path: root/ru_RU.KOI8-R/books/faq/book.sgml

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<!--
     The FreeBSD Russian Documentation Project

     $FreeBSD: doc/ru_RU.KOI8-R/books/faq/book.sgml,v 1.53 2001/07/25 14:07:11 phantom Exp $
     $FreeBSDru: frdp/doc/ru_RU.KOI8-R/books/faq/book.sgml,v 1.66 2001/07/19 18:38:14 phantom Exp $

     Original revision: 1.246
-->

<book lang="en">

<bookinfo>
  <title>þÁÓÔÏ úÁÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÅ ÷ÏÐÒÏÓÙ ÐÏ FreeBSD 2.X, 3.X É 4.X</title>

  <corpauthor>The FreeBSD Documentation Project</corpauthor>

  <pubdate>$FreeBSD: doc/ru_RU.KOI8-R/books/faq/book.sgml,v 1.53 2001/07/25 14:07:11 phantom Exp $</pubdate>

  <copyright>
    <year>1995</year>
    <year>1996</year>
    <year>1997</year>
    <year>1998</year>
    <year>1999</year>
    <year>2000</year>
    <year>2001</year>
    <holder>The FreeBSD Documentation Project</holder>
  </copyright>

  &bookinfo.legalnotice;

  <abstract>
    <para>üÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÔÁË ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÙÍ FAQ (Frequently Asked
      Questions), ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ ÓÐÉÓËÏÍ þÁÓÔÏ úÁÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÈ ÷ÏÐÒÏÓÏ× ÐÏ FreeBSD ×ÅÒÓÉÊ
      2.X, 3.X É 4.X.  åÓÌÉ ÎÅ ÏÇÏ×ÏÒÅÎÏ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏÅ, ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ×ÓÅ
      ÚÁÍÅÞÁÎÉÑ ÓÐÒÁ×ÅÄÌÉ×Ù ÄÌÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÊ FreeBSD 2.0.5 É ×ÙÛÅ.  ðÕÎËÔÙ Ó
      ÐÏÍÅÔËÏÊ &lt;XXX&gt; ÎÁÈÏÄÑÔÓÑ × ÓÔÁÄÉÉ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔËÉ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ
      ÐÏÍÏÞØ × ÓÏÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ, ÐÏÛÌÉÔÅ ÐÉÓØÍÏ × &a.doc;.
      ðÏÓÌÅÄÎÑÑ ÒÅÄÁËÃÉÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ ×ÓÅÇÄÁ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÁ Ó <ulink
      URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/">WWW-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ FreeBSD</ulink>.  åÇÏ ÔÁËÖÅ
      ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ × ×ÉÄÅ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÂÏÌØÛÏÇÏ <ulink
      URL="book.html">HTML-ÆÁÊÌÁ</ulink> ÐÏ HTTP ÉÌÉ × ×ÉÄÅ ÏÂÙÞÎÏÇÏ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÏÇÏ
      ÆÁÊÌÁ, ÆÁÊÌÁ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ postscript, PDF ÉÌÉ ÄÒÕÇÏÇÏ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ Ó <ulink
      URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/">FTP-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ</ulink>.
      ÷Ù ÔÁËÖÅ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÉÔØ
      <ulink URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/search/search.html">ÐÏÉÓË</ulink> ×
      FAQ.</para>
  </abstract>
</bookinfo>

<chapter id="introduction">
  <title>÷ÓÔÕÐÌÅÎÉÅ</title>

  <para>äÏÂÒÏ ÐÏÖÁÌÏ×ÁÔØ × FAQ ÐÏ FreeBSD 2.X-4.X!</para>

  <para>ëÁË É ÏÂÙÞÎÙÊ FAQ ËÏÎÆÅÒÅÎÃÉÊ Usenet, ÜÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ
    ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÉÚ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÚÁÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÈ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÏ×, ËÁÓÁÀÝÉÈÓÑ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ
    FreeBSD (É, ËÏÎÅÞÎÏ ÖÅ, ÏÔ×ÅÔÙ ÎÁ ÎÉÈ).  ðÅÒ×ÏÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏ ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÎÙÊ ÄÌÑ
    ÕÍÅÎØÛÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÔÏËÁ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÊ É ÉÚÂÅÖÁÎÉÑ ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÅÎÉÑ ÏÄÎÉÈ É ÔÅÈ ÖÅ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÏ×,
    ÐÏÓÔÅÐÅÎÎÏ FAQ ÐÒÅ×ÒÁÔÉÌÓÑ × ÃÅÎÎÙÊ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉË ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ.</para>

  <para>íÙ ÐÒÉÌÁÇÁÅÍ ×ÓÅ ÕÓÉÌÉÑ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏÔ FAQ ÍÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÏ
    ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÔÉ×ÎÙÍ; ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ ÉÄÅÉ ÐÏ ÅÇÏ ÕÓÏ×ÅÒÛÅÎÓÔ×Ï×ÁÎÉÀ, ÐÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ,
    ÎÁÐÉÛÉÔÅ ÓÏÓÔÁ×ÉÔÅÌÑÍ ÐÏ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ &a.faq;.</para>

<qandaset>
  <qandaentry>
    <question id="what-is-FreeBSD">
      <para>FreeBSD - ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÔÁËÏÅ?</para>
    </question>

    <answer>
    <para>÷ Ä×ÕÈ ÓÌÏ×ÁÈ, FreeBSD - ÜÔÏ UN*X-ÐÏÄÏÂÎÁÑ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÄÌÑ
      ÐÌÁÔÆÏÒÍ i386 É Alpha/AXP, ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÁÎÎÁÑ ÎÁ ÏÓÎÏ×Å ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ
      <quote>4.4BSD-Lite</quote> Ó ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÍÉ ÕÓÏ×ÅÒÛÅÎÓÔ×Ï×ÁÎÉÑÍÉ, ×ÚÑÔÙÍÉ ÉÚ <quote>4.4BSD-Lite2</quote>
      ëÁÌÉÆÏÒÎÉÊÓËÏÇÏ õÎÉ×ÅÒÓÉÔÅÔÁ (âÅÒËÌÉ).  ôÁËÖÅ ÏÎÁ ËÏÓ×ÅÎÎÏ
      ÂÁÚÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ 386BSD (BSD Net/2, ÐÅÒÅÎÅÓ£ÎÎÏÊ ÎÁ ÐÌÁÔÆÏÒÍÕ i386 ÷ÉÌØÑÍÏÍ
      äÖÏÌÉÔÃÅÍ (William Jolitz)), ÈÏÔÑ ÏÔ ÔÏÇÏ ÐÅÒ×ÏÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ËÏÄÁ ÏÓÔÁÌÏÓØ
      ÏÞÅÎØ ÍÁÌÏ.  âÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÙÅ ÏÂßÑÓÎÅÎÉÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÉÚ ÓÅÂÑ
      FreeBSD É ÄÌÑ ÞÅÇÏ ÏÎÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÁÍ ÐÒÉÇÏÄÉÔØÓÑ, ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÎÁ <ulink
      URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/ru/">ÄÏÍÁÛÎÅÊ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ
      FreeBSD</ulink>.</para>

    <para>FreeBSD ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ËÏÍÐÁÎÉÑÍÉ, éÎÔÅÒÎÅÔ-ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÁÍÉ, ÎÁÕÞÎÙÍÉ
      ÒÁÂÏÔÎÉËÁÍÉ, ÐÒÏÆÅÓÓÉÏÎÁÌÁÍÉ × ×ÙÞÉÓÌÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÔÅÈÎÉËÅ, ÓÔÕÄÅÎÔÁÍÉ É
      ÒÑÄÏ×ÙÍÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍÉ ÐÏ ×ÓÅÍÕ ÍÉÒÕ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ, ÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ É
      ÏÔÄÙÈÁ.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÉÚ ÎÉÈ × ÎÁÛÅÊ <ulink
      URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/ru/gallery/gallery.html">
      ÇÁÌÅÒÅÅ</ulink>.</para>

    <para>äÌÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÄÅÔÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÏÚÎÁËÏÍÌÅÎÉÑ Ó FreeBSD, ÐÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ
      Ë <ulink URL="/ru/handbook/index.html">òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Õ ÐÏ
      FreeBSD</ulink>.</para>
    </answer>
  </qandaentry>

  <qandaentry>
    <question id="FreeBSD-goals">
      <para>ëÁËÏ×Ù ÃÅÌÉ FreeBSD?</para>
    </question>

    <answer>
    <para>ãÅÌÉ, ÐÒÅÓÌÅÄÕÅÍÙÅ ÐÒÏÅËÔÏÍ FreeBSD - ÜÔÏ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ
      ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÇÏ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÑ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÏ × ÌÀÂÙÈ ÃÅÌÑÈ
      ÂÅÚ ×ÓÑÞÅÓËÉÈ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ.  íÎÏÇÉÅ ÉÚ ÎÁÓ ×ËÌÁÄÙ×ÁÀÔ ÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ÕÓÉÌÉÑ
      × Å£ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔËÕ (É ÐÒÏÅËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ) É ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌ£ÎÎÏ ÂÙÌÉ ÂÙ ÎÅ ÐÒÏÔÉ×
      ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÆÉÎÁÎÓÏ×ÏÊ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÉ, ÎÏ ÍÙ ÎÅ ÓÏÂÉÒÁÅÍÓÑ Å£ ÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÔØ.  íÙ
      ÎÁÄÅÅÍÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ÎÁÛÁ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ É ÓÁÍÁÑ ÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÁÑ <quote>ÍÉÓÓÉÑ</quote>
      - ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ËÏÄ ×ÓÅÍ ÖÅÌÁÀÝÉÍ, ÄÌÑ ÌÀÂÙÈ ÃÅÌÅÊ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÎ ÎÁÛÅÌ
      ÓÁÍÏÅ ÛÉÒÏËÏÅ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ É ÐÒÉÎ£Ó ÎÁÉÂÏÌØÛÕÀ ÐÏÌØÚÕ.  üÔÏ, ÎÁ ÎÁÛ
      ×ÚÇÌÑÄ, ÏÄÎÁ ÉÚ ÓÁÍÙÈ ÆÕÎÄÁÍÅÎÔÁÌØÎÙÈ ÃÅÌÅÊ Free Software, ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ÍÙ Ó
      ÜÎÔÕÚÉÁÚÍÏÍ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÍ.</para>

    <para>éÓÈÏÄÎÙÊ ËÏÄ, ÐÏÄÐÁÄÁÀÝÉÊ ÐÏÄ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÅ <ulink
      url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/copyright/COPYING">GNU General Public
      License (GPL)</ulink> ÉÌÉ <ulink
      url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/copyright/COPYING.LIB">GNU Library
      General Public License (LGPL)</ulink>, ÉÍÅÅÔ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ
      ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ, ÈÏÔÑ É ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÓÏÂÏÊ ÎÁ×ÑÚÙ×ÁÎÉÅ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë
      ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÍ ÔÅËÓÔÁÍ, Á ÎÅ ÎÁÏÂÏÒÏÔ, ËÁË ÏÂÙÞÎÏ.  éÚ-ÚÁ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÈ
      ÓÌÏÖÎÏÓÔÅÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ×ÏÚÎÉËÎÕÔØ × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ËÏÍÍÅÒÞÅÓËÏÇÏ
      ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÇÏ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÑ GPL, ÍÙ ÓÔÁÒÁÅÍÓÑ, ÇÄÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ
      ÜÔÏ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ, ÚÁÍÅÎÉÔØ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÏÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÅ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÅ ÁÎÁÌÏÇÉÞÎÙÍ, ÎÏ
      ÐÏÄÐÁÄÁÀÝÉÍ ÐÏÄ ÂÏÌÅÅ <ulink
      url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/ru/copyright/freebsd-license.html">Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÕÀ
      ÌÉÃÅÎÚÉÀ FreeBSD</ulink>.</para>
    </answer>
  </qandaentry>

  <qandaentry>
    <question id="why-called-FreeBSD">
      <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÉÍÅÎÎÏ FreeBSD?</para>
    </question>

    <answer>
    <para>     
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>ïÎÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÂÅÚÏ ×ÓÑÞÅÓËÉÈ ×ÙÐÌÁÔ, ÄÁÖÅ
            ÄÌÑ ÉÚ×ÌÅÞÅÎÉÑ ×ÙÇÏÄÙ.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>÷ÓÅ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÅ ÔÅËÓÔÙ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙ,
            ÎÁ Å£ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ × ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔËÁÈ (ËÁË ËÏÍÍÅÒÞÅÓËÉÈ, ÔÁË É
            ÎÅËÏÍÍÅÒÞÅÓËÉÈ) É ÄÁÌØÎÅÊÛÅÅ ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÅÎÉÅ ÎÁÌÏÖÅÎÙ ÍÉÎÉÍÁÌØÎÙÅ
            ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>ìÀÂÏÊ, Õ ËÏÇÏ ÅÓÔØ ÕÓÏ×ÅÒÛÅÎÓÔ×Ï×ÁÎÉÑ É/ÉÌÉ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ,
            ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ Ó×ÏÊ ËÏÄ É ÏÎ ÂÕÄÅÔ (ÐÒÁ×ÄÁ, Ó ÐÁÒÏÊ
            ÏÇÏ×ÏÒÏË) ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎ × ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÅ ÔÅËÓÔÙ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </para>
 
    <para>äÌÑ ÔÅÈ ÎÁÛÉÈ ÞÉÔÁÔÅÌÅÊ, ÄÌÑ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÁÎÇÌÉÊÓËÉÊ ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÒÏÄÎÙÍ
      ÑÚÙËÏÍ, ÍÏÖÎÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÓÌÏ×Ï <quote>free</quote> ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ
      ÚÄÅÓØ × Ä×ÕÈ ÓÍÙÓÌÁÈ, ÏÄÉÎ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ <quote>ÂÅÓÐÌÁÔÎÏ</quote>, Á ÄÒÕÇÏÊ
      <quote>×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ×Ó£, ÞÔÏ ÈÏÔÉÔÅ</quote>.  úÁ ÉÓËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅÍ ÐÁÒÙ
      ×ÅÝÅÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×Ù <emphasis>ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ</emphasis> ÄÅÌÁÔØ Ó FreeBSD,
      ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÐÒÅÔÅÎÄÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÁ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÅÓØ Å£ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÏÍ, ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ
      ÄÅÌÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÄÅÌÁÔØ Ó ÎÅÊ ×Ó£, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÚÁÂÌÁÇÏÒÁÓÓÕÄÉÔÓÑ.</para>
    </answer>
  </qandaentry>

<qandaentry>
  <question id="latest-version">
    <para>ëÁËÏ×Á ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÑÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>÷ÅÒÓÉÑ <ulink
    URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/4.3-RELEASE/">
    4.3</ulink>, ×ÙÐÕÝÅÎÎÁÑ × ÁÐÒÅÌÅ 2001 ÇÏÄÁ, Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÁÍÏÊ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÊ
    ×ÅÒÓÉÅÊ ×ÅÔËÉ <emphasis>STABLE</emphasis>.  ïÎÁ ÔÁËÖÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÁÍÙÍ
    ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÍ <emphasis>òåìéúïí</emphasis>.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÇÏ×ÏÒÉÔØ ËÒÁÔËÏ, ÔÏ ×ÅÔËÁ <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis>
    ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÁ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÝÉËÁÍ ÕÓÌÕÇ Internet ÉÌÉ ÄÒÕÇÉÍ ËÏÒÐÏÒÁÔÉ×ÎÙÍ
    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ × ÐÅÒ×ÕÀ ÏÞÅÒÅÄØ ÎÕÖÎÁ ÎÁÄ£ÖÎÏÓÔØ É ÎÅ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ
    ÂÏÌØÛÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÏÔÌÉÞÉÊ ÏÔ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÇÏ ÒÅÌÉÚÁ ÐÏ ÓÒÁ×ÎÅÎÉÀ Ó
    ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÑÍÉ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÇÏ ÓÎÜÐÛÏÔÁ <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis>.  òÅÌÉÚÙ
    ÍÏÖÎÏ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÉÚ ÌÀÂÏÊ ×ÅÔËÉ, ÎÏ <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÔÏÌØËÏ × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ, ÅÓÌÉ Õ×ÅÒÅÎÙ, ÞÔÏ ÇÏÔÏ×Ù Ë ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÙÍ (ÐÏ
    ÓÒÁ×ÎÅÎÉÀ ÓÏ <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis>) ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑÍ × ÒÁÂÏÔÅ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>
 
  <para>òÅÌÉÚÙ ÄÅÌÁÀÔÓÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ <link linkend="release-freq">ÒÁÚ × ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ
    ÍÅÓÑÃÅ×</link>.  èÏÔÑ ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ÓÔÁÒÁÀÔÓÑ ÏÔÓÌÅÖÉ×ÁÔØ ÁËÔÕÁÌØÎÏÅ ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ
    ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ× FreeBSD (ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅ ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ ÎÁ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÙ Ï <link
    linkend="current">FreeBSD-CURRENT</link> É <link
    linkend="stable">FreeBSD-STABLE</link>), ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÏ, ÔÁË ËÁË
    ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÅ ÔÅËÓÔÙ ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÏ ÍÅÎÑÀÔÓÑ.</para>
 
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="current">
    <para>þÔÏ ÔÁËÏÅ FreeBSD-CURRENT?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para><ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/cutting-edge.html#CURRENT">FreeBSD-CURRENT</ulink> -
    ÜÔÏ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÁÑÓÑ × ÓÔÁÄÉÉ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔËÉ ÄÏ ÍÏÍÅÎÔÁ
    ×ÙÐÕÓËÁ 5.0-RELEASE. ôÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ, ÏÎÁ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÒÅÁÌØÎÙÊ ÉÎÔÅÒÅÓ ÔÏÌØËÏ
    ÄÌÑ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÏ× ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ É Å£ ÆÁÎÁÔÏ×.  ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/cutting-edge.html#CURRENT">ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÍÕ
    ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ</ulink> <ulink URL="/ru/handbook/index.html">òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á</ulink>
    ÄÌÑ ÐÒÏÑÓÎÅÎÉÑ ÄÅÔÁÌÅÊ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó -CURRENT.</para>
 
  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌÉÓÔ ÐÏ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÍ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍ ÉÌÉ ÎÅ × ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÉ
    ÏÔÌÉÞÉÔØ ÒÅÁÌØÎÕÀ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÕ ÏÔ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ Ñ×ÌÅÎÉÊ, ×Ù ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
    FreeBSD-CURRENT.  üÔÁ ×ÅÔ×Ø ÚÁÞÁÓÔÕÀ ÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ ÏÞÅÎØ ÂÙÓÔÒÏ É ×ÐÏÌÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ
    ÂÙÔØ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÏÓÐÏÓÏÂÎÁ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ. ôÅ, ËÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ
    FreeBSD-CURRENT, ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ × ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÉ ÁÎÁÌÉÚÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÌÀÂÙÅ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ É
    ÓÏÏÂÝÁÔØ Ï ÎÉÈ, ÅÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÏÛÉÂËÉ, Á ÎÅ <quote>ÇÌÀËÉ</quote>.
    óÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ ÔÉÐÁ <quote>make world produces some error about groups</quote>
    × ÓÐÉÓËÅ ÒÁÓÓÙÌËÉ -CURRENT ÉÎÏÇÄÁ ×ÏÓÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÀÔÓÑ ÐÒÅÎÅÂÒÅÖÉÔÅÌØÎÏ.</para>
 
  <para>åÖÅÄÎÅ×ÎÏ ÉÚ ×ÅÔÏË -CURRENT É -STABLE ÄÅÌÁÀÔÓÑ <ulink
    URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/ru/releases/snapshots.html">ÓÎÜÐÛÏÔÙ</ulink>.
    ÷ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÅÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÉÍÅÀÔÓÑ × ÎÁÌÉÞÉÉ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×Ù ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÓÎÜÐÛÏÔÏ×.  éÈ
    ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ:</para>

  <para>     
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>ôÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÓÁÍÏÊ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÊ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÑÔÏÒÁ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>äÁÔØ ÌÀÄÑÍ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÈÏÔÑÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó -CURRENT ÉÌÉ -STABLE, ÎÏ ÎÅ
          ÉÍÅÀÔ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ É/ÉÌÉ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ (ÐÒÏÐÕÓËÎÏÊ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÎÏÓÔÉ) ÄÌÑ
          ÏÔÓÌÅÖÉ×ÁÎÉÑ ÅÖÅÄÎÅ×ÎÙÈ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÅÎÉÊ, ÐÒÏÓÔÏÊ ÓÐÏÓÏ ţ
          ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>æÉËÓÁÃÉÑ ÔÏÞËÉ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÈ ÓÓÙÌÏË × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ,
          ÅÓÌÉ ÐÏÚÖÅ ÍÙ ÞÔÏ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ ÏÞÅÎØ ÓÉÌØÎÏ ÓÌÏÍÁÅÍ. (èÏÔÑ CVS, ËÁË
          ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÎÅ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÓÌÕÞÉÔØÓÑ ÎÉÞÅÍÕ ÔÁËÏÍÕ ÕÖÁÓÎÏÍÕ :)</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>ìÀÂÙÅ ÎÏ×ÙÅ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ,
          ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÉÍÅÔØ ËÁË ÍÏÖÎÏ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÐÏÔÅÎÃÉÁÌØÎÙÈ ÔÅÓÔÅÒÏ×.</para>
      </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>
  </para>
 
  <para>îÅ ÕÔ×ÅÒÖÄÁÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ×ÓÑËÉÊ ÓÎÜÐÛÏÔ -CURRENT ÉÍÅÅÔ ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Ï
    <quote>ÇÏÔÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÄÕËÔÁ</quote>.  åÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÁ ÓÔÁÂÉÌØÎÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÁÑ É
    ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÏÔÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ, ÔÏ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÄÏÖÄÁÔØÓÑ ×ÙÈÏÄÁ ÐÏÌÎÏÇÏ
    ÒÅÌÉÚÁ ÉÌÉ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÓÎÜÐÛÏÔÁÍÉ -STABLE.</para>
 
  <para>óÎÜÐÛÏÔÙ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙ ÎÅÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ Ó <ulink
    URL="ftp://current.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/">
    ftp://current.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/</ulink>
    ÄÌÑ 5.0-CURRENT É <ulink URL="ftp://releng4.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/">
    releng4.FreeBSD.org</ulink> ÄÌÑ ÓÎÜÐÛÏÔÏ× 4-STABLE.  îÁ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÎÁÐÉÓÁÎÉÑ
    ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ (ÍÁÊ 2000) ÓÎÜÐÛÏÔÙ 3-STABLE ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÎÅ ×ÙÐÕÓËÁÀÔÓÑ.</para>

  <para>óÎÜÐÛÏÔÙ, ËÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÇÅÎÅÒÉÒÕÀÔÓÑ ÅÖÅÄÎÅ×ÎÏ ÄÌÑ ×ÓÅÈ ÁËÔÉ×ÎÏ
    ÒÁÚÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÅÍÙÈ ×ÅÔÏË.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="stable">
    <para>÷ Þ£Í ÓÍÙÓÌ FreeBSD-STABLE?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ÂÙÌÁ ×ÙÐÕÝÅÎÁ FreeBSD 2.0.5, ÍÙ ÒÅÛÉÌÉ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÉÔØ
    ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔËÕ FreeBSD ÎÁ Ä×Å ÞÁÓÔÉ. ïÄÎÁ ×ÅÔËÁ, ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÁÑ <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/stable.html">-STABLE</ulink>, ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÁ ÄÌÑ ×ÎÅÓÅÎÉÑ
    ÔÏÌØËÏ ÈÏÒÏÛÏ ÏÔÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÈ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÊ É ÍÁÌÅÎØËÉÈ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÈ
    ÕÓÏ×ÅÒÛÅÎÓÔ×Ï×ÁÎÉÊ (ÄÌÑ ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÏ× ÕÓÌÕÇ éÎÔÅÒÎÅÔ É ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ËÏÍÍÅÒÞÅÓËÉÈ
    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ, ÄÌÑ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÎÅÏÖÉÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÉÌÉ ÜËÓÐÅÒÉÍÅÎÔÁÌØÎÙÅ
    ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ ×ÅÓØÍÁ ÎÅÖÅÌÁÔÅÌØÎÙ).  äÒÕÇÏÊ ×ÅÔ×ØÀ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/cutting-edge.html#CURRENT">-CURRENT</ulink>, É ÏÎÁ ÐÏ
    ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×Õ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÑÍÏÊ ÌÉÎÉÅÊ, ×ÅÄÕÝÅÊ Ë 5.0-RELEASE (É ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍ) Ó ÔÅÈ
    ÐÏÒ, ËÁË ÂÙÌÁ ×ÙÐÕÝÅÎÁ 2.0.  åÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÐÏÍÏÖÅÔ ËÁÒÔÉÎËÁ, ÔÏ ×ÏÔ ËÁË ÜÔÏ
    ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ:</para>
 
  <programlisting>
               2.0
                |
                |
                |  [2.1-STABLE]
 *÷åô÷ø*      2.0.5 -&gt; 2.1 -&gt; 2.1.5 -&gt; 2.1.6 -&gt; 2.1.7.1  [ËÏÎÅà 2.1-STABLE]
                |                            (íÁÒ 1997)
                |
                |
                |  [2.2-STABLE]
 *÷åô÷ø*      2.2.1 -&gt; 2.2.2-RELEASE -&gt; 2.2.5 -&gt; 2.2.6 -&gt; 2.2.7 -&gt; 2.2.8 [ËÏÎÅÃ]
                |        (íÁÒ 1997)   (ïËÔ 97) (áÐÒ 98)  (éÀÌ 98) (äÅË 98)
                |
                |
             3.0-SNAPs  (ÎÁÞÁÌÏ × I Ë×ÁÒÔÁÌÅ 1997)
                |
                |
             3.0-RELEASE (ïËÔ 1998)
                |
                |  [3.0-STABLE]
 *÷åô÷ø*     3.1-RELEASE (æÅ× 1999) -&gt; 3.2 -&gt; 3.3 -&gt; 3.4 -&gt; 3.5 -&gt; 3.5.1
                |                    (íÁÊ 1999) (óÅÎ 1999) (äÅË 1999) (éÀÎØ 2000) (éÀÌØ 2000)
                |
                |  [4.0-STABLE]
*÷åô÷ø*        4.0  (íÁÒÔ 2000) -&gt; 4.1 -&gt; 4.1.1 -&gt; 4.2 -&gt; 4.3 -&gt; ... ÂÕÄÕÝÉÅ ÒÅÌÉÚÙ 4.x ...
                |
                |                (éÀÌØ 2000) (óÅÎÔÑÂÒØ 2000) (îÏÑÂÒØ 2000)
               \|/
                +
        [ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÅÎÉÅ 5.0-CURRENT]
  </programlisting>
 
  <para>÷ÅÔ×Ø 2.2-STABLE ÂÙÌÁ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÁ ×ÙÈÏÄÏÍ ÒÅÌÉÚÁ 2.2.8. ÷ÅÔ×Ø 3-STABLE
    ÂÙÌÁ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÁ ×ÙÈÏÄÏÍ ÒÅÌÉÚÁ 3.5.1. åÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÍÉ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑÍÉ × ÜÔÉÈ
    ×ÅÔ×ÑÈ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÏÛÉÂÏË ËÁÓÁÀÝÉÈÓÑ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ.
  </para>

  <para>áËÔÉ×ÎÏ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÅÍÏÊ ×ÅÔËÏÊ -STABLE Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ 4-STABLE.
    ðÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÍ ÒÅÌÉÚÏÍ ÉÚ ÜÔÏÊ ×ÅÔËÉ ÎÁ ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ 4.3-RELEASE
    ×ÙÐÕÝÅÎÎÁÑ × ÁÐÒÅÌÅ 2001 ÇÏÄÁ.</para>

  <para>ôÅËÕÝÅÊ ×ÅÔËÏÊ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ 5.0-CURRENT, ÈÏÔÑ ×ÙÈÏÄ Å£ ÒÅÌÉÚÁ
    ÅÝ£ ÎÅ ÚÁÐÌÁÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎ. óÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ <link linkend="current">þÔÏ ÔÁËÏÅ
    FreeBSD-CURRENT?</link> ÄÌÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ ÏÂ ÜÔÏÊ
    ×ÅÔËÅ.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="release-freq">
    <para>÷ ËÁËÏÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ×ÙÐÕÓËÁÀÔÓÑ ÎÏ×ÙÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ëÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ÇÒÕÐÐÁ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÏ× ×ÙÐÕÓËÁÅÔ ÎÏ×ÕÀ ×ÅÒÓÉÀ,
    ÔÏÌØËÏ ËÏÇÄÁ ÏÎÉ Õ×ÅÒÅÎÙ, ÞÔÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÎÏ×ÙÈ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÅÊ É/ÉÌÉ
    ×ÎÅÓ£ÎÎÙÈ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÊ ÕÖÅ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ É ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÒÅÌÉÚ ÎÅ ÐÏÔÅÒÑÅÔ
    ÓÔÁÂÉÌØÎÏÓÔÉ. íÎÏÇÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ ÏÃÅÎÉ×ÁÀÔ ÜÔÕ ÏÓÔÏÒÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ËÁË ÏÄÎÕ ÉÚ
    ÌÕÞÛÉÈ ÓÔÏÒÏÎ FreeBSD, ÈÏÔÑ ÏÎÁ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÒÁÚÏÞÁÒÏ×Ù×ÁÅÔ, ÅÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÎÅ
    ÔÅÒÐÉÔÓÑ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÏ×ÙÅ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ..</para>
 
  <para>÷ ÓÒÅÄÎÅÍ ÎÏ×ÙÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ×ÙÐÕÓËÁÀÔÓÑ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÒÁÚ × ÞÅÔÙÒÅ ÍÅÓÑÃÁ.</para>
 
  <para>äÌÑ ÔÅÈ, ËÏÍÕ ÎÅ ÔÅÒÐÉÔÓÑ, ÅÖÅÄÎÅ×ÎÏ ×ÙÐÕÓËÁÀÔÓÑ ÂÉÎÁÒÎÙÅ ÒÅÌÉÚÙ..
    ÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ×ÙÛÅ.</para>
 
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="responsible">
    <para>ëÔÏ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÅÔ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>òÅÛÅÎÉÑ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ËÁÓÁÀÔÓÑ ËÌÀÞÅ×ÙÈ ÍÏÍÅÎÔÏ× × ÐÒÏÅËÔÅ FreeBSD,
    ÔÁËÉÅ, ËÁË ÏÂÝÅÅ ÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÒÁÚ×ÉÔÉÑ ÐÒÏÅËÔÁ ÉÌÉ ËÔÏ
    ÍÏÖÅÔ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÑÔØ ËÏÄ Ë ÄÅÒÅ×Õ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×, ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÀÔÓÑ 
    <ulink URL="/ru/handbook/staff.html#STAFF-CORE">ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ</ulink>
    ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÏ× (core team), ÓÏÓÔÏÑÝÅÊ ÉÚ 9 ÞÅÌÏ×ÅË.  ôÁËÖÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ
    ÇÏÒÁÚÄÏ ÂÏÌØÛÁÑ ÇÒÕÐÐÁ ÉÚ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÞÅÍ 200
    <ulink URL="/ru/handbook/staff-committers.html">ËÏÍÍÉÔÔÅÒÏ×</ulink>
    (committers), ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÑÍÏ × ÄÅÒÅ×Å ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ
    ÔÅËÓÔÏ× FreeBSD.</para>
 
  <para>ïÄÎÁËÏ, ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÎÅÔÒÉ×ÉÁÌØÎÙÈ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÊ ÛÉÒÏËÏ ÏÂÓÕÖÄÁÅÔÓÑ
    × <link linkend="mailing">ÓÐÉÓËÁÈ ÒÁÓÓÙÌËÉ</link>, É ÎÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ 
    ÎÉËÁËÉÈ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ ÎÁ ÕÞÁÓÔÉÅ × ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÈ ÄÉÓËÕÓÓÉÑÈ.</para>
 
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="where-get">
    <para>çÄÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ÓÅ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÅ ÒÅÌÉÚÙ FreeBSD ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙ ÐÏ FTP Ó <ulink
    URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/">FTP-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ
    FreeBSD</ulink>:</para>
 
  <para>     
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>ôÅËÕÝÉÊ ÒÅÌÉÚ 3.X-STABLE, 3.5.1-RELEASE, ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × <ulink
          URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/3.5.1-RELEASE">
          ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ Ó 3.5.1-RELEASE</ulink>.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>ôÅËÕÝÉÊ ÒÅÌÉÚ ×ÅÔËÉ 4-STABLE, 4.3-RELEASE, ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × <ulink
          URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/4.3-RELEASE">
          ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ Ó 4.3-RELEASE</ulink>.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><ulink
          URL="ftp://releng4.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/">óÎÜÐÛÏÔÙ
          4.X</ulink> ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÄÅÌÁÀÔÓÑ ÅÖÅÄÎÅ×ÎÏ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>÷ÙÐÕÓËÉ <ulink 
          URL="ftp://current.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/">5.0 Snapshot</ulink>,
          ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÄÅÌÁÀÔÓÑ ÅÖÅÄÎÅ×ÎÏ ÉÚ ×ÅÔ×É <link
          linkend="current">-CURRENT</link>, ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÙ ÄÌÑ ÔÅÓÔÅÒÏ× É
          ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÏ×.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </para>
 
  <para>éÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÉ/ÐÒÉÏÂÒÅÔÅÎÉÉ FreeBSD ÎÁ CD, DVD É
    ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÑÈ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÁ ×
    <ulink URL="../handbook/mirrors.html">òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Å</ulink></para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="mailing">
    <para>çÄÅ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ ÐÏ ÓÐÉÓËÁÍ ÒÁÓÓÙÌËÉ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>éÓÞÅÒÐÙ×ÁÀÝÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔÓÑ × <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/eresources.html#ERESOURCES-MAIL">ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ</ulink>
    òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÐÏÓ×ÑÝÅÎ ÓÐÉÓËÁÍ ÒÁÓÓÙÌËÉ.</para>
 
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="y2k">
    <para>çÄÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÅ 2000 ÇÏÄÁ ×Ï FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÏÌÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ <ulink
    URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/y2kbug.html">çÏÔÏ×ÎÏÓÔÉ Ë 2000
    ÇÏÄÕ</ulink>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="newsgroups">
    <para>ëÁËÉÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÔ ÔÅÌÅËÏÎÆÅÒÅÎÃÉÉ ÐÏ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÏÌÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÇÒÕÐÐÁÈ ÎÏ×ÏÓÔÅÊ ÅÓÔØ × <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/eresources-news.html">ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ</ulink> òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á,
    ËÁÓÁÀÝÅÍÓÑ ÔÅÌÅËÏÎÆÅÒÅÎÃÉÊ.</para>
 
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="irc">
    <para>óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÔ ÌÉ ËÁÎÁÌÙ IRC (Internet Relay Chat) ÐÏ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÁ, ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÓÅÔÅÊ IRC ÉÍÅÀÔ ËÁÎÁÌ FreeBSD:</para>
 
  <para>     
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>ëÁÎÁÌ <literal>#FreeBSD</literal> × ÓÅÔÉ EFNet
          ÐÏÓ×ÑݣΠFreeBSD, ÎÏ ÎÅ ÏÂÒÁÝÁÊÔÅÓØ ÔÕÄÁ ÚÁ ÔÅÈÎÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÏÊ É
          ÄÁÖÅ ÎÅ ÐÙÔÁÊÔÅÓØ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÞÅÌÏ×ÅËÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÐÏÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÁÍ ÏÂÏÊÔÉÓØ ÂÅÚ
          ÞÔÅÎÉÑ ÓÔÒÁÎÉà óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ ÉÌÉ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÈ ÉÚÙÓËÁÎÉÊ.  üÔÏÔ ËÁÎÁÌ
          ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎ × ÐÅÒ×ÕÀ É ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÕÀ ÏÞÅÒÅÄØ ÄÌÑ ÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ, É × ËÒÕÇ
          ÏÂÓÕÖÄÁÅÍÙÈ ÔÅÍ ×ÈÏÄÉÔ ÓÅËÓ, ÓÐÏÒÔ, ÑÄÅÒÎÏÅ ÏÒÕÖÉÅ, ËÁË ÂÕÄÔÏ ÜÔÏ É
          ÅÓÔØ FreeBSD.  ÷ ÏÂÝÅÍ, ×ÁÓ ÐÒÅÄÕÐÒÅÄÉÌÉ!  ëÁÎÁÌ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÅÎ ÎÁ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÅ
          <hostid>irc.chat.org</hostid>.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>ëÁÎÁÌ <emphasis>#FreeBSDhelp</emphasis> × ÓÅÔÉ EFNet ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎ
          ÄÌÑ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ FreeBSD.  úÄÅÓØ ÇÏÒÁÚÄÏ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÂÌÁÇÏÓËÌÏÎÎÏ
          ÏÔÎÏÓÑÔÓÑ Ë ×ÏÐÒÏÓÁÍ, ÞÅÍ ÎÁ
          ËÁÎÁÌÅ <emphasis>#FreeBSD</emphasis>.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>ëÁÎÁÌ <literal>#FreeBSD</literal> × ÓÅÔÉ DALNET
          ÄÏÓÔÕÐÅÎ ÎÁ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÅ <hostid>irc.dal.net</hostid> × óûá É ÎÁ
          <hostid>irc.eu.dal.net</hostid> × å×ÒÏÐÅ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>ëÁÎÁÌ <literal>#FreeBSD</literal> × ÓÅÔÉ UNDERNET
          ÄÏÓÔÕÐÅÎ ÎÁ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁÈ <hostid>us.undernet.org</hostid> × óûá É
          <hostid>eu.undernet.org</hostid> × å×ÒÏÐÅ.  ôÁË ËÁË ÜÔÏ ËÁÎÁÌ
          ×ÚÁÉÍÏÐÏÍÏÝÉ, ÐÒÉÇÏÔÏ×ØÔÅÓØ Ë ÞÔÅÎÉÀ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÉ, Ë ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ×ÁÓ
          ÏÔÏÛÌÀÔ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>ëÁÎÁÌ <literal>#FreeBSD</literal> × ÓÅÔÉ <ulink
          url="http://www.hybnet.net/">HybNet</ulink>.  üÔÏÔ ËÁÎÁÌ
          <emphasis>ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ</emphasis> Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ËÁÎÁÌÏÍ ×ÚÁÉÍÏÐÏÍÏÝÉ.
          óÐÉÓÏË ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÎÁ <ulink
          url="http://www.hybnet.net/">ÓÁÊÔÅ ÓÅÔÉ HybNet</ulink>.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </para>

