username>root</username>.</para>

    <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÕÖÅ ÓÏÚÄÁÌÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ É ÈÏÔÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÎ ÍÏÇ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ
      ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>su</command> ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÉ×ÉÌÅÇÉÊ <username>root</username>, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
      ×ÏÊÔÉ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ËÁË <username>root</username> É ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ
      <filename>/etc/group</filename>, ÄÏÂÁ×É× ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>jack</username> × ÐÅÒ×ÕÀ
      ÓÔÒÏÞËÕ (× ÇÒÕÐÐÕ <groupname>wheel</groupname>).  ïÄÎÁËÏ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ×ÁÍ
      ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÏÕÐÒÁÖÎÑÔØÓÑ Ó ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ &man.vi.1;, ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÙÍ
      ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÏÍ,&mdash;ÉÌÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÏÊ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ, &man.ee.1;,
      ÉÍÅÀÝÉÊÓÑ × ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÊ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ FreeBSD.</para>

    <para>äÌÑ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ
      <command>rmuser</command>.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="looking-around">
    <title>ðÒÏÓÍÏÔÒ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ</title>

    <para>÷ÏÊÄÑ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ËÁË ÏÂÙÞÎÙÊ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ, ÏÇÌÑÎÉÔÅÓØ ×ÏËÒÕÇ É
      ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ, ÄÁÀÝÉÅ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÁÍ
      ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ É ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ×ÎÕÔÒÉ FreeBSD.</para>

    <para>÷ÏÔ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ É ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎÉ ÄÅÌÁÀÔ:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>id</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>çÏ×ÏÒÉÔ ×ÁÍ, ËÔÏ ×Ù!</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>pwd</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ðÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ, ÇÄÅ ×Ù ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÅÓØ&mdash;ÔÅËÕÝÉÊ ÒÁÂÏÞÉÊ
	    ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>ls</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>÷ÙÄÁ£Ô ÓÐÉÓÏË ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÉÈÓÑ × ÔÅËÕÝÅÍ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>ls <option>-F</option></command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>÷ÙÄÁ£Ô ÐÅÒÅÞÅÎØ ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÉÈÓÑ × ÔÅËÕÝÅÍ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ,
	    ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÑÑ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÙ <literal>*</literal> ÐÏÓÌÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÍÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×,
	    <literal>/</literal> ÐÏÓÌÅ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ× É <literal>@</literal> ÐÏÓÌÅ
	    ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÓÓÙÌÏË.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>ls <option>-l</option></command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>÷ÙÄÁ£Ô ÐÅÒÅÞÅÎØ ÆÁÊÌÏ× × ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÎÏÍ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ&mdash;ÒÁÚÍÅÒ, ÄÁÔÁ
	    É ÐÒÁ×Á ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>ls <option>-a</option></command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>÷ÍÅÓÔÅ ÓÏ ×ÓÅÍÉ ×ÙÄÁ£Ô É ÓÐÉÓÏË ÓËÒÙÔÙÈ
	    <quote>dot</quote>-ÆÁÊÌÏ× (ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÝÉÈÓÑ Ó ÔÏÞËÉ).  åÓÌÉ ×Ù
	    Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÅÓØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ <username>root</username>, ÔÏ <quote>dot</quote>-ÆÁÊÌÙ ×ÙÄÁÀÔÓÑ
	    É ÂÅÚ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑ ÆÌÁÇÁ <option>-a</option>.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>cd</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>óÍÅÎÁ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ×.  <command>cd
	    <parameter>..</parameter></command> ÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÁÅÔ ÎÁ ÏÄÉÎ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ
	    ×ÙÛÅ; ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅ ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ ÎÁ ÐÒÏÍÅÖÕÔÏË ÐÏÓÌÅ <command>cd</command>.
	    <command>cd <parameter>/usr/local</parameter></command> ÐÅÒÅÊÄ£Ô ×
	    ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÏÅ ÍÅÓÔÏ.  <command>cd <parameter>~</parameter></command>
	    ÐÅÒÅÊÄ£Ô × ÄÏÍÁÛÎÉÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÞÅÌÏ×ÅËÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ×ÏÛ£Ì ×
	    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ&mdash;Ë ÐÒÉÍÅÒÕ, <filename>/usr/home/jack</filename>.
	    ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>cd
	    <parameter>/cdrom</parameter></command>, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ
	    <command>ls</command> ÄÌÑ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÉ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÛ CDROM ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎ
	    É ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>view
	  <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ðÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ×ÁÍ ÐÒÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ ÆÁÊÌ (Ó ÉÍÅÎÅÍ
	    <replaceable>filename</replaceable>) ÂÅÚ ×ÎÅÓÅÎÉÑ × ÎÅÇÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÊ.
	    ðÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>view
	    <parameter>/etc/fstab</parameter></command>.  äÌÑ ×ÙÈÏÄÁ
	    ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ <command>:q</command>.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>cat
	  <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>÷ÙÄÁ£Ô ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÅ <replaceable>filename</replaceable> ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎ.
	    ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÄÌÉÎÎÙÊ É ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÅÇÏ ËÏÎÅÃ,
	    ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ <keycap>ScrollLock</keycap> É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÕ
	    <keycap>ÓÔÒÅÌËÁ ××ÅÒÈ</keycap> ÄÌÑ Ä×ÉÖÅÎÉÑ ÎÁÚÁÄ; ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
	    ÔÁËÖÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ <keycap>ScrollLock</keycap> É ÓÏ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁÍÉ
	    ÓÐÒÁ×ËÉ.  îÁÖÍÉÔÅ <keycap>ScrollLock</keycap> ÓÎÏ×Á ÄÌÑ ÐÒÅËÒÁÝÅÎÉÑ
	    ÐÒÏËÒÕÔËÉ.  ÷ÁÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÚÁÈÏÔÅÔØÓÑ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÏ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ
	    <command>cat</command> Ó ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÍÉ ÉÚ dot-ÆÁÊÌÏ× × ×ÁÛÅÍ ÄÏÍÁÛÎÅÍ
	    ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ&mdash;<command>cat
	    <parameter>.cshrc</parameter></command>, <command>cat
	    <parameter>.login</parameter></command>, <command>cat
	    <parameter>.profile</parameter></command>.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <para>÷ ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>.cshrc</filename> ×Ù ÚÁÍÅÔÉÔÅ ÁÌÉÁÓÙ ÄÌÑ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ
      ÉÚ ËÏÍÁÎÄ <command>ls</command> (ÏÎÉ ÏÞÅÎØ ÕÄÏÂÎÙ).  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ
      ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÁÌÉÁÓÙ, ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×Á× ÆÁÊÌ <filename>.cshrc</filename>.  ÷Ù
      ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÉ ÁÌÉÁÓÙ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÍÉ ×ÓÅÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉ×
      ÉÈ × ÏÂÝÅÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÊ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÄÌÑ <command>csh</command>,
      <filename>/etc/csh.cshrc</filename>.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="getting-help">
    <title>ðÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ É ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ</title>