  <para>÷ÓÅ ÜÔÉ ËÁÎÁÌÙ ÒÁÚÎÙÅ É ÎÅ ÉÍÅÀÔ ÏÔÎÏÛÅÎÉÑ ÄÒÕÇ Ë ÄÒÕÇÕ. éÈ ÓÔÉÌÉ
    ÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ ÔÁËÖÅ ÏÔÌÉÞÁÀÔÓÑ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ, ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ, ÐÒÉÄ£ÔÓÑ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÏ×ÁÔØ
    ×ÓÅ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÔÏÔ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ×ÁÛÅÍÕ ÓÔÉÌÀ.  ëÁË É ÏÂÙÞÎÏ Ó
    *ÌÀÂÙÍ* ËÁÎÁÌÏÍ IRC, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÌÅÇËÏ ÒÁÚÄÒÁÖÁÅÔÅÓØ ÉÌÉ ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÍÅÔØ ÄÅÌÁ
    Ó ÂÏÌØÛÉÍ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×ÏÍ ÌÉà ÛËÏÌØÎÏÇÏ (É ÍÌÁÄÛÅÇÏ ÛËÏÌØÎÏÇÏ) ×ÏÚÒÁÓÔÁ,
    ÐÙÔÁÀÝÉÈÓÑ ÏÚ×ÕÞÉÔØ Ó×ÏÉ ÐÏÐÙÔËÉ ÓÁÍÏÕÔ×ÅÒÖÄÅÎÉÑ, ÎÅ ÏÂÒÁÝÁÊÔÅ ÎÁ ÜÔÏ
    ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÑ.</para>
 
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="access-pr">
    <para>ëÁË ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ÂÁÚÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÊ Ï ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁÈ (Problem
      Report)?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>óÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÏÂÏ ×ÓÅÈ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁÈ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÐÒÏÛÅÎÙ (ÉÌÉ
    ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÙ) Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÎÁÛÅÇÏ <ulink
    URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/send-pr.html">×ÅÂ-ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÁ</ulink> É <ulink
    URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/query-pr-summary.cgi?query">ÚÁÐÒÏÓÁ</ulink>.
    ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ &man.send-pr.1; ÔÁËÖÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÁ ÄÌÑ
    ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÉ É ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÊ Ï ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁÈ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÕÀ ÐÏÞÔÕ.</para>
 
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="doc-formats">
    <para>åÓÔØ ÌÉ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÉ × ÄÒÕÇÏÍ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ,
      × ×ÉÄÅ ÏÂÙÞÎÏÇÏ ÔÅËÓÔÁ ASCII ÉÌÉ PostScript?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÁ.  äÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÑ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ × ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÈ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁÈ É
    ÕÐÁËÏ×ÁÎÎÁÑ ÒÁÚÎÙÍÉ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÁÍÉ ÎÁ FTP-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÅ FreeBSD, É ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÏÎÁ
    × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ <ulink
    URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/">
    /pub/FreeBSD/doc/</ulink>.</para>

  <para>äÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÑ ÐÏÄÒÁÚÄÅÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÉ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÍÉ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÁÍÉ.  üÔÏ
    ×ËÌÀÞÁÅÔ:</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>éÍÑ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, <literal>faq</literal> ÉÌÉ
        <literal>handbook</literal>.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ñÚÙË É ËÏÄÉÒÏ×ËÁ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ.  ïÎÉ ÏÐÉÒÁÀÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÉÍÅÎÁ ÌÏËÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÊ,
        ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×Ù ÎÁÊÄ£ÔÅ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ <filename>/usr/share/locale</filename>
        ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ FreeBSD.  îÁ ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÄÌÑ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÉ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ
        ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÑÚÙËÉ É ËÏÄÉÒÏ×ËÉ:</para>

      <informaltable frame="none">
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <thead>
            <row>
              <entry>ëÏÄÉÒÏ×ËÁ</entry>

              <entry>ñÚÙË</entry>
            </row>
          </thead>

          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><literal>en_US.ISO8859-1</literal></entry>

              <entry>áÎÇÌÉÊÓËÉÊ (óûá)</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry><literal>de_DE.ISO8859-1</literal></entry>

              <entry>îÅÍÅÃËÉÊ</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry><literal>es_ES.ISO8859-1</literal></entry>

              <entry>éÓÐÁÎÓËÉÊ</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry><literal>fr_FR.ISO8859-1</literal></entry>

              <entry>æÒÁÎÃÕÚÓËÉÊ</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry><literal>ja_JP.eucJP</literal></entry>

              <entry>ñÐÏÎÓËÉÊ (ËÏÄÉÒÏ×ËÁ EUC)</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry><literal>ru_RU.KOI8-R</literal></entry>

              <entry>òÕÓÓËÉÊ (ËÏÄÉÒÏ×ËÁ KOI8-R)</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry><literal>zh_TW.Big5</literal></entry>

              <entry>ëÉÔÁÊÓËÉÊ (ËÏÄÉÒÏ×ËÁ Big5)</entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>

      <note>
        <para>îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÙ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÉÍÅÔØÓÑ ÎÅ ÎÁ ×ÓÅÈ ÑÚÙËÁÈ.</para>
      </note>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>æÏÒÍÁÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ.  íÙ ÆÏÒÍÉÒÕÅÍ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÀ × ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÈ
        ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁÈ, ÐÙÔÁÑÓØ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ Å£ ÍÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÏ ÇÉÂËÏÊ.  éÍÅÀÝÉÅÓÑ
        ÆÏÒÍÁÔÙ;</para>

      <informaltable frame="none">
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <thead>
            <row>
              <entry>æÏÒÍÁÔ</entry>

              <entry>úÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ</entry>
            </row>
          </thead>

          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><literal>html-split</literal></entry>

              <entry>îÁÂÏÒ ÍÁÌÅÎØËÉÈ Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÙÈ ÄÒÕÇ Ó ÄÒÕÇÏÍ
                HTML-ÆÁÊÌÏ×.</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry><literal>html</literal></entry>

              <entry>ïÄÉÎ ÂÏÌØÛÏÊ HTML-ÆÁÊÌ, ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÊ
                ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ </entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry><literal>pdb</literal></entry>

              <entry>æÏÒÍÁÔ ÂÁÚ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ Palm Pilot, ÄÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ Ó
                ÕÔÉÌÉÔÏÊ <ulink
                URL="http://www.iSilo.com/">iSilo</ulink>.
              </entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry><literal>pdf</literal></entry>

              <entry>Adobe's Portable Document Format</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry><literal>ps</literal></entry>

              <entry>Postscript</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry><literal>rtf</literal></entry>

              <entry>Microsoft's Rich Text Format
                <footnote>
                  <para>îÏÍÅÒÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉà ÐÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ × Word Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ
                    ÎÅ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ.  îÁÖÍÉÔÅ
                    <keycap>CTRL</keycap>+<keycap>A</keycap>,
                    <keycap>CTRL</keycap>+<keycap>END</keycap>,
                    <keycap>F9</keycap> ÐÏÓÌÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ ÄÌÑ
                    ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÎÏÍÅÒÏ× ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃ.</para>
                </footnote>
              </entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry><literal>txt</literal></entry>

              <entry>ïÂÙÞÎÙÊ ÔÅËÓÔ</entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>óÐÏÓÏ ËÏÍÐÒÅÓÓÉÉ É ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÁÒÈÉ×Á.  óÅÊÞÁÓ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ
        ÔÒÉ.</para>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>÷ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ <literal>html-split</literal>, ÆÁÊÌÙ
            ÁÒÈÉ×ÉÒÕÀÔÓÑ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ &man.tar.1;.  ðÏÌÕÞÁÀÝÉÊÓÑ ÆÁÊÌ
            <filename>.tar</filename> ÚÁÔÅÍ ÐÏÄ×ÅÒÇÁÅÔÓÑ ÓÖÁÔÉÀ ÐÏ
            ÓÈÅÍÁÍ, ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÍÙÍ ÄÁÌÅÅ.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>÷ÓÅ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÙ ÇÅÎÅÒÉÒÕÀÔ ÏÄÉÎ ÆÁÊÌ Ó ÉÍÅÎÅÍ
            <filename>book.<replaceable>format</replaceable></filename>
            (ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ <filename>book.pdb</filename>,
            <filename>book.html</filename>, É ÔÁË ÄÁÌÅÅ).</para>

          <para>üÔÉ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÚÁÔÅÍ ÓÖÉÍÁÀÔÓÑ ÐÏ ÔÒ£Í ÓÈÅÍÁÍ ÓÖÁÔÉÑ.</para>

          <informaltable frame="none">
            <tgroup cols="2">
              <thead>
                <row>
                  <entry>óÈÅÍÁ</entry>

                  <entry>ïÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ</entry>
                </row>
              </thead>

              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry><literal>zip</literal></entry>

                  <entry>æÏÒÍÁÔ Zip.  åÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÚ×ÅÒÎÕÔØ ÜÔÏ
                    ×Ï FreeBSD, ÔÏ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÐÏÒÔ
                    <filename>archivers/unzip</filename>.
                  </entry>
                </row>

                <row>
                  <entry><literal>gz</literal></entry>

                  <entry>æÏÒÍÁÔ GNU Zip.  äÌÑ ÒÁÓÐÁËÏ×ËÉ ÔÁËÉÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×
                    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ &man.gunzip.1;, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÞÁÓÔØÀ
                    FreeBSD.
                  </entry>
                </row>

                <row>
                  <entry><literal>bz2</literal></entry>

                  <entry>æÏÒÍÁÔ BZip2.  éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÒÅÖÅ, ÞÅÍ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ, ÎÏ,
                    ËÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÄÁ£Ô ÆÁÊÌÙ ÍÅÎØÛÅÇÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ.  þÔÏÂÙ
                    ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ÔÁËÉÍÉ ÆÁÊÌÁÍÉ, ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÐÏÒÔ
                    <filename>archivers/bzip2</filename>.
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>

          <para>ôÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ, ×ÅÒÓÉÑ òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ Postscript,
            ÕÐÁËÏ×ÁÎÎÁÑ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ BZip2, ÂÕÄÅÔ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔØÓÑ × ÆÁÊÌÅ Ó ÉÍÅÎÅÍ
            <filename>book.ps.bz2</filename> × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ
            <filename>handbook/</filename>.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>ïÔÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÁÑ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÑ ÔÁËÖÅ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÁ × ×ÉÄÅ ÐÁËÁÄÖÅÊ
            FreeBSD, Ï Þ£Í ÐÏÊÄ£Ô ÒÅÞØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÐÏÚÖÅ.</para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ×ÙÂÏÒÁ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ É ÓÐÏÓÏÂÁ ËÏÍÐÒÅÓÓÉÉ, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ
    ÆÁÊÌ, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØÓÑ, ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÌÉ ÏÎ ÂÙÔØ × ×ÉÄÅ
    <emphasis>ÐÁËÁÄÖÁ</emphasis> FreeBSD.</para>

  <para>ðÌÀÓÏÍ ÓÇÒÕÚËÉ É ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ × ×ÉÄÅ ÐÁËÁÄÖÁ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÑ
    ÚÁÔÅÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÑÔØÓÑ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÍÉ ÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÁÍÉ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÐÁËÁÄÖÁÍÉ, ÔÁËÉÍÉ,
    ËÁË &man.pkg.add.1; É &man.pkg.delete.1;.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÒÅÛÉÌÉ ÓÇÒÕÚÉÔØ É ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÐÁËÁÄÖ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÚÎÁÔØ ÉÍÑ
    ÆÁÊÌÁ.  æÁÊÌÙ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÅ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÀ × ×ÉÄÅ ÐÁËÁÄÖÅÊ, ÎÁÈÏÄÑÔÓÑ ×
    ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ <filename>packages</filename>.  ëÁÖÄÙÊ ÔÁËÏÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÉÍÅÅÔ ×ÉÄ
    <filename><replaceable>document-name</replaceable>.<replaceable>lang</replaceable>.<replaceable>encoding</replaceable>.<replaceable>format</replaceable>.tgz</filename>.</para>

  <para>îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, FAQ ÎÁ ÁÎÇÌÉÊÓËÏÍ ÑÚÙËÅ × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ PDF ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ÐÁËÁÄÖÅ
    <filename>faq.en_US.ISO8859-1.pdf.tgz</filename>.</para>

  <para>úÎÁÑ ÜÔÏ, ÄÌÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ÐÁËÁÄÖÁ Ó ÁÎÇÌÏÑÚÙÞÎÙÍ FAQ × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ PDF ×Ù
    ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ.</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_add ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/packages/faq.en_US.ISO8859-1.pdf.tgz</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>óÄÅÌÁ× ÜÔÏ, ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÕ &man.pkg.info.1; ÄÌÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ
    ÔÏÇÏ, ËÕÄÁ ÆÁÊÌ ÂÙÌ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ.</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_info -f faq.en_US.ISO8859-1.pdf</userinput>
Information for faq.en_US.ISO8859-1.pdf:

Packing list:
        Package name: faq.en_US.ISO8859-1.pdf
        CWD to /usr/share/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq
File: book.pdf
        CWD to .
File: +COMMENT (ignored)
File: +DESC (ignored)
  </screen>

  <para>ëÁË ×ÉÄÉÔÅ, <filename>book.pdf</filename> ÂÕÄÅÔ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ ×
    <filename>/usr/share/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq</filename>.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÖÅ ×Ù ÎÅ ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÁËÁÄÖÉ, ÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÓÁÍÉÍ ÓÇÒÕÚÉÔØ
    ÕÐÁËÏ×ÁÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ, ÒÁÓÐÁËÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÈ, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ÓËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÀ ×
    ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÅ ÍÅÓÔÁ.</para>

  <para>îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ×ÅÒÓÉÑ FAQ × ×ÉÄÅ ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÙÈ HTML-ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ÕÐÁËÏ×ÁÎÎÁÑ ÐÒÉ
    ÐÏÍÏÝÉ &man.gzip.1;, ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
    <filename>en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.html-split.tar.gz</filename>.
    äÌÑ ÓÇÒÕÚËÉ É ÒÁÓÐÁËÏ×ËÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ×ÏÔ ÞÔÏ.</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>fetch ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.html-split.tar.gz</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>gzip -d book.html-split.tar.gz</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>tar xvf book.html-split.tar</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>õ ×ÁÓ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÓÑ ÎÁÂÏÒ ÆÁÊÌÏ× <filename>.html</filename>.  çÌÁ×ÎÙÍ
    Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ <filename>index.html</filename>, É × Î£Í ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÏÇÌÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ,
    ××ÏÄÎÙÊ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌ É ÓÓÙÌËÉ ÎÁ ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÙÅ ÞÁÓÔÉ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ.  ðÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ×Ù
    ÉÈ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ É ÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÁÔØ ÐÒÉ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÎÁ ÏËÏÎÞÁÔÅÌØÎÏÅ
    ÍÅÓÔÏÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="become-web-mirror">
    <para>íÏÇÕ ÌÉ Ñ ÚÁÚÅÒËÁÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ×ÅÂ-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>îÅÓÏÍÎÅÎÎÏ! åÓÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏ× ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ.</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>ó ÐÏÍÏÛØÀ <application>CVSup</application>:
        ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÁÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÔØ ÏÔÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ
        <application>CVSup</application> É ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÁÔØÓÑ Ë ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÕ
        <application>CVSup</application>.</para>

      <para>äÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÓÔÒÁÎÉà ×ÅÂ-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÎÁ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÉÊÓÑ
        × ÆÁÊÌÅ
        <filename>/usr/share/examples/cvsup/www-supfile</filename>.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÚÅÒËÁÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ FTP:  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓËÁÞÁÔØ ÏÒÉÇÉÎÁÌØÎÕÀ
        ËÏÐÉÀ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ ÎÁ ×ÅÂ-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÅ, ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÕÀÓÑ ÎÁ FTP, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ ×ÁÛÅ
        ÌÀÂÉÍÏÅ ÓÒÅÄÓÔ×Ï ÚÅÒËÁÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ FTP.  éÍÅÊÔÅ × ×ÉÄÕ, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ
        ÂÕÄÅÔ ÅÝ£ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÜÔÕ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ ÐÅÒÅÄ ÔÅÍ, ËÁË ÐÏÍÅÝÁÔØ Å£ ÎÁ
        ×ÁÛÅÍ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÅ.  ðÒÏÓÔÏ ÎÁÞÎÉÔÅ Ó ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁ
        ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-CURRENT/www.</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="other-info-sources">
    <para>äÒÕÇÉÅ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÉ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>óÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÔÅÌÅËÏÎÆÅÒÅÎÃÉÉ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï FreeBSD, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ 
    ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÁ Å£ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ:</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para><ulink URL="news:comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.announce">
        comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.announce</ulink> (ÍÏÄÅÒÉÒÕÅÍÁÑ)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para><ulink URL="news:comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.misc">
        comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.misc</ulink></para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para><ulink
        URL="news:comp.unix.bsd.misc">comp.unix.bsd.misc</ulink></para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  <para>Web-ÒÅÓÕÒÓÙ:</para>
 
  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para><ulink
        URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/">÷ÅÂ-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ FreeBSD</ulink>.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para><anchor id="pao">åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÌÁÐÔÏÐ, ×ÚÇÌÑÎÉÔÅ ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÕ
        <ulink URL="http://www.jp.FreeBSD.org/PAO/">Tatsumi
        Hosokawa's Mobile Computing</ulink> × ñÐÏÎÉÉ.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para><anchor id="smp">éÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï SMP (Symmetric MultiProcessing)
        ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÎÁ <ulink
        URL="http://people.FreeBSD.org/~fsmp/SMP/SMP.html">ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÉ
        SMP</ulink>.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para><anchor id="multimedia">éÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÍÕÌØÔÉÍÅÄÉÊÎÙÈ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑÈ
        ÄÌÑ FreeBSD ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÎÁ <ulink
        URL="http://people.FreeBSD.org/~faulkner/multimedia/mm.html">
        ÍÕÌØÔÉÍÅÄÉÊÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ</ulink>.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÎÔÅÒÅÓÕÅÔÅÓØ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁÍÉ
        ÚÁÈ×ÁÔÁ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ <ulink
        URL="http://people.FreeBSD.org/~ahasty/Bt848.html">Bt848</ulink>,
        ÐÅÒÅÊÄÉÔÅ ÐÏ ÓÓÙÌËÅ.</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  <para>÷ òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Å ÐÏ FreeBSD ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÐÏÌÎÙÊ <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/bibliography.html">ÂÉÂÌÉÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ</ulink>,
    ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÓÔÏÉÔ ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÏÄÙÓËÁÔØ ËÎÉÇÕ ÐÏ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>

</qandaset>

</chapter>


<chapter id="install">
<chapterinfo>
  <author>
    <firstname>Nik</firstname>
    <surname>Clayton</surname>
    <affiliation>
      <address><email>nik@FreeBSD.org</email></address>
    </affiliation>
  </author>
</chapterinfo>

<title>õÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ</title>

<qandaset>
<qandaentry>
  <question id="floppy-download">
    <para>ëÁËÏÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÓËÁÞÁÔØ ÄÌÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÏ ×ÙÈÏÄÁ × Ó×ÅÔ ÒÅÌÉÚÁ FreeBSD 3.1 ÄÌÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ×ÁÍ ÂÙÌ ÎÕÖÅÎ ÔÏÌØËÏ
    ÏÄÉÎ ÆÁÊÌ Ó ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ, <filename>floppies/boot.flp</filename>.
    ïÄÎÁËÏ, ÎÁÞÉÎÁÑ Ó ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 3.1, ×Ï FreeBSD ÂÙÌÁ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÁ ÂÁÚÏ×ÁÑ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ
    ÄÌÑ ÏÞÅÎØ ÛÉÒÏËÏÇÏ ÓÐÅËÔÒÁ ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, ÞÔÏ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔ ÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÂÏÌØÛÅÇÏ
    ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÄÌÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ FreeBSD ×ÅÒÓÉÊ 3.x É 4.x
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ Ä×Á ÏÂÒÁÚÁ ÄÉÓËÅÔ, ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÉÅÓÑ × ÆÁÊÌÁÈ
    <filename>floppies/kernel.flp</filename> É
    <filename>floppies/mfsroot.flp</filename>.  üÔÉ ÏÂÒÁÚÙ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÅÒÅÎÅÓÔÉ ÎÁ
    ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÔÁËÉÈ ÕÔÉÌÉÔ, ËÁË <command>fdimage</command> ÉÌÉ
    &man.dd.1;.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÓËÁÞÁÔØ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ× ÓÁÍÏÓÔÏÑÔÅÌØÎÏ (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÄÌÑ
    ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ Ó ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ DOS), ×ÏÔ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÏ×ÁÎÎÙÈ ÞÁÓÔÅÊ 
    ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×Á:</para>
 
  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>bin/</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>manpages/</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>compat*/</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>doc/</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>src/ssys.*</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  <para>ðÏÌÎÙÅ ÉÎÓÔÒÕËÃÉÉ ÐÏ ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÅ É Ï ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÅ ×ÏÏÂÝÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ
    ÎÁÊÔÉ × <ulink URL="/ru/handbook/install.html">ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ</ulink>
    òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á, ÐÏÓ×ÑÝ£ÎÎÏÍ ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÑÃÉÉ FreeBSD.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="floppy-image-too-large">
    <para>ðÏÍÏÇÉÔÅ! úÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÎÅ ÐÏÍÅÝÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅÔÕ!</para>
  </question><answer>

  <para>îÁ ÄÉÓËÅÔÕ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏÍ 3.5 ÄÀÊÍÁ (1.44íÂ) ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔØÓÑ
    1474560 ÂÁÊÔ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ. ïÂÒÁÚ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÒÏ×ÎÏ 1474560 ÂÁÊÔ.</para>

  <para>ôÉÐÉÞÎÙÅ ÏÛÉÂËÉ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÄÇÏÔÏ×ËÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÏÊ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ:</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>ïÂÒÁÚ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ ÂÙÌ ÚÁÇÒÕÖÅÎ ÐÏ FTP ÎÅ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ
        <emphasis>binary</emphasis>.</para>

      <para>îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ËÌÉÅÎÔÓËÉÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ FTP ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ
        ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÙÊ (<emphasis>ascii</emphasis>) ÒÅÖÉÍ ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÉ É ÐÙÔÁÀÔÓÑ
        ÐÏÍÅÎÑÔØ ×ÓÅ ÐÒÉÎÑÔÙÅ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏ× "ËÏÎÅà ÓÔÒÏËÉ" ÎÁ 
        ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÅ ÉÍ × ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ. ÷ ÔÁËÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÏÂÒÁÚ
        ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÎÅÉÚÂÅÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÒÞÅÎ. ðÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ
        ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ: ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎ ÎÅ <emphasis>ÔÏÞÎÏ</emphasis> ÔÁËÏÊ ÖÅ,
        ËÁË ÎÁ FTP-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÅ, ÔÏ ÏÛÉÂËÁ ÐÒÏÉÚÏÛÌÁ, ÓËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, × ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ
        ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÉ.</para>

      <para>÷Ï ÉÚÂÅÖÁÎÉÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ××ÅÄÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <emphasis>binary</emphasis> ×
        ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ FTP ÐÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ×Ù ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÕ, ÎÏ ÄÏ
        ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ÎÁÞÁÌÉ ÓËÁÞÉ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>äÌÑ ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÁ ÏÂÒÁÚÁ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅÔÕ ÂÙÌÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ DOS
        <command>copy</command> (ÉÌÉ Å£ ÁÎÁÌÏÇ Ó ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÍ
        ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÏÍ).</para>

      <para>ðÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÔÉÐÁ <command>copy</command> ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ Ó ÏÂÒÁÚÁÍÉ
        ÄÉÓËÅÔ, ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÎÙÍÉ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ. ïÂÒÁÚ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÐÏÌÎÏÅ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÅ
        ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ, ÄÏÒÏÖËÁ ÚÁ ÄÏÒÏÖËÏÊ, É ÎÅ ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÍÅÝÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ
        ÄÉÓËÅÔÕ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÏÂÙÞÎÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ. ÷ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÐÅÒÅÎÅÓÔÉ ÅÇÏ
        ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅÔÕ <quote>ÎÅÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ</quote>, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ ÎÉÚËÏÕÒÏ×ÎÅ×ÙÅ
        ÓÒÅÄÓÔ×Á (ÔÁËÉÅ, ËÁË <command>fdimage</command> ÉÌÉ
        <command>rawrite</command>), ÏÐÉÓÁÎÎÙÅ × <ulink
        URL="/ru/handbook/install.html">òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Å</ulink>.</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="install-instructions-location">
    <para>çÄÅ ÉÎÓÔÒÕËÃÉÉ ÐÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÅ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>éÎÓÔÒÕËÃÉÉ ÐÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÎÁÊÄÅÎÙ ×
    <ulink URL="/ru/handbook/install.html">ÇÌÁ×Å</ulink>
    òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á, ÐÏÓ×ÑÝ£ÎÎÏÍ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÅ FreeBSD.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="need-to-run">
    <para>þÔÏ ÍÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÉÍÅÔØ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ÁÍ ÎÕÖÅÎ ÐÅÒÓÏÎÁÌØÎÙÊ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒ ÎÅ ÎÉÖÅ 386, Ó 5 ÉÌÉ ÂÏÌÅÅ
    ÍÅÇÁÂÁÊÔÁÍÉ ïúõ É ÐÏ ËÒÁÊÎÅÊ ÍÅÒÅ 60í Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á ÎÁ
    ×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒÅ.  óÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ÄÅÛ£×ÙÍ ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÍ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏÍ MDA,
    ÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ X11R6, ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÁ VGA
    ÉÌÉ ÌÕÞÛÅ.</para>

  <para>ðÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÔÁËÖÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ
    <xref linkend="hardware" remap="áÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÁÑ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÏÓÔØ">.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="four-meg-ram-install">
    <para>õ ÍÅÎÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ 4í ïúõ. óÍÏÇÕ ÌÉ Ñ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>FreeBSD 2.1.7 ÂÙÌÁ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÊ ×ÅÒÓÉÅÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÂÙÌÏ
    ÐÒÏÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ Ó 4í ïúõ. âÏÌÅÅ ÎÏ×ÙÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ FreeBSD,
    ÔÉÐÁ 2.2, ÔÒÅÂÕÀÔ ÐÏ ËÒÁÊÎÅÊ ÍÅÒÅ 5í ïúõ ÄÌÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ.</para>

  <para>÷ÓÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ FreeBSD, ×ËÌÀÞÁÑ 3.0, ÂÕÄÕÔ <emphasis>ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ</emphasis> ÎÁ
    4í ïúõ, ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÎÁ 4í ÎÅÌØÚÑ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÑÃÉÏÎÎÕÀ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ. ÷Ù
    ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÕÀ ÐÁÍÑÔØ ÄÌÑ ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÑÃÉÉ, ÅÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ
    ÜÔÏ ÎÕÖÎÏ, Á ÐÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÁ É ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÁ,
    ×ÅÒÎÕÔØÓÑ Ë ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ Ó 4íÂ. éÌÉ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔØ ×ÁÛ ÄÉÓË
    Ë ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÕ Ó ïúõ, ÂÏÌØÛÉÍ ÞÅÍ 4íÂ, ÐÒÏÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ É
    ÐÅÒÅÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÄÉÓË ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏ.</para>

  <para>åÓÔØ ÅÝ£ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÐÒÉÞÉÎ, ÐÏ ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ FreeBSD 2.1.7 ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ
    ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÔØÓÑ Ó 4íÂ. á ÉÍÅÎÎÏ: ÏÎÁ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÔØÓÑ
    ÎÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ Ó 640ë ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ É 3í ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ. åÓÌÉ ×ÁÛÁ
    ÍÁÔÅÒÉÎÓËÁÑ ÐÌÁÔÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÁÔØ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÕÀ <quote>ÐÏÔÅÒÑÎÎÕÀ</quote>
    ÐÁÍÑÔØ ÉÚ ÏÂÌÁÓÔÉ 640ëÂ × ÏÂÌÁÓÔØ 1íÂ, ÔÏÇÄÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ, ×Ù
    ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ FreeBSD 2.1.7.</para>

  <para>ðÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ×ÏÊÔÉ × ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÕ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ BIOS É ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ
    <quote>ÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÅÎÉÑ</quote> (remap).  ÷ËÌÀÞÉÔÅ ÅÇÏ.  íÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ, ÅÝ£
    ÐÏÎÁÄÏÂÉÔÓÑ ×ÙËÌÀÞÉÔØ ÔÅÎÅ×ÏÅ ðúõ (ROM shadowing).</para>

  <para>íÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ, ÓÁÍÏÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÏÅ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ - ÎÁÊÔÉ ÅÝÅ 4í ÎÁ ×ÒÅÍÑ
    ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÑÃÉÉ. ïÔËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÑÄÒÏ ÔÏÌØËÏ Ó ÔÅÍÉ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁÍÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ
    ÎÕÖÎÙ É ÚÁÔÅÍ ÕÂÅÒÉÔÅ 4íÂ.</para>

  <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÒÏÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ×ÅÒÓÉÀ 2.0.5, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ
    ÏÂÎÏ×ÉÔØ ×ÁÛÕ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÄÏ 2.1.7 Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÐÕÎËÔÁ <quote>upgrade</quote>
    ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÑÃÉÉ 2.1.7.</para>

  <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ÑÄÒÏ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ
    ÎÁ 4íÂ. ëÔÏ-ÔÏ ÄÁÖÅ ÕÍÕÄÒÑÌÓÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÖÁÔØÓÑ Ó 2í (ÈÏÔÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ
    × ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÍ ÂÙÌÁ ÎÅÒÁÂÏÔÏÓÐÏÓÏÂÎÁ :-))</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="custom-boot-floppy">
    <para>ëÁË ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÏÒÉÇÉÎÁÌØÎÕÀ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÕÀ ÄÉÓËÅÔÕ?</para>
  </question><answer>

  <para>÷ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÉÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÎÅÔ <emphasis>ÐÒÏÓÔÏÇÏ</emphasis> ÓÐÏÓÏÂÁ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ
    ÏÒÉÇÉÎÁÌØÎÕÀ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÕÀ ÄÉÓËÅÔÕ.  ÷ÁÍ ÐÒÉÄ£ÔÓÑ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÒÅÌÉÚ
    ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ, ×ËÌÀÞÁÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÕÀ ÄÉÓËÅÔÕ.</para>

  <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÏÒÉÇÉÎÁÌØÎÙÊ ÒÅÌÉÚ, ÓÌÅÄÕÊÔÅ ÉÎÓÔÒÕËÃÉÑÍ <link
    linkend="custrel">ÚÄÅÓØ</link>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="multiboot">
    <para>íÏÇÕ ÌÉ Ñ ÉÍÅÔØ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÞÅÍ ÏÄÎÕ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÎÁ ÍÏ£Í PC?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ÚÇÌÑÎÉÔÅ ÎÁ ÜÔÏ <ulink
    URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/tutorials/multi-os/">ÒÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Ï</ulink>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="windows-coexist">
    <para>íÏÖÅÔ ÌÉ Windows 95/98 ÓÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ Ó FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>óÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ Windows 95/98, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ FreeBSD.  íÅÎÅÄÖÅÒ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ
    FreeBSD ÂÕÄÅÔ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÑÔØ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÍ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ Win95/98 ÉÌÉ FreeBSD.  åÓÌÉ
    ÐÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ×Ù ÅÝ£ ÒÁÚ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÕ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ Windows 95/98, ÔÏ ÐÒÉ
    ÜÔÏÍ ÍÅÎÅÄÖÅÒ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÇÒÕÂÏ ÕÄÁÌ£Î.  åÓÌÉ ÔÁËÏÅ ÓÌÕÞÉÔÓÑ, ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ
    Ë ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍÕ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="win95-damaged-boot-manager">
    <para>Windows 95/98 ÕÎÉÞÔÏÖÉÌÁ ÍÏÊ ÍÅÎÅÄÖÅÒ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ! ëÁË ÍÎÅ ÅÇÏ
      ×ÅÒÎÕÔØ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÅÒÅÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÍÅÎÅÄÖÅÒ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ FreeBSD ÔÒÅÍÑ
    ÓÐÏÓÏÂÁÍÉ:</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>úÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ DOS, ÐÅÒÅÊÄÉÔÅ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ tools/ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×Á
        FreeBSD É ÎÁÊÄÉÔÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ <filename>bootinst.exe</filename>.
        úÁÐÕÓÔÉÔŠţ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ:</para>

      <screen>
<prompt>...\TOOLS&gt;</prompt> <userinput>bootinst.exe boot.bin</userinput>
      </screen>

      <para>É ÍÅÎÅÄÖÅÒ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÅÒÅÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>úÁÇÒÕÚÉÔÅÓØ Ó ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÏÞÎÏÊ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ FreeBSD É ÐÅÒÅÊÄÉÔÅ × ÍÅÎÀ
        ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ Custom install.  ÷ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ ÐÕÎËÔ Partition.  ÷ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ
        ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï, ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÁÇÁÔØÓÑ ÄÌÑ ×ÁÛ ÍÅÎÅÄÖÅÒÁ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ
        (ÜÔÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÁÍÙÊ ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ÄÉÓË) É ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÐÅÒÅÊÄÅÔÅ Ë ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÀ
        ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×, ÐÅÒ×ÙÍ ÄÅÌÏÍ (ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ ÅÝ£ ÎÅ ÄÅÌÁÑ ÎÉËÁËÉÈ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÊ)
        ×ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ (W)rite.  ðÏÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ÚÁÐÒÏÓ ÎÁ ÐÏÄÔ×ÅÒÖÄÅÎÉÅ, ÏÔ×ÅÔØÔÅ yes,
        É ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÐÏÐÁÄ£ÔÅ × ÍÅÎÀ ×ÙÂÏÒÁ ÍÅÎÅÄÖÅÒÁ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ, ×ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ 
        ÐÕÎËÔ <quote>Boot Manager</quote>.  íÅÎÅÄÖÅÒ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÂÕÄÅÔ
        ÐÅÒÅÐÉÓÁÎ ÎÁ ÄÉÓË.  ôÅÐÅÒØ ÎÕÖÎÏ ×ÙÊÔÉ ÉÚ ÍÅÎÀ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ É ÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔØÓÑ
        Ó ×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒÁ ËÁË ÏÂÙÞÎÏ.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>úÁÇÒÕÚÉÔÅÓØ Ó ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÏÞÎÏÊ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ (ÉÌÉ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÁ) FreeBSD É
        ÎÁÊÄÉÔÅ ÐÕÎËÔ ÍÅÎÀ <quote>Fixit</quote>.  ÷ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ Fixit floppy ÉÌÉ
        CDROM #2 (<quote>ÖÉ×ÁÑ</quote> ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ) ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ
        ×ÁÛÅÍÕ ÓÌÕÞÁÀ É ×Ù ÏËÁÖÅÔÅÓØ × ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ.
        ôÅÐÅÒØ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

      <screen>
<prompt>Fixit#</prompt> <userinput>fdisk -B -b /boot/boot0 <replaceable>bootdevice</replaceable></userinput>
      </screen>

      <para></para>

      <para>ÐÏÄÓÔÁ×É× ×ÍÅÓÔÏ <replaceable>bootdevice</replaceable> ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ
        ÒÅÁÌØÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÇÏ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ,
        <devicename>ad0</devicename> (ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ÄÉÓË IDE),
        <devicename>ad4</devicename> (ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ÄÉÓË IDE ÎÁ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÍ
        ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÅ), <devicename>da0</devicename> (ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ÄÉÓË SCSI) É
        ÔÏÍÕ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÏÅ.</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="boot-on-thinkpad">
    <para>îÁ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁÈ IBM Thinkpad ÓÅÒÉÊ A, T É X ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ
      ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ, ÎÏ ÐÒÉ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ÚÁ×ÉÓÁÀÔ.  ëÁË
      ÍÏÖÎÏ ÏÔ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÉÚÂÁ×ÉÔØÓÑ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>éÚ-ÚÁ ÏÛÉÂËÉ × ÐÅÒ×ÙÈ ×ÅÒÓÉÑÈ BIOS ÏÔ IBM ÒÁÚÄÅÌ FreeBSD ÎÁ ÜÔÉÈ
    ÍÁÛÉÎÁÈ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁÅÔÓÑ ËÁË ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÊ ÓÌÕÖÅÂÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ FAT ÄÌÑ ÒÅÖÉÍÁ
    ÓÎÁ.  ëÏÇÄÁ BIOS ÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ FreeBSD, ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ
    ÚÁ×ÉÓÁÎÉÅ.</para>