    <para>÷ÏÔ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÙÈ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÏ× ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ.  úÄÅÓØ
      <replaceable>Text</replaceable> ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ÐÏ ×ÁÛÅÍÕ ×ÙÂÏÒÕ, ÞÔÏ
      ×Ù ××ÏÄÉÔÅ&mdash;ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ ÉÌÉ ÉÍÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ.</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>apropos <replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>÷Ó£, ÞÔÏ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÓÔÒÏËÕ <replaceable>text</replaceable> ×
	    <database>ÂÁÚÅ whatis</database>.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>man <replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>óÔÒÁÎÉÃÁ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÉ ÐÏ <replaceable>text</replaceable>.  üÔÏ
	    ÇÌÁ×ÎÙÊ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉË ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÉ × &unix;-ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ.
	    <command>man <parameter>ls</parameter></command> ÐÏËÁÖÅÔ ×ÁÍ ×ÓÅ
	    ÓÐÏÓÏÂÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ <command>ls</command>.  îÁÖÉÍÁÊÔÅ
	    <keycap>Enter</keycap> ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒÅÄ×ÉÖÅÎÉÑ ÐÏ ÔÅËÓÔÕ,
	    <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>B</keycap></keycombo> ÄÌÑ
	    ×ÏÚ×ÒÁÔÁ ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÕ ÎÁÚÁÄ,
	    <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>F</keycap></keycombo> ÄÌÑ
	    ÐÒÏÄ×ÉÖÅÎÉÑ ×ÐÅÒ£Ä, <keycap>q</keycap> ÉÌÉ
	    <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>C</keycap></keycombo> ÄÌÑ
	    ×ÙÈÏÄÁ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>which <replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ðÏËÁÖÅÔ, × ËÁËÏÍ ÍÅÓÔÅ ÉÚ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÁ ÐÏÉÓËÁ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ
	    ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ <replaceable>text</replaceable>.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>locate <replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>÷ÓÅ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÙ, ÇÄÅ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÓÔÒÏÞËÁ
	    <replaceable>text</replaceable>.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>whatis <replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ïÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ <replaceable>text</replaceable>
	    É Å£ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÁÑ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁ.  ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ <command>whatis *</command>
	    ÒÁÓÓËÁÖÅÔ ×ÁÍ ÏÂÏ ×ÓÅÈ Ä×ÏÉÞÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÁÈ × ÔÅËÕÝÅÍ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>whereis <replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>éÝÅÔ ÆÁÊÌ <replaceable>text</replaceable> É ×ÙÄÁ£Ô ÐÏÌÎÙÊ ÐÕÔØ
	    ÄÏ ÎÅÇÏ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÁÈÏÔÅÔØ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ
      <command>whatis</command> Ó ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÍÉ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÙÍÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁÍÉ ÔÉÐÁ
      <command>cat</command>, <command>more</command>, <command>grep</command>,
      <command>mv</command>, <command>find</command>,
      <command>tar</command>, <command>chmod</command>,
      <command>chown</command>, <command>date</command>, É
      <command>script</command>.  ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ <command>more</command> ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔ
      ×ÁÍ ÞÉÔÁÔØ ÐÏÓÔÒÁÎÉÞÎÏ, ËÁË É × DOS, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, <command>ls -l |
      more</command> ÉÌÉ <command>more
      <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command>.  úÎÁË
      <literal>*</literal> ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ËÁË ÏÂÝÉÊ ÛÁÂÌÏÎ&mdash;ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ,
      <command>ls w*</command> ×ÙÄÁÓÔ ÐÅÒÅÞÅÎØ ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÝÉÈÓÑ Ó ÂÕË×Ù
      <literal>w</literal>.</para>

    <para>îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÚ ÜÔÉÈ ËÏÍÁÎÄ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ ÎÅ ÏÞÅÎØ ÈÏÒÏÛÏ?  ïÂÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
      &man.locate.1; É &man.whatis.1; ÚÁ×ÉÓÑÔ ÏÔ ÂÁÚÙ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ
      ÐÅÒÅÓÔÒÁÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÅÖÅÎÅÄÅÌØÎÏ.  åÓÌÉ ×ÁÛÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÓÔÁ×ÁÔØÓÑ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÎÏÊ
      ÎÁ ×ÙÈÏÄÎÙÅ (É ÏÎÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÐÏÄ FreeBSD), ÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÖÅÌÁÔØ
      ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÔØ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌ£ÎÎÙÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÒÁÚ × ÄÅÎØ, ÎÅÄÅÌÀ, ÍÅÓÑÃ.  úÁÐÕÓËÁÊÔÅ ÉÈ
      ËÁË <username>root</username> É ÄÁÊÔÅ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÏÔÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ, ÐÒÅÖÄÅ ÞÅÍ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÔØ
      ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ.</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>periodic daily</userinput>
<lineannotation>×ÙÄÁÞÁ ÏÐÕÝÅÎÁ</lineannotation>
&prompt.root; <userinput>periodic weekly</userinput>
<lineannotation>×ÙÄÁÞÁ ÏÐÕÝÅÎÁ</lineannotation>
&prompt.root; <userinput>periodic monthly</userinput>
<lineannotation>×ÙÄÁÞÁ ÏÐÕÝÅÎÁ</lineannotation></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>åÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÎÁÄÏÅÌÏ ÖÄÁÔØ, ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ
      <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo> ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÁ
      × ÄÒÕÇÕÀ <firstterm>×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÕÀ ËÏÎÓÏÌØ</firstterm>, É ×ÏÊÄÉÔÅ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ
      ÓÎÏ×Á.  ÷ ËÏÎÃÅ ËÏÎÃÏ×, ÜÔÏ ÍÎÏÇÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÁÑ É ÍÎÏÇÏÚÁÄÁÞÎÁÑ
      ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ.  ôÅÍ ÎÅ ÍÅÎÅÅ ÜÔÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ, ÓËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, × ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÂÕÄÕÔ
      ×ÙÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ ×ÁÍ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎ; ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÁÂÒÁÔØ
      <command>clear</command> × ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÉ ÄÌÑ ÏÞÉÓÔËÉ ÜËÒÁÎÁ.  ðÏËÁ ÏÎÉ
      ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ × ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×
      <filename>/var/mail/root</filename> É
      <filename>/var/log/messages</filename>.</para>