  <para>óÏÇÌÁÓÎÏ IBM<footnote> <para>ðÉÓØÍÏ ÏÔ Keith Frechette
    <email>kfrechet@us.ibm.com</email>.</para></footnote>, ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ
    ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÏ × ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÒÅÌÉÚÙ ÍÏÄÅÌÅÊ/BIOS.</para>

  <informaltable frame="none">
  <tgroup cols="2">
  <thead>
    <row>
      <entry>íÏÄÅÌØ</entry>
      <entry>îÏÍÅÒ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ BIOS</entry>
    </row>
  </thead>

  <tbody>
    <row>
      <entry>T20</entry>
      <entry>IYET49WW É ×ÙÛÅ</entry>
    </row>

    <row>
      <entry>T21</entry>
      <entry>KZET22WW É ×ÙÛÅ</entry>
    </row>

    <row>
      <entry>A20p</entry>
      <entry>IVET62WW É ×ÙÛÅ</entry>
    </row>

    <row>
      <entry>A20m</entry>
      <entry>IWET54WW É ×ÙÛÅ</entry>
    </row>

    <row>
      <entry>A21p</entry>
      <entry>KYET27WW É ×ÙÛÅ</entry>
    </row>

    <row>
      <entry>A21m</entry>
      <entry>KXET24WW É ×ÙÛÅ</entry>
    </row>

    <row>
      <entry>A21e</entry>
      <entry>KUET30WW</entry>
    </row>
  </tbody>
  </tgroup>
  </informaltable>

  <para>óÏÏÂÝÁÌÏÓØ, ÞÔÏ × ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÚÄÎÉÈ ×ÅÒÓÉÑÈ BIOS ÏÔ IBM ÜÔÁ ÏÛÉÂËÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ
    ÐÏÑ×ÉÔØÓÑ ÓÎÏ×Á.  <ulink
    url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/getmsg.cgi?fetch=200565+208320+/usr/local/www/db/text/2001/freebsd-mobile/20010429.freebsd-mobile">üÔÏ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ</ulink>
    ÏÔ Jacques Vidrine × &a.mobile;
    ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÕ, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÍÏÞØ, ÅÓÌÉ ×ÁÛ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÌÁÐÔÏÐ
    ÏÔ IBM ÎÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÖÁÅÔ FreeBSD, É ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ BIOS..</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ BIOS ÂÏÌÅÅ ÒÁÎÎÅÊ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ É ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ ×ÁÓ ÎÅ
    ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÍ, ÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÏÂÏÊÔÉ, ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×É× FreeBSD, ÉÚÍÅÎÉ×
    ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÊ FreeBSD É ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×É× ÎÏ×ÙÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÙÅ
    ÂÌÏËÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÍÉ ID ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×.</para>

  <para>÷Ï-ÐÅÒ×ÙÈ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÒÉ×ÅÓÔÉ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒ × ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÏÎ
    ÐÒÏÈÏÄÉÔ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÜËÒÁÎ ÓÁÍÏÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.  äÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ
    ÍÁÛÉÎÕ, ÎÅ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÑ ÅÊ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ FreeBSD ÎÁ ×ÅÄÕÝÅÍ ÄÉÓËÅ.  ïÄÎÉÍ
    ÉÚ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏ× ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÉÚ×ÌÅÞÅÎÉÅ ×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒÁ É ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÅ
    ÅÇÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ ÎÁ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÓÔÁÒÙÊ ThinkPad (ÔÁËÏÊ, ËÁË ThinkPad 600) ÉÌÉ
    ÎÁÓÔÏÌØÎÙÊ ðë Ó ÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÝÉÍ ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÎÙÍ ËÁÂÅÌÅÍ.  úÄÅÓØ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
    ÕÄÁÌÉÔØ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ FreeBSD É ×ÅÒÎÕÔØ ÄÉÓË ÎÁ ÍÅÓÔÏ.  ThinkPad ÄÏÌÖÅÎ
    ÚÁÇÒÕÖÁÔØÓÑ ÓÎÏ×Á.</para>

  <para>ó ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÅÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÏÊ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÕ, ÏÐÉÓÁÎÎÕÀ
    ÚÄÅÓØ, ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÒÁÂÏÞÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ FreeBSD.</para>

  <procedure>
    <step>
      <para>óÇÒÕÚÉÔÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ <filename>boot1</filename> É
        <filename>boot2</filename> ÐÏ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ <ulink
        url="http://people.freebsd.org/~bmah/ThinkPad/">
        http://people.freebsd.org/~bmah/ThinkPad/</ulink>.  ðÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ÜÔÉ
        ÆÁÊÌÙ ËÕÄÁ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ, ÏÔËÕÄÁ ×Ù ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÈ ÐÏÔÏÍ ×ÚÑÔØ.</para>
    </step>

    <step>
      <para>õÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ FreeBSD ÏÂÙÞÎÙÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ ÎÁ ThinkPad.  <emphasis>îÅ
        ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ</emphasis> ÒÅÖÉÍ <literal>Dangerously
        Dedicated</literal>.  <emphasis>îÅ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÖÁÊÔÅÓØ</emphasis>
        ÐÏÓÌÅ ÏËÏÎÞÁÎÉÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ.</para>
    </step>

    <step>
      <para>ðÅÒÅËÌÀÞÉÔÅÓØ × ÜËÒÁÎ <quote>Emergency Holographic
        Shell</quote> (<keycombo><keycap>ALT</keycap>
        <keycap>F4</keycap></keycombo>) ÉÌÉ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÕ
        <quote>fixit</quote>.</para>
    </step>

    <step>
      <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ &man.fdisk.8; ÄÌÑ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒÁ
        ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ FreeBSD ÓÏ <literal>165</literal> ÎÁ <literal>166</literal>
        (ÜÔÏÔ ÔÉÐ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ × OpenBSD).</para>
    </step>

    <step>
      <para>ðÅÒÅÐÉÛÉÔÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ <filename>boot1</filename> É
        <filename>boot2</filename> ÎÁ ÌÏËÁÌØÎÕÀ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ.</para>
    </step>

    <step>
      <para>äÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ <filename>boot1</filename> É
        <filename>boot2</filename> ÎÁ ÓÌÁÊÓ Ó FreeBSD ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ
        ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ &man.disklabel.8;.</para>

      <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>disklabel -B -b boot1 -s boot2 ad0s<replaceable>n</replaceable></userinput>
      </screen>

      <para>úÄÅÓØ <replaceable>n</replaceable> ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ ÎÏÍÅÒ ÓÌÁÊÓÁ,
        × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÁ FreeBSD.</para>
    </step>

    <step>
      <para>÷ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ÐÅÒÅÁÇÒÕÚËÕ.  ÷ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉËÁ ×ÁÍ ÂÕÄÅÔ
        ÄÁÎ ×ÙÂÏÒ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ <literal>OpenBSD</literal>.  îÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ
        ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÚÁÇÒÕÖÁÅÔÓÑ FreeBSD.</para>
    </step>
  </procedure>

  <para>óÌÕÞÁÊ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÖÁÔØ OpenBSD É FreeBSD ÎÁ ÏÄÎÏÍ É
    ÔÏÍ ÖÅ ÌÜÐÔÏÐÅ ÏÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎ ÞÉÔÁÔÅÌÀ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÕÐÒÁÖÎÅÎÉÑ.</para>
  </answer>

</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="install-bad-blocks">
    <para>íÏÖÎÏ ÌÉ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔØ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÕ ÎÁ ÄÉÓË Ó ÐÏ×ÒÅÖÄ£ÎÎÙÍÉ
      ÂÌÏËÁÍÉ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÏ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 3.0 × ÐÏÓÔÁ×ËÕ FreeBSD ×ËÌÀÞÁÌÁÓØ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ, ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÁÑ ÐÏÄ
    ÉÍÅÎÅÍ <command>bad144</command>, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÉÌÁ
    ÐÏ×ÒÅÖÄ£ÎÎÙÅ ÂÌÏËÉ.  ôÁË ËÁË ÓÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÅ ÄÉÓËÉ Ó ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÏÍ IDE ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÀÔ
    ÜÔÕ ÆÕÎËÃÉÀ ÓÁÍÏÓÔÏÑÔÅÌØÎÏ, ÔÏ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ <command>bad144</command> ÂÙÌÁ
    ÕÄÁÌÅÎÁ ÉÚ ÄÅÒÅ×Á ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ× FreeBSD.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÓÏÂÉÒÁÅÔÅÓØ
    ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÔØ FreeBSD 3.0 É ×ÙÛÅ, ÔÏ ÍÙ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÔÅÌØÎÏ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÍ ÐÒÉÏÂÒÅÓÔÉ
    ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÄÉÓË.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÎÅ ÓÏÂÉÒÁÅÔÅÓØ, ÔÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÊÔÅ
    FreeBSD 2.x.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÒÞÅÎÎÙÅ ÂÌÏËÉ ÎÁ ÓÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÍ ÄÉÓËÅ IDE, ÔÏ
    ×ÅÓØÍÁ ×ÅÒÏÑÔÎÏ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎ ÓËÏÒÏ ×ÙÊÄÅÔ ÉÚ ÓÔÒÏÑ ÓÏ×ÓÅÍ (ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÁÑ
    ÓÐÏÓÏÂÎÏÓÔØ ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÉÔØ ÉÓÐÏÒÞÅÎÎÙÅ ÂÌÏËÉ ÉÓÞÅÒÐÁÎÁ, ÞÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ ÏÞÅÎØ
    ÂÏÌØÛÕÀ ÐÏÒÞÕ ÐÏ×ÅÒÈÎÏÓÔÉ); ÍÙ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÍ ÐÒÉÏÂÒÅÓÔÉ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÄÉÓË.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÐÏ×ÒÅÖÄ£ÎÎÙÅ ÂÌÏËÉ ÎÁÈÏÄÑÔÓÑ ÎÁ SCSI ÄÉÓËÅ, ×ÚÇÌÑÎÉÔÅ ÎÁ <link
    linkend="awre">ÔÁËÏÅ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ</link>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="boot-floppy-strangeness">
    <para>óÔÒÁÎÎÙÅ ×ÅÝÉ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÑÔ ÐÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ Ó ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÑÃÉÏÎÎÏÇÏ
      ÄÉÓËÁ!</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ×ÉÄÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ ÚÁ×ÉÓÁÅÔ ÉÌÉ ÎÅÏÖÉÄÁÎÎÏ 
    ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÖÁÅÔÓÑ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÐÙÔÁÅÔÅÓØ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔØÓÑ Ó ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÏÞÎÏÊ
    ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÚÁÄÁÔØ ÓÅÂÅ ÔÒÉ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÁ:-</para>

  <orderedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>÷Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÎÏ×ÕÀ, ÔÏÌØËÏ ÞÔÏ ÏÔÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÕÀ ÄÉÓËÅÔÕ
        (ÐÒÅÄÐÏÞÔÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÎÅÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÎÕÀ ÐÒÑÍÏ ÉÚ ËÏÒÏÂËÉ, Á ÎÅ ÔÕ, ÞÔÏ
        ÐÒÉÛÌÁ Ó ÐÏÐÕÌÑÒÎÙÍ ÖÕÒÎÁÌÏÍ É ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÅ ÔÒÉ ÇÏÄÁ ÐÒÏ×ÁÌÑÌÁÓØ ÐÏÄ
        ÄÉ×ÁÎÏÍ)?</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>÷Ù ÓËÁÞÁÌÉ ÏÂÒÁÚ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ × Ä×ÏÉÞÎÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ?
        (ÎÅ ÓÍÕÝÁÊÔÅÓØ, ÄÁÖÅ ÌÕÞÛÉÅ ÉÚ ÎÁÓ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÏÔ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ ÓËÁÞÉ×ÁÀÔ
        Ä×ÏÉÞÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ASCII!)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ Windows95 ÉÌÉ Win98, ÕÄÏÓÔÏ×ÅÒØÔÅÓØ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù
        ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÅ <command>fdimage</command> ÉÌÉ <command>rawrite</command>
        × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ÞÉÓÔÏÇÏ DOS?  üÔÉ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÍÏÇÕÔ ×ÌÉÑÔØ ÎÁ
        ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ, ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÉÅ ÎÅÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ Ó ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ, ÞÔÏ É ÄÅÌÁÅÔ
        ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÏÞÎÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ; ÄÁÖÅ ÚÁÐÕÓË ÉÚ DOS ×
        ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÙÚ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ.</para>
    </listitem>
  </orderedlist>

  <para>åÓÔØ Ó×ÅÄÅÎÉÑ, ÞÔÏ Netscape ×ÙÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ÐÒÉ ÓËÁÞÉ×ÁÎÉÉ
    ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÌÕÞÛÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÕÀ
    ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ FTP, ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎÁ Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="no-install-cdrom">
    <para>ñ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÌÓÑ Ó ATAPI CDROM, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ÓÏÏÂÝÉÌÁ, ÞÔÏ
      CDROM ÎÅ ÎÁÊÄÅÎ.  ëÕÄÁ ÏÎ ÐÏÄÅ×ÁÌÓÑ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ïÂÙÞÎÏÊ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÏÊ ×ÏÚÎÉËÎÏ×ÅÎÉÑ ÔÁËÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ
    ÓËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄ CDROM.  ôÅÐÅÒØ ÚÁÞÁÓÔÕÀ ðë ÐÒÏÄÁÀÔÓÑ Ó CDROM,
    ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÙÍ ËÁË ×ÅÄÏÍÏÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÎÁ ×ÔÏÒÏÍ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÅ IDE, ÎÏ ÂÅÚ
    ×ÅÄÕÝÅÇÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÎÁ ÜÔÏÍ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÅ.  óÏÇÌÁÓÎÏ ÓÐÅÃÉÆÉËÁÃÉÉ ATAPI,
    ÔÁËÁÑ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÑ ÎÅ×ÅÒÎÁ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ Windows × ÔÁËÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ×Ó£ ÖÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ,
    É BIOS ÉÇÎÏÒÉÒÕÅÔ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ.  ÷ÏÔ ÐÏÞÅÍÕ BIOS ÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÉÄÅÔØ CDROM
    ÐÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ, Á FreeBSD ÄÌÑ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ - ÎÅÔ.</para>

  <para>ðÅÒÅËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÕÊÔÅ ×ÁÛÕ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÔÁË, ÞÔÏÂÙ CDROM ÏËÁÚÁÌÓÑ ÌÉÂÏ
    ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÍ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÏÍ ÎÁ ÔÏÍ IDE-ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÅ, ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÏÎ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ,
    ÌÉÂÏ ×ÅÄÏÍÙÍ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÏÍ ÎÁ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÅ IDE, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÉÍÅÅÔ ×ÅÄÕÝÅÅ
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="cannot-install-tape">
    <para>ðÏÍÏÇÉÔÅ! îÅ ÍÏÇÕ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ Ó ÌÅÎÔÙ!</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÕÅÔÅ 2.1.7R Ó ÌÅÎÔÙ, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ
    ÌÅÎÔÕ Ó ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏÍ ÂÌÏËÁ tar, ÒÁ×ÎÙÍ 10 (5120 ÂÁÊÔ). òÁÚÍÅÒ
    ÂÌÏËÁ tar ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÒÁ×ÅÎ 20 (10240 ÂÁÊÔ), ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÌÅÎÔÙ,
    ÓÏÚÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÓÏ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙÍ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏÍ ÂÌÏËÁ, ÎÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÙ
    ÄÌÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ 2.1.7R; ×Ù ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ Ï ÏÛÉÂËÅ, ÇÏ×ÏÒÑÝÅÅ,
    ÞÔÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÂÏÌØÛÏÊ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="install-PLIP">
    <para>íÏÖÎÏ ÌÉ Ñ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÎÁ ÌÜÐÔÏÐ ÞÅÒÅÚ PLIP (Parallel
      Line IP)?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÉÔØ Ä×Á ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ ÐÁÒÁÌÌÅÌØÎÙÍ ËÁÂÅÌÅÍ
    Laplink ÏÓÏÂÙÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ.</para>

  <table>
    <title>óÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ ÐÁÒÁÌÌÅÌØÎÏÇÏ ËÁÂÅÌÑ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÓÅÔØÀ</title>

    <tgroup cols="5">
      <thead>
        <row>
          <entry>A-name</entry>

          <entry>A-End</entry>

          <entry>B-End</entry>

          <entry>Descr.</entry>

          <entry>Post/Bit</entry>
        </row>
      </thead>

      <tbody>
        <row>
          <entry><literallayout>DATA0
-ERROR</literallayout></entry>

          <entry><literallayout>2
15</literallayout></entry>

          <entry><literallayout>15
2</literallayout></entry>

          <entry>Data</entry>

          <entry><literallayout>0/0x01
1/0x08</literallayout></entry>
        </row>

        <row>
          <entry><literallayout>DATA1
+SLCT</literallayout></entry>

          <entry><literallayout>3
13</literallayout></entry>

          <entry><literallayout>13
3</literallayout></entry>

          <entry>Data</entry>

          <entry><literallayout>0/0x02
1/0x10</literallayout></entry>
        </row>

        <row>
          <entry><literallayout>DATA2
+PE</literallayout></entry>

          <entry><literallayout>4
12</literallayout></entry>

          <entry><literallayout>12
4</literallayout></entry>

          <entry>Data</entry>

          <entry><literallayout>0/0x04
1/0x20</literallayout></entry>
        </row>

        <row>
          <entry><literallayout>DATA3
-ACK</literallayout></entry>

          <entry><literallayout>5
10</literallayout></entry>

          <entry><literallayout>10
5</literallayout></entry>

          <entry>Strobe</entry>

          <entry><literallayout>0/0x08
1/0x40</literallayout></entry>
        </row>

        <row>
          <entry><literallayout>DATA4
BUSY</literallayout></entry>

          <entry><literallayout>6
11</literallayout></entry>

          <entry><literallayout>11
6</literallayout></entry>

          <entry>Data</entry>

          <entry><literallayout>0/0x10
1/0x80</literallayout></entry>
        </row>

        <row>
          <entry>GND</entry>

          <entry>18-25</entry>

          <entry>18-25</entry>

          <entry>GND</entry>

          <entry>-</entry>
        </row>
      </tbody>
    </tgroup>
  </table>

  <para>ðÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÔÁËÖÅ <link linkend="pao">ÜÔÏ ÚÁÍÅÞÁÎÉÅ</link> ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ,
    ÐÏÓ×ÑÝ£ÎÎÏÊ ÍÏÂÉÌØÎÙÍ ×ÙÞÉÓÌÅÎÉÑÍ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="geometry">
    <para>ëÁËÉÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ÄÉÓËÁ Ñ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <note>
    <para>ðÏÄ <quote>ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁÍÉ</quote> ÄÉÓËÁ ÍÙ ÐÏÎÉÍÁÅÍ ÞÉÓÌÏ ÄÏÒÏÖÅË,
      ÇÏÌÏ×ÏË É ÓÅËÔÏÒÏ× ÎÁ ÄÏÒÏÖËÕ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅ, ÞÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÐÒÏÓÔÏÔÙ ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔÓÑ
      ËÁË C/H/S.  éÍÅÎÎÏ ÔÁË ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ BIOS ÐÅÒÓÏÎÁÌØÎÙÈ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÏ× ÐÒÉ ÞÔÅÎÉÉ
      ÉÌÉ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÄÉÓËÁ.</para>
  </note>

  <para>ðÏÈÏÖÅ, ÞÔÏ ÐÏ ËÁËÉÍ-ÔÏ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÁÍ ÜÔÏ ×ÙÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÎÅÄÏÒÁÚÕÍÅÎÉÊ.
    ðÒÅÖÄÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, <emphasis>ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉÅ</emphasis> ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ÄÉÓËÁ SCSI ÎÅ
    ÉÍÅÀÔ ÎÉËÁËÏÇÏ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ, ÔÁË ËÁË FreeBSD ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ × ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÈ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÈ
    ÂÌÏËÏ×.  æÁËÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÎÅÔ ÔÁËÏÇÏ ÐÏËÁÚÁÔÅÌÑ, ËÁË <emphasis>ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉÅ
    ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ</emphasis>, ÔÁË ËÁË ÐÌÏÔÎÏÓÔØ ÒÁÚÍÅÝÅÎÉÑ ÓÅËÔÏÒÏ× ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÁ ÐÏ
    ×ÓÅÍÕ ÄÉÓËÕ; ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÉ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÀÔ <emphasis>ÒÅÁÌØÎÙÍÉ</emphasis>
    ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉÍÉ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁÍÉ, ÅÓÔØ ÎÅ ÞÔÏ ÉÎÏÅ, ËÁË Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Ï.
    äÌÑ ÄÉÓËÏ× IDE, FreeBSD ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ × ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÈ C/H/S, ÎÏ ×Ï ×ÓÅÈ
    ÓÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ ÄÉÓËÁÈ ÏÎÉ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×Ù×ÁÀÔÓÑ ×Ï ×ÎÕÔÒÅÎÎÅÅ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ.</para>
  
  <para>éÍÅÀÔ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ <emphasis>ÌÏÇÉÞÅÓËÉÅ</emphasis> ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ - ÜÔÏ
    ÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÅÔ BIOS, ËÏÇÄÁ ÓÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÅÔ <quote>ËÁËÉÅ Õ ÔÅÂÑ
    ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ?</quote>, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÄÌÑ ÏÂÒÁÝÅÎÉÑ Ë ÄÉÓËÕ.  ôÁË ËÁË FreeBSD ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ BIOS
    ÐÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ, ÏÞÅÎØ ×ÁÖÎÏ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ×ÅÒÎÙÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ.  ÷ ÞÁÓÔÎÏÓÔÉ,
    ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅ ÎÁÈÏÄÑÔÓÑ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ, ÏÎÉ ÏÂÅ
    ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÉÍÅÔØ ÏÄÉÎÁËÏ×ÏÅ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ Ï ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁÈ ÄÉÓËÁ, ÉÎÁÞÅ
    ÓÅÒØ£ÚÎÙÅ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ÐÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ ÎÅÉÚÂÅÖÎÙ!</para>

  <para>÷ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÄÉÓËÏ× SCSI, ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ × ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ÔÏÇÏ,
    ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÁ ÌÉ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÎÏÊ ÔÒÁÎÓÌÑÃÉÉ ÎÁ ×ÁÛÅÍ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÅ
    (ÞÔÏ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔÓÑ ËÁË <quote>ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ ÄÉÓËÏ× DOS &gt;1GB</quote> ÉÌÉ
    ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ÐÏÈÏÖÅÅ).  åÓÌÉ ÜÔÁ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ×ÙËÌÀÞÅÎÁ, ÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ
    <replaceable>N</replaceable> ÄÏÒÏÖÅË, 64 ÇÏÌÏ×ËÉ É 32 ÓÅËÔÏÒÁ ÎÁ ÄÏÒÏÖËÕ,
    ÇÄÅ <replaceable>N</replaceable> - ÜÔÏ £ÍËÏÓÔØ
    ÄÉÓËÁ × ÍÅÇÁÂÁÊÔÁÈ. îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, 2çÂÁÊÔÎÙÊ ÄÉÓË ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÉÍÅÔØ 2048 
    ÄÏÒÏÖÅË, 64 ÇÏÌÏ×ËÉ É 32 ÓÅËÔÏÒÁ ÎÁ ÄÏÒÏÖËÕ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÔÒÁÎÓÌÑÃÉÑ <emphasis>×ËÌÀÞÅÎÁ</emphasis> (ÞÔÏ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ
    ÄÌÑ ÐÒÅÏÄÏÌÅÎÉÑ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ MSDOS) É £ÍËÏÓÔØ ÄÉÓËÁ ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÁÅÔ
    1çâ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ M ÄÏÒÏÖÅË, 63 ÓÅËÔÏÒÁ ÎÁ ÄÏÒÏÖËÕ (*ÎÅ* 64) É 255
    ÇÏÌÏ×ÏË, ÇÄÅ 'M' - ÜÔÏ ÏÂß£Í ÄÉÓËÁ × ÍÅÇÁÂÁÊÔÁÈ, ÐÏÄÅÌ£ÎÎÙÊ ÎÁ
    7.844238 (!).  ôÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ, ÎÁÛ ÄÉÓË ÏÂߣÍÏÍ 2çâ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÍÅÔØ 
    261 ÄÏÒÏÖËÕ, 63 ÓÅËÔÏÒÁ ÎÁ ÄÏÒÏÖËÕ É 255 ÇÏÌÏ×ÏË.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ Õ×ÅÒÅÎÙ, ÉÌÉ FreeBSD ÏÛÉÂÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÉ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÉ
    ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× ÄÉÓËÁ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ, ÓÁÍÙÊ ÐÒÏÓÔÏÊ ÓÐÏÓÏ ÒÅÛÉÔØ ÜÔÕ 
    ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÕ - ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅ ÍÁÌÅÎØËÉÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ DOS.  ðÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ
    ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ÄÉÓËÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØÓÑ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ (É ×Ù ×ÓÅÇÄÁ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
    ÕÄÁÌÉÔØ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ DOS × ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÅÇÏ
    ÓÏÈÒÁÎÉÔØ, ÉÌÉ ÏÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÅÇÏ ÄÌÑ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ÓÅÔÅ×ÙÈ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ× É ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÈ
    ×ÅÝÅÊ).</para>

  <para>ëÒÏÍÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÁÑ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ, ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÑÅÍÁÑ
    ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó FreeBSD, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ <filename>pfdisk.exe</filename>
    (ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ <filename>tools</filename> ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÁ Ó FreeBSD
    ÉÌÉ ÎÁ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÈ FTP-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁÈ), ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÌÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ
    ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÍÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍÉ,
    ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÎÙÍÉ ÎÁ ×ÁÛÅÍ ÄÉÓËÅ.  úÁÔÅÍ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÜÔÉ 
    ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ × ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="disk-divide-restrictions">
    <para>åÓÔØ ÌÉ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ ÒÁÚÂÉÅÎÉÅ ÄÉÓËÁ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÁ. ÷Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÕÂÅÄÉÔØÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÄÏ
    1024 ÄÏÒÏÖËÉ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏÂÙ BIOS ÍÏÇÌÁ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔØ Ó ÎÅÇÏ ÑÄÒÏ. (úÁÍÅÔØÔÅ,
    ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ BIOS ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ, Á ÎÅ FreeBSD).</para>

  <para>äÌÑ ÄÉÓËÁ SCSI, ÜÔÏ, ËÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ
    ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ × ÐÅÒ×ÙÈ 1024í (ÉÌÉ × ÐÅÒ×ÙÈ 4096íÂ,
    ÅÓÌÉ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎ ÒÅÖÉÍ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÎÏÊ ÔÒÁÎÓÌÑÃÉÉ - ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÉÊ
    ×ÏÐÒÏÓ).  äÌÑ ÄÉÓËÏ× IDE ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÒÁ×ÎÏ 504íÂ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="disk-manager">
    <para>óÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÁ ÌÉ FreeBSD Ó ÍÅÎÅÄÖÅÒÁÍÉ ÄÉÓËÏ×?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>FreeBSD ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁ£Ô Ontrack Disk Manager É ÄÏÐÕÓËÁÅÔ ÅÇÏ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ. äÒÕÇÉÅ ÍÅÎÅÄÖÅÒÙ ÄÉÓËÏ× ÎÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÉÓË Ó FreeBSD, ×ÁÍ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÅÎ
    ÍÅÎÅÄÖÅÒ ÄÉÓËÁ. ïÔËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÄÉÓË ÎÁ ÓÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á,
    ÓËÏÌØËÏ ÓÍÏÖÅÔ ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ BIOS (ÏÂÙÞÎÏ 504 ÍÅÇÁÂÁÊÔÁ). É
    FreeBSD ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁÅÔ, ÓËÏÌØËÏ ÍÅÓÔÁ Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ.
    åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÓÔÁÒÙÊ ÄÉÓË Ó ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÏÍ MFM, ×ÁÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ
    ÐÏÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÔÏÞÎÏ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ FreeBSD ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÈ
    ÄÏÒÏÖÅË.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ FreeBSD ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÎÏ Ó ÄÒÕÇÏÊ
    ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ, ÜÔÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ É ÂÅÚ ÍÅÎÅÄÖÅÒÁ ÄÉÓËÁ:
    ÕÄÏÓÔÏ×ÅÒØÔÅÓØ, ÞÔÏ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ FreeBSD É ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÄÌÑ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ
    ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÎÅ ×ÙÈÏÄÑÔ ÚÁ ÐÒÅÄÅÌÙ 1024 ÄÏÒÏÖËÉ. åÓÌÉ ×Ù
    ÂÕÄÅÔÅ ÏÓÔÏÒÏÖÎÙ, 20 ÍÅÇÁÂÁÊÔÎÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÂÕÄÅÔ
    ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="missing-os">
    <para>ðÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ FreeBSD ×ÙÄÁ£ÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ <errorname>Missing Operating
      System</errorname></para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>üÔÏ ËÌÁÓÓÉÞÅÓËÉÊ  ÓÌÕÞÁÊ, ËÏÇÄÁ FreeBSD É DOS ÉÌÉ ÄÒÕÇÁÑ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÁÑ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ËÏÎÆÌÉËÔÕÀÔ ÐÏ ÐÏ×ÏÄÕ <link linkend="geometry">ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ×</link>
    ÄÉÓËÁ.  ÷ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÅÒÅÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ FreeBSD, ÎÏ ÉÍÅÊÔÅ × ×ÉÄÕ, ÞÔÏ
    ÉÎÓÔÒÕËÃÉÉ, ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ×ÙÛÅ, ÐÏÍÏÇÁÀÔ ×ÓÅÇÄÁ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="stop-at-boot-manager">
    <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÑ ÍÅÎÅÄÖÅÒÁ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ <prompt>F?</prompt> ÎÉÞÅÇÏ ÎÅ
      ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>üÔÏ ÅÝ£ ÏÄÉÎ ÐÒÉÚÎÁË ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ, ÏÐÉÓÁÎÎÏÊ × ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÅÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ.
    ðÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ÄÉÓËÁ × BIOS É ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ FreeBSD, ÎÅ 
    ÓÏ×ÐÁÄÁÀÔ. åÓÌÉ ×ÁÛ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒ ÉÌÉ BIOS ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔ ÔÒÁÎÓÌÑÃÉÀ
    ÄÏÒÏÖÅË (ÞÁÓÔÏ ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÍÕÀ ËÁË <literal>&gt;1GB drive support</literal>),
    ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ ÜÔÕ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ É ÐÅÒÅÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ FreeBSD.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="need-complete-sources">
    <para>îÕÖÎÏ ÌÉ ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÔØ ×ÓÅ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÅ ÔÅËÓÔÙ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ ÏÂÝÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ, ÎÅÔ. ïÄÎÁËÏ ÍÙ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÔÅÌØÎÏ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÍ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ, ËÁË
    ÍÉÎÉÍÕÍ, ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÅ ÔÅËÓÔÙ ÎÁÂÏÒÁ <literal>base</literal>,
    ×ËÌÀÞÁÀÝÉÊ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ, ÚÄÅÓØ ÕÐÏÍÉÎÁÅÍÙÅ,
    É <literal>sys</literal>, × ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÙ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÅ ÔÅËÓÔÙ
    ÑÄÒÁ.  äÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×ÉÑ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ× ÎÅ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ, ÒÁÚ×Å
    ÞÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÑÄÒÁ &man.config.8;.  úÁ ÉÓËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅÍ
    ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ× ÑÄÒÁ, ÓÔÒÕËÔÕÒÁ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ× ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ
    ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÈ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ "ÔÏÌØËÏ ÄÌÑ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ" ÞÅÒÅÚ NFS É
    ËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ.  (éÚ-ÚÁ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÅ ÔÅËÓÔÙ ÑÄÒÁ ÍÙ
    ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÍ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÈ ÎÅ ÐÒÑÍÏ × <filename>/usr/src</filename>, Á ×
    ËÁËÏÊ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ Ó ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÉÞÅÓËÉÍÉ ÓÓÙÌËÁÍÉ ÄÌÑ ÄÕÂÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ
    ÓÔÒÕËÔÕÒÙ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ×.</para>

  <para>îÁÌÉÞÉÅ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ× ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÏÂÌÅÇÞÁÅÔ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ
    ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÁ ÎÁ ÎÏ×ÙÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ FreeBSD.</para>

  <para>äÌÑ ×ÙÂÏÒÁ ÐÏÄÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Á ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ
    ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÐÕÎËÔ ÍÅÎÀ Custom, ËÏÇÄÁ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÅÓØ × ÍÅÎÀ
    Distributions ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="need-kernel">
    <para>îÕÖÎÏ ÌÉ ÐÅÒÅËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÑÄÒÏ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÅ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÑÄÒÁ ×ÓÅÇÄÁ ÂÙÌÏ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÙÍ ÛÁÇÏÍ ÐÒÉ
    ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÅ FreeBSD, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÅ ÒÅÌÉÚÙ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÔ ÂÏÌÅÅ
    ÄÒÕÖÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÊ ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ. ÷ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ
    ÎÁ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉËÁ FreeBSD (boot:) ××ÅÄÉÔÅ <option>-c</option> É ×Ù 
    ÐÏÐÁÄ£ÔÅ × ÜËÒÁÎ ×ÉÚÕÁÌØÎÏÊ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ 
    ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ÑÄÒÁ ÄÌÑ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Á ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ× ISA.</para>
  
  <para>ïÄÎÁËÏ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ÐÏÔÏÍ ×Ù ×Ó£ ÖÅ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÉÔÅ ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ,
    ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÅÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÔÅ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÙ, ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ,
    ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÜËÏÎÏÍÉÔØ ÎÅÍÎÏÇÏ ïúõ, ÈÏÔÑ ÄÌÑ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Á ÓÉÓÔÅÍ ÜÔÏ 
    ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÂÏÌØÛÏÊ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏÓÔØÀ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="password-encryption">
    <para>ëÁËÏÊ ÉÚ ÐÁÒÏÌÅÊ - DES ÉÌÉ MD5, Ñ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ É ËÁË ÕËÁÚÁÔØ,
      ËÁËÏÇÏ ÔÉÐÁ ÐÁÒÏÌÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍÉ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ×Ï FreeBSD ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ ÐÁÒÏÌÅÊ ÎÁ ÏÓÎÏ×Å
    <emphasis>MD5</emphasis>.  üÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ × ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÉ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎ ÂÏÌÅÅ
    ÚÁÝÉÝ£Î, ÞÅÍ ÔÒÁÄÉÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ ÐÁÒÏÌÅÊ Unix, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÓÈÅÍÁ
    ÎÁ ÏÓÎÏ×Å ÁÌÇÏÒÉÔÍÁ <emphasis>DES</emphasis>.  ðÁÒÏÌÉ DES ÏÓÔÁÀÔÓÑ
    ÐÒÉÍÅÎÉÍÙÍÉ, ÅÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ ÐÁÒÏÌÅÊ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÎÏ Ó ÂÏÌÅÅ
    ÓÔÁÒÙÍÉ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÍÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍÉ, × ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÍÅÎÅÅ ÚÁÝÉÝ£ÎÎÙÊ
    ÆÏÒÍÁÔ ÐÁÒÏÌÅÊ (ÉÈ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ, ÅÓÌÉ × ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÅ sysinstall ×Ù
    ×ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÕ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×Á <quote>crypto</quote> ÉÌÉ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ
    ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÅ ÔÅËÓÔÙ ÐÁËÅÔÁ crypto × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÑ ÉÚ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×).
    õÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ×ÙÂÏÒÏÍ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÇÏ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ ÐÁÒÏÌÅÊ ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÞÅÒÅÚ
    ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ ×ÈÏÄÁ <quote>passwd_format</quote> × ÆÁÊÌÅ
    <filename>/etc/login.conf</filename>, ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÀÝÉÊ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ
    <quote>des</quote> (ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎ ÅÓÔØ) ÉÌÉ <quote>md5</quote>.  âÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÁÑ
    ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁÈ ×ÈÏÄÁ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ
    &man.login.conf.5;.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="boot-floppy-hangs">
    <para>úÁÇÒÕÚËÁ Ó ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÏÞÎÏÊ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ ÐÒÅÒÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÉ
      <literal>Probing Devices...</literal>. ðÏÞÅÍÕ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÙ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á IDE Zip ÉÌÉ Jaz, ÕÂÅÒÉÔÅ ÉÈ
    É ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÓÎÏ×Á. ïÎÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÍÅÛÁÔØ ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÑÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÅ. ðÏÓÌÅ
    ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÁ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓÎÏ×Á ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔØ
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á. îÁÄÅÅÍÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÏ × ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÚÄÎÉÈ
    ÒÅÌÉÚÁÈ.</para>
  