    <para>÷ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ ÔÁËÉÈ ËÏÍÁÎÄ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÞÁÓÔØÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÇÏ
      ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ&mdash;É ËÁË ÅÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÊ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ &unix;-ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ×Ù
      Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÅÓØ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÍ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÍ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÏÍ.  ðÒÁËÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ×Ó£, ÄÌÑ
      ÞÅÇÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ <username>root</username>, ÜÔÏ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÅ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ.
      üÔÉ ÏÂÑÚÁÎÎÏÓÔÉ ÎÅ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÈÏÒÏÛÏ ÄÁÖÅ × ÔÅÈ ÂÏÌØÛÉÈ
      ÔÏÌÓÔÙÈ ËÎÉÇÁÈ ÐÏ &unix;, × ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÍÅÓÔÁ ÏÔÄÁ£ÔÓÑ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÀ
      ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÍÅÎÀ × ÏËÏÎÎÙÈ ÍÅÎÅÄÖÅÒÁÈ.  ÷ÁÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÎÁÄÏÂÉÔØÓÑ ÏÄÎÁ ÉÚ Ä×ÕÈ
      ÌÕÞÛÉÈ ËÎÉÇ ÐÏ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÍÕ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÀ, ÌÉÂÏ Á×ÔÏÒÁ ü×É îÅÍÅÔ
      <citetitle>UNIX System Administration
      Handbook</citetitle> (Prentice-Hall, 1995, ISBN
      0-13-15051-7)&mdash;×ÔÏÒÏÅ ÉÚÄÁÎÉÅ Ó ËÒÁÓÎÏÊ ÏÂÌÏÖËÏÊ; ÉÌÉ
      Á×ÔÏÒÁ &AElig;leen Frisch <citetitle>Essential System
      Administration</citetitle> (O'Reilly &amp; Associates, 2002,
      ISBN 0-596-00343-9).  ñ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀ ËÎÉÇÕ îÅÍÅÔ.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="editing-text">
    <title>òÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÔÅËÓÔÁ</title>

    <para>äÌÑ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÙÅ
      ÆÁÊÌÙ.  âÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÉÚ ÎÉÈ ÂÕÄÕÔ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔØÓÑ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ
      <filename>/etc</filename>; É ×ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ
      <command>su</command> ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÐÏÌÎÏÍÏÞÉÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>root</username>, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÉÈ
      ÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÏÓÔÏÊ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ <command>ee</command>,
      ÏÄÎÁËÏ × ÓÍÙÓÌÅ ÐÅÒÓÐÅËÔÉ×ÎÏÓÔÉ ÌÕÞÛÅ ÉÚÕÞÉÔØ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÙÊ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ
      <command>vi</command>.  ÷ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ
      <filename>/usr/src/contrib/nvi/docs/tutorial</filename> ÅÓÔØ ÐÒÅËÒÁÓÎÙÊ
      ÕÞÅÂÎÉË ÐÏ vi, ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÉËÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>

    <para>ðÅÒÅÄ ÔÅÍ, ËÁË ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ, ÎÁ×ÅÒÎÏÅ, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÉÔØ
      ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÕÀ ËÏÐÉÀ.  ðÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÓÏÂÉÒÁÅÔÅÓØ ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ
      <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ
      <command>cd /etc</command> ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÁ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ
      <filename>/etc</filename> É ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cp rc.conf rc.conf.orig</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>ðÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>rc.conf</filename> ÓËÏÐÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ×
      <filename>rc.conf.orig</filename>, É × ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍ ×Ù ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ
      <filename>rc.conf.orig</filename> × ÆÁÊÌ
      <filename>rc.conf</filename> ÄÌÑ ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÏÒÉÇÉÎÁÌÁ.  îÏ ÅÝ£ ÌÕÞÛÅ
      ÅÇÏ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÓÔÉÔØ (ÐÅÒÅÉÍÅÎÏ×ÁÔØ), ÐÏÓÌÅ ÞÅÇÏ ÓËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏ:</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mv rc.conf rc.conf.orig</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cp rc.conf.orig rc.conf</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ <command>mv</command> ÓÏÈÒÁÎÑÅÔ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÕÀ
      ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ÄÁÔÅ É ×ÌÁÄÅÌØÃÅ ÆÁÊÌÁ.  ôÅÐÅÒØ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ
      <filename>rc.conf</filename>.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÚÁÈÏÔÉÔÅ ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÏÅ
      ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ, ÔÏ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ <userinput>mv rc.conf rc.conf.myedit</userinput>
      (ÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÉÔØ ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÕÀ ×ÅÒÓÉÀ), Á
      ÚÁÔÅÍ</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mv rc.conf.orig rc.conf</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>ÄÌÑ ×ÏÚ×ÒÁÔÁ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÎÁ ÍÅÓÔÏ.</para>

    <para>äÌÑ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>vi <replaceable>filename</replaceable></userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>ðÅÒÅÄ×ÉÇÁÊÔÅÓØ ÐÏ ÔÅËÓÔÕ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ËÌÁ×ÉÛ ÓÏ ÓÔÒÅÌËÁÍÉ.
      <keycap>Esc</keycap> (ËÌÁ×ÉÛÁ ÏÔÍÅÎÙ) ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÄÉÔ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ
      <command>vi</command> × ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ.  ÷ÏÔ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÚ ÎÉÈ:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>x</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ÕÄÁÌÉÔØ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ, ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ËÕÒÓÏÒ</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>dd</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ÕÄÁÌÉÔØ ÃÅÌÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ (ÄÁÖÅ ÅÓÌÉ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎÅ ÏÎÁ ÎÅ ÐÏÍÅÝÁÅÔÓÑ ×
	    ÃÅÌÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ)</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>i</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>×ÓÔÁ×ËÁ ÔÅËÓÔÁ × ÐÏÚÉÃÉÉ ËÕÒÓÏÒÁ</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>a</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>×ÓÔÁ×ËÁ ÔÅËÓÔÁ ÐÏÓÌÅ ËÕÒÓÏÒÁ</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <para>óÒÁÚÕ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÎÁÂÏÒÁ <command>i</command> ÉÌÉ <command>a</command> ×Ù
      ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ××ÏÄÉÔØ ÔÅËÓÔ.  <command>Esc</command> ×ÏÚ×ÒÁÔÉÔ ×ÁÓ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏ ×
      ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ, ÇÄÅ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÁÂÒÁÔØ</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>:w</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ×ÁÛÉÈ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÊ ÎÁ ÄÉÓË É ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÅÎÉÑ
	    ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>:wq</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ É ×ÙÈÏÄÁ</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>:q!</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ÄÌÑ ×ÙÈÏÄÁ ÂÅÚ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÊ</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>/<replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÅÎÉÑ ËÕÒÓÏÒÁ ÎÁ <replaceable>text</replaceable>;
	    <command>/<keycap>Enter</keycap></command> (ËÌÁ×ÉÛÁ ××ÏÄÁ) ÄÌÑ
	    ÐÏÉÓËÁ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÜËÚÅÍÐÌÑÒÁ
	    <replaceable>text</replaceable>.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>G</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÁ × ËÏÎÅÃ ÆÁÊÌÁ</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command><replaceable>n</replaceable>G</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>äÌÑ ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÁ Ë ÓÔÒÏËÅ <replaceable>n</replaceable> × ÆÁÊÌÅ,
	    ÇÄÅ <replaceable>n</replaceable> Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÞÉÓÌÏÍ</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>L</keycap></keycombo></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒÅÒÉÓÏ×ËÉ ÜËÒÁÎÁ</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>b</keycap></keycombo> É
	  <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>f</keycap></keycombo></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒÅÍÏÔËÉ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎ ÎÁÚÁÄ É ×ÐÅÒ£Ä, ËÁË ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ Ó
	    <command>more</command> É <command>view</command>.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <para>ðÏÕÐÒÁÖÎÑÊÔÅÓØ Ó ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÏÍ <command>vi</command> × Ó×Ï£Í ÄÏÍÁÛÎÅÍ
      ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ, ÓÏÚÄÁ× ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÐÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ <command>vi
      <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command>, ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÑÑ É ÕÄÁÌÑÑ ÔÅËÓÔ,
      ÓÏÈÒÁÎÑÑ ÆÁÊÌ É ×ÙÚÙ×ÁÑ ÅÇÏ ÓÎÏ×Á.  òÅÄÁËÔÏÒ <command>vi</command>
      ÐÒÅÐÏÄÎÏÓÉÔ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÓÀÒÐÒÉÚÙ, ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ ÏÎ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ
      ÓÌÏÖÎÙÊ, É ÉÎÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ ×ÙÚ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÓÄÅÌÁÅÔ
      ÎÅÞÔÏ, ÞÅÇÏ ×Ù ÎÅ ÏÖÉÄÁÌÉ.  (îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÌÀÄÑÍ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÎÒÁ×ÉÔÓÑ
      <command>vi</command>&mdash;ÏÎ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÍÏÝÎÙÊ, ÞÅÍ EDIT ÉÚ
      DOS&mdash;ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>:r</command>.)  äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ
      ÕÄÏÓÔÏ×ÅÒÉÔØÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÅÓØ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄ, ÎÁÖÉÍÁÊÔÅ
      <keycap>Esc</keycap> ÏÄÉÎ ÉÌÉ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÒÁÚ, É ÎÁÞÉÎÁÊÔÅ ÓÎÏ×Á Ó ÜÔÏÇÏ
      ÍÅÓÔÁ, ÅÓÌÉ ×ÏÚÎÉËÌÉ ËÁËÉÅ-ÔÏ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ, ÞÁÓÔÏ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÑÊÔÅ ÔÅËÓÔ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ
      <command>:w</command> É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ <command>:q!</command> ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ,
      ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÒÅËÒÁÔÉÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ É ÎÁÞÁÔØ ×Ó£ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ (Ó ×ÁÛÅÊ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
      <command>:w</command>), ÅÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÎÕÖÎÏ.</para>