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="panic-on-install-reboot">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÐÏÑ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ <errorname>panic: cant mount
      root</errorname> ÐÏÓÌÅ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÞÔÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÏÊ
      ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>üÔÁ ÏÛÉÂËÁ ÐÒÏÑ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÅÓÔØ ÎÅÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑÍÉ
    ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÏÇÏ ÂÌÏËÁ É ÑÄÒÁ Ï ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÈ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÁÈ.  üÔÁ ÏÛÉÂËÁ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ
    ÐÒÏÑ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ Ó Ä×ÕÍÑ ÄÉÓËÁÍÉ IDE, Ó ×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒÁÍÉ, ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÙÍÉ
    ËÁË ×ÅÄÕÝÉÊ ÉÌÉ ÅÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÊ ÎÁ ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÙÈ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÁÈ IDE, Ó FreeBSD,
    ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÊ ÎÁ ×ÔÏÒÏÍ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÅ IDE.  ðÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ × ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÙÈ ÂÌÏËÁÈ
    ÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÁ ÎÁ wd1 (×ÔÏÒÏÊ ÄÉÓË BIOS), ÔÏÇÄÁ ËÁË ÑÄÒÏ
    ÄÁ£Ô ÐÅÒ×ÏÍÕ ÄÉÓËÕ ÎÁ ×ÔÏÒÏÍ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÅ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ wd2.  ðÏÓÌÅ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÑÄÒÏ ÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÙÅ ÂÌÏËÉ ×ÙÄÁÀÔ ÚÁ
    ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÙÊ ÄÉÓË, wd1, ÔÏÇÄÁ ËÁË ÏÎ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ wd2, É ÏÛÉÂÁÅÔÓÑ.</para>

  <para>äÌÑ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÊÔÅ ÏÄÎÏ ÉÚ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÈ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÊ:</para>
  
  <orderedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>äÌÑ FreeBSD 3.3 É ×ÙÛÅ, ÐÅÒÅÇÒÕÚÉÔÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ É ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ
        <literal>Enter</literal> ÐÒÉ ÐÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÉ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÑ <literal>Booting
        kernel in 10 seconds; hit [Enter] to interrupt</literal>.  ÷Ù
        ÏËÁÖÅÔÅÓØ × ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉËÅ.</para>

      <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ <literal>set
        root_disk_unit="<replaceable>disk_number</replaceable>"</literal>.
        úÄÅÓØ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å <replaceable>disk_number</replaceable> ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ
        ÕËÁÚÁÎ <literal>0</literal>, ÅÓÌÉ FreeBSD ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÁ ÎÁ ×ÅÄÕÝÅÍ ÄÉÓËÅ
        ÐÅÒ×ÏÇÏ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÁ IDE, <literal>1</literal> ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎÁ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÁ
        ÎÁ ×ÅÄÏÍÏÍ ÄÉÓËÅ ÐÅÒ×ÏÇÏ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÁ IDE, <literal>2</literal>, ÅÓÌÉ
        ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÎÁ ×ÅÄÕÝÅÍ ÄÉÓËÅ ×ÔÏÒÏÇÏ IDE-ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÁ É
        <literal>3</literal>, ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎÁ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÁ ÎÁ ×ÅÄÏÍÏÍ ÄÉÓËÅ ×ÔÏÒÏÇÏ
        ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÁ IDE.</para>

      <para>úÁÔÅÍ ××ÅÄÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <literal>boot</literal>, É ×ÁÛÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ
        ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔØÓÑ.</para>

      <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÉ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÙÍÉ (ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ ÞÔÏÂÙ ×ÁÍ ÎÅ
        ÂÙÌÏ ÎÕÖÄÙ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ÜÔÉ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑ ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÒÁÚ ÐÒÉ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ ÉÌÉ
        ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÉÉ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ Ó FreeBSD), ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ÓÔÒÏÞËÕ
        <literal>root_disk_unit="<replaceable>disk_number</replaceable>"</literal>
        × ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/boot/loader.conf.local</filename>.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ðÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ FreeBSD 3.2 É ÂÏÌÅÅ ÒÁÎÎÉÈ ×ÅÒÓÉÊ × ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÉ
        Boot: ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ <literal>1:wd(2,a)kernel</literal> É
        ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÕ Enter.  åÓÌÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÌÁÓØ, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ
        <command>echo "1:wd(2,a)kernel" &gt; /boot.config</command>
        ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ ÓÔÒÏËÏÊ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ðÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ÄÉÓË Ó FreeBSD ÎÁ ÐÅÒ×ÉÞÎÙÊ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒ IDE, ÔÁË ÞÔÏÂÙ
        ÉÍÅÎÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÉÓËÏÍ ÐÒÉÛÌÉ × ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÅ.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para><ulink
        URL="/ru/handbook/kernelconfig.html">ðÅÒÅÓÔÒÏÊÔÅ ÑÄÒÏ</ulink>,
        ÉÚÍÅÎÉ× ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÀ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÁ wd ÎÁ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:</para>

      <programlisting>
controller      wdc0    at isa? port "IO_WD1" bio irq 14 vector wdintr
disk            wd0     at wdc0 drive 0
# disk            wd1     at wdc0 drive 1 # comment out this line

controller      wdc1    at isa? port "IO_WD2" bio irq 15 vector wdintr
disk            wd1     at wdc1 drive 0 # change from wd2 to wd1
disk            wd2     at wdc1 drive 1 # change from wd3 to wd2
      </programlisting>

      <para>ðÒÏÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÅÒÅÍÅÓÔÉÌÉ ×ÁÛÉ ÄÉÓËÉ É
        ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÕÀ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÕ, ÚÁÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÄÉÓËÉ × ÎÕÖÎÏÊ
        ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ É ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔÅÓØ.  ÷ÁÛÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏ
        ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØÓÑ.</para>
    </listitem>
  </orderedlist>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="memory-limits">
    <para>ëÁËÉÅ ÉÍÅÀÔÓÑ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ ÏÂß£Í ÏÐÅÒÁÔÉ×ÎÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>òÁÚÍÅÒ ÏÐÅÒÁÔÉ×ÎÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎ ÏÂߣÍÏÍ × 4 ÇÉÇÁÂÁÊÔÁ.  ôÁËÁÑ
    ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÑ ÒÅÁÌØÎÏ ÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÌÁÓØ, ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÓÔÉ ÅÓÔØ × <ulink
    URL="ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/archive-info/configuration">ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ
    wcarchive</ulink>.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÓÏÂÉÒÁÅÔÅÓØ ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÔØ ÓÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÐÅÒÁÔÉ×ÎÏÊ
    ÐÁÍÑÔÉ × ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒ, ÂÕÄØÔÅ ×ÎÉÍÁÔÅÌØÎÙ.  óËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, ×ÁÍ ÐÒÉÄ£ÔÓÑ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÁÍÑÔØ ECC É ÄÌÑ ÕÍÅÎØÛÅÎÉÑ ÎÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÔÁËÖÅ ×ÚÑÔØ 9-ÞÉÐÏ×ÙÅ
    ÍÏÄÕÌÉ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ×ÍÅÓÔÏ 18-ÞÉÐÏ×ÙÈ.</para>

</answer></qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ffs-limits">
    <para>ëÁËÉÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÔ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÄÌÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ffs?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÌÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ffs ÍÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÙÊ ÔÅÏÒÅÔÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÒÁ×ÅÎ 
    8 ÔÅÒÁÂÁÊÔÁÍ (2ç ÂÌÏËÏ×) ÉÌÉ 16ôâ ÐÒÉ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÏÍ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÅ ÂÌÏËÁ 8ë.
    îÁ ÐÒÁËÔÉËÅ ÅÓÔØ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ × 1 ÔÅÒÁÂÁÊÔ, ÎÏ Ó
    ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÍÉ ÍÏÄÉÆÉËÁÃÉÑÍÉ ÄÏÓÔÉÖÉÍÙ 4 ÇÉÇÁÂÁÊÔÁ (É ÔÁËÉÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ
    ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÔ).</para>

  <para>íÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ ffs ÒÁ×ÅÎ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ 1ç ÂÌÏËÏ×
    (4ôâ) ÐÒÉ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÅ ÂÌÏËÁ 4ë.</para>

  <table>
    <title>Maximum file sizes</title>

    <tgroup cols="5">
      <thead>
        <row>
          <entry>fs block size</entry>

          <entry>2.2.7-stable</entry>

          <entry>3.0-current</entry>

          <entry>works</entry>

          <entry>should work</entry>
        </row>
      </thead>

      <tbody>
        <row>
          <entry>4K</entry>

          <entry>4T-1</entry>

          <entry>4T-1</entry>

          <entry>4T-1</entry>

          <entry>&gt;4T</entry>
        </row>

        <row>
          <entry>8K</entry>

          <entry>&gt;32G</entry>

          <entry>8T-1</entry>

          <entry>&gt;32G</entry>

          <entry>32T-1</entry>
        </row>

        <row>
          <entry>16K</entry>

          <entry>&gt;128G</entry>

          <entry>16T-1</entry>

          <entry>&gt;128G</entry>

          <entry>32T-1</entry>
        </row>

        <row>
          <entry>32K</entry>

          <entry>&gt;512G</entry>

          <entry>32T-1</entry>

          <entry>&gt;512G</entry>

          <entry>64T-1</entry>
        </row>

        <row>
          <entry>64K</entry>

          <entry>&gt;2048G</entry>

          <entry>64T-1</entry>

          <entry>&gt;2048G</entry>

          <entry>128T-1</entry>
        </row>
      </tbody>
    </tgroup>
  </table>

  <para>ðÒÉ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÅ ÂÌÏËÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ 4ë, ÔÒÏÊÎÁÑ ÁÄÒÅÓÁÃÉÑ
    ÂÌÏËÏ× ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ É ×Ó£ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÏ ÍÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÙÍ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×ÏÍ 
    ÂÌÏËÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ÚÁÄÁ£ÔÓÑ × ×ÉÄÅ ÔÒÏÊÎÏÊ ÐÅÒÅÁÄÒÅÓÁÃÉÉ
    ÂÌÏËÁ (ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ 1K^3 + 1K^2 + 1K), ÏÄÎÁËÏ ×Ó£ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ 
    (ÏÛÉÂÏÞÎÙÍ) ÌÉÍÉÔÏÍ 1ç-1 ÎÁ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÂÌÏËÏ× ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.
    üÔÏ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ ÒÁ×ÎÙÍ 2ç-1. ðÒÉ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Å ÂÌÏËÏ×,
    ÐÒÉÂÌÉÖÁÀÝÅÍÓÑ Ë 2ç-1, ÐÏÑ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÏÛÉÂËÉ, ÎÏ ÜÔÏÔ ÐÒÅÄÅÌ 
    ÎÅÄÏÓÔÉÖÉÍ ÐÒÉ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÅ ÂÌÏËÁ 4ë.</para>

  <para>ðÒÉ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÅ ÂÌÏËÁ 8ë É ÂÏÌØÛÅ, ×Ó£ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÏ
    ÌÉÍÉÔÏÍ 2ç-1 ÎÁ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÂÌÏËÏ× ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÎÏ ÒÅÁÌØÎÏ
    ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÏ ÐÒÅÄÅÌÏÍ × 1ç-1 ÎÁ ÞÉÓÌÏ ÂÌÏËÏ× ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ËÒÏÍÅ
    ÓÌÕÞÁÑ -STABLE, ÎÅÄÏÓÔÉÖÉÍÙÊ ÐÒÉ ÔÒÏÊÎÏÊ ÐÅÒÅÁÄÒÅÓÁÃÉÉ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÐÒÅÄÅÌ
    ÒÁ×ÅÎ ÍÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÏÍÕ ÞÉÓÌÕ ÂÌÏËÏ× ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÍÏÖÅÔ
    ÂÙÔØ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎ ÞÅÒÅÚ Ä×ÏÊÎÕÀ ÐÅÒÅÁÄÒÅÓÁÃÉÀ (ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ
    (ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÂÌÏËÁ/4)^2 + (ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÂÌÏËÁ/4)), É ÐÏÄ -CURRENT ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÅÎÉÅ
    ÜÔÏÇÏ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÙÚ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ.  éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ×ÅÒÎÏÇÏ
    ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ × 2ç-1 ÂÌÏËÏ× ×ÙÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="tb-on-floppy">
    <para>ëÁË ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔØ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏÍ 1ôâ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅÔÕ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ñ ÈÒÁÎÀ ÐÁÒÏÞËÕ ÔÁËÉÈ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅÔÅ :-)  íÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ 
    ÆÁÊÌÁ ÎÅ Ó×ÑÚÁÎ ÎÅÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ Ó ÍÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÙÍ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏÍ ÄÉÓËÁ.
    íÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÄÉÓËÁ ÒÁ×ÅÎ 1ôâ.  ïÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔØÀ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
    ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÁÔØ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÄÉÓËÁ.</para>
  
  <para>÷ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ ÓÏÚÄÁ£ÔÓÑ ÆÁÊÌ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏÍ 8ô-1 Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ×ÓÅÇÏ
    32ë ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á (3 ÂÌÏËÁ ÁÄÒÅÓÁ É 1 ÂÌÏË ÄÁÎÎÙÈ) ÎÁ 
    ÍÁÌÅÎØËÏÍ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ.  ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ dd ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÕÍÅÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó
    ÂÏÌØÛÉÍÉ ÆÁÊÌÁÍÉ.</para>
  
<screen>
&prompt.user; <userinput>cat foo</userinput>
df .
dd if=/dev/zero of=z bs=1 seek=`echo 2^43 - 2 | bc` count=1
ls -l z
du z
df .
&prompt.user; <userinput>sh foo</userinput>
Filesystem  1024-blocks     Used    Avail Capacity  Mounted on
/dev/da0a         64479    27702    31619    47%    /
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
1 bytes transferred in 0.000187 secs (5346 bytes/sec)
-rw-r--r--  1 bde  bin  8796093022207 Sep  7 16:04 z
32	z
Filesystem  1024-blocks     Used    Avail Capacity  Mounted on
/dev/da0a         64479    27734    31587    47%    /
  </screen>

  <para>Bruce Evans, September 1998</para>
  
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="archsw-readin-failed-error">
    <para>ñ ÓËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÌ ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ É ÐÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÌ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ Ï ÏÛÉÂËÅ
      <errorname>archsw.readin.failed</errorname>.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÉÔØ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÕ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, Ñ×ÎÏ ÕËÁÚÁ× ÑÄÒÏ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ
    ×ÔÏÒÏÇÏ ÜÔÁÐÁ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ, ÎÁÖÁ× ÌÀÂÕÀ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÕ ÐÏÓÌÅ
    ÐÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁ | ÄÏ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉËÁ.  âÏÌÅÅ ÔÏÞÎÏ, ×Ù ÏÂÎÏ×ÉÌÉ
    ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÅ ÔÅËÓÔÙ ÑÄÒÁ, ÏÔËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÌÉ É ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÌÉ ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ <emphasis>ÂÅÚ
    ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ make world </emphasis>.  ôÁËÏÅ ÎÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ.  ÷ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ
    make world.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="upgrade-3x-4x">
    <para>ëÁË ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÅÓÔÉ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ 3.X -&gt; 4.X?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>íÙ <emphasis>ÎÁÓÔÏÑÔÅÌØÎÏ</emphasis> ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÍ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ
    ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÊ ÃÅÌÉ ÂÉÎÁÒÎÙÍÉ ÓÎÜÐÛÏÔÁÍÉ.  óÎÜÐÛÏÔÙ ×ÅÔËÉ 4.STABLE ÎÁÈÏÄÑÔÓÑ ÎÁ
    ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÅ <ulink
    URL="ftp://releng4.FreeBSD.org/">releng4.FreeBSD.org</ulink>.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÅÓÔÉ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×,
    ÔÏ ÚÁ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÐÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë <ulink
    URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/cutting-edge.html">òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Õ ÐÏ
    FreeBSD</ulink>.</para>

  <caution>
    <para>ïÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÅ ÔÅËÓÔÙ, Á ÔÅÍ ÂÏÌÅÅ 3.X Ë 4.X,
      ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÝÉÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ; ÐÒÏÞÔÉÔÅ
      ×ÎÉÍÁÔÅÌØÎÏ ÉÎÓÔÒÕËÃÉÉ ÐÅÒÅÄ ÔÅÍ, ËÁË ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ!</para>
  </caution>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="security-profiles">
    <para>þÔÏ ÔÁËÏÅ <quote>ÐÒÏÆÉÌÉ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ</quote>?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para><quote>ðÒÏÆÉÌØ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ</quote> (security profile) Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÁÂÏÒÏÍ
    ÎÁÓÔÒÁÉ×ÁÅÍÙÈ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ×, ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÏÐÙÔËÁ ÄÏÓÔÉÞØ
    ÖÅÌÁÅÍÙÊ ÂÁÌÁÎÓ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔØÀ É ÕÄÏÂÓÔ×ÏÍ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ, ÒÁÚÒÅÛÁÑ ÉÌÉ
    ÚÁÐÒÅÝÁÑ ÚÁÐÕÓË ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ É ÉÚÍÅÎÑÑ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ.  þÅÍ
    ÓÔÒÏÖÅ ÐÒÏÆÉÌØ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ, ÔÅÍ ÍÅÎØÛÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÏ ÐÏ
    ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ; ÜÔÏ ÏÄÉÎ ÉÚ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÈ ÐÒÉÎÃÉÐÏ× ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÑ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ; ÎÅ
    ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÔØ ÎÉÞÅÇÏ Ó×ÅÒÈ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏÇÏ.</para>

  <para>ðÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÏÔÍÅÔØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÏÆÉÌØ ÂÅÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÌÉÛØ
    ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÏÊ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ.  ÷ÓÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÙ ÉÌÉ ÚÁÐÒÅÝÅÎÙ
    ÐÏÓÌÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ FreeBSD ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ ÉÌÉ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅÍ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÊ
    ÓÔÒÏËÉ ÉÌÉ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ ÓÔÒÏË × ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.  äÌÑ
    ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÌÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ Ï ÜÔÏÍ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ
    Ï &man.rc.conf.5;.</para>

  <para>äÁÌÅÅ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÁ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÁ, ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÝÁÑ, ÞÔÏ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÉ×ÁÅÔ ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÐÒÏÆÉÌØ
    ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ.  ÷ ÓÔÏÌÂÃÁÈ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÙ ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔÙ ×ÙÂÏÒÁ ÐÒÏÆÉÌÅÊ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ,
    Á × ÓÔÒÏËÁÈ - ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÉÌÉ ÆÕÎËÃÉÏÎÁÌØÎÏÓÔØ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÁÅÔÓÑ ÉÌÉ
    ÚÁÐÒÅÝÁÅÔÓÑ.</para>

  <table>
    <title>÷ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÅ ÐÒÏÆÉÌÉ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ</title>

    <tgroup cols=5>
    <thead>
      <row>
        <entry></entry>

        <entry>Extreme</entry>

        <entry>High</entry>

        <entry>Moderate</entry>

        <entry>Low</entry>
      </row>
    </thead>

    <tbody>
      <row>
        <entry>&man.inetd.8;</entry>

        <entry>NO</entry>

        <entry>NO</entry>

        <entry>YES</entry>

        <entry>YES</entry>
      </row>

      <row>
        <entry>&man.sendmail.8;</entry>

        <entry>NO</entry>

        <entry>YES</entry>

        <entry>YES</entry>

        <entry>YES</entry>
      </row>

      <row>
        <entry>&man.sshd.8;</entry>

        <entry>NO</entry>

        <entry>YES</entry>

        <entry>YES</entry>

        <entry>YES</entry>
      </row>

      <row>
        <entry>&man.portmap.8;</entry>

        <entry>NO</entry>

        <entry>NO</entry>

        <entry>MAYBE
          <footnote>
            <para>ðÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ partmap ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÁ, ÅÓÌÉ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ ÒÁÎÅÅ ÂÙÌÁ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅÎÁ
              ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ËÌÉÅÎÔÁ ÉÌÉ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ NFS ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ Å£
              ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ.</para>
          </footnote>
        </entry>

        <entry>YES</entry>
      </row>

      <row>
        <entry>óÅÒ×ÅÒ NFS</entry>

        <entry>NO</entry>

        <entry>NO</entry>

        <entry>YES</entry>

        <entry>YES</entry>
      </row>

      <row>
        <entry>&man.securelevel.8;</entry>

        <entry>YES (2)
          <footnote>
            <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ×ÙÂÉÒÁÅÔÅ ÐÒÏÆÉÌØ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ, ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÀÝÉÊ
              ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ (Extreme ÉÌÉ High), ÔÏ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÕÞÅÓÔØ
              ÐÏÓÌÅÄÓÔ×ÉÑ.  ðÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÐÒÏÞÔÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÕÀ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÕ Ï
              &man.init.8; É ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅ ÏÓÏÂÏÅ ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ ÎÁ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÕÒÏ×ÎÅÊ
              ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ, ÉÎÁÞÅ ÐÏÚÖÅ Õ ×ÁÓ ×ÏÚÎÉËÎÕÔ ÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÙÅ
              ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ!</para>
          </footnote>
        </entry>

        <entry>YES (1)</entry>

        <entry>NO</entry>

        <entry>NO</entry>
      </row>
    </tbody>
    </tgroup>
  </table>

  <warning>
    <para>ðÒÏÆÉÌØ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÁÎÁÃÅÅÊ ÏÔ ×ÓÅÈ ÂÅÄ!  õÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ
      ÅÇÏ ×ÙÓÏËÉÍ ÎÅ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÚÁÎÉÍÁÔØÓÑ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁÍÉ
      ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÑ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÞÔÅÎÉÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÇÏ <ulink
      url="/ru/handbook/eresources.html#ERESOURCES-MAIL">ÓÐÉÓËÁ
      ÒÁÓÓÙÌËÉ</ulink>, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÝÉÈ ÐÁÒÏÌÅÊ É ÆÒÁÚ É ÐÒÉÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ
      ÈÏÒÏÛÅÊ ÐÒÁËÔÉËÉ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÑ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ.  ïÎ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÚÁÄÁÅÔ ÖÅÌÁÅÍÙÊ
      ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ ÒÁÚÕÍÎÙÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ ÂÅÚ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ
      ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ.</para>
  </warning>
 
  <note>
    <para>íÅÈÁÎÉÚÍ ÐÒÏÆÉÌÅÊ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ, ÅÓÌÉ
      ×Ù ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÔÅ FreeBSD ×ÐÅÒ×ÙÅ.  åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ FreeBSD ÕÖÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÁ,
      ×ÅÒÏÑÔÎÅÅ, ÂÏÌÅÅ ÜÆÆÅËÔÉ×ÎÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ×ËÌÀÞÁÔØ ÉÌÉ ×ÙËÌÀÞÁÔØ ÎÕÖÎÕÀ
      ÆÕÎËÃÉÏÎÁÌØÎÏÓÔØ.  åÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÏÆÉÌØ
      ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ, ÄÌÑ ÅÇÏ ÚÁÄÁÎÉÑ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ
      &man.sysinstall.8;.</para>
  </note>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>
</qandaset>
</chapter>


<chapter id="hardware">
<title>áÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÁÑ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÏÓÔØ</title>

<qandaset>
<qandaentry>
  <question id="architectures">
    <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÌÉ FreeBSD ÁÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÙÅ ÐÌÁÔÆÏÒÍÙ, ÏÔÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÏÔ x86?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>äÁ. FreeBSD ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÎÁ Intel x86 É DEC (ÓÅÊÞÁÓ Compaq) Alpha
    ÁÒÈÉÔÅËÔÕÒÙ. ôÁËÖÅ ÂÙÌ ÐÒÏÑ×ÌÅÎ ÉÎÔÅÒÅÓ Ë ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÕ FreeBSD ÎÁ
    ÐÌÁÔÆÏÒÍÕ SPARC. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔØÓÑ Ë ÜÔÏÍÕ ÐÒÏÅËÔÕ,
    ÐÏÄÐÉÛÉÔÅÓØ ÎÁ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ <email>freebsd-sparc@FreeBSD.org</email>
    <link linkend="mailing">ÓÐÉÓÏË ÒÁÓÓÙÌËÉ</link>. ÷ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÐÌÁÎÉÒÕÅÍÙÈ
    Ë ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÅ ÐÌÁÔÆÏÒÍ ÓÏ×ÓÅÍ ÎÅÄÁ×ÎÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÌÉÓØ ÁÒÈÉÔÅËÔÕÒÙ IA-64 É
    PowerPC, ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÕÀ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ, ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÉ×ÛÉÓØ Ë
    ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÍ <link linkend="mailing">ÓÐÉÓËÁÍ ÒÁÓÓÙÌËÉ</link>
    <email>freebsd-ia64@FreeBSD.org</email> É/ÉÌÉ
    <email>freebsd-ppc@FreeBSD.org</email>.  äÌÑ ÏÂÓÕÖÄÅÎÉÅ ÏÂÝÉÈ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÏ×,
    ËÁÓÁÀÝÉÈÓÑ ÎÏ×ÙÈ ÁÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÙÈ ÐÌÁÔÆÏÒÍ, ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎ <link
    linkend="mailing">ÓÐÉÓÏË ÒÁÓÓÙÌËÉ</link>
    <email>freebsd-platforms@FreeBSD.org</email>.</para>

    <para>åÓÌÉ ÁÐÁÒÁÔÎÁÑ ÐÌÁÔÆÏÒÍÁ ÷ÁÛÇÏ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ ÎÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ FreeBSD É
      ÷ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÅÇÏ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ ÐÒÑÍÏ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ ÍÙ ÓÏ×ÅÔÕÅÍ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔØ ÷ÁÛ
      ×ÚÇÌÑÄ ÔÁËÖÅ ÎÁ <ulink URL="http://www.NetBSD.org">NetBSD</ulink> É
      <ulink URL="http://www.OpenBSD.org">OpenBSD</ulink>.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="supported-hard-drives">
    <para>ëÁËÉÅ ÔÉÐÙ ×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒÏ× ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>FreeBSD ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ Ó ÄÉÓËÁÍÉ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÏ× EIDE É SCSI (Ó
    ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÍÉ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÁÍÉ; ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍÕ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ), É
    ×ÓÅÍÉ ÄÉÓËÁÍÉ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÝÉÍÉ ÏÒÉÇÉÎÁÌØÎÙÊ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓ <quote>Western
    Digital</quote> (MFM, RLL, ESDI É, ËÏÎÅÞÎÏ ÖÅ, IDE).  îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ
    ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÙ ESDI, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÝÉÅ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÅ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÙ, ÍÏÇÕÔ É ÎÅ
    ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ: Ë ÔÁËÉÍ ÏÔÎÏÓÑÔÓÑ WD1002/3/6/7 É ÉÈ ËÌÏÎÙ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="supported-scsi-controllers">
    <para>ëÁËÉÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÙ SCSI?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÏÌÎÙÊ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÐÒÉ×ÅÄ£Î × <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/install.html#INSTALL-HW">òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Å</ulink>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="supported-cdrom-drives">
    <para>ëÁËÉÅ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÙ CDROM ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ×Ï FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÌÀÂÙÅ SCSI-ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÞÔÅÎÉÑ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ ÄÉÓËÏ×,
    ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÅ Ë ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÍÏÍÕ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÕ.</para>

  <para>ëÒÏÍÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÏÒÉÇÉÎÁÌØÎÙÅ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÙ
    CDROM:</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>Mitsumi LU002 (8bit), LU005 (16bit) É FX001D (16bit 2x
        Speed).</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Sony CDU 31/33A</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Sound Blaster ÎÅ-SCSI CDROM</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Matsushita/Panasonic CDROM</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ATAPI-ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÙÅ IDE CDROM</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  <para>÷ÓÅ ÎÅ-SCSI ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ ÓÔÁ×ÑÔÓÑ Ó×ÏÅÊ ÍÅÄÌÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØÀ ÐÏ ÓÒÁ×ÎÅÎÉÀ
    ÓÏ SCSI, Á ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ CDROM ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÁ ATAPI ÍÏÇÕÔ É ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ.</para>

  <para>ó ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 2.2 ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓË Ó FreeBSD ÏÔ FreeBSD Mall Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÙÍ.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="supported-cdrw-drives">
    <para>ëÁËÉÅ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÙ CD-RW ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ×Ï FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>FreeBSD ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ×ÓÅ ATAPI-ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÙÅ IDE-ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÙ CD-R ÉÌÉ CD-RW.
    äÌÑ FreeBSD ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 4.0 É ×ÙÛÅ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ ÐÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ
    &man.burncd.8;.  äÌÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÒÁÎÎÉÈ ×ÅÒÓÉÊ FreeBSD ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÙ ×
    <filename>/usr/share/examples/atapi</filename>.</para>

  <para>FreeBSD ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÔÁËÖÅ ×ÓÅ SCSI-ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÙ CD-R ÉÌÉ CD-RW.  õÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ
    É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ <command>cdrecord</command> ÉÚ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÏÒÔÏ× ÉÌÉ
    ÐÁËÁÄÖÅÊ, ÎÏ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ × ×ÁÛÅÍ ÑÄÒÅ ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï
    <devicename>pass</devicename>.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="zip-support">
    <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÌÉ FreeBSD ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ZIP?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>ëÏÎÅÞÎÏ ÖÅ, FreeBSD ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ZIP-ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á SCSI.  õÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Õ
    ZIP ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÙ SCSI ID ÔÏÌØËÏ 5 ÉÌÉ 6, É ÅÓÌÉ BIOS ×ÁÛÅÇÏ
    SCSI-ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÔÁËÕÀ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ Ó ÎÅÇÏ ÄÁÖÅ 
    ÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔØÓÑ.  îÅÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÏ, ËÁËÉÅ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÀÔ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔØÓÑ Ó
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×, ÎÏÍÅÒÁ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÏÔÌÉÞÎÙ ÏÔ 0 ÉÌÉ 1, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÐÒÉÄ£ÔÓÑ
    ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔØÓÑ Ë ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÉ, ÅÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÜÔÏ ÎÕÖÎÏ.</para>

  <para>õÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ZIP ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÁ ATAPI (IDE) ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ FreeBSD ÎÁÞÉÎÁÑ
    Ó ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 2.2.6.</para>

  <para>FreeBSD ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á Zip, ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÉÅ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÐÁÒÁÌÌÅÌØÎÙÊ
    ÐÏÒÔ, ÎÁÞÉÎÁÑ Ó ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 3.0.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÎÏ×ÕÀ ×ÅÒÓÉÀ,
    ÐÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÌÉ ×ÁÛÅ ÑÄÒÏ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÙ ÄÌÑ
    <devicename>scbus0</devicename>, <devicename>da0</devicename>,
    <devicename>ppbus0</devicename> É <devicename>vp0</devicename> (ÑÄÒÏ
    GENERIC ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ×Ó£ ÜÔÏ, ËÒÏÍÅ <devicename>vp0</devicename>).  åÓÌÉ ÜÔÉ
    ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÙ ÉÍÅÀÔÓÑ, ÔÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÏ ËÁË
    <devicename>/dev/da0s4</devicename>.  äÉÓËÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÙ
    ËÏÍÁÎÄÁÍÉ <command>mount /dev/da0s4 /mnt</command> ÉÌÉ (ÄÌÑ ÄÉÓËÏ× dos)
    <command>mount_msdos /dev/da0s4 /mnt</command> ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ.</para>

  <para>ôÁËÖÅ ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ <link linkend="jaz">ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ ÚÁÍÅÞÁÎÉÅ</link>
    Ï ÓߣÍÎÙÈ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÑÈ, É <link linkend="disklabel">ÜÔÏ ÚÁÍÅÞÁÎÉÅ</link>
    Ï <quote>ÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ</quote>.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="jaz-zip-removable-support">
    <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÌÉ FreeBSD ÓߣÍÎÙÅ ÄÉÓËÉ ÔÉÐÁ JAZ ÉÌÉ EZ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ëÒÏÍÅ IDE-×ÁÒÉÁÎÔÁ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á EZ, ÜÔÏ ×Ó£ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á SCSI, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ
    ÄÌÑ FreeBSD ×ÓÅ ÏÎÉ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÔØ ËÁË ÄÉÓËÉ SCSI, Á IDE EZ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ
    ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÔØ ËÁË ÄÉÓË IDE.</para>

  <para><anchor id="jaz">ñ ÎÅ ÚÎÁÀ, ÎÁÓËÏÌØËÏ ÈÏÒÏÛÏ FreeBSD ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ
    ÓÍÅÎÕ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÑ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ.  ëÏÎÅÞÎÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÍÅÎÉÔØ ÄÉÓË, ×ÁÍ 
    ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÅÇÏ ÒÁÚÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ, É ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅ ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ ÎÁ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÉ
    ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ ×ÓÅ ×ÎÅÛÎÉÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÙ, ÞÔÏÂÙ FreeBSD
    ÍÏÇÌÁ ÉÈ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁÔØ.</para>

  <para>ðÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÜÔÏ <link linkend="disklabel">ÚÁÍÅÞÁÎÉÅ</link> Ï 
    <quote>ÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ</quote>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="multiport-serial-support">
    <para>ëÁËÉÅ ÍÎÏÇÏÐÏÒÔÏ×ÙÅ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ×Ï
      FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>óÐÉÓÏË ÔÁËÉÈ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ Ï <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/install.html#INSTALL-MISC">ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÈ
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÁÈ</ulink> òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á.</para>

  <para>îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÂÅÚÙÍÑÎÎÙÅ ËÌÏÎÙ ÔÁËÉÈ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ× ÔÏÖÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏ,
    ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏ ÔÅ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÚÁÑ×ÌÑÀÔ Ï Ó×ÏÅÊ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÏÓÔÉ Ó AST.</para>

  <para>ðÒÏÞÔÉÔÅ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ Ï &man.sio.4; ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÊ
    ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ Ï ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÔÁËÉÈ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ×.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="usbkbd">
    <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÌÉ FreeBSD USB ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÙ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
    <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× USB ÂÙÌÁ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÁ ×Ï FreeBSD 3.1.  ïÄÎÁËÏ ÔÁÍ
      ÏÎÁ ÅÝ£ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÌÁÓØ × ÓÔÁÄÉÉ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔËÉ É ÎÅ ×ÓÅÇÄÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÔÁË ÖÅ, ËÁË
      × ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 3.2.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÏÜËÓÐÅÒÉÍÅÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ Ó ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÏÊ
      ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÙ USB, ÓÌÅÄÕÊÔÅ ÎÉÖÅÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÍÙÍ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑÍ.</para>

    <procedure>
      <step>
        <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ FreeBSD 3.2 É ×ÙÛÅ.</para>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>÷ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÑÄÒÁ ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ É
          ÐÅÒÅÓÔÒÏÊÔÅ ÑÄÒÏ.</para>

        <programlisting>
device  uhci
device  ohci
device  usb
device  ukbd
options KBD_INSTALL_CDEV
        </programlisting>

        <para>ðÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ FreeBSD ×ÅÒÓÉÊ, ÐÒÅÄÛÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÈ 4.0, ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ
          ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÔÁËÉÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ:</para>

        <programlisting>
controller      uhci0
controller      ohci0
controller      usb0
controller      ukbd0
options         KBD_INSTALL_CDEV
        </programlisting>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>ðÅÒÅÊÄÉÔÅ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>/dev</filename> É ÓÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ
          ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ:</para>

        <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /dev</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>./MAKEDEV kbd0 kbd1</userinput>
        </screen>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>ïÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>, ÄÏÂÁ×É×
          ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ:</para>

        <programlisting>
usbd_enable="YES"
usbd_flags=""
        </programlisting>
      </step>
    </procedure>

    <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ AT-ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ
      <devicename>/dev/kbd0</devicename>, Á ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÅ USB -
      <devicename>/dev/kbd1</devicename>, ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎÉ ÏÂÅ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÙ Ë ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.
      åÓÌÉ ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÁ USB, ÅÊ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ
      <devicename>/dev/ukbd0</devicename>.</para>

    <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÕ USB ÎÁ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ
      Ñ×ÎÏ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÕ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ ÎÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÉÍÅÀÝÅÊÓÑ ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÙ
      USB.  üÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÏ × ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ ÉÎÉÃÉÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ
      ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ.</para>

    <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>kbdcontrol -k /dev/kbd1 &lt; /dev/ttyv0 &gt; /dev/null</userinput>
    </screen>

    <para>úÁÍÅÔØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ, ÅÓÌÉ ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÁ USB Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÅÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÊ
      ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÊ, ÏÎÁ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÁ ËÁË <devicename>/dev/kbd0</devicename>,
      É ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÔØ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÔÁË:</para>

    <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>kbdcontrol -k /dev/kbd0 &lt; /dev/ttyv0 &gt; /dev/null</userinput>
    </screen>

    <para>÷ÙÛÅÕËÁÚÁÎÎÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ ÈÏÒÏÛÏ ÂÙ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ×
      <filename>/etc/rc.i386</filename>.</para>

    <para>ëÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ ×Ù ×Ó£ ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÅÔÅ, ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÁ USB ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ É ×
      X-ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÉ ÂÅÚ ËÁËÉÈ-ÌÉÂÏ ÏÓÏÂÙÈ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅË.</para>

    <para>÷ÙËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ É ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ USB-ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÙ ÎÁ ÈÏÄÕ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÅÝ£ ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ
      ÓÏ×ÅÒÛÅÎÎÏ ËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÏ.  ÷Ï ÉÚÂÅÖÁÎÉÅ ÎÅÐÒÉÑÔÎÏÓÔÅÊ ÂÙÌÏ ÂÙ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ
      ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔØ ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÕ ÐÅÒÅÄ ÚÁÐÕÓËÏÍ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ É ÎÅ ÏÔËÌÀÞÁÔØ Å£ ÄÏ
      ÚÁËÒÙÔÉÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>