    <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ <command>cd</command> ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÁ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ
      <filename>/etc</filename>, <command>su</command> × ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>root</username>,
      ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ <command>vi</command> ÄÌÑ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ
      <filename>/etc/group</filename> É ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÑÔØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ × ÇÒÕÐÐÕ <groupname>wheel</groupname>,
      ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÎ ÉÍÅÌ ÐÏÌÎÏÍÏÞÉÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ root.  ðÒÏÓÔÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÚÁÐÑÔÕÀ É
      ÉÍÑ ×ÈÏÄÁ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ × ËÏÎÃÅ ÐÅÒ×ÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ, ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ
      <keycap>Esc</keycap> É ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ <command>:wq</command> ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ
      ÆÁÊÌÁ ÎÁ ÄÉÓË É ×ÙÈÏÄÁ.  òÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ×ÓÅÇÄÁ.  (÷Ù ÎÅ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌÉ ÐÒÏÂÅÌ ÐÏÓÌÅ
      ÚÁÐÑÔÏÊ, ×ÅÄØ ÔÁË?)</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="printing-files-from-dos">
    <title>ðÅÞÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÉÚ DOS</title>

    <para>îÁ ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ, ÓËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒ Õ ×ÁÓ ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ
      ×ÏÔ ÓÐÏÓÏ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÉÚ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ, ÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÅÎÉÑ Å£ ÎÁ
      ÄÉÓËÅÔÕ, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ÐÅÞÁÔØ ÉÚ DOS.  ðÏÌÏÖÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ×ÎÉÍÁÔÅÌØÎÏ
      ÐÒÏÞÅÓÔØ Ï ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÉ ÐÒÁ× ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌÙ (×ÅÓØÍÁ ×ÁÖÎÏ).  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
      ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ <command>man chmod</command> ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ
      ÐÒÏÞÅÓÔØ Ï ÜÔÏÍ.  ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man chmod | col -b &gt; chmod.txt</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>ÕÄÁÌÉÔ ËÏÄÙ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ É ÐÅÒÅÎÁÐÒÁ×ÉÔ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÕ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÉ × ÆÁÊÌ
      <filename>chmod.txt</filename>, ÎÅ ×ÙÄÁ×ÁÑ Å£ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎ.  ôÅÐÅÒØ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ
      ÏÔÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÕÀ dos-ÄÉÓËÅÔÕ × ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÄ <devicename>a</devicename>, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ
      <command>su</command>, ÐÅÒÅÊÄÑ Ë ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ <username>root</username>, É ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/sbin/mount -t msdosfs /dev/fd0 /mnt</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>ÄÌÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>/mnt</filename>.</para>

    <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ (É ×ÁÍ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ <username>root</username>, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
      ÎÁÂÒÁÔØ <command>exit</command> ÄÌÑ ×ÏÚ×ÒÁÔÁ Ë ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ jack) ×Ù
      ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÅÒÅÊÔÉ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ, ÇÄÅ ÓÏÚÄÁÌÉ <filename>chmod.txt</filename> É
      ÓËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅÔÕ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ:</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cp chmod.txt /mnt</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>É ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ <command>ls /mnt</command> ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ
      ÓÐÉÓËÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁ <filename>/mnt</filename>, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÔÅÐÅÒØ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ
      ÐÏËÁÚÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>chmod.txt</filename>.</para>

    <para>÷Ù ÔÁËÖÅ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÁÈÏÔÅÔØ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ ÉÚ
      <filename>/sbin/dmesg</filename>, ÎÁÂÒÁ×</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>/sbin/dmesg &gt; dmesg.txt</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>É ÓËÏÐÉÒÏ×Á× <filename>dmesg.txt</filename> ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅÔÕ.
      <command>/sbin/dmesg</command> Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÏÍ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ,
      ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÏ ÐÏÎÉÍÁÔØ, ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ × Î£Í ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÑÅÔÓÑ ×Ó£, ÞÔÏ
      ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÌÁ ÐÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ FreeBSD.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÂÕÄÅÔÅ ÚÁÄÁ×ÁÔØ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÙ ×
      ÓÐÉÓËÅ ÒÁÓÓÙÌËÉ &a.questions; ÉÌÉ × ËÏÎÆÅÒÅÎÃÉÉ USENET&mdash;ÎÁÐÏÄÏÂÉÅ
      <quote>FreeBSD ÎÅ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÍÏÅÇÏ ÌÅÎÔÏÞÎÏÇÏ ÎÁËÏÐÉÔÅÌÑ, ÞÔÏ ÍÎÅ
      ÄÅÌÁÔØ?</quote>&mdash;ÏÔ×ÅÞÁÀÝÉÅ ÚÁÈÏÔÑÔ ÕÚÎÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ ×ÙÄÁ£Ô
      <command>dmesg</command>.</para>

    <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ (ËÁË <username>root</username>) ÏÔÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÇÉÂËÉÊ ÄÉÓË, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÅÇÏ
      ×ÙÎÕÔØ, ÐÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/sbin/umount /mnt</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>É ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔØÓÑ × DOS.  óËÏÐÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÜÔÉ ÆÁÊÌÙ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ DOS,
      ×ÙÚÏ×ÉÔÅ ÉÈ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÁ DOS EDIT, &windows; Notepad ÉÌÉ
      Wordpad, ÉÌÉ ÄÁÖÅ Ó ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÙÍ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÏÍ, ×ÎÅÓÉÔÅ ÍÁÌÅÎØËÏÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ,
      ÞÔÏÂÙ ÆÁÊÌ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÉÌÓÑ, É ÎÁÐÅÞÁÔÁÊÔÅ ÅÇÏ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ ÉÚ DOS ÉÌÉ
      Windows.  îÁÄÅÅÍÓÑ, ÜÔÏ ÓÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÅÔ!  óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÙÅ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ ÌÕÞÛÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ
      ×ÙÇÌÑÄÑÔ ÐÒÉ ÐÅÞÁÔÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ DOS <command>print</command>.  (ëÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
      ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÉÚ FreeBSD ÎÁ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ DOS × ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÓÌÕÞÁÑÈ ×Ó£
      ÅÝ£ ÎÅÍÎÏÇÏ ÒÉÓËÏ×ÁÎÎÁÑ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÑ.)</para>

    <para>ðÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒÁ ÎÁ ÐÅÞÁÔØ ÉÚ FreeBSD ×ËÌÀÞÁÅÔ × ÓÅÂÑ
      ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÊ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
      <filename>/etc/printcap</filename> É ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ ÎÕÖÎÏÇÏ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁ ÏÞÅÒÅÄÉ ×
      <filename>/var/spool/output</filename>.  åÓÌÉ ×ÁÛ ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎ Ë
      <hardware>lpt0</hardware> (ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ × DOS ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ
      <hardware>LPT1</hardware>), ÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÅÒÅÊÔÉ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ
      <filename>/var/spool/output</filename> É (ËÁË <username>root</username>) ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ
      <filename>lpd</filename>, ÎÁÂÒÁ×: <command>mkdir lpd</command>, ÅÓÌÉ Å£
      ÅÝ£ ÎÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ.  ôÏÇÄÁ ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÒÅÁÇÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ, ÅÓÌÉ ÐÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ
      ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÏÎ ×ËÌÀÞ£Î, Á ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ <command>lp</command> ÉÌÉ
      <command>lpr</command> ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ ÎÁ ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒ.  âÕÄÅÔ ÌÉ ÆÁÊÌ
      ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÎÁÐÅÞÁÔÁÎ, ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÔ ÏÔ ÅÇÏ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ, ËÁËÏ×ÁÑ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÁ ×
      <ulink url="&url.books.handbook;/index.html">òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Å
      FreeBSD.</ulink></para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="other-useful-commands">
    <title>äÒÕÇÉÅ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÙÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ</title>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>df</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>×ÙÄÁ£Ô ÄÁÎÎÙÅ Ï ÚÁÎÑÔÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÁÍÉ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Å É ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÈ
	    ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>ps aux</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÉÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÙ.  <command>ps ax</command>
	    Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÞÁÓÔÏÕÐÏÔÒÅÂÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÆÏÒÍÏÊ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>rm <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ÕÄÁÌÑÅÔ <replaceable>filename</replaceable>.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>rm -R <replaceable>dir</replaceable></command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ÕÄÁÌÑÅÔ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <replaceable>dir</replaceable> É ×ÓÅ ÅÇÏ
	    ÐÏÄËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ&mdash;ÏÓÔÏÒÏÖÎÏ!</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>ls -R</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>×ÙÄÁ£Ô ÓÐÉÓÏË ÆÁÊÌÏ× × ÔÅËÕÝÅÍ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ É ×ÓÅÈ ÅÇÏ
	    ÐÏÄËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁÈ; Ñ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌ ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔ, <command>ls -AFR &gt;
	    where.txt</command>, ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÅÒÅÞÎÑ ×ÓÅÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ×
	    <filename>/</filename> É (ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÏ) <filename>/usr</filename> ÄÏ
	    ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ÕÚÎÁÌ Ï ÂÏÌÅÅ ÜÆÆÅËÔÉ×ÎÏÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÅ ÐÏÉÓËÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ×.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>passwd</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ÄÌÑ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÐÁÒÏÌÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ (ÉÌÉ ÐÁÒÏÌÑ <username>root</username>)</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>man hier</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÁÑ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁ ÐÏ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÔÒÕËÔÕÒÅ &unix;</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ <command>find</command> ÄÌÑ ÐÏÉÓËÁ
      <filename>filename</filename> × <filename>/usr</filename> ÉÌÉ × ÌÀÂÏÍ ÉÚ
      Å£ ÐÏÄËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ× ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>find /usr -name "<replaceable>filename</replaceable>"</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ <literal>*</literal> × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÛÁÂÌÏÎÁ ×ÎÕÔÒÉ
      <parameter>"<replaceable>filename</replaceable>"</parameter>
      (ÜÔÏ ×ÙÒÁÖÅÎÉÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ × ËÁ×ÙÞËÁÈ).  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÕËÁÖÅÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ
      <command>find</command> ÎÁ ÐÏÉÓË × <filename>/</filename>, Á ÎÅ ×
      <filename>/usr</filename>, ÔÏ ÏÎÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÓËÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ(Ù) ×Ï ×ÓÅÈ
      ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ, ×ËÌÀÞÁÑ CDROM É ÒÁÚÄÅÌ DOS.</para>

    <para>ðÒÅËÒÁÓÎÙÍ ÐÏÓÏÂÉÅÍ, ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÝÉÍ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ É ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ &unix;, Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
      ËÎÉÇÁ Abrahams &amp; Larson, <citetitle>Unix for the
      Impatient</citetitle> (2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, 1996).  íÁÓÓÁ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ
      ÐÏ &unix; ÅÓÔØ É × Internet.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="next-steps">
    <title>óÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÛÁÇÉ</title>