    <para>úÁ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ
      &man.ukbd.4;.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="busmouse">
    <para>õ ÍÅÎÑ ÎÅÏÂÙÞÎÁÑ ÍÙÛØ ÔÉÐÁ bus mouse. ëÁË Å£ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>FreeBSD ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÍÙÛÉ ÔÉÐÏ× bus mouse É InPort bus mouse ÏÔ ÔÁËÉÈ
    ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÅÊ, ËÁË Microsoft, Logitech É ATI.  äÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á bus mouse
    ×ËÌÀÞÅÎ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ × ÑÄÒÏ GENERIC ×Ï FreeBSD ×ÅÒÓÉÊ 2.X, ÎÏ ÎÅ ×ËÌÀޣΠ×
    ×ÅÒÓÉÀ 3.0 É ×ÙÛÅ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÓÔÒÏÉÔÅ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ Ó ÜÔÉÍ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÏÍ,
    ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÑÄÒÁ</para>

  <para>÷Ï FreeBSD 3.0 É ÒÁÎÅÅ, ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ:</para>

  <programlisting>
device mse0 at isa? port 0x23c tty irq5 vector mseintr
  </programlisting>

  <para>÷Ï FreeBSD 3.X ÓÔÒÏÞËÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÉÍÅÔØ ×ÉÄ:</para>

  <programlisting>
device mse0 at isa? port 0x23c tty irq5
  </programlisting>

  <para>á ×Ï FreeBSD 4.X É ×ÙÛÅ ÓÔÒÏÞËÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÔÁËÏÊ:</para>

  <programlisting>
device mse0 at isa? port 0x23c irq5
  </programlisting>

  <para>íÙÛØ ÔÉÐÁ bus mouse ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ Ó ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÙÍÉ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÎÙÍÉ
    ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁÍÉ.  ïÎÉ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÀÔ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÁÄÒÅÓ ÐÏÒÔÁ ××ÏÄÁ/×Ù×ÏÄÁ É ÎÏÍÅÒ IRQ,
    ÏÔÌÉÞÁÀÝÉÅÓÑ ÏÔ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄ£ÎÎÙÈ ×ÙÛÅ.  äÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ
    ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÉ ÐÏ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÍÙÛÉ É ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ
    &man.mse.4;.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ps2mouse">
    <para>ëÁË ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÍÙÛØ PS/2 (ÔÉÐÁ <quote>mouse port</quote> ÉÌÉ
      <quote>keyboard</quote>)?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ FreeBSD ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ×ÙÛÅ, ÞÅÍ 2.2.5, ÔÏ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÙÊ
    ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ, <devicename>psm</devicename>, ×ËÌÀÞ£Î × ÑÄÒÏ É ÁËÔÉ×ÉÚÉÒÏ×ÁÎ.
    ñÄÒÏ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔØ ÍÙÛØ PS/2 ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔÅ Ó ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÅÊ, ÎÏ ÓÒÁ×ÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏ Ó×ÅÖÅÊ ×ÅÒÓÉÅÊ FreeBSD
    (2.1.x É ×ÙÛÅ), ÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ Å£ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ × ÍÅÎÀ
    ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÑÃÉÉ, ÌÉÂÏ ÐÏÚÖÅ, ÕËÁÚÁ×
    <option>-c</option> × ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÉ <command>boot:</command>.  ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ
    ÏÎÁ ÏÔËÌÀÞÅÎÁ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ Å£ Ñ×ÎÏ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÓÔÁÒÕÀ ×ÅÒÓÉÀ FreeBSD, ÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ
    ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ × ÆÁÊÌ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ É ÐÏÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ.</para>

  <para>÷Ï FreeBSD 3.0 É ÒÁÎÅÅ, ÓÔÒÏÞËÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÉÍÅÔØ ×ÉÄ:</para>
 
  <programlisting>
device psm0 at isa? port "IO_KBD" conflicts tty irq 12 vector psmintr
  </programlisting>

  <para>÷Ï FreeBSD 3.1 É ×ÙÛÅ, ÓÔÒÏÞËÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÔÁËÏÊ:</para>

  <programlisting>
device psm0 at isa? tty irq 12
  </programlisting>

  <para>÷Ï FreeBSD 4.0 É ×ÙÛÅ ÓÔÒÏÞËÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÉÍÅÔØ ×ÉÄ:</para>

  <programlisting>
device psm0 at atkbdc? irq 12
  </programlisting>

  <para>ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÇÌÁ×Å òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á Ï <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/kernelconfig.html">ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ</ulink>, ÅÓÌÉ
    ×Ù ÎÅ ÉÍÅÌÉ ÏÐÙÔÁ ÔÁËÏÊ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ.</para>

  <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ÑÄÒÏ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÌÏ <devicename>psm0</devicename>
    ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ, ÐÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×Ï×ÁÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÄÌÑ
    <devicename>psm0</devicename> × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ <filename>/dev</filename>.  üÔÏ
    ÍÏÖÎÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ, ÎÁÂÒÁ×:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /dev; sh MAKEDEV psm0</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>×ÏÊÄÑ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÏÍ.</para>
 
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="moused">
    <para>íÏÖÎÏ ÌÉ ËÁËÉÍ-ÌÉÂÏ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÍÙÛØ, ËÒÏÍÅ X Window?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙÊ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ, syscons, ÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÕËÁÚÁÔÅÌØ ÍÙÛÉ × ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÙÈ ËÏÎÓÏÌÑÈ ÄÌÑ ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ É 
    ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÁ ÔÅËÓÔÁ.  úÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ ÄÅÍÏÎ ÍÙÛÉ, moused, É ×ËÌÀÞÉÔÅ ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÅ
    ÕËÁÚÁÔÅÌÑ ÍÙÛÉ ÎÁ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ:</para>
  
  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>moused -p /dev/<replaceable>xxxx</replaceable> -t <replaceable>yyyy</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>vidcontrol -m on</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>úÄÅÓØ <replaceable>xxxx</replaceable> - ÜÔÏ ÉÍÑ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÍÙÛÉ,
    Á <replaceable>yyyy</replaceable> - ÔÉÐ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÁ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÇÏ ÍÙÛØÀ.
    óÔÒÁÎÉÃÁ óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ ÐÏ &man.moused.8; ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÍÙÈ
    ÔÉÐÁÈ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÏ×.</para>

  <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÔØ ÄÅÍÏÎ ÍÙÛÉ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÓÔÁÒÔÁ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  ÷ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 2.2.1, ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ ×
    <filename>/etc/sysconfig</filename>.</para>

  <programlisting>
mousedtype="yyyy"
mousedport="xxxx"
mousedflags=""
  </programlisting>

  <para>÷ ×ÅÒÓÉÑÈ ÏÔ 2.2.2 É ÄÏ 3.0, ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÈ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ
    × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.</para>

  <programlisting>
moused_type="yyyy"
moused_port="xxxx"
moused_flags=""
  </programlisting>

  <para>÷ ×ÅÒÓÉÑÈ 3.1 É ×ÙÛÅ, ÅÓÌÉ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ Õ ×ÁÓ ÍÙÛØ ÔÉÐÁ PS/2, ÔÏ
    ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÓÔÒÏÞËÕ <literal>moused_enable="YES"</literal> × ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.</para>

  <para>ëÒÏÍÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÁÅÍÏÎ ÍÙÛÉ ÎÁ ×ÓÅÈ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÈ
    ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁÈ, Á ÎÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÎÁ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ, ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ
    ÓÔÒÏËÕ × ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.</para>

  <programlisting>
allscreens_flags="-m on"
  </programlisting>

  <para>îÁÞÉÎÁÑ Ó FreeBSD 2.2.6, ÄÁÅÍÏÎ ÍÙÛÉ × ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÉ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÔØ ÔÉÐ
    ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÁ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ, ÅÓÌÉ, ËÏÎÅÞÎÏ, ÍÙÛØ ÎÅ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÄÒÅ×ÎÅÊ
    ÍÏÄÅÌÉ.  õËÁÖÉÔÅ <literal>auto</literal> ÄÌÑ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ
    ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÔÉÐÁ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÁ.</para>

  <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ ÄÁÅÍÏÎÁ ÍÙÛÉ, ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ÍÙÛÉ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×Ù×ÁÔØÓÑ
    ÍÅÖÄÕ ÄÁÅÍÏÎÏÍ ÍÙÛÉ É ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁÍÉ ÔÉÐÁ X Window.  üÔÏÔ ×ÏÐÒÏÓ
    ÒÁÓÓÍÏÔÒÅÎ × <link linkend="x-and-moused">ÄÒÕÇÏÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ</link>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="text-mode-cut-paste">
    <para>ëÁË ÍÏÖÎÏ ×ÙÒÅÚÁÔØ É ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÔÅËÓÔ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÍÙÛÉ ×
      ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÏÊ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ×Ù ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÌÉ ÄÁÅÍÏÎ ÍÙÛÉ (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ <link
    linkend="moused">ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÉÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ</link>), ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ ËÎÏÐËÕ 1 (ÌÅ×ÕÀ) É
    Ä×ÉÇÁÊÔÅ ÍÙÛØ ÄÌÑ ×ÙÂÏÒÁ ÏÂÌÁÓÔÉ ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ.  úÁÔÅÍ ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ ËÎÏÐËÕ 2
    (ÓÒÅÄÎÀÀ) ÉÌÉ ËÎÏÐËÕ 3 (ÐÒÁ×ÕÀ) ÄÌÑ ×ÓÔÁ×ËÉ ÔÅËÓÔÁ ÉÚ ÂÕÆÅÒÁ, ÎÁÞÉÎÁÑ
    Ó ÔÅËÕÝÅÊ ÐÏÚÉÃÉÉ ËÕÒÓÏÒÁ.</para>

  <para>÷ ×ÅÒÓÉÑÈ 2.2.6 É ×ÙÛÅ, ÎÁÖÁÔÉÅ ÎÁ ËÎÏÐËÕ 2 ×ÙÚÏ×ÅÔ ×ÓÔÁ×ËÕ ÔÅËÓÔÁ.
    îÁÖÁÔÉÅ ÎÁ ËÎÏÐËÕ 3 <quote>ÒÁÓÛÉÒÉÔ</quote> ×ÙÂÒÁÎÎÙÊ ÏÂÌÁÓÔØ ÔÅËÓÔÁ.  åÓÌÉ
    Õ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÍÙÛÉ ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÓÒÅÄÎÑÑ ËÎÏÐËÁ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔŠţ ÓÜÍÕÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÌÉ
    ÐÅÒÅÎÁÚÎÁÞÉÔØ ËÎÏÐËÉ ÏÐÃÉÑÍÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ moused. ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ
    óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ ÐÏ &man.moused.8;.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="usbmouse">
    <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÌÉ FreeBSD USB ÍÙÛÉ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
    <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× USB ÂÙÌÁ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÁ ×Ï FreeBSD 3.1.  ïÄÎÁËÏ ÔÁÍ
      ÏÎÁ ÅÝ£ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÌÁÓØ × ÓÔÁÄÉÉ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔËÉ É ÎÅ ×ÓÅÇÄÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÔÁË, ËÁË
      × ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 3.2.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÏÜËÓÐÅÒÉÍÅÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ Ó ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÏÊ ÍÙÛÉ USB,
      ÓÌÅÄÕÊÔÅ ÎÉÖÅÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÍÙÍ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑÍ.</para>

    <procedure>
      <step>
        <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ FreeBSD 3.2 É ×ÙÛÅ.</para>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>÷ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÑÄÒÁ ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ É 
          ÐÅÒÅÓÔÒÏÊÔÅ ÑÄÒÏ.</para>

        <programlisting>
device  uhci
device  ohci
device  usb
device  ums
        </programlisting>

        <para>÷Ï FreeBSD ×ÅÒÓÉÊ, ÐÒÅÄÛÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÈ 4.0, ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ
          ÔÁËÉÅ ÓÔÒÏÞËÉ:</para>

        <programlisting>
controller     uhci0
controller     ohci0
controller     usb0
device         ums0
        </programlisting>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>ðÅÒÅÊÄÉÔÅ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>/dev</filename> É ÓÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ
          ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÔÁËÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ:</para>

        <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /dev</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>./MAKEDEV ums0</userinput>
        </screen>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>ïÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>, ÄÏÂÁ×É×
          ÔÁËÉÅ ÓÔÒÏÞËÉ:</para>

        <programlisting>
moused_enable="YES"
moused_type="auto"
moused_port="/dev/ums0"
moused_flags=""
usbd_enable="YES"
usbd_flags=""
        </programlisting>

        <para>ðÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÅ ÏÂÓÕÖÄÅÎÉÅ moused ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÎÁÊÄÅÎÏ × <link
          linkend="moused">ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÅÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ</link>.</para>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÍÙÛØ USB ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ × X, ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ
          ÆÁÊÌ <filename>XF86Config</filename>.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ
          XFree86 3.3.2 É ×ÙÛÅ, ÔÏ × ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ <emphasis>Pointer</emphasis>
          ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ ÔÁËÉÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ:</para>

        <programlisting>
Device         "/dev/sysmouse"
Protocol       "Auto"
        </programlisting>

        <para>åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÓÔÁÒÁÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ XFree86, ÔÏ × ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ
          <emphasis>Pointer</emphasis> ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ ÓÔÒÏËÉ:</para>

        <programlisting>
Device         "/dev/sysmouse"
Protocol       "SysMouse"
        </programlisting>
      </step>
    </procedure>

    <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖËÅ ÍÙÛÉ ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ × X ÐÏÓ×ÑÝÅÎ <link
      linkend="x-and-moused">ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ</link>.</para>

    <para>÷ÙËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ É ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ ÍÙÛÉ USB ÎÁ ÈÏÄÕ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÅÝ£ ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ
      ÓÏ×ÅÒÛÅÎÎÏ ËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÏ.  ÷Ï ÉÚÂÅÖÁÎÉÅ ÎÅÐÒÉÑÔÎÏÓÔÅÊ ÂÙÌÏ ÂÙ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ
      ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔØ ÍÙÛØ ÐÅÒÅÄ ÚÁÐÕÓËÏÍ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ É ÎÅ ÏÔËÌÀÞÁÔØ Å£ ÄÏ ÚÁËÒÙÔÉÑ
      ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="mouse-wheel-buttons">
    <para>õ ÍÏÅÊ ÍÙÛÉ ÅÓÔØ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ËÏÌ£ÓÉËÏ É ËÎÏÐÏÞËÉ.  íÏÖÎÏ ÌÉ ÉÈ
      ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ×Ï FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ïÔ×ÅÔ, Ë ÓÏÖÁÌÅÎÉÀ, <quote>× ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ÏÂÓÔÏÑÔÅÌØÓÔ×</quote>.
    üÔÉ ÍÙÛËÉ Ó ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÍÉ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÑÍÉ, ËÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÔÒÅÂÕÀÔ ÎÁÌÉÞÉÑ
    ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÈ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÏ×.  äÏ ÔÅÈ ÐÏÒ, ÐÏËÁ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ÍÙÛÉ ÉÌÉ ÐÒÉËÌÁÄÎÁÑ
    ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÕÔ ÉÍÅÔØ ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÕÀ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ ÔÁËÏÊ ÍÙÛÉ, ÏÎÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ
    ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ËÁË ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÁÑ Ä×ÕÈ- ÉÌÉ ÔÒ£ÈËÎÏÐÏÞÎÁÑ ÍÙÛØ.</para>

  <para>÷ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÅ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ËÏÌ£ÓÉËÏ× ÍÙÛÉ ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ × X Window
    ÏÐÉÓÁÎÙ × <link linkend="x-and-wheel">ÄÒÕÇÏÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ</link>.</para>
 
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="psmerr">
    <para>ðÏÈÏÖÅ, ÞÔÏ ÍÏÑ ÍÙÛØ ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ.  å£ ËÕÒÓÏÒ ÐÒÙÇÁÅÔ ÐÏ ÜËÒÁÎÕ.  íÙÛØ
      ÉÍÅÅÔ ËÏÌ£ÓÉËÏ É ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÏ Ë ÐÏÒÔÕ ÍÙÛÉ PS/2.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÅ psm ÄÌÑ ÍÙÛÉ PS/2 ×Ï FreeBSD ×ÅÒÓÉÊ 3.2 É ÒÁÎÅÅ ÉÍÅÀÔÓÑ
    ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ Ó ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÍÉ ÍÙÛËÁÍÉ, Õ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÅÓÔØ ËÏÌ£ÓÉËÏ, × ÔÏÍ
    ÞÉÓÌÅ Ó ÍÙÛËÁÍÉ Logitech ÍÏÄÅÌØ M-S48 É ÉÈ OEM-ÒÁÚÎÏ×ÉÄÎÏÓÔÑÍÉ.
    éÓÐÒÁ×ØÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/sys/i386/isa/psm.c</filename> Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ
    ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÐÁÔÞÁ É ÐÅÒÅÓÔÒÏÊÔÅ ÑÄÒÏ.</para>

  <programlisting>
Index: psm.c
===================================================================
RCS file: /src/CVS/src/sys/i386/isa/Attic/psm.c,v
retrieving revision 1.60.2.1
retrieving revision 1.60.2.2
diff -u -r1.60.2.1 -r1.60.2.2
--- psm.c      1999/06/03 12:41:13     1.60.2.1
+++ psm.c      1999/07/12 13:40:52     1.60.2.2
@@ -959,14 +959,28 @@
     sc->mode.packetsize = vendortype[i].packetsize;

     /* set mouse parameters */
+#if 0
+    /*
+     * A version of Logitech FirstMouse+ won't report wheel movement,
+     * if SET_DEFAULTS is sent...  Don't use this command.
+     * This fix was found by Takashi Nishida.
+     */
     i = send_aux_command(sc->kbdc, PSMC_SET_DEFAULTS);
     if (verbose >= 2)
       printf("psm%d: SET_DEFAULTS return code:%04x\n", unit, i);
+#endif
     if (sc->config & PSM_CONFIG_RESOLUTION) {
         sc->mode.resolution
           = set_mouse_resolution(sc->kbdc,
-              (sc->config & PSM_CONFIG_RESOLUTION) - 1);
+                                 (sc->config & PSM_CONFIG_RESOLUTION) - 1);
+    } else if (sc->mode.resolution >= 0) {
+      sc->mode.resolution
+          = set_mouse_resolution(sc->kbdc, sc->dflt_mode.resolution);
+    }
+    if (sc->mode.rate > 0) {
+      sc->mode.rate = set_mouse_sampling_rate(sc->kbdc, sc->dflt_mode.rate);
     }
+    set_mouse_scaling(sc->kbdc, 1);

     /* request a data packet and extract sync. bits */
     if (get_mouse_status(sc->kbdc, stat, 1, 3) < 3) {</programlisting>

    <para>÷ÅÒÓÉÉ FreeBSD ×ÙÛÅ ÞÅÍ 3.2 ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏ.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="laptop-mouse-trackball">
    <para>ëÁË ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÍÙÛØ/ÔÒÜËÂÏÌÌ/ÓÅÎÓÏÒÎÕÀ ÐÁÎÅÌØ ÎÁ ÌÜÐÔÏÐÅ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ <link linkend="ps2mouse">ÏÄÉÎ ÉÚ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÉÈ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×</link>.
    é ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ <link linkend="pao">ÜÔÏ ÚÁÍÅÞÁÎÉÅ</link> ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ Ï
    ÍÏÂÉÌØÎÙÈ ×ÙÞÉÓÌÅÎÉÑÈ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="tape-support">
    <para>ëÁËÉÅ ÔÉÐÙ ÓÔÒÉÍÅÒÏ× ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>FreeBSD ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á SCSI É QIC-36 (Ó ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÏÍ QIC-02),
    ×ËÌÀÞÁÑ 8-ÍÍ (Exabyte) É DAT.</para>

  <para>îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÒÁÎÎÉÅ ÍÏÄÅÌÉ 8-ÍÍ ÓÔÒÉÍÅÒÏ× ÎÅ ÓÏ×ÓÅÍ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÔ
    ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÕ SCSI-2 É ÍÏÇÕÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÎÅ ÓÏ×ÓÅÍ ÈÏÒÏÛÏ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="tape-changer-support">
    <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÌÉ FreeBSD ÒÏÂÏÔÏ× ÄÌÑ ÓÍÅÎÙ ÌÅÎÔ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>FreeBSD 2.2 ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ SCSI-ÞÅÊÎÄÖÅÒÙ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï &man.ch.4;
    É ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ &man.chio.1;.  ðÏÄÒÏÂÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÉ ÞÅÊÎÄÖÅÒÁÍÉ
    ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÎÁÊÄÅÎÁ ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ ÐÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ &man.chio.1;.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ <application>AMANDA</application>
    ÉÌÉ ÄÒÕÇÏÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÅ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÅ, ÕÍÅÀÝÅÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ÒÏÂÏÔÁÍÉ, ÉÍÅÊÔÅ ×
    ×ÉÄÕ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÉÔØ ÌÅÎÔÙ Ó ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÍÅÓÔÁ ÎÁ ÄÒÕÇÏÅ,
    ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÓÁÍÉÍ ÏÔÓÌÅÖÉ×ÁÔØ, × ËÁËÏÍ ÓÌÏÔÅ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÎÕÖÎÁÑ
    ÌÅÎÔÁ, É × ËÁËÏÊ ÓÌÏÔ ÎÕÖÎÏ ×ÅÒÎÕÔØ ÌÅÎÔÕ, ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÕÀÓÑ × ÓÔÒÉÍÅÒÅ.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="sound-card-support">
    <para>ëÁËÉÅ Ú×ÕËÏ×ÙÅ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ×Ï FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>FreeBSD ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ Ú×ÕËÏ×ÙÅ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ SoundBlaster, SoundBlaster Pro,
    SoundBlaster 16, Pro Audio Spectrum 16, AdLib É Gravis UltraSound.
    éÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÎÁÑ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ MPU-401 É ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÙÈ Ó ÎÉÍ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ×.
    áÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ, ÕÄÏ×ÌÅÔ×ÏÒÑÀÝÉÅ ÓÐÅÃÉÆÉËÁÃÉÉ Microsoft Sound System, ÔÁËÖÅ
    ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÏÍ pcm.</para>

  <note>
    <para>üÔÏ ËÁÓÁÅÔÓÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ Ú×ÕËÁ!  üÔÏÔ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ÎÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ CDROM,
      SCSI ÉÌÉ ÄÖÏÊÓÔÉËÉ ÎÉ ÎÁ ËÁËÉÈ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÈ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁÈ, ËÒÏÍÅ SoundBlaster.
      ðÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÎÁ SCSI-ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÅ SoundBlaster É ÎÅ-SCSI
      CDROM, ÎÏ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔØÓÑ Ó ÎÉÈ ÎÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ.</para>
  </note>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="es1370-silent-pcm">
    <para>åÓÔØ ÌÉ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÉÑ Ú×ÕËÁ ÐÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ
      ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÁ pcm Ó ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏÍ es1370?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÒÉ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÔØ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>mixer pcm 100 vol 100 cd 100</userinput>
  </screen>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="network-cards">
    <para>ëÁËÉÅ ÓÅÔÅ×ÙÅ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>âÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÌÎÙÊ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔÓÑ × ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á ÏÂ
    <ulink URL="/ru/handbook/install-hw.html#INSTALL-NICS">ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁÈ
    Ethernet</ulink>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="no-math-coprocessor">
    <para>îÁ ÍÏÅÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÍÁÔÅÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÓÏÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ - ÜÔÏ
      ÐÌÏÈÏ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <note>
    <para>üÔÏ ËÁÓÁÅÔÓÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ ×ÌÁÄÅÌØÃÅ× ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÏ× 386/486SX/486SLC - ×Ï
      ×ÓÅÈ ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÙÈ ÍÁÛÉÎÁÈ ÍÏÄÕÌØ ×ÙÞÉÓÌÅÎÉÊ Ó ÐÌÁ×ÁÀÝÅÊ ÔÏÞËÏÊ ÏÂßÅÄÉΣÎ
      Ó ÃÅÎÔÒÁÌØÎÙÍ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÏÍ.</para>
  </note>

  <para>÷ ÏÂÝÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ, ÎÏ × ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÉÉ ÓÏÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ ×Ù
    ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓÔÏÌËÎÕÔØÓÑ ÓÏ ÓÎÉÖÅÎÉÅÍ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ É ÔÏÞÎÏÓÔÉ ÐÒÉ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÊ ÜÍÕÌÑÃÉÉ ÓÏÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ (ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ
    Ï <link linkend="emul">ÜÍÕÌÑÃÉÉ ×ÙÞÉÓÌÅÎÉÊ Ó ÐÌÁ×ÁÀÝÅÊ ÔÏÞËÏÊ</link>).  
    ÷ ÞÁÓÔÎÏÓÔÉ, ÐÒÏÒÉÓÏ×ËÁ ÄÕÇ × X ÂÕÄÅÔ ïþåîø ÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÏÊ.  ðÒÉÏÂÒÅÔÅÎÉÅ
    ÍÁÔÅÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ÓÏÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÔÅÌØÎÏ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÔÓÑ, ÏÎ ÔÏÇÏ
    ÓÔÏÉÔ.</para>

  <note>
    <para>îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÁÔÅÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÓÏÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÙ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ ÌÕÞÛÅ, ÞÅÍ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ.
      îÁÍ ÎÅÐÒÉÑÔÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÉÚÎÁ×ÁÔØ, ÎÏ Intel ÐÏËÁ ÎÉËÏÇÏ ÎÅ ÐÏÄ×ÏÄÉÌ.  åÓÌÉ
      ×Ù ÎÅ Õ×ÅÒÅÎÙ, ÞÔÏ ÓÏÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó FreeBSD, ÉÚÂÅÇÁÊÔÅ
      ËÌÏÎÏ×.</para>
  </note>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="other-device-support">
    <para>ëÁËÉÅ ÅÝ£ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ×Ï FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/install-hw.html#INSTALL-MISC">òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Å</ulink>
    ÐÒÉ×ÅģΠÓÐÉÓÏË ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÙÈ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ×Ï
    FreeBSD.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="power-management-support">
    <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÌÉ FreeBSD ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÜÎÅÒÇÏÓÂÅÒÅÖÅÎÉÅÍ ÎÁ
      ÌÁÐÔÏÐÁÈ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>FreeBSD ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ <acronym>APM</acronym> ÎÁ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÍÁÛÉÎÁÈ.
    ðÏÉÝÉÔÅ × ÆÁÊÌÅ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ <filename>LINT</filename> ÓÌÏ×Ï
    <acronym>APM</acronym>.  âÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÌÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÎÁÊÄÅÎÁ ×
    ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ ÐÏ &man.apm.4;.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>

  <question>
    <para>òÅÛÅÎÉÅ ÓÐÅÃÉÆÉÞÎÙÈ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ Ó ÁÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÙÍ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÅÍ</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>üÔÏÔ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ ÓÐÅÃÉÆÉÞÎÙÈ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ Ó ÁÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÙÍ
    ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÅÍ, Ó ËÏÔÏÒÙÍÉ ÓÔÁÌËÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÎÁÛÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="micron-hang-boot">
    <para>ëÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÙ Micron ÚÁ×ÉÓÁÀÔ ÐÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÎÓËÉÅ ÐÌÁÔÙ Micron ÉÍÅÀÔ BIOS, ÎÅ ÕÄÏ×ÌÅÔ×ÏÒÑÀÝÕÀ
    ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÕ PCI BIOS, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔ Ë ÐÅÞÁÌØÎÙÍ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÓÔ×ÉÑÍ ÐÒÉ
    ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ FreeBSD, ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÍÅÓÔÏ ÎÅÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×
    PCI ÚÁÎÉÍÁÅÍÙÍ ÉÍÉ ÁÄÒÅÓÁÍ.</para>

  <para>äÌÑ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ÏÔËÌÀÞÉÔÅ × BIOS ÏÐÃÉÀ <quote>Plug and Play
    Operating System</quote>.</para>

  <para>âÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÅ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÐÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍÕ
    ÁÄÒÅÓÕ: <ulink
    URL="http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/vortex.html#micron">
    http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/vortex.html#micron</ulink></para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="newer-adaptec-support">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ FreeBSD ÎÅ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁ£Ô ÍÏÊ SCSI ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒ ÏÔ Adaptec.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>îÏ×ÙÊ ÎÁÂÏÒ ÍÉËÒÏÓÈÅÍ AIC789x ÏÔ Adaptec ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÏÄÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ CAM
    SCSI, ×ÐÅÒ×ÙÅ ÐÏÑ×É×ÛÅÊÓÑ × 3.0.  ðÁÔÞÉ ÄÌÑ 2.2-STABLE ÎÁÈÏÄÑÔÓÑ ÐÏ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ
    <ulink URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/cam/">
    ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/cam/</ulink>.
    úÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÙÊ ÄÉÓË Ó ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÏÊ CAM ÄÏÓÔÕÐÅÎ ÐÏ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ <ulink
    URL="http://people.FreeBSD.org/~abial/cam-boot/">
    http://people.FreeBSD.org/~abial/cam-boot/</ulink>.
    ÷ ÏÂÏÉÈ ÓÌÕÞÁÑÈ ÐÒÅÖÄÅ ÞÅÍ ÎÁÞÁÔØ, ÐÒÏÞÔÉÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ README. </para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="internal-plugnplay-modem">
    <para>FreeBSD ÎÅ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔ ×ÎÕÔÒÅÎÎÉÊ ÍÏÄÅÍ Plug &amp; Play.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ PnP ID ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÍÏÄÅÍÁ × ÓÐÉÓÏË PnP ID ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÁ 
    ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÇÏ ÐÏÒÔÁ.  äÌÑ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÉ Plug &amp; Play, 
    ÏÔËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ Ó ÏÐÃÉÅÊ <literal>controller pnp0</literal>
    × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ, É ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔÅ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ.  ñÄÒÏ
    ×Ù×ÅÄÅÔ ÓÐÉÓÏË ID ×ÓÅÈ ÎÁÊÄÅÎÎÙÈ PnP-ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×.  äÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ PnP ID ÍÏÄÅÍÁ ×
    ÔÁÂÌÉÃÕ × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/sys/i386/isa/sio.c</filename>, ÇÄÅ-ÔÏ × ÒÁÊÏÎÅ
    2777 ÓÔÒÏËÉ.  þÔÏÂÙ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÕ, ÐÏÉÝÉÔÅ ÓÌÏ×Ï <literal>SUP1310</literal>
    × ÓÔÒÕËÔÕÒÅ <literal>siopnp_ids[]</literal>.  óÎÏ×Á ÐÏÓÔÒÏÊÔÅ ÑÄÒÏ,
    ÐÒÏÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÅÇÏ É ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔÅÓØ.  ôÅÐÅÒØ ×ÁÛ ÍÏÄÅÍ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ
    ÏÐÏÚÎÁÎ.</para>

  <para>÷ÁÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÎÁÄÏÂÉÔØÓÑ ÏÔËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ PnP-ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ
    <literal>pnp</literal> × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÔÏÒÅ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍ
    ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ:</para>

  <programlisting>
pnp 1 0 enable os irq0 3 drq0 0 port0 0x2f8
  </programlisting>

  <para>ÞÔÏÂÙ ÍÏÄÅÍ ÂÙÌ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁÎ.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="serial-console-prompt">
    <para>ëÁË ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÅ boot: ×Ù×ÏÄÉÌÏÓØ ÎÁ ËÏÎÓÏÌØ ÎÁ
      ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÍ ÐÏÒÔÕ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <orderedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>ðÏÓÔÒÏÊÔÅ ÑÄÒÏ Ó ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏÍ
        <literal>options COMCONSOLE</literal>.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>óÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ /boot.config, ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉ× ÔÕÄÁ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÔÅËÓÔ
        <option>-P</option>.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ïÔËÌÀÞÉÔÅ ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÕ.</para>
    </listitem>
  </orderedlist>

  <para>ðÏÄÒÏÂÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
    <filename>/usr/src/sys/i386/boot/biosboot/README.serial</filename>.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="micron-3comnic-failure">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÓÅÔÅ×ÏÊ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ 3Com PCI ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ Ó ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁÍÉ
      Micron?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÎÓËÉÅ ÐÌÁÔÙ Micron ÉÍÅÀÔ BIOS, ÎÅ ÕÄÏ×ÌÅÔ×ÏÒÑÀÝÕÀ
    ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÕ PCI BIOS, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔ Ë ÎÅÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÀ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× PCI
    ÚÁÎÉÍÁÅÍÙÍ ÉÍÉ ÁÄÒÅÓÁÍ.  üÔÏ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔ Ë ÐÅÞÁÌØÎÙÍ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÓÔ×ÉÑÍ ÐÒÉ
    ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ FreeBSD.</para>

  <para>äÌÑ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ÏÔËÌÀÞÉÔÅ × BIOS ÏÐÃÉÀ <quote>Plug and Play
    Operating System</quote>.</para>

  <para>âÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÅ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÐÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍÕ
    ÁÄÒÅÓÕ: <ulink
    URL="http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/vortex.html#micron">
    http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/vortex.html#micron</ulink></para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="smp-support">
    <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÌÉ FreeBSD ÍÎÏÇÏÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÎÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ (SMP)?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ SMP (Symmetric Multiprocessing) ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ × 3.0-STABLE É
    ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÈ ÒÅÌÉÚÁÈ.  ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ SMP × ÑÄÒÅ
    <emphasis>GENERIC</emphasis> ÎÅ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÁ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÄÌÑ Å£ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ ×ÁÍ
    ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÅÒÅËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÑÄÒÏ.  ðÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ × ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>/sys/i386/conf/LINT</filename>, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ, ËÁËÉÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ
    ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔØ × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÑÄÒÁ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="asusk7v-boot-failure">
    <para>ðÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ Ó ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÏÞÎÏÊ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ Ó ÍÁÔÅÒÉÎÓËÏÊ ÐÌÁÔÏÊ
      ASUS K7V ÚÁ×ÉÓÁÀÔ.  ëÁË ÜÔÏ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
    <para>÷ÏÊÄÉÔÅ × ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÕ BIOS É ×ÙËÌÀÞÉÔÅ <quote>ÚÁÝÉÔÕ ÏÔ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÙÈ
      ×ÉÒÕÓÏ×</quote>.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>
</qandaset>
</chapter>


<chapter
id="troubleshoot">
<title>õÓÔÒÁÎÅÎÉÅ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ</title>


<qandaset>
<qandaentry>
  <question id="awre">
    <para>îÁ ÍÏ£Í ×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒÙ ÅÓÔØ ÚÁÐÏÒÞÅÎÎÙÅ ÂÌÏËÉ!</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ SCSI-ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï, ÔÏ ×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÉÍÅÔØ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ
    Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÐÅÒÅÁÄÒÅÓÁÃÉÉ ÔÁËÉÈ ÂÌÏËÏ×.  ïÄÎÁËÏ ÐÏ ÎÅÐÏÎÑÔÎÙÍ
    ÐÒÉÞÉÎÁÍ ×Ï ÍÎÏÇÉÈ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÍÙÈ ÄÉÓËÁÈ ÜÔÁ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÏÔËÌÀÞÅÎÁ...</para>

  <para>þÔÏÂ٠ţ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÒÅÖÉÍ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á, ÞÔÏ
    ×Ï FreeBSD ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÏ <username>ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÏÍ</username>
    ÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÏÍ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>scsi -f /dev/rsd0c -m 1 -e -P 3</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>É ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× AWRE É ARRE Ó 0 ÎÁ 1:-</para>

  <programlisting>
AWRE (Auto Write Reallocation Enbld):  1
ARRE (Auto Read Reallocation Enbld):  1
  </programlisting>

  <para>ðÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÐÁÒÁÇÒÁÆÙ ÂÙÌÉ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÙ
    ôÜÄÏÍ íÉÔÔÅÌØÛÔÁÄÔÏÍ (Ted Mittelstaedt)
    <email>tedm@toybox.placo.com</email></para>

  <para>äÌÑ ÄÉÓËÏ× IDE ÐÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÚÁÐÏÒÞÅÎÎÙÈ ÂÌÏËÏ× Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÉÚÎÁËÏÍ
    ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÈ ÎÅÐÒÉÑÔÎÏÓÔÅÊ.  ÷ÓÅ ÓÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÅ IDE-ÄÉÓËÉ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ Ó
    ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÎÏÊ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØÀ ÐÅÒÅÁÄÒÅÓÁÃÉÉ ÉÓÐÏÒÞÅÎÎÙÈ ÂÌÏËÏ×.  ÷ÓÅ 
    ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÉ ×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒÏ× × ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÅÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÔ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÎÙÅ
    ÇÁÒÁÎÔÉÉ É ÚÁÍÅÎÑÀÔ ÄÉÓËÉ Ó ÚÁÐÏÒÞÅÎÎÙÍÉ ÂÌÏËÁÍÉ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ×Ó£ ÖÅ ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÓÐÁÓÔÉ ×ÁÛ ÄÉÓË IDE Ó ÚÁÐÏÒÞÅÎÎÙÍÉ ÂÌÏËÁÍÉ,
    ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÐÙÔÁÔØÓÑ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ ÄÉÁÇÎÏÓÔÉËÉ ×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒÏ× ÏÔ
    ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÑ É ÐÒÏÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÅÀ ÄÉÓË.  éÎÏÇÄÁ ÜÔÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÍÏÇÕÔ
    ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÉËÕ ×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒÁ ÐÅÒÅÓËÁÎÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÉÓË × ÐÏÉÓËÁÈ
    ÉÓÐÏÒÞÅÎÎÙÈ ÂÌÏËÏ× É ÚÁÂÌÏËÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÈ.</para>