    <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÉÍÅÔØ ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ÐÏÄ
      ÒÕËÏÊ É ÕÍÅÅÔÅ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÙ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÕÍÅÔØ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ
      ×Ó£, ÞÔÏ ÕÇÏÄÎÏ.  íÎÏÇÏ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔÓÑ × òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Å ÐÏ
      FreeBSD (ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ, ÓËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, ÅÓÔØ ÎÁ ×ÁÛÅÍ Ö£ÓÔËÏÍ ÄÉÓËÅ) É <ulink
      url="&url.base;/index.html">Web-ÓÁÊÔÅ FreeBSD</ulink>.  îÁ CDROM, Á
      ÔÁËÖÅ Web-ÓÁÊÔÅ ÎÁÈÏÄÑÔÓÑ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÐÁËÅÔÙ É ÐÏÒÔÙ.  ÷ òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Å
      ÒÁÓÓËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏ Ï ÔÏÍ, ËÁË ÉÈ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ (ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ
      ÐÁËÅÔ, ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ, ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ <command>pkg_add
      /cdrom/packages/All/<replaceable>packagename</replaceable></command>,
      ÇÄÅ <replaceable>packagename</replaceable> Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÉÍÅÎÅÍ ÆÁÊÌÁ
      ÐÁËÅÔÁ).  îÁ CDROM ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÐÅÒÅÞÎÉ ÐÁËÅÔÏ× É ÐÏÒÔÏ× Ó ÉÈ ËÒÁÔËÉÍÉ
      ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÑÍÉ × ÆÁÊÌÁÈ <filename>cdrom/packages/index</filename>,
      <filename>cdrom/packages/index.txt</filename> É
      <filename>cdrom/ports/index</filename>, Á ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÌÎÙÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÑ ÍÏÖÎÏ
      ÎÁÊÔÉ × <filename>/cdrom/ports/*/*/pkg/DESCR</filename>, ÇÄÅ ÚÎÁËÉ
      <literal>*</literal> ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÁÀÔ ÔÅÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÐÏÄËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ Ó ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁÍÉ
      É ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÑÍÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ, ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ.</para>

    <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÏÓÞÉÔÁÅÔÅ, ÞÔÏ òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Ï Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÓÌÏÖÎÏÊ ËÎÉÇÏÊ
      (ÞÔÏ Ó <command>lndir</command> É ×Ó£) ÐÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÅ ÐÏÒÔÏ× Ó CDROM, ×ÏÔ
      ÒÅÃÅÐÔ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÓÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÅÔ:</para>

    <para>îÁÊÄÉÔÅ ÎÕÖÎÙÊ ×ÁÍ ÐÏÒÔ, ÓËÁÖÅÍ, <command>kermit</command>.  îÁ CDROM
      ÄÌÑ ÎÅÇÏ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ.  óËÏÐÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÜÔÏÔ ÐÏÄËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ×
      ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>/usr/local</filename> (ÈÏÒÏÛÅÅ ÍÅÓÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÇÏ
      ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÑ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ×Ù ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÑÅÔÅ, É ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÏ ×ÓÅÍ
      ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ) ÔÁËÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ:</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cp -R /cdrom/ports/comm/kermit /usr/local</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>÷ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÅ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÐÏÄËÁÔÁÌÏÇ
      <filename>/usr/local/kermit</filename>, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÊ ×ÓÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ, ÞÔÏ ÅÓÔØ ×
      ÐÏÄËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ <command>kermit</command> ÎÁ CDROM.</para>

    <para>úÁÔÅÍ ÓÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>,
      ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎ ÅÝ£ ÎÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ, ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ <command>mkdir</command>.
      ôÅÐÅÒØ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÅ <filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename>
      ÎÁ ÐÒÅÄÍÅÔ ÎÁÌÉÞÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ Ó ÉÍÅÎÅÍ, ÇÏ×ÏÒÑÝÅÍ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÔÏÔ ÐÏÒÔ,
      ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÍÅÔØ.  óËÏÐÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÜÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ
      <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>; × ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÈ ×ÅÒÓÉÑÈ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
      ÐÒÏÐÕÓÔÉÔØ ÜÔÏÔ ÛÁÇ, É FreeBSD ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔ ÅÇÏ ÚÁ ×ÁÓ.  ÷ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ Ó
      <command>kermit</command>, ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×ÎÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÎÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ.</para>

    <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ <command>cd</command> ÐÅÒÅÊÄÉÔÅ × ÐÏÄËÁÔÁÌÏÇ
      <filename>/usr/local/kermit</filename>, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÅÓÔØ ÆÁÊÌ
      <filename>Makefile</filename>.  îÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ</para>

    <informalexample>
      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>make all install</userinput></screen>
    </informalexample>

    <para>÷Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÒÔ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÓÑ Ë FTP ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ×ÓÅÈ ÁÒÈÉ×ÎÙÈ
      ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ÎÕÖÎÙÈ ÅÍÕ É ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÎÅ ÎÁÊÄÅÎÏ ÎÁ CDROM ÉÌÉ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ
      <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>.  åÓÌÉ ÓÅÔØ Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÝ£ ÎÅ
      ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ, É ÆÁÊÌÁ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÒÔÁ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ
      <filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename> ÎÅÔ, ×ÁÍ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ
      ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×ÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÎÁ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ É ÓËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÅÇÏ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ
      <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>.  ðÒÏÞÔÉÔÅ
      <filename>Makefile</filename> (ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄ
      <command>cat</command>, <command>more</command> ÉÌÉ
      <command>view</command>), ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÎÑÔØ, ËÁË ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÆÁÊÌ É ËÕÄÁ ÎÕÖÎÏ
      ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔØÓÑ (ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ÓÁÊÔ ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ), ÞÔÏÂÙ ÅÇÏ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ.
      (éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ Ä×ÏÉÞÎÙÊ ÔÉÐ ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ×!)  úÁÔÅÍ ÐÅÒÅÊÄÉÔÅ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏ
      × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>/usr/local/kermit</filename>, ÎÁÊÄÉÔÅ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ Ó
      <filename>Makefile</filename> É ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ <command>make all
      install</command>.</para>

    <para>åÝ£ ÏÄÎÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÏÊ, ×ÓÔÒÅÞÁÀÝÅÊÓÑ ÐÒÉ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÅ ÐÏÒÔÏ× ÉÌÉ ÐÁËÅÔÏ×,
      Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÉÈ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÎÏÓÔØ × ËÁËÏÊ-ÔÏ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÅ.</para>