  <para>÷ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÄÉÓËÏ× ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÏ× ESDI, RLL É MFM, ÎÁÌÉÞÉÅ ÉÓÐÏÒÞÅÎÎÙÈ ÂÌÏËÏ×
    Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÍ Ñ×ÌÅÎÉÅÍ É ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÂÏÌØÛÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÏÊ. ÷ ðë
    ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒ ×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒÁ É BIOS ÂÅÒÕÔ ÎÁ ÓÅÂÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ ÐÏ ÂÌÏËÉÒÏ×ËÅ
    ÉÓÐÏÒÞÅÎÎÙÈ ÂÌÏËÏ×.  üÔÏ ÐÒÅËÒÁÓÎÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ
    ÔÉÐÁ DOS, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ ×ÙÚÏ×Ù BIOS ÄÌÑ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë ÄÉÓËÕ.  ïÄÎÁËÏ
    ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ÄÉÓËÁ ×Ï FreeBSD ÎÅ ÏÂÒÁÝÁÅÔÓÑ Ë BIOS, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÄÌÑ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÑ
    ÐÏÄÏÂÎÏÊ ÆÕÎËÃÉÏÎÁÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ bad144.  bad144 ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ Ó
    ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÏÍ wd (ÞÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÁ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ ÎÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ×Ï FreeBSD
    4.0), Å£ îå÷ïúíïöîï ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÏ SCSI.  bad144 ÐÏÍÅÝÁÅÔ ×ÓÅ
    ÎÁÊÄÅÎÎÙÅ ÉÓÐÏÒÞÅÎÎÙÅ ÓÅËÔÏÒÁ × ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ.</para>

  <para>õ bad144 ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔØ - ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ Ó ÉÓÐÏÒÞÅÎÎÙÍÉ
    ÂÌÏËÁÍÉ ÐÏÍÅÝÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÀÀ ÄÏÒÏÖËÕ ÄÉÓËÁ.  ôÁË ËÁË ÜÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ
    ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÉÓÐÏÒÞÅÎÎÙÈ ÓÅËÔÏÒÏ×, ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÉÈÓÑ × ÎÁÞÁÌÅ
    ÄÉÓËÁ, ÇÄÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÁÇÁÔØÓÑ ÆÁÊÌ ÑÄÒÁ /kernel, ÏÎ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ
    ÄÏÓÔÕÐÅÎ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉËÕ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÝÅÍÕ ×ÙÚÏ×Ù BIOS ÄÌÑ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÑÄÒÁ.
    üÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÉÔ, ÞÔÏ ÄÉÓË, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ bad144, ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÉÍÅÔØ
    ÒÁÚÍÅÒÙ, ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÁÀÝÉÅ 1024 ÄÏÒÏÖËÉ, 16 ÇÏÌÏ×ÏË É 63 ÓÅËÔÏÒÁ.  üÔÏ
    ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉ×ÁÅÔ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÄÉÓËÁ, ÏÂÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÅÍÏÇÏ bad144, 500 ÍÅÇÁÂÁÊÔÁÍÉ.</para>

  <para>äÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ bad144, ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ <quote>Bad Block</quote>
    × ÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ ON ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ fdisk ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏÊ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ.
    üÔÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÑ Ó FreeBSD 2.2.7.  äÉÓË ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÉÍÅÔØ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ,
    ÎÅ ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÁÀÝÉÊ 1024 ÄÏÒÏÖËÉ.  òÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÄÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÉÓË
    ÐÒÏÒÁÂÏÔÁÌ ÎÅ ÍÅÎÅÅ 4 ÞÁÓÏ× ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÁ × ÒÁÂÏÞÉÊ ÔÅÐÌÏ×ÏÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ É
    ÓÔÁÂÉÌØÎÙÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÇÏÌÏ×ÏË.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÄÉÓË ÉÍÅÅÔ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ, ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÁÀÝÉÊ 1024 ÇÏÌÏ×ËÉ (ËÁË, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ,
    ÂÏÌØÛÏÊ ÄÉÓË ESDI), ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒ ESDI ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÏÓÏÂÙÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ 
    ÔÒÁÎÓÌÑÃÉÉ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÜÔÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÌÏ × DOS.  äÒÁÊ×ÅÒ wd ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÎÁÔØ Ï ÜÔÉÈ
    ÒÅÖÉÍÁÈ ÔÒÁÎÓÌÑÃÉÉ, åóìé ×Ù ÕËÁÖÅÔÅ ÎÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
    <quote>ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÎÙÈ</quote> ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× × ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ <quote>set
    geometry</quote> ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ fdisk.  ÷Ù ÔÁËÖÅ îå ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÒÅÖÉÍ
    <quote>dangerously dedicated</quote> ÐÒÉ ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÉÉ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ ÄÌÑ
    FreeBSD, ÔÁË ËÁË ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ÄÉÓËÁ ÎÅ ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÀÔÓÑ ×Ï ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ.
    ôÁËÖÅ, ÈÏÔÑ fdisk ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÚÍÅΣÎÎÙÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ, ÏÎ ×Ó£ ÖÅ
    ÐÏÍÎÉÔ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÉÊ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÄÉÓËÁ, É ÐÏÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÂÏÌØÛÏÊ
    ÒÁÚÄÅÌ FreeBSD.  åÓÌÉ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ÄÉÓËÁ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÌÉÓØ ÎÁ ÔÒÁÎÓÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÅ,
    ÒÁÚÄÅÌ äïìöåî ÂÙÔØ ÓÏÚÄÁÎ ×ÒÕÞÎÕÀ Ó ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÅÍ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Á ÂÌÏËÏ×.</para>

  <para>óÁÍÙÍ ÂÙÓÔÒÙÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ ÂÏÌØÛÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ ESDI Ó
    ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÏÍ ESDI, ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÁ DOS É ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ ÎÁ Î£Í ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ DOS.  úÁÔÅÍ
    ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÑÃÉÏÎÎÕÀ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ FreeBSD É × ÜËÒÁÎÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ
    fdisk ÎÁÊÄÉÔÅ É ÚÁÐÉÛÉÔÅ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÂÌÏËÁ É ÉÈ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ DOS.
    úÁÔÅÍ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ × ÔÅ ÖÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ DOS,
    ÕÄÁÌÉÔÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ DOS É ÓÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ <quote>ÓÏ×ÍÅÝ£ÎÎÙÊ</quote> ÒÁÚÄÅÌ FreeBSD Ó
    ÒÁÎÅÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÁÎÎÙÍ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏÍ ÂÌÏËÁ.  úÁÔÅÍ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÕ Ó ÜÔÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ
    É ×ËÌÀÞÉÔÅ ÓËÁÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÉÓÐÏÒÞÅÎÎÙÈ ÂÌÏËÏ×.  ÷Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ,
    ÅÝ£ ÄÏ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ, ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÓÑ bad144 (×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÜÔÏ
    Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ ÐÏ Alt-F2).  åÓÌÉ ×ÏÚÎÉËÎÕÔ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ÐÒÉ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÉ ÆÁÊÌÁ Ó
    ÚÁÐÏÒÞÅÎÎÙÍÉ ÓÅËÔÏÒÁÍÉ, ×Ù ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÌÉ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÂÏÌØÛÉÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ÄÉÓËÁ
    - ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔÅÓØ É ÎÁÞÎÉÔÅ ×Ó£ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ (×ËÌÀÞÁÑ ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÎÙÅ ÒÁÚÂÉÅÎÉÅ
    ÎÁ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ É ÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒÁ × DOS).</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÐÅÒÅÁÄÒÅÓÁÃÉÑ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÁ É ×Ó£ ÒÁ×ÎÏ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅ ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÀÔ
    ÚÁÐÏÒÞÅÎÎÙÅ ÂÌÏËÉ, ÔÏ, ÐÏ-×ÉÄÉÍÏÍÕ, ÏÓÔÁ£ÔÓÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÚÁÍÅÎÉÔØ ×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒ.
    ëÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÉÓÐÏÒÞÅÎÎÙÈ ÂÌÏËÏ× Ó ÔÅÞÅÎÉÅÍ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÔÅÎÄÅÎÃÉÀ ÔÏÌØËÏ
    Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉ×ÁÔØÓÑ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="bustek742a-eisa-scsi">
    <para>FreeBSD ÎÅ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁ£Ô ÍÏÊ EISA SCSI ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒ Bustek 742a!</para>
  </question><answer>

  <para>îÉÖÅÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ ÓÐÅÃÉÆÉÞÎÁ ÄÌÑ 742a, ÎÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ËÁÓÁÔØÓÑ É
    ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ× ÏÔ Buslogic (Bustek = Buslogic).</para>

  <para>óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÔ Ä×Å ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÈ <quote>×ÅÒÓÉÉ</quote> ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ× 742a.  üÔÏ
    ÁÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÙÅ ÍÏÄÉÆÉËÁÃÉÉ A-G É ÍÏÄÉÆÉËÁÃÉÉ H É ×ÙÛÅ.  âÕË×Á, ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÁÀÝÁÑ
    ÍÏÄÉÆÉËÁÃÉÀ, ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÁ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÎÏÍÅÒÁ ÓÂÏÒËÉ ÎÁ ËÒÏÍËÅ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁ.  îÁ
    ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÅ 742a ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÙ Ä×Å ÍÉËÒÏÓÈÅÍÙ ðúõ, ÏÄÎÁ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ BIOS, Á
    ÄÒÕÇÁÑ - ÍÉËÒÏËÏÄ (ÔÁË ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÏÅ firmware).  äÌÑ FreeBSD ÎÅ ÉÍÅÅÔ
    ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÁÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ BIOS, ÎÏ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ ÍÉËÒÏËÏÄÁ.
    Buslogic ×ÙÓÙÌÁÅÔ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÄÌÑ ðúõ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÏÚ×ÏÎÉÔÅ × ÉÈ ÏÔÄÅÌ
    ÔÅÈÎÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÉ.  íÉËÒÏÓÈÅÍÙ Ó BIOS É ÍÉËÒÏËÏÄÏÍ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ
    ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÍÉ ÐÁÒÁÍÉ.  ÷ ðúõ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÉÍÅÔØ ÓÁÍÕÀ
    ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÀÀ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ÍÉËÒÏËÏÄÁ ÄÌÑ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÁÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÏÊ ÍÏÄÉÆÉËÁÃÉÉ.</para>

  <para>áÄÁÐÔÅÒÁÍ ÍÏÄÉÆÉËÁÃÉÊ A-G ÍÏÖÅÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÏÄÏÊÔÉ BIOS/Firmware ×ÅÒÓÉÊ
    ×ÐÌÏÔØ ÄÏ 2.41/2.21.  áÄÁÐÔÅÒÁÍ ÍÏÄÉÆÉËÁÃÉÊ H É ÓÔÁÒÛÅ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÔ ÓÁÍÙÅ
    ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ BIOS/Firmware 4.70/3.37.  ïÔÌÉÞÉÅ ÍÅÖÄÕ ×ÅÒÓÉÑÍÉ
    ÍÉËÒÏËÏÄÁ ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ ÍÉËÒÏËÏÄÁ 3.37 ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ
    ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍ <quote>round robin</quote>.</para>

  <para>îÁ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁÈ Buslogic ÐÒÏÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎ ÓÅÒÉÊÎÙÊ ÎÏÍÅÒ.  åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ
    ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ ÓÔÁÒÏÊ ÍÏÄÉÆÉËÁÃÉÉ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÚ×ÏÎÉÔØ × ÐÏÄÒÁÚÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ RMA
    ÆÉÒÍÙ Buslogic, ÓËÁÚÁÔØ ÉÍ ÓÅÒÉÊÎÙÊ ÎÏÍÅÒ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁ É ÐÏÐÙÔÁÔØÓÑ
    ÏÂÍÅÎÑÔØ ÅÇÏ ÎÁ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÎÏ×ÕÀ ÍÏÄÉÆÉËÁÃÉÀ.  åÓÌÉ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÎÏ×,
    ÔÏ ÏÎÉ ÅÇÏ ÐÏÍÅÎÑÀÔ.</para>

  <para>FreeBSD 2.1 ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÍÉËÒÏËÏÄ ÍÏÄÉÆÉËÁÃÉÊ ÔÏÌØËÏ 2.21 É ×ÙÛÅ.
    åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ ÍÉËÒÏËÏÄÁ ÓÔÁÒÅÅ, ÞÅÍ ÜÔÁ, ÔÏ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ
    ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁ×ÁÔØÓÑ ËÁË ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ Buslogic.  ïÄÎÁËÏ ÏÎ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÏÐÏÚÎÁÎ
    ËÁË Adaptec 1540.  òÁÎÎÉÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ÍÉËÒÏËÏÄÁ ÏÔ Buslogic ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔ ÒÅÖÉÍ
    <quote>ÜÍÕÌÑÃÉÉ</quote> AHA1540.  ïÄÎÁËÏ ÄÌÑ EISA-ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁ ×Ó£ ÜÔÏ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ
    ËÁË-ÔÏ ÎÅÐÒÉÌÉÞÎÏ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ ÓÔÁÒÏÊ ÍÏÄÉÆÉËÁÃÉÉ É ×Ù ÐÏÌÕÞÉÌÉ ÍÉËÒÏËÏÄ 2.21
    ÄÌÑ ÎÅÇÏ, ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÐÅÒÅÍÙÞËÕ W1 × ÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ B-C, ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÏÎÁ
    ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÉ A-B.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="hpnetserver-scsi-failure">
    <para>îÅ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁ£ÔÓÑ SCSI-ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒ ÎÁ HP Netserver!</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ ÏÂÝÅÍ-ÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÁÑ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ.  EISA-ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÙ SCSI, 
    ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÎÙÅ ÎÁ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÎÓËÏÊ ÐÌÁÔÅ ÍÁÛÉÎ HP Netserver, ÚÁÎÉÍÁÀÔ
    EISA-ÓÌÏÔ ÎÏÍÅÒ 11, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ×ÓÅ <quote>ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÉÅ</quote> ÓÌÏÔÙ EISA ÂÕÄÕÔ
    ÅÍÕ ÐÒÅÄÛÅÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ.  ôÁË ËÁË ÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Ï ÄÌÑ ÓÌÏÔÏ× EISA ×ÙÛÅ 10
    ÐÅÒÅÓÅËÁÅÔÓÑ Ó ÁÄÒÅÓÎÙÍ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×ÏÍ, ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÎÙÍ ÄÌÑ PCI, ÔÏ
    Á×ÔÏËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÔÏÒ FreeBSD × ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÅÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÜÔÕ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÕ
    ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏ ÏÂÏÊÔÉ.</para>

  <para>ôÁË ÞÔÏ ÐÏËÁ ÌÕÞÛÅÅ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÒÅÄÐÒÉÎÑÔØ, ÜÔÏ ÐÏÐÙÔÁÔØÓÑ
    ÕËÁÚÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÐÅÒÅÓÅÞÅÎÉÑ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎÏ× ÁÄÒÅÓÏ× ÎÅÔ :), ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×É× ÏÐÃÉÀ
    ÑÄÒÁ <literal>EISA_SLOTS</literal> × ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ 12.  ïÔËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÕÊÔÅ É
    ÏÔËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÑÄÒÏ ÔÁË, ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÏ × <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/kernelconfig.html">ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á</ulink> Ï
    ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ.</para>

  <para>ëÏÎÅÞÎÏ, ÜÔÏ ÄÁÓÔ ×ÁÍ ÔÉÐÉÞÎÕÀ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÉ "ËÕÒÉÃÁ ÉÌÉ ÑÊÃÏ"
    ÐÒÉ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÎÁ ÔÁËÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ.  äÌÑ ÏÂÈÏÄÁ ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ
    ×ÎÕÔÒÉ <emphasis>UserConfig</emphasis> ÅÓÔØ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÊ ÈÁË.  îÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ
    <quote>×ÉÚÕÁÌØÎÏÇÏ</quote> ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÁ, Á ÔÏÌØËÏ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÉ,
    ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ</para>

  <programlisting>
eisa 12
quit
  </programlisting>

  <para>× ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÉ, É ÐÒÏÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ËÁË ÏÂÙÞÎÏ.  ÷ ÌÀÂÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ
    ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÏÔËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÕÅÔÅ É ÐÒÏÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÕÅÔÅ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÅ
    ÑÄÒÏ.</para>

  <para>îÁÄÅÅÍÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ÂÕÄÕÝÉÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ÂÕÄÕÔ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ÐÏÌÎÏÅ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ ÜÔÏÊ
    ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ.</para>
  
  <note>
    <para>÷Ù ÎÅ ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÒÅÖÉÍ <literal>dangerously
      dedicated</literal> ÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÁÈ HP Netserver.  ðÏÌÎÏÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ ÐÒÉÞÉÎ
      ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔÓÑ × <link linkend="dedicate">ÜÔÏÍ ÚÁÍÅÞÁÎÉÉ</link>.</para>
  </note>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="cmd640-ide">
    <para>þÔÏ ÎÅ ÔÁË Ó IDE-ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÏÍ CMD640?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>üÔÏÔ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒ ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÞÉÊ.  ïÎ ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÏÔÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÎÁ
    ÏÂÏÉÈ ËÁÎÁÌÁÈ ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ.</para>

  <para>òÅÛÅÎÉÅ ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ É ×ËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ, ÅÓÌÉ
    × ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÜÔÏÔ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒ.  ðÏÄÒÏÂÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ
    ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁÈ óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ ÐÏ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÍÕ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÕ (man 4 wd).</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÕÖÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔÅ Ó FreeBSD 2.2.1 ÉÌÉ 2.2.2 Ó IDE-ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÏÍ
    CMD640 É ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ×ÔÏÒÏÊ ËÁÎÁÌ, ÐÏÓÔÒÏÊÔÅ ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ Ó
    ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÎÏÊ ÏÐÃÉÅÊ <literal>options "CMD640"</literal>.  ÷ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 2.2.6 É
    ×ÙÛÅ ÜÔÏ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÏ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ed1-timeout">
    <para>÷ÙÄÁÀÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ ÔÉÐÁ <errorname>ed1: timeout</errorname>.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ïÂÙÞÎÏ ÜÔÏ ×ÙÚ×ÁÎÏ ËÏÎÆÌÉËÔÏÍ ÐÒÅÒÙ×ÁÎÉÊ (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, Ä×ÕÈ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ×,
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÝÉÈ ÏÄÉÎ É ÔÏÔ ÖÅ IRQ).  FreeBSD ÄÏ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 2.0.5R ÂÙÌÁ
    ÎÅÞÕ×ÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÁ Ë ÔÁËÉÍ ËÏÎÆÌÉËÔÁÍ, É ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ÓÅÔÅ×ÏÇÏ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁ
    ÏÓÔÁ×ÁÌÓÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÏÓÐÏÓÏÂÅÎ ÄÁÖÅ ÐÒÉ ËÏÎÆÌÉËÔÁÈ IRQ.  ïÄÎÁËÏ Ó ×ÅÒÓÉÉ
    2.0.5R É ×ÙÛÅ, ËÏÎÆÌÉËÔÙ IRQ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÎÅ ÓÞÉÔÁÀÔÓÑ ÂÅÚÏÂÉÄÎÙÍÉ.  
    úÁÇÒÕÚÉÔÅÓØ Ó ÏÐÃÉÅÊ -c É ÓÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÓÔÒÏËÕ, ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÝÕÀ ed0/de0/...
    ÎÁ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÕÀ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ..</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÒÁÚß£Í BNC ÓÅÔÅ×ÏÇÏ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁ, ÔÁÊÍÁÕÔÙ
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ×ÙÚ×ÁÎÙ ÐÌÏÈÉÍ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ.  þÔÏÂÙ ÜÔÏ
    ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÉÔØ, ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔÅ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÔÏÒ Ë ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÕ (ÂÅÚ ËÁÂÅÌÑ) É
    ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ, ÎÅ ÉÓÞÅÚÌÉ ÌÉ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ ÏÂ ÏÛÉÂËÁÈ.</para>

  <para>îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ NE2000-ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÙÅ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ ×ÙÄÁÀÔ ÔÁËÕÀ ÏÛÉÂËÕ, ÅÓÌÉ ÎÅÔ
    Ó×ÑÚÉ ÐÏ UTP-ÐÏÒÔÕ ÉÌÉ ÏÔËÌÀÞÅÎ ËÁÂÅÌØ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="mount-cd-superblock">
    <para>ðÒÉ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÁ, ×ÙÄÁ£ÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ
      <errorname>Incorrect super block</errorname>.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>÷ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁÈ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ &man.mount.8; ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ÔÉÐ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á,
    ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ×Ù ÓÏÂÉÒÁÅÔÅÓØ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ.  ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ &man.mount.8; ÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔ,
    ÞÔÏ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÅÍÁÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÔÉÐ <literal>ufs</literal>.  ðÒÉ
    ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ CDROM ÎÕÖÎÏ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ÏÐÃÉÀ
    <option>-t cd9660</option> × ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ &man.mount.8;.  ðÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ, ËÏÎÅÞÎÏ ÖÅ,
    ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ CDROM ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÁ ISO 9660,
    ËÁË ÎÁ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Å CDROM.  ó ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 1.1R FreeBSD Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁ£Ô
    ÔÁËÖÅ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÑ Rock Ridge (ÄÌÑ ÄÌÉÎÎÙÈ ÉͣΠÆÁÊÌÏ×).</para>

  <para>îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï CDROM
    <devicename>/dev/cd0c</devicename> × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>/mnt</filename>, ×Ù
    ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -t cd9660 /dev/cd0c /mnt</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>úÁÍÅÔØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÉÍÑ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á (<devicename>/dev/cd0c</devicename> × ÜÔÏÍ
    ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ) ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÄÒÕÇÉÍ, × ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÁ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ CDROM.
    ïÔÍÅÔØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÏÐÃÉÑ <option>-t cd9660</option> ×ÓÅÇÏ ÌÉÛØ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔ Ë ×ÙÚÏ×Õ
    ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ <command>mount_cd9660</command>, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ ×ÙÛÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ
    ÕËÏÒÏÞÅÎ ÄÏ ÔÁËÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount_cd9660 /dev/cd0c /mnt</userinput>
  </screen>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="cdrom-not-configured">
    <para>ðÒÉ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÁ ×ÙÄÁ£ÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ <literal>Device not
      configured</literal>.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ïÂÙÞÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ × ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÅ CDROM ÎÅÔ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÁ ÌÉÂÏ
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÎÅ ÂÙÌÏ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÅÎÏ ÎÁ ÜÔÁÐÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ.  ÷ÓÔÁ×ØÔÅ ×
    ÐÒÉ×ÏÄ ËÁËÏÊ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ ÄÉÓË, É/ÉÌÉ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ ÅÇÏ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÕ ËÁË
    ×ÅÄÕÝÅÇÏ/×ÅÄÏÍÏÇÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á, ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎÏ ÔÉÐÁ IDE (ATAPI).  äÌÑ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÁ
    CDROM ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÓÅËÕÎÄ ÄÌÑ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ, ÞÔÏ ÂÙÌ
    ×ÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎ ÄÉÓË, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÂÕÄØÔÅ ÔÅÒÐÅÌÉ×ÙÍÉ.</para>

  <para>éÎÏÇÄÁ SCSI CDROM ÍÏÖÅÔ ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÉÚ-ÚÁ ÎÅÄÏÓÔÁÔËÁ
    ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ ÎÁ ÏÔ×ÅÔ ÐÒÉ ÓÂÒÏÓÅ ÛÉÎÙ.  åÓÌÉ ×ÁÛ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄ CDROM Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
    SCSI-ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÏÍ, ÐÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÔÁËÏÊ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ × ×ÁÛ
    ÆÁÊÌ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ É ÐÅÒÅËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÅÇÏ.</para>

  <programlisting>
options "SCSI_DELAY=15"
  </programlisting>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="cdrom-unicode-filenames">
    <para>ëÏÇÄÁ Ñ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÀ CDROM, ×ÓÅ ÎÅÁÎÇÌÉÊÓËÉÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÙ × ÉÍÅÎÁÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×
      ×Ù×ÏÄÑÔÓÑ ËÁË <quote>?</quote>.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>óËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, × ×ÁÛÅÍ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÅ ÄÌÑ ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ Ï ÆÁÊÌÁÈ É
    ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁÈ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÅ <quote>Joilet</quote>.  üÔÏ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÅ
    ÐÒÅÄÕÓÍÁÔÒÉ×ÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ×ÓÅ ÉÍÅÎÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÈÒÁÎÑÔÓÑ × ×ÉÄÅ Ä×ÕÈÂÁÊÔÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏ×
    Unicode.  îÁ ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ×ÅÄÕÔÓÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÐÏ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÅ Unicode ÑÄÒÏÍ
    FreeBSD, ÎÏ ÔÁË ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÅÝÅ ÎÅ ÇÏÔÏ×Ï, ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ CD9660 ÎÅ ÉÍÅÅÔ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ
    ÄÅËÏÄÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÙ × ÉÍÅÎÁÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×.</para>

  <para>ëÁË ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÅ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ, ÎÁÞÉÎÁÑ Ó FreeBSD 4.3, × ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ CD9660 ÂÙÌ
    ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÊ ÍÅÔÏÄ, ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÀÝÉÊ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ ÚÁÇÒÕÖÁÔØ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÝÕÀ
    ÔÁÂÌÉÃÕ ÐÅÒÅËÏÄÉÒÏ×ËÉ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ.  íÏÄÕÌÉ ÄÌÑ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ
    ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÅÎÎÙÈ ËÏÄÉÒÏ×ÏË ÎÁÈÏÄÑÔÓÑ × ëÏÌÌÅËÃÉÉ ðÏÒÔÏ× ×
    <filename>sysutils/cd9660_unicode</filename>.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="printer-slow">
    <para>íÏÊ ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒ ÐÅÞÁÔÁÅÔ ÎÅ×ÅÒÏÑÔÎÏ ÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÏ.  þÔÏ ÔÕÔ ÍÏÖÎÏ
      ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎ Ë ÐÁÒÁÌÌÅÌØÎÏÍÕ ÐÏÒÔÕ, É ÅÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÊ
    ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÏÊ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÅÇÏ ÍÅÄÌÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ, ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÐÏÒÔ ×
    ÒÅÖÉÍ <quote>polled</quote>:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>lptcontrol -p</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>õÔ×ÅÒÖÄÁÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÎÏ×ÅÊÛÉÅ ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒÙ ÏÔ HP ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ
    ËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÏ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ÐÒÅÒÙ×ÁÎÉÊ, ÓËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÉÚ-ÚÁ (ÜÔÏ ÅÝ£ ÎÅ ÓÏ×ÓÅÍ
    ÔÏÞÎÏ ×ÙÑÓÎÅÎÏ) ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ Ó ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÍÉ ÚÁÄÅÒÖËÁÍÉ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="signal11">
    <para>ðÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÏ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÁÀÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ Ó ÏÛÉÂËÏÊ <errorname>Signal
      11</errorname>.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ïÛÉÂËÉ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ, Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÙÅ Ó 11'ÙÍ ÓÉÇÎÁÌÏÍ, ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÑÔ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×ÁÛ
    ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔØÓÑ Ë ÏÂÌÁÓÔÉ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ, ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÅÍÕ ÎÅ ÂÙÌ
    ÄÁÎ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ.	åÓÌÉ ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÏÅ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ × ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÙÅ
    ÎÁ ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ×ÚÇÌÑÄ ÐÒÏÍÅÖÕÔËÉ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ, ÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÏÐÙÔÁÔØÓÑ ×ÙÑÓÎÉÔØ
    ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÓÔÉ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÑÝÉÈ ÓÏÂÙÔÉÊ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÄÅÔÁÌØÎÏ.</para>

  <para>üÔÉ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ËÌÁÓÓÉÆÉÃÉÒÏ×ÁÎÙ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ:</para>

  <orderedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>åÓÌÉ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ×ÏÚÎÉËÁÅÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ × ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÏÍ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ
	ÂÙÌÏ ÓÁÍÏÓÔÏÑÔÅÌØÎÏ ×ÁÍÉ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÁÎÏ, ÔÏ, ÓËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, ÜÔÏ ÏÛÉÂËÁ ×
	×ÁÛÅÍ ËÏÄÅ.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ × ÞÁÓÔÉ ÂÁÚÏ×ÏÇÏ ËÏÍÐÌÅËÔÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ FreeBSD, ÔÏ
	ÜÔÏ ÔÏÖÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÏÛÉÂËÁ × ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÍ ËÏÄÅ, ÈÏÔÑ × ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Å
	ÓÌÕÞÁÅ× ÔÁËÉÅ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ É ÏÛÉÂËÉ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÚÁÄÏÌÇÏ
	ÄÏ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ÏÂÙÞÎÙÍ ÞÉÔÁÔÅÌÑÍ FAQ ÄÏ×ÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÜÔÏÔ ËÏÄ
	(ÉÍÅÎÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÁ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ -current).</para>
    </listitem>
  </orderedlist>

  <para>÷ ÞÁÓÔÎÏÓÔÉ, ÄÏÓÔÏ×ÅÒÎÏ *ÎÅ* ÏÛÉÂËÁ FreeBSD, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÓÔÁÌËÉ×ÁÅÔÅÓØ
    Ó ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÏÊ ÐÒÉ ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ, ÎÏ ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÔÏÒÁ ÍÅÓÔÏ
    ÓÂÏÑ ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÒÁÚ ÉÚÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ.</para>

  <para>îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÐÏÌÏÖÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <quote>make
    buildworld</quote> É ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÑ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÉÌÁÓØ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÏ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÐÙÔËÅ ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÉ
    ls.c × ls.o.  åÓÌÉ ÐÒÉ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÐÏÐÙÔËÅ ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÎÏ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ <quote>make
    buildworld</quote> ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÑ ÐÒÅÒ×£ÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÔÏÍ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÍÅÓÔÅ, ÔÏ ÜÔÏ
    ÏÛÉÂËÉ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÑ -- ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÏÂÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÅ ÔÅËÓÔÙ É
    ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÓÎÏ×Á.  åÓÌÉ ÖÅ ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÑ ÐÒÅÒÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ × ËÁËÏÍ-ÔÏ ÄÒÕÇÏÍ ÍÅÓÔÅ,
    ÔÏ × ÜÔÏÍ ÐÒÁËÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÄÏÓÔÏ×ÅÒÎÏ ×ÉÎÏ×ÁÔÏ ÏÂÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÅ.</para>

  <para>þÔÏ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ:</para>

  <para>÷ ÐÅÒ×ÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÏÔÌÁÄÞÉËÏÍ, Ë ÐÒÉÍÅÒÕ, gdb,
    ÄÌÑ ÎÁÈÏÖÄÅÎÉÑ ÔÏÞËÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÏÐÙÔËÁ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë
    ÎÅ×ÅÒÎÏÍÕ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ É ÚÁÔÅÍ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ ÜÔÕ ÏÛÉÂËÕ.</para>

  <para>÷Ï ×ÔÏÒÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÛÅ ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
    ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÎÏ.</para>

  <para>óÒÅÄÉ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÑÝÉÈ Ë ÜÔÏÍÕ ÐÒÉÞÉÎ:</para>

  <orderedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>÷ÁÛÉ ×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒÙ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÐÅÒÅÇÒÅ×ÁÔØÓÑ: ðÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ
	×ÅÎÔÉÌÑÔÏÒÏ× × ×ÁÛÅÍ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÍ ÂÌÏËÅ, ÔÁË ËÁË ×ÁÛ ÄÉÓË (É ÍÏÖÅÔ,
	ÔÁËÖÅ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ËÏÍÐÏÎÅÎÔÙ, ÍÏÇÕÔ ÐÅÒÅÇÒÅ×ÁÔØÓÑ).</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>òÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÉÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ ÐÅÒÅÇÒÅ×ÁÅÔÓÑ: üÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÒÏÉÚÏÊÔÉ ÉÚ-ÚÁ
	Õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÞÁÓÔÏÔÙ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ ÚÁ ÒÁÂÏÞÉÅ ÇÒÁÎÉÃÙ ÉÌÉ ÐÏÌÏÍËÉ
	×ÅÎÔÉÌÑÔÏÒÁ ÎÁ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÅ.  ÷ ÌÀÂÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÕÂÅÄÉÔØÓÑ, ÞÔÏ
	×ÁÛÅ ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÔÁË, ËÁË ÅÍÕ ÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÏ, ÐÏ ËÒÁÊÎÅÊ ÍÅÒÅ,
	ÎÁ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÐÏÉÓËÁ ÐÒÉÞÉÎ ÎÅÉÓÐÒÁ×ÎÏÓÔÉ, ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÓÌÏ×ÁÍÉ, õÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ
	ÞÁÓÔÏÔÕ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÎÁ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ.</para>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÒÅ×ÙÓÉÌÉ ÒÁÂÏÞÉÅ ÞÁÓÔÏÔÙ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ, ÚÁÍÅÔØÔÅ,
	ÞÔÏ ÄÅÛÅ×ÌÅ ÏÂÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ, ÞÅÍ ÓÇÏÒÅ×ÛÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ,
	ÔÒÅÂÕÀÝÁÑ ÚÁÍÅÎÙ!  ôÁËÖÅ ÏÂÝÅÓÔ×Ï ÎÅÞÁÓÔÏ ÓÉÍÐÁÔÉÚÉÒÕÅÔ
	ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁÍ ÎÁ ÔÁËÉÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ, ×ÎÅ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ÔÏÇÏ, ÓÞÉÔÁÅÔÅ ÌÉ
	×Ù Õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÒÁÂÏÞÅÊ ÞÁÓÔÏÔÙ ÎÅ ×ÌÉÑÀÝÉÍ ÎÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ ÉÌÉ ÎÅÔ.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>èÉÔÒÁÑ ÐÁÍÑÔØ: åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÏ ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Ï ÍÉËÒÏÓÈÅÍ
	SIMM/DIMM, ÔÏ ×ÙÔÁÝÉÔÅ ÉÈ ×ÓÅ É ÐÏÐÙÔÁÊÔÅÓØ ÐÏÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÉÎÄÉ×ÉÄÕÁÌØÎÏ
	Ó ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÍÉËÒÏÓÈÅÍÏÊ SIMM ÉÌÉ DIMM É ÌÏËÁÌÉÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÕ ÌÉÂÏ ÄÏ
	ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁÔÉÞÎÏÊ ÍÉËÒÏÓÈÅÍÙ DIMM/SIMM, ÌÉÂÏ ÄÁÖÅ ÉÈ ËÏÍÂÉÎÁÃÉÉ.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>þÅÒÅÓÞÕÒ ÏÐÔÉÍÉÓÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÎÓËÏÊ ÐÌÁÔÙ: ðÒÉ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÅ
        ×ÁÛÅÊ BIOS É ×ÙÂÏÒÅ ÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ ÐÅÒÅÍÙÞÅË ÎÁ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÎÓËÏÊ ÐÌÁÔÅ ×Ù ÉÍÅÅÔÅ
        ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÚÁÄÁÔØ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÞÁÓÔÏÔÙ É ÚÁÄÅÒÖËÉ, É × ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Å ÓÌÕÞÁÅ×
        ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÙ, ÎÏ ÉÎÏÇÄÁ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÍÁÌÙÈ
        ÐÅÒÉÏÄÏ× ÏÖÉÄÁÎÉÑ ÄÌÑ ïúõ, ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁ <quote>RAM Speed:
        Turbo</quote> É ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÈ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× × BIOS ×ÙÚÏ×ÅÔ ÓÔÒÁÎÎÏÅ ÐÏ×ÅÄÅÎÉÅ.
        ÷ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÍ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÅÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÔÁÔØ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× BIOS ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ,
        ÎÏ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÓÔÏÉÔ ÚÁÐÉÓÁÔØ ×ÁÛÉ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ!</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>îÅÕÓÔÏÊÞÉ×ÏÅ ÉÌÉ ÎÅÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏÅ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÐÉÔÁÎÉÅ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÎÓËÏÊ ÐÌÁÔÙ.
	åÓÌÉ × ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÅÓÔØ ÎÅÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ ××ÏÄÁ/×Ù×ÏÄÁ,
	×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒÙ ÉÌÉ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÙ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÏ×, ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ ÉÈ ÕÂÒÁÔØ
	ÉÌÉ ÏÔËÌÀÞÉÔØ ÏÔ ËÁÂÅÌÑ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÐÉÔÁÎÉÑ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ, ÓÍÏÖÅÔ ÌÉ
	×ÁÛ ÂÌÏË ÐÉÔÁÎÉÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ÍÅÎØÛÅÊ ÎÁÇÒÕÚËÏÊ.	éÌÉ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ
	×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÄÒÕÇÉÍ ÂÌÏËÏÍ ÐÉÔÁÎÉÑ, ÖÅÌÁÔÅÌØÎÏ ÂÏÌØÛÅÊ ÍÏÝÎÏÓÔÉ
	(ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ ÉÍÅÀÝÉÊÓÑ ÂÌÏË ÐÉÔÁÎÉÑ ÒÁÓÓÞÉÔÁÎ ÎÁ 250 ÷ÁÔÔ,
	ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÍÏÝÎÏÓÔØÀ 300 ÷ÁÔÔ).</para>
    </listitem>
  </orderedlist>

  <para>÷Ù ÔÁËÖÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÒÏÞÉÔÁÔØ FAQ ÐÏ SIG11 (ÓÓÙÌËÁ ÄÁÎÁ ÎÉÖÅ), × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ
    ÄÁÎÙ ÐÒÅËÒÁÓÎÙÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÑ ×ÓÅÈ ÜÔÉÈ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ, ÈÏÔÑ É Ó ÔÏÞËÉ ÚÒÅÎÉÑ Linux.
    ôÁËÖÅ ÏÂÓÕÖÄÁÅÔÓÑ, ËÁË ÁÐÐÁÒÁÔÕÒÁ ÉÌÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÅ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ
    ÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÐÒÏÐÕÓËÁÔØ ÓÂÏÊÎÕÀ ÐÁÍÑÔØ.</para>

  <para>îÁËÏÎÅÃ, ÅÓÌÉ ÎÉÞÅÇÏ ÉÚ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÎÅ ÐÏÍÏÇÁÅÔ, ÔÏ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ×Ù
    ÎÁÛÌÉ ÏÛÉÂËÕ ×Ï FreeBSD É ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÎÓÔÒÕËÃÉÑÍ ÐÏ ÐÏÓÙÌËÅ
    ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÊ Ï ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁÈ.</para>

  <para>ðÏÄÒÏÂÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ ÐÏ ÜÔÏÍÕ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÕ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔÓÑ × <ulink
    URL="http://www.bitwizard.nl/sig11/">FAQ ÐÏ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÅ SIG11</ulink>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="screen-loses-sync">
    <para>ðÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ ÍÏÎÉÔÏÒ ÔÅÍÎÅÅÔ É ÔÅÒÑÅÔ ÓÉÎÈÒÏÎÉÚÁÃÉÀ!</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>üÔÏ ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÁÑ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ Ó ×ÉÄÅÏÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁÍÉ ATI Mach 64.  ïÎÁ ×ÙÚ×ÁÎÁ ÔÅÍ,
    ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏÔ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÁÄÒÅÓ <literal>2e8</literal>, ËÁË É ÞÅÔ×£ÒÔÙÊ
    ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÐÏÒÔ.  éÚ-ÚÁ ÏÛÉÂËÉ (ÉÌÉ ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ?) × ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÅ
    &man.sio.4; ÏÎ ÏÂÒÁÝÁÅÔÓÑ Ë ÐÏÒÔÕ, ÄÁÖÅ ÅÓÌÉ ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎ ÎÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ, É
    <emphasis>ÄÁÖÅ</emphasis> ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÏÔËÌÀÞÉÔÅ sio3 (ÞÅÔ×£ÒÔÙÊ ÐÏÒÔ),
    ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ, ËÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÜÔÏÔ ÁÄÒÅÓ ××ÏÄÁ/×Ù×ÏÄÁ.</para>

  <para>ðÏËÁ ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÏ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÍÅÔÏÄ:</para>

  <orderedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>÷ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉËÁ ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ <option>-c</option>.  (üÔÏ
        ÐÅÒÅ×ÅÄ£Ô ÑÄÒÏ × ÒÅÖÉÍ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ).</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ïÔËÌÀÞÉÔÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á <devicename>sio0</devicename>,
        <devicename>sio1</devicename>, <devicename>sio2</devicename> É
        <devicename>sio3</devicename> (×ÓÅ ÉÈ).  ðÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ sio ÎÅ
        ÂÕÄÅÔ ÁËÔÉ×ÉÚÉÒÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ É ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>äÌÑ ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÅÎÉÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ exit.</para>
    </listitem>
  </orderedlist>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ÐÏÒÔÙ, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÉÔØ
    ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ ÓÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÍÏÄÉÆÉËÁÃÉÅÊ: × ÆÁÊÌÅ
    <filename>/usr/src/sys/i386/isa/sio.c</filename> ÎÁÊÄÉÔÅ ÓÔÒÏÞËÕ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÕÀ
    ÞÉÓÌÏ <literal>0x2e8</literal> É ÕÄÁÌÉÔŠţ ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó ÐÒÅÄÛÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ ÚÁÐÑÔÏÊ
    (ÏÓÔÁ×É× ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ).  ðÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÊÔÅ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÍ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑÍ ÐÏ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÀ
    ÑÄÒÁ.</para>

  <para>äÁÖÅ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÉÈ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÊ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ X Window ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ
    ÎÅÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏ.  åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÚÏÛÌÏ, ÕÄÏÓÔÏ×ÅÒØÔÅÓØ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ
    XFree86 ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ÎÅ ÎÉÖÅ 3.3.3.  üÔÏÔ É ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÒÅÌÉÚÙ ÉÍÅÀÔ ×ÓÔÒÏÅÎÎÕÀ
    ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ× Mach64 É ÄÁÖÅ ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÙÊ X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÄÌÑ ÔÁËÉÈ
    ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ×.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="reallybigram">
    <para>õ ÍÅÎÑ 128 íâ ïúõ, ÎÏ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ 64.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ôÁË ËÁË ÄÌÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÏÂߣÍÁ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ FreeBSD ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ
    BIOS, ÏÎÁ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÁ 16 ÂÉÔÁÍÉ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÍÉ ÄÌÑ ×ÙÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ
    ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ ïúõ × ËÉÌÏÂÁÊÔÁÈ (65535 ëâ = 64íâ) (ÉÌÉ ÍÅÎØÛÅ... ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ
    BIOS ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉ×ÁÀÔ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÙ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ÄÏ 16íâ).  åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÞÅÍ 64íâ
    ïúõ, FreeBSD ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÙÔÁÔØÓÑ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔØ ÜÔÕ ÐÁÍÑÔØ; ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÜÔÁ ÐÏÐÙÔËÁ
    ÍÏÖÅÔ É ÎÅ ÕÄÁÓÔØÓÑ).</para>

  <para>äÌÑ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÏÐÃÉÀ ÑÄÒÁ,
    ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÕÀ ÎÉÖÅ.  óÐÏÓÏÂ ×ÙÑÓÎÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÌÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ Ï ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ÉÚ BIOS
    ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ, ÎÏ Õ ÎÁÓ ÎÅÔ ÍÅÓÔÁ × ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÏÍ ÂÌÏËÅ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÜÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÔØ.
    ëÏÇÄÁ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ÎÅÈ×ÁÔËÉ ÍÅÓÔÁ × ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÙÈ ÂÌÏËÁÈ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÅÛÅÎÁ, ÍÙ
    ÂÕÄÅÍ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÎÙÅ ÆÕÎËÃÉÉ BIOS ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÌÎÏÊ
    ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ Ï ÐÁÍÑÔÉ... ÎÏ ÐÏËÁ ÍÙ ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÌÉÓØ ÎÁ ÏÐÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ.</para>

  <para><literal>options "MAXMEM=<replaceable>n</replaceable>"</literal></para>

  <para>úÄÅÓØ <replaceable>n</replaceable> - ÜÔÏ ÏÂß£Í ÐÁÍÑÔÉ × ËÉÌÏÂÁÊÔÁÈ. äÌÑ
    ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ÓÏ 128 íâ ïúõ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ
    <literal>131072</literal>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="panic-kmemmap-too-small">
    <para>FreeBSD 2.0 Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÏ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÁÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ Ó ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅÍ <errorname>kmem_map
      too small!</errorname></para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <note>
    <para>óÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÔÁËÖÅ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÔØ ËÁË <errorname>mb_map too
      small!</errorname></para>
  </note>

  <para>ôÁËÏÅ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÎÅ È×ÁÔÁÅÔ
    ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ÄÌÑ ÓÅÔÅ×ÙÈ ÂÕÆÅÒÏ× (ÔÏÞÎÅÅ, ÓÔÒÕËÔÕÒ mbuf). ÷Ù
    ÍÏÖÅÔÅ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉÔØ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ÄÌÑ ÓÔÒÕËÔÕÒ mbuf,
    ÄÏÂÁ×É×:</para>

  <para><literal>options
    "NMBCLUSTERS=<replaceable>n</replaceable>"</literal></para>

  <para>× ÆÁÊÌ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ, ÇÄÅ <replaceable>n</replaceable> - ÜÔÏ ÞÉÓÌÏ
    × ÐÒÅÄÅÌÁÈ 512-4096, × ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ÞÉÓÌÁ TCP-ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ×ÁÍ
    ÎÕÖÎÏ ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÔØ.  ñ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÀ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÏ×ÁÔØ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ 2048 -
    ÜÔÏ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÉÚÂÁ×ÉÔØ ×ÁÓ ÏÔ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÙÈ ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×Ï×.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÔÓÌÅÖÉ×ÁÔØ
    ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÓÔÒÕËÔÕÒ mbuf, ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÈ/ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ
    <command>netstat -m</command> (ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë &man.netstat.1;).  úÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÏ
    ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÄÌÑ NMBCLUSTERS ÒÁ×ÎÏ <literal>512 + MAXUSERS
    * 16</literal>.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="cmap-busy-panic">
    <para>ðÒÉ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ Ó ÎÏ×ÙÍ ÑÄÒÏÍ ×ÙÄÁ£ÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ <literal>CMAP busy
      panic</literal>.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÁ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÕÓÔÁÒÅ×ÛÉÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×
    <filename>/var/db/kvm_*.db</filename> ÉÎÏÇÄÁ ÄÁ£Ô ÓÂÏÊ É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÎÅ ÔÅ
    ÆÁÊÌÙ, ÞÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÙÚ×ÁÔØ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÙÊ ÏÓÔÁÎÏ× ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÓÌÕÞÉÌÏÓØ, ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔÅÓØ × ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ
    É ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>rm /var/db/kvm_*.db</userinput>
  </screen>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="brkadrint-illegal-host-access">
    <para>þÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ <errorname>ahc0: brkadrint,  Illegal
    Host Access at seqaddr 0x0</errorname></para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>üÔÏ - ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔ ËÏÎÆÌÉËÔÁ ÓÏ SCSI-ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏÍ Ultrastor. </para>

  <para>÷Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ×ÏÊÄÉÔÅ × ÍÅÎÀ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ É ×ÙËÌÀÞÉÔÅ
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï <devicename>uha0</devicename>, Ñ×ÌÑÀÝÅÅÓÑ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÏÍ ÜÔÏÊ
    ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="mail-loopback">
    <para>Sendmail ÓÏÏÂÝÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ <errorname>mail loops back to
      myself</errorname></para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ FAQ ÐÏ sendmail ÎÁ ÜÔÏ ÄÁÎ ÔÁËÏÊ ÏÔ×ÅÔ:-</para>
  
  <literallayout>
        * ÷ÙÄÁÀÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ "Local configuration error", ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÔÁËÉÅ:

        553 relay.domain.net config error: mail loops back to myself
        554 &lt;user@domain.net&gt;... Local configuration error

        ëÁË ÍÏÖÎÏ ÒÅÛÉÔØ ÜÔÕ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÕ?

        óÏÇÌÁÓÎÏ ÚÁÐÉÓÑÍ MX, ÐÏÞÔÁ ÄÌÑ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ (ÓËÁÖÅÍ, domain.net) ÂÙÌÁ
        ÐÅÒÅÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÁ ÎÁ ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÙÊ ÈÏÓÔ (× ÎÁÛÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ relay.domain.net),
        ÎÏ ÏÎ ÎÅ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁ£ÔÓÑ ËÁË domain.net.  äÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÓÔÒÏËÕ domain.net ×
        ÆÁÊÌ /etc/sendmail.cw (ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ FEATURE(use_cw_file)) ÉÌÉ
        ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ "Cw domain.net" × /etc/sendmail.cf.
  </literallayout>

  <para>ôÅËÕÝÁÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ <ulink
    URL="ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/mail/sendmail-faq">
    FAQ ÐÏ sendmail</ulink> ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÎÅ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó sendmail.
    ïÄÎÁËÏ ÜÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ ÒÅÇÕÌÑÒÎÏ ÐÏÍÅÝÁÅÔÓÑ × ËÏÎÆÅÒÅÎÃÉÉ
    <ulink URL="news:comp.mail.sendmail">comp.mail.sendmail</ulink>,
    <ulink URL="news:comp.mail.misc">comp.mail.misc</ulink>,
    <ulink URL="news:comp.mail.smail">comp.mail.smail</ulink>,
    <ulink URL="news:comp.answers">comp.answers</ulink> É
    <ulink URL="news:news.answers">news.answers</ulink>.
    ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ËÏÐÉÀ ÐÏ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏÊ ÐÏÞÔÅ, ÐÏÓÌÁ× ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ,
    ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÅÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ
    <literal>send usenet/news.answers/mail/sendmail-faq</literal> × ÔÅÌÅ
    ÐÉÓØÍÁ, × ÁÄÒÅÓ <email>mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu</email>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="remote-fullscreen">
    <para>ðÏÌÎÏÜËÒÁÎÎÙÅ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ ×ÅÄÕÔ ÓÅÂÑ
      ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ!</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>îÁ ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ ÔÉÐ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ × ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ,
    ÏÔÌÉÞÎÏÅ ÏÔ ÔÉÐÁ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁ <literal>cons25</literal>, ÔÒÅÂÕÅÍÏÍ ÐÒÉ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ FreeBSD.</para>

  <para>åÓÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÈ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏ× ÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ:</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ×ÈÏÄÁ ÎÁ ÄÒÕÇÕÀ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ
        ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ TERM ÒÁ×ÎÙÍ <literal>ansi</literal> ÉÌÉ
        <literal>sco</literal>, ÅÓÌÉ ÜÔÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ ÚÎÁÅÔ ÏÂ ÜÔÉÈ
        ÔÉÐÁÈ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÏ×.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÜÍÕÌÑÔÏÒ VT100, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ <application>screen</application>
        ÎÁ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ FreeBSD. <application>Screen</application> ÄÁ£Ô ×ÁÍ
        ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÏÔËÒÙ×ÁÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÒÁÂÏÞÉÈ ÓÅÁÎÓÏ× ÎÁ ÏÄÎÏÍ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÅ,
        É ÏÎÁ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÅÝ£ ÒÑÄ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÙÈ ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔÅÊ.  ëÁÖÄÏÅ ÏËÎÏ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ
        <application>screen</application> ×ÅÄ£Ô ÓÅÂÑ ËÁË ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌ VT100, ÔÁË
        ÞÔÏ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÁÑ TERM ÎÁ ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÁ ×
        ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ <literal>vt100</literal>.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ïÐÉÛÉÔÅ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌ <literal>cons25</literal> × ÂÁÚÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ
        ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉË ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÏ× ÎÁ ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ.  óÐÏÓÏ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÑ
        ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÔ ÏÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÊ ÎÁ ÜÔÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.  ÷ÁÍ
        ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÍÏÞØ ÞÔÅÎÉÅ ÒÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ× ÐÏ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÀ ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÏÊ
        ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>úÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÎÁ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÅ FreeBSD É ×ÏÊÄÉÔÅ ÎÁ ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÕÀ
        ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ËÁËÏÇÏ-ÌÉÂÏ ÜÍÕÌÑÔÏÒÁ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁ, ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÅÇÏ × X
        Window, ÔÁËÏÇÏ, ËÁË <command>xterm</command> ÉÌÉ
        <command>rxvt</command>.  ðÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÁÑ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ TERM ÎÁ ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÏÊ
        ÍÁÛÉÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÁ × ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ <literal>xterm</literal>
        ÉÌÉ <literal>vt100</literal>.</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="calcru-negative">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ×Ù×ÏÄÑÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ <errorname>calcru: negative
      time...</errorname>?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>üÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ×ÙÚ×ÁÎÏ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÍÉ ÁÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÙÍÉ ÉÌÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÙÍÉ
    ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁÍÉ, Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÙÍÉ Ó ÐÒÅÒÙ×ÁÎÉÑÍÉ.  üÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ Ó×ÑÚÁÎÏ ËÁË
    Ó ÏÛÉÂËÁÍÉ ÐÒÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ, ÔÁË É Ó ÐÒÉÒÏÄÏÊ ÓÁÍÉÈ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×.
    îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÒÁÂÏÔÁ Ó TCP/IP ÐÏ ÐÁÒÁÌÌÅÌØÎÏÍÕ ÐÏÒÔÕ Ó ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ
    ÂÏÌØÛÏÇÏ MTU ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔ Ë ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÅ, ÔÁËÖÅ ËÁË ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
    ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÁËÓÅÌÅÒÁÔÏÒÏ×; × ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÉÔØ
    ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÕ ÐÒÅÒÙ×ÁÎÉÊ ÎÁ ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÍ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÅ.</para>

  <para>ïÄÎÉÍ ÉÚ ÐÒÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÊ ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÅÒÙ×ÁÎÉÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ
    ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏ× Ó ÄÉÁÇÎÏÓÔÉÞÅÓËÉÍ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅÍ <quote>SIGXCPU exceeded cpu time
    limit</quote>.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÜÔÁ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÒÅÛÅÎÁ, ÄÌÑ FreeBSD 3.0 ÏÔ 29
    ÎÏÑÂÒÑ 1998 É ×ÙÛÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÊ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sysctl -w kern.timecounter.method=1</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>üÔÏ ËÏÓΣÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÎÏ, ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÑ ×Ï ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ
    ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉË ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ, ÜÔÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÎÅÚÁÍÅÔÎÏ.  åÓÌÉ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ×Ó£ ÅÝ£
    ÄÁ£Ô Ï ÓÅÂÅ ÚÎÁÔØ, ÏÓÔÁ×ØÔÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÜÔÏÊ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ ÒÁ×ÎÙÍ ÅÄÉÎÉÞËÅ
    É Õ×ÅÌÉÞØÔÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁ <literal>NTIMECOUNTER</literal> × ÆÁÊÌÅ
    ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÑÄÒÁ.  åÓÌÉ × ËÏÎÃÅ ËÏÎÃÏ× ×Ù ÄÏÓÔÉÇÎÅÔÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ
    <literal>NTIMECOUNTER=20</literal>, ÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÜÔÕ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÕ ÒÅÛÉÔØ ÎÅ ÕÄÁÓÔÓÑ,
    ÐÒÅÒÙ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÁÀÔ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÂÏÌØÛÕÀ ÎÁÇÒÕÚËÕ ÎÁ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÉÔØ
    ÏÔÓÌÅÖÉ×ÁÎÉÅ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="pcm0-not-found">
    <para>÷ÙÄÁ£ÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ <errorname>pcm0 not found</errorname> ÉÌÉ ÍÏÊ
      Ú×ÕËÏ×ÏÊ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔÓÑ ËÁË <devicename>pcm1</devicename>, ÈÏÔÑ
      × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ ÑÄÒÁ ÕËÁÚÁÎÁ ÓÔÒÏÞËÁ
      <literal>device pcm0</literal>. þÔÏ ÐÏÒÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ôÁËÏÅ ÂÙ×ÁÅÔ ×Ï FreeBSD 3.x ÓÏ Ú×ÕËÏ×ÙÍÉ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁÍÉ PCI.  õÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï
    <devicename>pcm0</devicename> ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÏ ÉÓËÌÀÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ× ISA,
    ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ, ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ PCI, ÔÏ ×Ù Õ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÜÔÕ ÏÛÉÂËÕ É ×ÁÛ
    ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁÎ ËÁË <devicename>pcm1</devicename>.

  <note>
    <para>÷Ù ÎÅ ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÚÂÁ×ÉÔØÓÑ ÏÔ ÐÒÅÄÕÐÒÅÖÄÁÀÝÅÇÏ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ, ÐÒÏÓÔÏ
      ÉÚÍÅÎÉ× ÓÔÒÏËÕ × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ ÑÄÒÁ ÎÁ
      <literal>device pcm1</literal>, ÔÁË ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄ£Ô Ë ÚÁËÒÅÐÌÅÎÉÀ
      ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á <devicename>pcm1</devicename> ÚÁ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁÍÉ ISA, Á ×ÁÛ
      ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ PCI ÂÕÄÅÔ ÎÁÊÄÅÎ ËÁË ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï <devicename>pcm2</devicename>
      (É ÐÏÑ×ÉÔÓÑ ÐÒÅÄÕÐÒÅÖÄÅÎÉÅ <errorname>pcm1 not found</errorname>).
    </para>
  </note>

  åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ Ú×ÕËÏ×ÏÊ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ PCI, ÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÔÁËÖÅ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ
  ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï <devicename>snd1</devicename>, Á ÎÅ
  <devicename>snd0</devicename>:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /dev</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>./MAKEDEV snd1</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ôÁËÏÊ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÉ ÎÅ ×ÏÚÎÉËÁÅÔ ×Ï FreeBSD 4.x, ÔÁË ËÁË × ÎÅÊ ÂÙÌÏ ÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÏ
    ÍÎÏÇÏ ÕÓÉÌÉÊ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ Å£ ÂÏÌÅÅ <emphasis>PnP-ÃÅÎÔÒÉÞÎÏÊ</emphasis> É
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï <devicename>pcm0</devicename> ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÎÅ ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÏ
    ÉÓËÌÀÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ× ISA</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="pnp-not-found">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ FreeBSD ÄÏ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 4.x ÍÏÊ PnP-ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ ÂÏÌØÛÅ
    ÎÅ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ (ÉÌÉ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔÓÑ ËÁË <literal>unknown</literal>)?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>FreeBSD 4.x ÔÅÐÅÒØ ÇÏÒÁÚÄÏ ÂÏÌÅÅ <emphasis>PnP-ÃÅÎÔÒÉÞÎÁ</emphasis>,
    ÞÔÏ ÏÔÒÁÖÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÁÈ PnP (Ë ÐÒÉÍÅÒÕ, Ú×ÕËÏ×ÙÈ
    ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁÈ É ×ÎÕÔÒÅÎÎÉÈ ÍÏÄÅÍÁÈ), ÐÅÒÅÓÔÁÀÝÉÈ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ, ÈÏÔÑ ÏÎÉ
    ÆÕÎËÃÉÏÎÉÒÏ×ÁÌÉ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ FreeBSD 3.x.</para>

  <para>ðÒÉÞÉÎÙ ÔÁËÏÇÏ ÐÏ×ÅÄÅÎÉÑ ÏÂßÑÓÎÑÀÔÓÑ × ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÉ
    ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏÊ ÐÏÞÔÙ, ÏÐÕÂÌÉËÏ×ÁÎÎÏÍ × &a.questions;
    ðÉÔÅÒÏÍ õÜÍÍÏÍ (Peter Wemm) × ÏÔ×ÅÔ ÎÁ ×ÏÐÒÏÓ Ï ×ÎÕÔÒÅÎÎÅÍ ÍÏÄÅÍÅ,
    ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÐÅÒÅÓÔÁÌ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÄÏ FreeBSD 4.x
    (ËÏÍÍÅÎÔÁÒÉÉ ×ÎÕÔÒÉ <literal>[]</literal> ÂÙÌÉ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÙ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÑÓÎÅÎÉÑ
    ËÏÎÔÅËÓÔÁ ÐÏÓÌÁÎÉÑ.</para>

  <blockquote>
    <para>BIOS, ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÝÁÑ PNP, ÐÒÅÄ×ÁÒÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÏÔ×ÏÄÉÔ É ÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÅÍÕ
      [ÍÏÄÅÍÕ] ÍÅÓÔÏ × ÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÍ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Å ÐÏÒÔÏ×, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ [× 3.x]
      ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÁ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ × ÓÔÁÒÏÍ ÓÔÉÌÅ ISA <quote>ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔ</quote> ÅÇÏ
      ÚÄÅÓØ.</para>

    <para>÷ 4.0 ËÏÄ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ISA ÇÏÒÁÚÄÏ ÂÏÌÅÅ PnP-ÃÅÎÔÒÉÞÅÎ.  [÷ 3.x]
      ÂÙÌÏ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÒÉ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁ×ÁÎÉÉ ISA ÎÁÊÔÉ <quote>ÂÅÓÐÒÉÚÏÒÎÏÅ</quote>
      ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï É ÚÁÔÅÍ ÐÏ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒÕ PNP-ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÅÓÔÉ ÐÏÉÓË É
      ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÏÛÉÂËÕ ÉÚ-ÚÁ ËÏÎÆÌÉËÔÁ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÏ×.  ðÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÄÌÑ ÐÒÅÄÏÔ×ÒÁÝÅÎÉÑ
      ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÎÏÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÙ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁ×ÁÎÉÑ × ÎÅÍ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ×ÙËÌÀÞÁÀÔÓÑ ×ÓÅ
      ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÑÅÍÙÅ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ.  üÔÏ ÔÁËÖÅ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÍÏÇÏ
      ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÑ PnP ÎÕÖÎÏ ÚÎÁÔØ ÉÈ PnP-ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒÙ.  éÍÅÀÔÓÑ ÐÌÁÎÙ ÎÁ
      ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÅ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ ÎÁÊÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÓÏ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ
      ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ.</para>
  </blockquote>

  <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÓÎÏ×Á, ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ ÅÇÏ
    PnP-ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒ É ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÅÇÏ × ÓÐÉÓÏË, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ
    ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÏÊ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁ×ÁÎÉÑ ISA ÄÌÑ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÃÉÉ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× PnP.  üÔÏÔ
    ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ &man.pnpinfo.8;, ÎÁÊÄÑ
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï × ÅÅ ×ÙÄÁÞÅ, ×ÏÔ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ×Ù×ÏÄ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ &man.pnpinfo.8; ×
    ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ×ÎÕÔÒÅÎÎÅÇÏ ÍÏÄÅÍÁ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>pnpinfo</userinput>
Checking for Plug-n-Play devices...

Card assigned CSN #1
Vendor ID PMC2430 (0x3024a341), Serial Number 0xffffffff
PnP Version 1.0, Vendor Version 0
Device Description: Pace 56 Voice Internal Plug & Play Modem

Logical Device ID: PMC2430 0x3024a341 #0
	Device supports I/O Range Check
TAG Start DF
    I/O Range 0x3f8 .. 0x3f8, alignment 0x8, len 0x8
	[16-bit addr]
    IRQ: 4  - only one type (true/edge)
  </screen>

  <para>[ÌÉÛÎÉÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ TAG ÉÓËÌÀÞÅÎÙ]</para>

  <screen>TAG End DF
End Tag

Successfully got 31 resources, 1 logical fdevs
-- card select # 0x0001

CSN PMC2430 (0x3024a341), Serial Number 0xffffffff

Logical device #0
IO:  0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8
IRQ 5 0
DMA 4 0
IO range check 0x00 activate 0x01
  </screen>

  <para>éÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÁ, ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ÓÔÒÏËÅ <quote>Vendor
    ID</quote> × ÓÁÍÏÍ ÎÁÞÁÌÅ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ.  ûÅÓÔÎÁÄÃÁÔÉÒÉÞÎÏÅ ÞÉÓÌÏ ×
    ÓËÏÂËÁÈ (× ÜÔÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ 0x3024a341) Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ PnP-ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒÏÍ, Á
    ÓÔÒÏÞËÁ, ÉÄÕÝÁÑ ÐÒÑÍÏ ÐÅÒÅÄ ÎÉÍ (PMC2430) Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÕÎÉËÁÌØÎÙÍ
    ASCII-ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒÏÍ.  üÔÕ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ × ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>/usr/src/sys/isa/sio.c</filename>.</para>

  <para>óÎÁÞÁÌÁ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÕÀ ËÏÐÉÀ ÆÁÊÌÁ
    <filename>sio.c</filename> ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÎÁ ÔÏÔ ÓÌÕÞÁÊ, ÅÓÌÉ ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ÐÏÊÄÅÔ ÎÅ
    ÔÁË.  üÔÁ ËÏÐÉÑ ÔÁËÖÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÐÁÔÞÁ ÄÌÑ
    ÐÏÓÙÌËÉ ÅÇÏ ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó ×ÁÛÉÍ PR (×Ù ÖÅ ÓÏÂÉÒÁÅÔÅÓØ ÐÏÓÌÁÔØ PR, ÎÅ ÐÒÁ×ÄÁ
    ÌÉ?) ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×Á× ÆÁÊÌ <filename>sio.c</filename> É ÐÏÉÓËÁ×
    ÓÔÒÏÞËÕ</para>

  <programlisting>
static struct isa_pnp_id sio_ids[] = {
  </programlisting>

  <para>ÐÏÓÌÅ ÞÅÇÏ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÓÔÉÔÅÓØ ÎÉÖÅ É ÎÁÊÄÉÔÅ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÝÅÅ ÍÅÓÔÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ
    ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÓÔÒÏÞËÕ ÄÌÑ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á.  úÁÐÉÓÉ ÉÍÅÀÔ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÔÁËÏÊ
    ×ÉÄ, É ÏÎÉ ÏÔÓÏÒÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÙ ÐÏ ASCII-ÓÔÒÏËÁÍ Vendor ID, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ
    ÐÏÍÅÝÅÎÙ × ÐÏÌÅ ËÏÍÍÅÎÔÁÒÉÑ ÓÐÒÁ×Á ÏÔ ÓÔÒÏËÉ ËÏÄÁ ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó ÐÏÌÎÙÍ
    ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅÍ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á (ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎÏ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÓÑ) ÉÌÉ ÞÁÓÔØÀ ÉÚ
    <emphasis>Device Description</emphasis> ×Ù×ÏÄÁ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ
    &man.pnpinfo.8;:</para>

  <programlisting>
{0x0f804f3f, NULL},	/* OZO800f - Zoom 2812 (56k Modem) */
{0x39804f3f, NULL},	/* OZO8039 - Zoom 56k flex */
{0x3024a341, NULL},	/* PMC2430 - Pace 56 Voice Internal Modem */
{0x1000eb49, NULL},	/* ROK0010 - Rockwell ? */
{0x5002734a, NULL},	/* RSS0250 - 5614Jx3(G) Internal Modem */
  </programlisting>

  <para>äÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÛÅÓÔÎÁÄÃÁÔÉÒÉÞÎÙÊ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒ Vendor ID ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á
    × ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÅ ÍÅÓÔÏ, ÓÏÈÒÁÎÉÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ, ÐÅÒÅÓÔÒÏÊÔÅ ÑÄÒÏ É ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ
    ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÕ.  ÷ÁÛÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÔÅÐÅÒØ ÂÙÔØ ÎÁÊÄÅÎÏ × ×ÉÄÅ
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á <literal>sio</literal>, ËÁË ÜÔÏ É ÂÙÌÏ ×Ï FreeBSD 3.x</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="nlist-failed">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÐÒÉ ÚÁÐÕÓËÅ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ,
      <command>top</command> ÉÌÉ <command>systat</command>, ×ÙÄÁÅÔÓÑ
      ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ ÏÂ ÏÛÉÂËÅ <errorname>nlist failed</errorname>?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>ðÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ×Ù ÐÙÔÁÅÔÅÓØ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ,
    ÉÝÅÔ ÓÐÅÃÉÆÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÓÓÙÌËÉ × ÑÄÒÅ, ÎÏ ÐÏ ËÁËÉÍ-ÌÉÂÏ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÁÍ ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ
    ÉÈ ÎÁÊÔÉ; ÜÔÁ ÏÛÉÂËÁ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ ÏÔ ÏÄÎÏÊ ÉÚ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÈ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ:</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>÷ÁÛÅ ÑÄÒÏ É ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÎÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÔ ÄÒÕÇ ÄÒÕÇÕ
        (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ×Ù ÐÏÓÔÒÏÉÌÉ ÑÄÒÏ, ÎÏ ÎÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÌÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ
        <maketarget>installworld</maketarget>, ÉÌÉ ÎÁÏÂÏÒÏÔ), É ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ
        ÔÁÂÌÉÃÁ ÉÍÅÎ ÏÔÌÉÞÁÅÔÓÑ ÏÔ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ÄÕÍÁÀÔ Ï ÎÅÊ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÅ
        ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ.  åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ×ÁÛ ÓÌÕÞÁÊ, ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÉÔÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ
        ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ (ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÆÁÊÌÕ
        <filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename> ÄÌÑ ×ÙÑÓÎÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏÊ
        ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÊ).</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>äÌÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÑÄÒÁ ×Ù ÎÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ
        <command>/boot/loader</command>, Á ÄÅÌÁÅÔÅ ÜÔÏ ÎÅÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ ÉÚ
        boot2 (ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÏ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ ÐÏ &man.boot.8;).  èÏÔÑ ÎÅÔ
        ÎÉÞÅÇÏ ÐÌÏÈÏÇÏ × ÏÂÈÏÄÅ <command>/boot/loader</command>, ÏÂÙÞÎÏ
        ÒÁÂÏÔÕ ÐÏ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÏÓÔÉ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌØÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ ÉÚ
        ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÈ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÊ ÏÎ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔ ÌÕÞÛÅ.</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="connection-delay">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ ÞÅÒÅÚ <command>ssh</command> ÉÌÉ
      <command>telnet</command> Ë ÍÏÅÍÕ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÕ ÚÁÎÉÍÁÅÔ ÔÁË ÄÏÌÇÏ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ?
    </para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>óÉÍÐÔÏÍ: ÍÅÖÄÕ ÍÏÍÅÎÔÏÍ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ TCP-ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ É ×ÙÄÁÞÅÊ
    ËÌÉÅÎÔÓËÉÍ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÙÍ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÅÍ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÁ ÎÁ ××ÏÄ ÐÁÒÏÌÑ (ÉÌÉ, × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ &man.telnet.1;, ×ÙÄÁÞÅÊ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ ×ÈÏÄ) ÐÒÏÈÏÄÉÔ
    ÂÏÌØÛÏÊ ÐÒÏÍÅÖÕÔÏË ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ.</para>

  <para>ðÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ: ÓËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, ÚÁÄÅÒÖËÁ ×ÙÚ×ÁÎÁ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÙÍ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÅÍ ÎÁ
    ÓÔÏÒÏÎÅ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÔØ IP-ÁÄÒÅÓ ËÌÉÅÎÔÁ ×
    ÉÍÑ ÈÏÓÔÁ.  íÎÏÇÉÅ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÙ, ×ËÌÀÞÁÑ Telnet É SSH, ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÍÙÅ Ó FreeBSD,
    ÄÅÌÁÀÔ ÜÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ, ËÒÏÍÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÐÒÏÞÅÇÏ, ÚÁÐÉÓÁÔØ ÉÍÑ ÈÏÓÔÁ ×
    ÆÁÊÌÅ ÈÕÒÎÁÌÁ ÄÌÑ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÉ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÁ.</para>

  <para>ìÅÞÅÎÉÅ: åÓÌÉ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ×ÏÚÎÉËÁÅÔ ×ÎÅ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ÔÏÇÏ, Ë ËÁËÏÍÕ
    ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÕ ×Ù ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÁÅÔÅÓØ Ó ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ (ËÌÉÅÎÔÁ), ÔÏ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÁ ×
    ËÌÉÅÎÔÅ; ÉÌÉ ÖÅ, ÅÓÌÉ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ×ÏÚÎÉËÁÅÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÒÉ ÞØÅÊ-ÌÉÂÏ ÐÏÐÙÔËÅ
    ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔØÓÑ Ë ×ÁÛÅÍÕ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÕ (ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÕ), ÔÏ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ Ó ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏÍ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ Ó ËÌÉÅÎÔÏÍ, ÔÏ ÅÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÍ ÍÅÔÏÄÏÍ ÅÅ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
    ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ DNS, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÓÍÏÇ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁÔØ ×ÁÛÕ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ.  åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ
    ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ × ÌÏËÁÌØÎÏÊ ÓÅÔÉ, ÔÏ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ Ó ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏÍ É
    ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÁÊÔÅ ÞÔÅÎÉÅ; ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏ, ÅÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ × ÇÏÂÁÌØÎÏÊ ÓÅÔÉ éÎÔÅÒÎÅÔ,
    ÔÏ × ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Å ÓÌÕÞÁÅ× ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔØÓÑ Ë ×ÁÛÅÍÕ ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÕ É
    ÐÏÐÒÏÓÉÔØ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ ÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ Ó ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏÍ, É ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ × ÌÏËÁÌØÎÏÊ ÓÅÔÉ, ÔÏ ×ÁÍ
    ÎÕÖÎÏ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÏ× ÎÁ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÁÄÒÅÓÁ ×
    ÉÍÑ ÈÏÓÔÁ × ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎÅ ×ÁÛÉÈ ÌÏËÁÌØÎÙÈ ÁÄÒÅÓÏ×.  ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁÍ
    óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ ÐÏ &man.hosts.5; É &man.named.8; ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÊ
    ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ.  åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ × ÇÌÏÂÁÌØÎÏÊ ÓÅÔÉ éÎÔÅÒÎÅÔ, ÔÏ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ
    ÍÏÖÅÔ ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÔØÓÑ × ÎÅËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÏÊ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ ÒÅÓÏÌ×ÅÒÁ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ.  äÌÑ
    ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÉ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÈÏÓÔ--ÓËÁÖÅÍ,
    <hostid>www.yahoo.com</hostid>.  åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ Õ
    ×ÁÓ.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="file-table-full">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ × dmesg ÒÅÇÕÌÑÒÎÏ ×Ù×ÏÄÑÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ <errorname>file: table is
      full</errorname>?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>üÔÁ ÏÛÉÂËÁ ×ÏÚÎÉËÁÅÔ, ËÏÇÄÁ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÁÅÔÓÑ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï
    ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÄÅÓËÒÉÐÔÏÒÏ×.  ðÅÒÅÐÏÌÎÑÅÔÓÑ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ×
    ÐÁÍÑÔÉ.</para>