    <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÁ, ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ
      <command>rehash</command> ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ FreeBSD ÐÅÒÅÞÉÔÁÔØ
      ÆÁÊÌÙ, ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÉÅÓÑ × ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÁÈ ÐÏÉÓËÁ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÌÁ ÉÈ
      ÐÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÅ.  (åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÏÌÕÞÉÌÉ ÍÁÓÓÕ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÊ <errorname>path not
      found</errorname> ÐÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ <command>whereis</command> ÉÌÉ
      <command>which</command>, ÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ Ë ÐÅÒÅÞÎÀ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ× ×
      ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÁ × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>.cshrc</filename>,
      ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÅÍÓÑ Á ×ÁÛÅÍ ÄÏÍÁÛÎÅÍ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ.  úÁÄÁÎÉÅ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÁ × &unix; ÎÅÓ£Ô
      ÔÕ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÕÀ ÆÕÎËÃÉÀ, ÞÔÏ É × DOS, ÚÁ ÉÓËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅÍ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÔÅËÕÝÉÍ
      ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏÍ (ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ) ÐÏ ÓÏÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑÍ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ; ÅÓÌÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ,
      ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ, ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ÔÅËÕÝÅÍ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ
      ÎÁÂÉÒÁÔØ <filename>./</filename> ÐÅÒÅÄ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅÍ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÎÁ
      ÚÁÒÁÂÏÔÁÌÁ; ÐÒÏÂÅÌÏ× ÐÏÓÌÅ ÓÌÜÛÁ ÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ.)</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="your-working-environment">
    <title>÷ÁÛÅ ÒÁÂÏÞÅÅ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÅ</title>

    <para>÷ÁÛ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÁÍÏÊ ×ÁÖÎÏÊ ÞÁÓÔØÀ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÒÁÂÏÞÅÇÏ
      ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ.  ÷ DOS ÏÂÙÞÎÏÊ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÏÊ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ command.com.  ïÂÏÌÏÞËÁ
      ÚÁÎÉÍÁÅÔÓÑ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÃÉÅÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×Ù ××ÏÄÉÔÅ × ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ,
      É ÔÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ ×ÚÁÉÍÏÄÅÊÓÔ×ÕÅÔ Ó ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÏÊ ÞÁÓÔØÀ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.
      ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÉÓÁÔØ ÓËÒÉÐÔÙ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÐÏÈÏÖÉ ÎÁ
      .bat-ÆÁÊÌÙ DOS: ÜÔÏ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØÓÑ
      ÂÅÚ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÕÞÁÓÔÉÑ.</para>

    <para>÷ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó FreeBSD ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ Ä×Á ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ:
      <command>csh</command> É <command>sh</command>.
      <command>csh</command> ÈÏÒÏÛ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ × ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ
      ÓËÒÉÐÔÙ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÉÓÁÔØÓÑ ÎÁ ÑÚÙËÅ ÏÂÏÌÏÞÅË <command>sh</command> (ÉÌÉ
      <command>bash</command>).  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÙÑÓÎÉÔØ, ËÁËÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ
      Õ ×ÁÓ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ, ÎÁÂÒÁ× <command>echo $SHELL</command>.</para>

    <para>ïÂÏÌÏÞËÁ <command>csh</command> ÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÝÁÑ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ
      <command>tcsh</command> ÍÏÖÅÔ ×Ó£, ÞÔÏ ÕÍÅÅÔ <command>csh</command> É
      ÅÝ£ ÂÏÌØÛÅ.  ïÎÁ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ×ÁÍ ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÏÛÌÙÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÁÍÉ
      ÓÏ ÓÔÒÅÌËÁÍÉ É ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÈ.  ÷ Î£Í ÅÓÔØ Á×ÔÏÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÅ ÉͣΠÆÁÊÌÏ×
      ÐÏ ÎÁÖÁÔÉÀ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÉ ÔÁÂÕÌÑÃÉÉ (× <command>csh</command> ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ
      ËÌÁ×ÉÛÁ <keycap>Esc</keycap>) É ÏÎ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ×ÁÍ ÐÅÒÅËÌÀÞÁÔØÓÑ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ,
      × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ×Ù ÂÙÌÉ ÒÁÎÅÅ, ÐÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ <command>cd -</command>.  ôÁËÖÅ
      × <command>tcsh</command> ÇÏÒÁÚÄÏ ÌÅÇÞÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÑÔØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÅ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÅ.
      üÔÏ ÇÏÒÁÚÄÏ ÕÐÒÏÝÁÅÔ ÖÉÚÎØ.</para>

    <para>÷ÏÔ ÔÒÉ ÛÁÇÁ ÐÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÅ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ:</para>

    <procedure>
      <step>
	<para>õÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ ËÁË ÐÏÒÔ ÉÌÉ ÐÁËÅÔ, ËÁË ×Ù ÏÂÙÞÎÏ
	  ÜÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÅ Ó ÄÒÕÇÉÍ ÐÏÒÔÏÍ ÉÌÉ ÐÁËÅÔÏÍ.  éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ
	  <command>rehash</command> É <command>which tcsh</command>
	  (ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÔÅ <command>tcsh</command>) ÄÌÑ
	  ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÉ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ.</para>
      </step>

      <step>
	<para>òÁÂÏÔÁÑ ËÁË ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ <username>root</username>, ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ
	  <filename>/etc/shells</filename>, ÄÏÂÁ×É× × ÎÅÇÏ ÓÔÒÏËÕ Ó ÎÏ×ÏÊ
	  ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÏÊ, × ÎÁÛÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÜÔÏ
	  <filename>/usr/local/bin/tcsh</filename>, É ÓÏÈÒÁÎÉÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ.
	  (îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÐÏÒÔÙ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ ÚÁ ×ÁÓ.)</para>
      </step>

      <step>
	<para>÷ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ <command>chsh</command> ÄÌÑ ÓÍÅÎÙ
	  ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÊ ×ÁÍÉ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÉ ÎÁ <command>tcsh</command>, ÌÉÂÏ
	  ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ <command>tcsh</command> × ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ ÄÌÑ ÓÍÅÎÙ
	  ×ÁÛÅÊ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÉ ÂÅÚ ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÎÏÇÏ ×ÈÏÄÁ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ.</para>
      </step>
    </procedure>

    <note>
      <para>íÅÎÑÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>root</username> ÎÁ ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ,
	ÏÔÌÉÞÁÀÝÅÅÓÑ ÏÔ <command>sh</command> ÉÌÉ <command>csh</command>,
	× ÒÁÎÎÉÈ ×ÅÒÓÉÑÈ FreeBSD É ×Ï ÍÎÏÇÉÈ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ×ÅÒÓÉÑÈ &unix; ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÏÐÁÓÎÏ; ×Ù
	ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÌÉÛÉÔØÓÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÅÊ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÉ ÐÒÉ ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ×
	ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ.  òÅÛÅÎÉÅÍ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
	<command>su -m</command> ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÔÁÔØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ <username>root</username>, ÞÔÏ
	ÄÁÓÔ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÉ <command>tcsh</command>, ÎÏ ×Ù ÂÕÄÅÔÅ Ñ×ÌÑÔØÓÑ
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ <username>root</username>, ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÁ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÞÁÓÔØÀ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ.  ÷Ù
	ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÙÍ, ÄÏÂÁ×É× × ×ÁÛ ÆÁÊÌ
	<filename>.tcshrc</filename> × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÁÌÉÁÓÁ ÐÏ ÔÁËÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ:</para>

	<programlisting>alias su su -m</programlisting>
    </note>

    <para>ðÒÉ ÚÁÐÕÓËÅ <command>tcsh</command> ÏÎ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÙ
      <filename>/etc/csh.cshrc</filename> É
      <filename>/etc/csh.login</filename>, ËÁË É <command>csh</command>.  üÔÁ
      ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÁ ÔÁËÖÅ ÞÉÔÁÅÔ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>.login</filename> ÉÚ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ
      ÄÏÍÁÛÎÅÇÏ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁ, Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>.cshrc</filename>, ÅÓÌÉ ÔÏÌØËÏ
      ×Ù ÎÅ ÓÏÚÄÁÌÉ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>.tcshrc</filename>.  üÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ
      ÐÒÏÓÔÙÍ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ ÆÁÊÌÁ <filename>.cshrc</filename> ×
      <filename>.tcshrc</filename>.</para>

    <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ, ËÏÇÄÁ Õ ×ÁÓ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ
      <command>tcsh</command>, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ
      ÓÔÒÏËÉ.  ÷ÓÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÓÔÉ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÉ ÐÏ
      <command>tcsh</command>, ÎÏ ×Ó£ ÖÅ ×ÏÔ ÓÔÒÏËÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÐÏÍÅÝÁÅÔÓÑ × ×ÁÛ
      ÆÁÊÌ <filename>.tcshrc</filename>, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏËÁÚÁÔØ, ÓËÏÌØËÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄ
      ×Ù ÕÖÅ ÎÁÂÒÁÌÉ, ÓËÏÌØËÏ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ É × ËÁËÏÍ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ ×Ù ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÅÓØ.
      ïÎÁ ÔÁËÖÅ ×ÙÄÁ£Ô <literal>></literal>, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÅÓØ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÍ
      ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ, É <literal>#</literal>, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÅÓØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ
      <username>root</username>, ÏÄÎÁËÏ tsch ÂÕÄÅÔ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ × ÌÀÂÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ:</para>

    <para>set prompt = "%h %t %~ %# "</para>

    <para>üÔÁ ÓÔÒÏËÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÁ ÎÁ ÔÏ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÏÅ ÍÅÓÔÏ, ÞÔÏ É
      ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÁÑ ÓÔÒÏËÁ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÑ, ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎÁ ÅÓÔØ, ÌÉÂÏ ÐÏÓÌÅ
      ÓÔÒÏËÉ "if($?prompt) then", ÅÓÌÉ Å£ ÎÅÔ.  úÁËÏÍÍÅÎÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÓÔÁÒÕÀ
      ÓÔÒÏËÕ; ×Ù ×ÓÅÇÄÁ ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÅÒÎÕÔØÓÑ Ë ÎÅÊ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏ, ÅÓÌÉ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÞÔ£ÔŠţ.
      îÅ ÚÁÂÕÄØÔÅ Ï ÐÒÏÂÅÌÁÈ É ËÁ×ÙÞËÁÈ.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÔÁÔØ
      <filename>.tcshrc</filename>, ÎÁÂÒÁ×
      <command>source .tcshrc</command>.</para>

    <para>ðÅÒÅÞÅÎØ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
      ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ, ÎÁÂÒÁ× <command>env</command> × ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÉ.
      ÷ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÅ, ËÒÏÍÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÐÒÏÞÅÇÏ, ÂÕÄÕÔ ÐÏËÁÚÁÎÙ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÊ
      ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ, ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÐÏÓÔÒÁÎÉÞÎÏÊ ×ÙÄÁÞÉ É ÔÉÐ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁ.  ëÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ,
      ÐÏÌÅÚÎÏÊ ÐÒÉ ×ÈÏÄÅ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ Ó ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÏÇÏ ÍÅÓÔÁ É ÎÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ
      ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ, ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌ ÎÅ ÏÂÌÁÄÁÅÔ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÍÉ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÑÍÉ,
      Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ <command>setenv TERM vt100</command>.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="other">
    <title>ïÓÔÁÌØÎÏÅ</title>

    <para>òÁÂÏÔÁÑ ËÁË ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ <username>root</username>, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÔÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ CDROM ÐÏ
      ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ <command>/sbin/umount /cdrom</command>, ×ÙÔÁÝÉÔØ ÅÇÏ ÉÚ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÁ,
      ×ÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÄÉÓË É ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÅÇÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ
      <command>/sbin/mount_cd9660 /dev/cd0a /cdrom</command>, ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ
      ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ <hardware>cd0a</hardware> Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÉÍÅÎÅÍ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á
      ÄÌÑ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÁ CDROM.  óÁÍÙÅ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ FreeBSD ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÀÔ ×ÁÍ
      ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ CDROM ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÐÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ
      <command>/sbin/mount /cdrom</command>.</para>

    <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÖÉ×ÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ&mdash;ÏÎÁ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÎÁ ×ÔÏÒÏÍ
      ÄÉÓËÅ FreeBSD ÉÚ ÎÁÂÏÒÁ CDROM&mdash;ÐÏÌÅÚÎÏ ÐÒÉ ÎÅÈ×ÁÔËÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á.
      ôÏ, ÞÔÏ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ÜÔÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ, ÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ ÏÔ ÒÅÌÉÚÁ Ë ÒÅÌÉÚÕ.
      ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÐÙÔÁÔØÓÑ ÐÏÉÇÒÁÔØ × ÉÇÒÙ Ó CDROM.  ðÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ
      ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ <command>lndir</command>, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ Ó X Window
      System, É ÓÌÕÖÉÔ ÄÌÑ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁÍ, ÇÄÅ ÉÓËÁÔØ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ,
      ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ ÏÎÉ ÎÁÈÏÄÑÔÓÑ × ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ <filename>/cdrom</filename>,
      Á ÎÅ × <filename>/usr</filename> É Å£ ÐÏÄËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁÈ, ÇÄÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ
      ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔØÓÑ.  ðÒÏÞÔÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ
      <command>man lndir</command>.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="comments-welcome">
    <title>ðÏÖÅÌÁÎÉÑ ÐÒÉ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÔÓÑ</title>

    <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÜÔÏ ÒÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Ï, ÍÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÎÔÅÒÅÓÎÏ ÚÎÁÔØ, ×
      ËÁËÏÍ ÍÅÓÔÅ ÏÎÏ ÎÁÐÉÓÁÎÏ ÎÅÐÏÎÑÔÎÏ É ÞÔÏ ÕÐÕÝÅÎÏ ÉÚ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ, ÐÏ ×ÁÛÅÍÕ
      ÍÎÅÎÉÀ, ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÏ ÃÅÎÎÏÇÏ.  íÏÉ ÂÌÁÇÏÄÁÒÎÏÓÔÉ Eugene W. Stark,
      ÐÒÏÆÅÓÓÏÒÕ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÔÉËÉ × SUNY-Stony Brook, É John Fieber ÚÁ ÃÅÎÎÙÅ
      ÓÏ×ÅÔÙ.</para>

    <para>Annelise Anderson,
      <email>andrsn@andrsn.stanford.edu</email></para>
  </sect1>
</article>