  <para>òÅÛÅÎÉÅ:</para>

  <para>÷ÒÕÞÎÕÀ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÑÄÒÁ × ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ
    <varname>kern.maxfiles</varname>.</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sysctl -w kern.maxfiles=n</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>éÚÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ <varname>n</varname> ÓÏÇÌÁÓÎÏ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÎÏÓÔÑÍ ×ÁÛÅÊ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  ëÁÖÄÙÊ ÏÔËÒÙÔÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ, ÓÏËÅÔ ÉÌÉ fifo-ÆÁÊÌ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÏÄÉÎ
    ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÊ ÄÅÓËÒÉÐÔÏÒ.  úÁÇÒÕÖÅÎÎÏÍÕ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÕ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÄÅÓÑÔËÉ
    ÔÙÓÑÞ ÆÁÊÌÏ×Ù ÄÅÓËÒÉÐÔÏÒÏ× (10,000+), × ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ÔÉÐÏ× É ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Á
    ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÉÈ ÓÅÒ×ÉÓÏ×.</para>

  <para>ëÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÄÅÓËÒÉÐÔÏÒÏ×, ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÍÙÈ × ÑÄÒÅ ÐÏ
    ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ, É ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÍÙÈ ËÁË</para>

  <programlisting>maxusers        32</programlisting>

  <para>ÚÁÄÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏÍ <varname>maxusers</varname> × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÍ
    ÆÁÊÌÅ ÑÄÒÁ.  åÇÏ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÒÏÐÏÒÃÉÏÎÁÌØÎÏ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉ×ÁÅÔ
    <varname>kern.maxfiles</varname>.</para>

  <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÐÅÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ, ËÁËÏÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÅÔ
    <varname>kern.maxfiles</varname> × ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sysctl kern.maxfiles</userinput>
kern.maxfiles: 1064</screen>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="laptop-clock-skew">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÞÁÓÙ ÎÁ ÍÏÅÍ ÌÜÐÔÏÐÅ ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÀÔ ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>÷ ×ÁÛÅÍ ÌÁÐÔÏÐÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÙ Ä×ÏÅ ÉÌÉ ÂÏÌØÛÅÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÔÁÊÍÅÒÏ×, Á
    FreeBSD ×ÙÂÒÁÌÁ ÎÅ ÔÏÔ.</para>

  <para>úÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ &man.dmesg.8; É ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÅ ÓÌÏ×Ï
    <literal>Timecounter</literal>.  ÷ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÊ ÉÚ ÎÉÈ ÕËÁÚÁÎ ÔÁÊÍÅÒ,
    ×ÙÂÒÁÎÎÙÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ, É, ÓËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, ÜÔÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ
    <literal>TSC</literal>.</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>dmesg | grep Timecounter</userinput>
Timecounter "i8254"  frequency 1193182 Hz
Timecounter "TSC"  frequency 595573479 Hz
  </screen>

  <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÕÄÏÓÔÏ×ÅÒÉÔØÓÑ × ÜÔÏÍ, ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÉ× &man.sysctl.3;-ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÕÀ
    <literal>kern.timecounter.hardware</literal>.</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sysctl kern.timecounter.hardware</userinput>
kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC
  </screen>

  <para>BIOS ÍÏÖÅÔ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÞÁÓÔÏÔÕ TSC&mdash;ÍÏÖÅÔ, ÄÌÑ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔÉ
    ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ ÏÔ ÂÁÔÁÒÅÅË ÉÌÉ ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÄÑ × ÒÅÖÉÍ ÐÏÎÉÖÅÎÎÏÇÏ
    ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÐÉÔÁÎÉÑ, ÎÏ FreeBSD ÎÅ ÏÔÓÌÅÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÜÔÏ É × ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÅ ÞÁÓÙ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÔ
    ÓÐÅÛÉÔØ ÉÌÉ ÏÔÓÔÁ×ÁÔØ.</para>

  <para>÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÔÁËÖÅ É ÔÁÊÍÅÒ <literal>i8254</literal>, É ÏÎ
    ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ×ÙÂÒÁÎ ÚÁÐÉÓØÀ ÅÇÏ ÉÍÅÎÉ × &man.sysctl.3;-ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÕÀ
    <literal>kern.timecounter.hardware</literal>.</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sysctl -w kern.timecounter.hardware=i8254</userinput>
kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -&gt; i8254
  </screen>

  <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ×ÁÛ ÌÁÐÔÏÐ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÁËËÕÒÁÔÎÅÅ ÓÌÅÄÉÔØ ÚÁ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÅÍ.</para>

  <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÜÔÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ ×ÓÔÕÐÁÌÏ × ÓÉÌÕ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÇÒÕËÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ
    × ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename> ÔÁËÕÀ ÓÔÒÏÞËÕ.</para>

  <programlisting>kern.timecounter.hardware=i8254</programlisting>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="boot-read-error">
    <para>óÒÁÚÕ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÜËÒÁÎÁ BIOS ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÙÊ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉË FreeBSD ×Ù×ÏÄÉÔ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ
      <errorname>Read error</errorname> É ÏÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>îÁÞÁÌØÎÙÊ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉË FreeBSD ÎÅ×ÅÒÎÏ ÏÐÅÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒÁ.
    éÈ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ×ÒÕÞÎÕÀ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÏÊ fdisk ÐÒÉ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÉ ÉÌÉ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÉ
    ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× ÓÌÁÊÓÁ FreeBSD.</para>

  <para>ðÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× ÄÉÓËÁ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ × BIOS.  ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅ
    ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ ÎÁ ÞÉÓÌÏ ÄÏÒÏÖÅË, ÇÏÌÏ×ÏË É ÓÅËÔÏÒÏ× ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ.</para>

  <para>÷ ÐÏÄÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÅ fdisk ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ &man.sysinstall.8; ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ
    <keycap>G</keycap> ÄÌÑ ÕÓÔ×ÎÏ×ËÉ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× ÄÉÓËÁ (disk geometry).</para>

  <para>ðÏÑ×ÉÔÓÑ ÄÉÁÌÏÇÏ×ÏÅ ÏËÎÏ, ÚÁÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÀÝÅÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÄÏÒÏÖÅË, ÇÏÌÏ×ÏË É
    ÓÅËÔÏÒÏ×.  úÁÄÁÊÔÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ, ×ÚÑÔÙÅ ÉÚ BIOS É ÒÁÚÄÅÌÑÅÍÙÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁÍÉ
    ÓÌÜÛÁ.</para>

  <para>5000 ÄÏÒÏÖÅË, 250 ÇÏÌÏ×ÏË É 60 ÓÅËÔÏÒÏ× ÂÕÄÕÔ ××ÅÄÅÎÙ ËÁË
    <userinput>5000/250/60</userinput></para>

  <para>îÁÖÍÉÔÅ <keycap>÷×ÏÄ</keycap> ÄÌÑ ÚÁÄÁÎÉÑ ÜÔÉÈ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÊ É
    ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ <keycap>W</keycap> ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÚÁÐÉÓÁÔØ ÎÏ×ÕÀ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÕ
    ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ× ÎÁ ÄÉÓË.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="bootmanager-restore">
    <para>äÒÕÇÁÑ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÕÎÉÞÔÏÖÉÌÁ ÍÏÊ Boot Manager, ËÁË ÍÎÅ ÅÇÏ
      ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>úÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÕ &man.sysinstall.8; É ×ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ ÐÕÎËÔ Configure, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ
    Fdisk.  ÷ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ ÄÉÓË, ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÒÁÎÅÅ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÌÓÑ Boot Manager, ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ
    ËÌÁ×ÉÛÉ <keycap>ÐÒÏÂÅÌ</keycap>.  îÁÖÍÉÔÅ <keycap>W</keycap>
    ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÊ ÎÁ ÄÉÓË.  ðÏÑ×ÉÔÓÑ ÄÉÁÌÏÇÏ×ÏÅ ÏËÎÏ ÄÌÑ ×ÙÂÏÒÁ
    ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÍÏÇÏ ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉËÁ.  ÷ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ ÎÕÖÎÙÊ, É ÏÎ ÂÕÄÅÔ
    ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>
</qandaset>
</chapter>


<chapter id="commercial">
<title>ëÏÍÍÅÒÞÅÓËÉÅ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ</title>

<note>
  <para>üÔÏÔ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ ÄÏ×ÏÌØÎÏ ÚÁÂÒÏÛÅÎÎÙÍ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÍÙ,
    ËÏÎÅÞÎÏ ÖÅ, ÎÁÄÅÅÍÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÉ ÓÄÅÌÁÀÔ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ! :)  ðÒÏÅËÔ
    FreeBSD ÆÉÎÁÎÓÏ×Ï ÎÅ ÚÁÉÎÔÅÒÅÓÏ×ÁÎ × ÕÓÐÅÈÁÈ ÎÉËÁËÏÊ ÉÚ ËÏÍÐÁÎÉÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ
    ÚÄÅÓØ ÕÐÏÍÉÎÁÀÔÓÑ, ÈÏÔÑ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔ ÉÈ ÓÐÉÓÏË × ÉÎÔÅÒÅÓÁÈ ÏÂÝÅÓÔ×Á (×
    ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÉ, ÞÔÏ ËÏÍÍÅÒÞÅÓËÉÊ ÉÎÔÅÒÅÓ Ë FreeBSD ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÌÏÖÉÔÅÌØÎÏ
    ÐÏ×ÌÉÑÔØ ÎÁ ÄÁÌØÎÅÊÛÅÅ ÒÁÚ×ÉÔÉÅ FreeBSD).  íÙ ÐÒÏÓÉÍ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÝÉËÏ×
    ËÏÍÍÅÒÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÇÏ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÉÓÙÌÁÔØ ÎÁÍ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï
    ×ÁÛÉÈ ÐÒÏÄÕËÔÁÈ ÄÌÑ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ × ÜÔÏÔ ÓÐÉÓÏË.  âÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÌÎÙÊ ÓÐÉÓÏË
    ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÅÊ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÎÁ <ulink
    URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/commercial/commercial.html">ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ
    ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÅÊ</ulink>.</para>
</note>

<qandaset>
<qandaentry>
  <question id="officesuite">
    <para>çÄÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÎÁÂÏÒ ÏÆÉÓÎÙÈ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ ÄÌÑ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para><ulink url="http://www.freebsdmall.com">The FreeBSD Mall</ulink>
        ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÅÔ ×ÅÒÓÉÀ ApplixWare 5 ÄÌÑ FreeBSD ÏÔ <ulink
        url="http://www.vistasource.com">VistaSource</ulink>.</para>

      <para>ApplixWare ÜÔÏ ÂÏÌØÛÏÊ ÍÎÏÇÏÆÕÎËÃÉÏÎÁÌØÎÙÊ ËÏÍÍÅÒÞÅÓËÉÊ ÏÆÉÓÎÙÊ
        ÐÁËÅÔ ÄÌÑ FreeBSD, × ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ×ÈÏÄÉÔ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ, ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÙÅ
        ÔÁÂÌÉÃÙ, ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÐÒÅÚÅÎÔÁÃÉÑÍÉ, ÐÁËÅÔ ×ÅËÔÏÒÎÏÊ ÇÒÁÆÉËÉ
        É ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ.</para>

      <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÒÉÏÂÒÅÓÔÉ ApplixWare for FreeBSD <ulink
        url="http://www.wccdrom.com/titles/freebsd/applix.phtml">ÚÄÅÓØ</ulink>.
      </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>÷ÅÒÓÉÑ ÄÌÑ Linux ÐÁËÅÔÁ <ulink
        url="http://www.sun.com/staroffice">StarOffice</ulink> ÐÒÅËÒÁÓÎÏ
        ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ×Ï FreeBSD.  ðÒÏÝÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ Linux-×ÅÒÓÉÀ ÜÔÏÇÏ
        ÐÁËÅÔÁ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ <ulink url="/ru/handbook/ports.html">ëÏÌÌÅËÃÉÀ ðÏÒÔÏ×
        FreeBSD</ulink>.  ôÁË ÖÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ É ÂÕÄÕÝÉÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ÐÁËÅÔÁ Ó
        ÏÔËÒÙÔÙÍ ËÏÄÏÍ <ulink
        url="http://www.openoffice.org">OpenOffice</ulink>.</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="motif">
    <para>çÄÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ËÕÐÉÔØ Motif ÄÌÑ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>Open Group ÏÐÕÂÌÉËÏ×ÁÌÉ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÅ ÔÅËÓÔÙ Motif 2.1.30. ÷Ù
    ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÒÏÉÎÓÔÁÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÈ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÐÁËÅÔÁ <literal>open-motif</literal>
    ÉÌÉ ÓËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÈ ÉÚ ÐÏÒÔÏ×. ÷ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ <ulink
    url="/ru/handbook/ports.html">ÓÅËÃÉÅÊ ðÏÒÔÙ òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á</ulink> ÄÌÑ
    ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÄÅÔÁÌØÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ Ï ÔÏÍ, ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ.

    <note>
      <para>ìÉÃÅÎÚÉÑ Open Motif ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÅÎÉÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÅÓÌÉ
      ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ <ulink url="http://www.opensource.org/">
      ïó Ó ÏÔËÒÙÔÙÍÉ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÍÉ ÔÅËÓÔÁÍÉ</ulink>.</para>
    </note>
  </para>

  <para>÷ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÉ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÓËÁÚÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÔ ÔÁËÖÅ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂØÀÔÏÒÙ
    ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÀÝÉÅ ËÏÍÅÒÞÅÓËÉÊ ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔ Motif. üÔÁ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ ÎÅ
    ÂÅÓÐÌÁÔÎÁ, ÎÏ ÅÅ ÌÉÃÅÎÚÉÑ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ×ÅÓÔÉ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔËÕ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÊ Ó
    ÚÁËÒÙÔÙÍÉ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÍÉ ÔÅËÓÔÁÍÉ. ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ × ÆÉÒÍÕ
    <link linkend="apps2go">Apps2go</link>, ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÀÝÕÀ
    ÓÁÍÙÊ ÄÅÛ£×ÙÊ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ× Motif 2.1.20 ÄÌÑ FreeBSD (ËÁË ÄÌÑ i386, ÔÁË É ÄÌÑ
    Alpha) × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ ELF.<anchor id="apps2go"></para>
 
  <para>óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÔ Ä×Á ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×Á, <quote>ÄÌÑ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÏ×</quote>
    (<quote>development edition</quote>) É ÅÝ£ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÄÅÛ£×ÁÑ <quote>×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ
    ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ</quote> (<quote>runtime edition</quote>).  ÷ ÜÔÉ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×Ù
    ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÙ:</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>OSF/Motif manager, xmbind, panner, wsm.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ðÁËÅÔ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÁ Ó uil, mrm, xm, xmcxx, ÆÁÊÌÁÍÉ include
        É Imake.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>óÔÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ É ÄÉÎÁÍÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ELF-ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÉ (ÄÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ
        Ó FreeBSD 3.0 É ×ÙÛÅ).</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>äÅÍÏÎÓÔÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ.</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  <para>ðÒÉ ÏÆÏÒÍÌÅÎÉÉ ÚÁËÁÚÁ ÎÅ ÚÁÂÕÄØÔÅ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÁ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ Motif
    ÉÍÅÎÎÏ ÄÌÑ FreeBSD (ÎÅ ÚÁÂÕÄØÔÅ ÔÁËÖÅ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ÁÒÈÉÔÅËÔÕÒÕ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ)!
    <emphasis>Apps2go</emphasis> ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÒÏÄÁ£Ô ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ÄÌÑ NetBSD É OpenBSD.  ÷
    ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÉÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÉÈ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÏ FTP.</para>

  <variablelist>
    <varlistentry><term>äÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ</term>
      <listitem>
        <para><ulink
          URL="http://www.apps2go.com/">WWW-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ Apps2go</ulink></para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry><term>ÉÌÉ</term>
      <listitem>
        <para>ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÙÅ ÁÄÒÅÓÁ ÏÔÄÅÌÏ× <ulink
          URL="mailto:sales@apps2go.com">ÐÒÏÄÁÖ</ulink> É <ulink
          URL="mailto:support@apps2go.com">ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÉ</ulink>.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry><term>ÉÌÉ</term>
      <listitem>
        <para>ÔÅÌÅÆÏÎÙ (817) 431 8775  É +1 817 431-8775</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
  </variablelist>

  <para>ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ × ÆÉÒÍÕ <link linkend="metrox">Metro Link</link> ÄÌÑ
    ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×Á Motif 2.1 ÄÌÑ FreeBSD × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁÈ ELF ÉÌÉ
    a.out.</para>

  <para>÷ ÜÔÏÔ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ× ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÙ:</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>OSF/Motif manager, xmbind, panner, wsm.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ðÁËÅÔ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÁ Ó uil, mrm, xm, xmcxx, ÆÁÊÌÁÍÉ include
        É Imake.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>óÔÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ É ÄÉÎÁÍÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÉ (ÕËÁÖÉÔÅ ELF ÄÌÑ
        ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ Ó FreeBSD 3.0 É ×ÙÛÅ; ÉÌÉ a.out ÐÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ
        FreeBSD 2.2.8 É ÒÁÎÅÅ).</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>äÅÍÏÎÓÔÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ðÒÅÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÅ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ.</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  <para>ðÒÉ ÚÁËÁÚÅ ÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÏ ÏÔÍÅÔØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ Motif
    ÉÍÅÎÎÏ ÄÌÑ FreeBSD! <emphasis>Metro Link</emphasis> ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÅÔ
    ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ÄÌÑ Linux. ïÎÉ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙ ÎÁ CDROM ÉÌÉ ÄÌÑ ÓËÁÞÉ×ÁÎÉÑ ÐÏ FTP.</para>

  <para>ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ × ÆÉÒÍÕ <link linkend="xig">Xi Graphics</link> ÚÁ
    ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×ÏÍ Motif 2.0 ÄÌÑ FreeBSD × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ a.out.</para>

  <para>÷ ÜÔÏÔ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ× ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÙ:</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>OSF/Motif manager, xmbind, panner, wsm.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ðÁËÅÔ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÁ Ó uil, mrm, xm, xmcxx, ÆÁÊÌÁÍÉ include
        É Imake.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>óÔÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ É ÄÉÎÁÍÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÉ (ÄÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ Ó
        FreeBSD 2.2.8 É ÒÁÎÅÅ).</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>äÅÍÏÎÓÔÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ïÔÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÅ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ.</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  <para>ðÒÉ ÚÁËÁÚÅ ÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÏ ÕËÁÖÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ Motif ÉÍÅÎÎÏ
    ÄÌÑ FreeBSD!  <emphasis>Xi Graphics</emphasis> ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÅÔ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ
    ÄÌÑ BSDI É Linux.  ÷ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÅÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÜÔÏ ÎÁÂÏÒ ÉÚ 4 ÄÉÓËÅÔ... × ÂÕÄÕÝÅÍ
    ÜÔÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙÊ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ× ÎÁ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÅ, ËÁË ÉÈ CDE.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="cde">
    <para>çÄÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ËÕÐÉÔØ CDE ÄÌÑ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>æÉÒÍÁ <link linkend="xig">Xi Graphics</link> ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÌÁ CDE ÄÌÑ FreeBSD,
    ÎÏ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ ÜÔÏÔ ÐÒÏÄÕËÔ × ÐÒÏÄÁÖÅ ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ.</para>
 
  <para><ulink URL="http://www.kde.org/">KDE</ulink> - ÜÔÏ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏ
    ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÑÅÍÙÊ ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔ ÄÅÓËÔÏÐÁ ÄÌÑ X11, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ×Ï ÍÎÏÇÏÍ ÐÏÈÏÖ ÎÁ CDE.
    ÷ÁÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÒÉÇÌÑÎÕÔØÓÑ <ulink URL="http://www.xfce.org/">xfce</ulink>.
    ëÁË KDE, ÔÁË É xfce ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÎÁÊÄÅÎÙ × <ulink
    URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/">ËÏÌÌÅËÃÉÉ ÐÏÒÔÏ×</ulink>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="commercial-xserver">
    <para>óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÔ ÌÉ ËÏÍÍÅÒÞÅÓËÉÅ ×ÙÓÏËÏÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌØÎÙÅ X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÙ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÁ, ÆÉÒÍÙ <ulink URL="http://www.xig.com/">Xi Graphics</ulink> É
    <ulink URL="http://www.metrolink.com/">Metro Link</ulink> ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÀÔ Ó×ÏÊ
    ÐÒÏÄÕËÔ Accelerated-X ÄÌÑ FreeBSD É ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ ÎÁ ÂÁÚÅ Intel.</para>

  <para>Metro Link ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÅÔ ×ÙÓÏËÏÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ
    ÐÒÅÄÕÓÍÏÔÒÅÎÁ ÕÐÒÏÝ£ÎÎÁÑ ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÁ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÎÁÂÏÒÁ
    ÕÔÉÌÉÔ FreeBSD ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÐÜËÜÄÖÁÍÉ, ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ
    ×ÉÄÅÏÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ× ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ É ÏÎ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ × ÂÉÎÁÒÎÏÍ ×ÉÄÅ,
    ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÏÍ ÐÏ FTP.  îÅÌØÚÑ ÎÅ ÏÔÍÅÔÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ Metro Link ÐÒÏÄÁ£Ô ×Ó£ ÜÔÏ
    ÐÏ ÏÞÅÎØ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÏÊ ÃÅÎÅ × 39 ÄÏÌÌÁÒÏ×.<anchor id="metrox"></para>

  <para>Metro Link ÐÒÏÄÁ£Ô ÔÁËÖÅ Motif ÄÌÑ FreeBSD × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁÈ ELF É a.out
    (ÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ×ÙÛÅ).</para>

  <variablelist>
    <varlistentry><term>äÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ</term>
      <listitem>
        <para><ulink URL="http://www.metrolink.com/">
          WWW-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ Metro Link</ulink></para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry><term>ÉÌÉ</term>
      <listitem>
        <para>ÁÄÒÅÓÁ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏÊ ÐÏÞÔÙ ÏÔÄÅÌÏ× <ulink 
          URL="mailto:sales@metrolink.com">ÐÒÏÄÁÖ</ulink> É <ulink
          URL="mailto:tech@metrolink.com">ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÉ</ulink>.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry><term>ÉÌÉ</term>
      <listitem>
        <para>ÔÅÌÅÆÏÎÙ (954) 938-0283 É +1 954 938-0283</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
  </variablelist>

  <para>Xi Graphics ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÅÔ ×ÙÓÏËÏÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ
    ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÉ×ÁÅÔ ÐÒÏÓÔÕÀ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÀ, ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ ×ÉÄÅÏÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ×
    É ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ × ÂÉÎÁÒÎÏÊ ÆÏÒÍÅ, × ÆÏÒÍÅ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÏÇÏ
    ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×Á ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅÔÁÈ ÄÌÑ FreeBSD É Linux.  Xi Graphics ÔÁËÖÅ
    ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÅÔ ×ÙÓÏËÏÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ Ó ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÏÊ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÏ×
    ËÌÁÓÓÁ laptop.<anchor id="xig"></para>

  <para>éÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÂÅÓÐÌÁÔÎÁÑ <quote>ÄÅÍÏÎÓÔÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÁÑ</quote> ×ÅÒÓÉÑ 5.0.</para>

  <para>Xi Graphics ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÅÔ Motif É CDE ÄÌÑ FreeBSD (ÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ
    ×ÙÛÅ).</para>

  <variablelist>
    <varlistentry><term>äÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ</term>
      <listitem>
        <para><ulink URL="http://www.xig.com/">
          Xi Graphics WWW page</ulink></para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry><term>ÉÌÉ</term>
      <listitem>
        <para><ulink URL="mailto:sales@xig.com">Sales</ulink> ÉÌÉ <ulink
          URL="mailto:support@xig.com">Support</ulink> ÐÏ email.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry><term>ÉÌÉ</term>
      <listitem>
        <para>ÔÅÌÅÆÏÎ (800) 946 7433  ÉÌÉ +1 303 298-7478.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
  </variablelist>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="database-systems">
    <para>óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÔ ÌÉ óõâä ÄÌÑ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÁ! ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ <ulink
    URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/commercial/software_bycat.html#CATEGORY_DATABASE">
    ðÏÓÔÁ×ÝÉËÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÇÏ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÑ</ulink> ÎÁ ×ÅÂ-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÅ FreeBSD.</para>

  <para>ôÁËÖÅ ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ <ulink
    URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/databases.html">âÁÚÙ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ</ulink>
    ëÏÌÌÅËÃÉÉ ÐÏÒÔÏ×.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="oracle-support">
    <para>íÏÖÎÏ ÌÉ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ Oracle ÎÁ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÁ. òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Ï ÐÏ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÅ Linux-Oracle ÎÁ FreeBSD ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ
    ÐÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍ ÁÄÒÅÓÁÍ:</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para><ulink URL="http://www.scc.nl/~marcel/howto-oracle.html">
        http://www.scc.nl/~marcel/howto-oracle.html</ulink></para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para><ulink
        URL="http://www.lf.net/lf/pi/oracle/install-linux-oracle-on-freebsd">
        http://www.lf.net/lf/pi/oracle/install-linux-oracle-on-freebsd</ulink>
        </para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>
</qandaset>
</chapter>


<chapter id="applications">
<title>ðÒÉËÌÁÄÎÙÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ</title>

<qandaset>
<qandaentry>
  <question id="user-apps">
    <para>éÔÁË, ÇÄÅ ÎÁÈÏÄÑÔÓÑ ×ÓÅ ÐÒÉËÌÁÄÎÙÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÚÁÇÌÑÎÉÔÅ ÎÁ <ulink URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/ru/ports/">
    ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÕ ÐÏÒÔÏ×</ulink>, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÕÀ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÙÈ ÐÒÏÄÕËÔÁÈ,
    ÐÅÒÅÎÅÓ£ÎÎÙÈ ×Ï FreeBSD.  îÁ ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ × ÜÔÏÍ ÓÐÉÓËÅ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ
    3400 ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÊ É ÏÎ ÅÖÅÄÎÅ×ÎÏ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÐÏÞÁÝÅ ÔÕÄÁ
    ÚÁÇÌÑÄÙ×ÁÊÔÅ ÉÌÉ ÐÏÄÐÉÛÉÔÅÓØ ÎÁ <link
    linkend="mailing">ÓÐÉÓÏË ÒÁÓÓÙÌËÉ</link>
    <literal>freebsd-announce</literal>, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÐÕÂÌÉËÕÅÔÓÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ
    Ï ÐÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÉ ÎÏ×ÙÈ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÊ.</para>

  <para>âÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÐÏÒÔÏ× ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÏ ÄÌÑ ×ÅÔÏË 2.2, 3.x É 4.x, É ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ÉÚ
    ÎÉÈ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÎÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ ×ÅÒÓÉÊ 2.1.x.  ðÒÉ ×ÙÈÏÄÅ
    ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÒÅÌÉÚÁ FreeBSD × ÎÅÇÏ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>ports/</filename>
    ×ËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ ÁËÔÕÁÌØÎÁÑ ÎÁ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ×ÙÈÏÄÁ ËÏÌÌÅËÃÉÑ ÐÏÒÔÏ×.</para>

  <para>íÙ ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÍ ËÏÎÃÅÐÃÉÀ <quote>ÐÁËÁÄÖÁ</quote>, Ñ×ÌÑÀÝÅÇÏÓÑ ÎÅ
    ÂÏÌÅÅ ÞÅÍ ÕÐÁËÏ×ÁÎÎÙÍ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×ÏÍ × ÂÉÎÁÒÎÏÊ ÆÏÒÍÅ Ó ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÍÉ
    ×ÓÔÒÏÅÎÎÙÍÉ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÑÍÉ ÐÏ ÅÇÏ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÅ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ. ðÁËÁÄÖ
    ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÌÅÇËÏ ÐÒÏÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎ É ÄÅÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎ ÓÎÏ×Á ÂÅÚ ÕÇÌÕÂÌÅÎÉÑ
    × ÄÅÔÁÌÉ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁËÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÙ.</para>

  <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÍÅÎÀ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ÐÁËÁÄÖÅÊ ×
    <filename>/stand/sysinstall</filename> (× ÐÕÎËÔÅ ÍÅÎÀ post-configuration)
    ÉÌÉ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÊÔÅ &man.pkg.add.1; Ó ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÅÍ ËÏÎËÒÅÔÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×
    Ó ÐÁËÁÄÖÁÍÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÒÏÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ.  æÁÊÌÙ Ó ÐÁËÁÄÖÁÍÉ, ËÁË
    ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉÃÉÒÕÀÔÓÑ ÐÏ ÉÈ ÓÕÆÆÉËÓÕ <filename>.tgz</filename>, Á ÄÌÑ
    ÔÅÈ, ËÔÏ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ× ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÎÁ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÅ, ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ
    <filename>packages/All</filename>, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÊ ×ÓÅ ÜÔÉ ÆÁÊÌÙ.  ïÎÉ ÔÁËÖÅ
    ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÙ ÐÏ ÓÅÔÉ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÚÎÙÈ ×ÅÒÓÉÊ FreeBSD ÓÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÈ
    ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ×:</para>

  <variablelist>
    <varlistentry><term>ÄÌÑ 2.2.8-RELEASE/2.2.8-STABLE</term>
      <listitem>
        <para><ulink
          URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-2.2.8/">
          ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-2.2.8/</ulink></para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry><term>ÄÌÑ 3.X-RELEASE/3.X-STABLE</term>
      <listitem>
        <para><ulink
          URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-3-stable/">
          ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-3-stable/</ulink></para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry><term>ÄÌÑ 4.X-RELEASE/4-STABLE</term>
      <listitem>
        <para><ulink
          URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-4-stable/">
          ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-4-stable/</ulink></para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry><term>ÄÌÑ 5.X-CURRENT</term>
      <listitem>
        <para><ulink
          URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-5-current/">
          ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-5-current/</ulink></para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
  </variablelist>

  <para>ÉÌÉ Ó ÂÌÉÖÁÊÛÅÇÏ Ë ×ÁÍ ÚÅÒËÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ.</para>

  <para>éÍÅÊÔÅ × ×ÉÄÕ, ÞÔÏ ÎÅ ×ÓÅ ÐÏÒÔÙ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙ × ×ÉÄÅ
    ÐÁËÁÄÖÅÊ, ÔÁË ËÁË ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÏ ÉÄ£Ô ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÎÏ×ÙÈ. îÅÐÌÏÈÏ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÏÔ
    ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÑÔØ, ËÁËÉÅ ÐÁËÁÄÖÉ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙ ÎÁ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÍ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÅ <ulink
    URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/">ftp.FreeBSD.org</ulink>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="minimal-sh">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ <command>/bin/sh</command> ÔÁË ÍÁÌÙ?  ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÂÙ
      ×Ï FreeBSD ÎÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ <command>bash</command> ÉÌÉ ËÁËÏÊ-ÌÉÂÏ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ
      ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ?</para>
  </question><answer>

  <para>ðÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ × ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÅ POSIX ÓËÁÚÁÎÏ, ÞÔÏ ×ÓÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÙ
    ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ×ÅÓÔÉ ÓÅÂÑ ÔÁË ÖÅ, ËÁË shell.</para>

  <para>âÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÙÊ ÏÔ×ÅÔ ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ × ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍ: ÍÎÏÇÉÍ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏÂÙ
    ÒÁÚÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÅÍÙÅ ÓËÒÉÐÔÙ ÄÌÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ ÂÙÌÉ ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÉÍÙ ÍÅÖÄÕ
    ÍÎÏÇÉÍÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍÉ.  éÍÅÎÎÏ ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ × POSIX ÏÞÅÎØ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏ ÏÐÉÓÁÎ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ
    ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ É ÎÁÂÏÒ ÕÔÉÌÉÔ.  âÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÓËÒÉÐÔÏ× ÐÉÛÕÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÑÚÙËÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ
    Bourne shell, Ë ÔÏÍÕ ÖÅ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×ÁÖÎÙÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÙÅ ×ÙÚÏ×Ù
    (&man.make.1;, &man.system.3;, &man.popen.3; É ÉÈ ÁÎÁÌÏÇÉ ÎÁ ÑÚÙËÁÈ ÓËÒÉÐÔÏ×
    ×ÙÓÏËÏÇÏ ÕÒÏ×ÎÑ, ÔÁËÉÈ ËÁË Perl ÉÌÉ Tcl) ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÀÔ ÄÌÑ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÃÉÉ
    ËÏÍÁÎÄ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÉÍÅÎÎÏ Bourne shell.  ôÁË ËÁË Bourne shell ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ
    ÓÔÏÌØ ÛÉÒÏËÏ É ÞÁÓÔÏ, ÔÏ ÏÞÅÎØ ×ÁÖÎÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÎ ÓÔÁÒÔÏ×ÁÌ ÏÞÅÎØ ÂÙÓÔÒÏ, ÅÇÏ
    ÐÏ×ÅÄÅÎÉÅ ÂÙÌÏ ÓÔÒÏÇÏ ÒÅÇÌÁÍÅÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÏ É ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÎÏÓÔÉ × ÏÐÅÒÁÔÉ×ÎÏÊ
    ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ÂÙÌÉ ÍÁÌÙ.</para>

  <para>÷ ÉÍÅÀÝÅÊÓÑ ÒÅÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ ÍÙ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÉÌÉ ÍÁËÓÉÍÕÍ ÕÓÉÌÉÊ ÄÌÑ ×ÏÐÌÏÝÅÎÉÑ ×
    ÖÉÚÎØ ×ÓÅÈ ÜÔÉÈ ÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÎÉÊ ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ.  äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÉÔØ
    <command>/bin/sh</command> ÎÅÂÏÌØÛÉÍ ÐÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÕ, ÍÙ ÎÅ ×ËÌÀÞÉÌÉ ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ÉÚ
    ÏÂÙÞÎÙÈ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÅÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÍÅÀÔÓÑ × ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÈ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁÈ.
    ïÄÎÁËÏ × ëÏÌÌÅËÃÉÀ ðÏÒÔÏ× ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÙ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÙ, ÏÂÌÁÄÁÀÝÉÅ ÇÏÒÁÚÄÏ
    ÂÏÌØÛÉÍÉ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÑÍÉ, ÔÁËÉÅ, ËÁË bash, scsh, tcsh É zsh. (÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
    ÓÁÍÉ ÓÒÁ×ÎÉÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ×ÓÅÍÉ ÜÔÉÍÉ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÁÍÉ, ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÅ× ×
    ËÏÌÏÎËÉ <quote>VSZ</quote> É <quote>RSS</quote> ×Ù×ÏÄÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ <command>ps
    -u</command>).</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="missing-libcso30">
    <para>çÄÅ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÕ libc.so.3.0?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÏÈÏÖÅ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÐÙÔÁÅÔÅÓØ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ ÐÁËÁÄÖ, ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÎÙÊ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ
    2.2 É ×ÙÛÅ, ÎÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 2.1.x. ðÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÐÒÏÞÔÉÔÅ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÉÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ
    É ÎÁÊÄÉÔÅ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÝÉÊ ÄÌÑ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÏÒÔ ÉÌÉ ÐÁËÁÄÖ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="missing-libcso40">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ×ÙÄÁÀÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ <errorname>Error: can't find
      libc.so.4.0</errorname></para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷Ù ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÏ ÓËÁÞÁÌÉ ÐÁËÁÄÖÉ, ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÎÙÅ ÄÌÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ ×ÅÒÓÉÊ 4.X É
    5.X É ÐÙÔÁÌÉÓØ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÉÈ ÎÁ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ FreeBSD ×ÅÒÓÉÊ 2.X ÉÌÉ 3.X.
    ðÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÓËÁÞÁÊÔÅ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÝÉÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ÐÁËÁÄÖÅÊ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="emul">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ghostscript ×ÙÄÁ£Ô ÍÁÓÓÕ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÊ ÎÁ ÍÏ£Í 386/486SX.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>õ ×ÁÓ ÎÅÔ ÓÏÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ, ×ÅÒÎÏ?  ÷ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ × ÑÄÒÏ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ
    ÜÍÕÌÑÔÏÒ ÓÏÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ; ÜÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅÍ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÓÔÒÏËÉ × ÆÁÊÌ
    ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ É ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÅÇÏ ÐÅÒÅËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÅÊ.</para>

  <programlisting>
options GPL_MATH_EMULATE
  </programlisting>

    <note>
      <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÏÓÔÕÐÁÅÔÅ ÔÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ
        ÕÂÒÁÔØ ÏÐÃÉÀ <literal>MATH_EMULATE</literal>.</para>
    </note>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="sco-socksys">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÐÒÉ ÚÁÐÕÓËÅ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ SCO/iBCS2, ÏÎÏ ÐÒÅÒÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ
      <errorname>socksys</errorname> (ÔÏÌØËÏ ×Ï FreeBSD 3.0 É ÂÏÌÅÅ
      ÒÁÎÎÉÈ ×ÅÒÓÉÊ)?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>ðÒÅÖÄÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>/etc/sysconfig</filename> (ÉÌÉ <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>,
    ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ &man.rc.conf.5;), ÉÚÍÅÎÉ× × ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ
    ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ ÎÁ <literal>YES</literal>:</para>

  <programlisting>
# Set to YES if you want ibcs2 (SCO) emulation loaded at startup
ibcs2=NO
  </programlisting>

  <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÍÏÄÕÌØ ÑÄÒÁ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÉ ibcs2 ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎ ÎÁ ÜÔÁÐÅ
    ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>

  <para>úÁÔÅÍ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ /compat/ibcs2/dev ÔÁË, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÎ
    ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÌ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ:</para>

  <screen>
lrwxr-xr-x  1 root  wheel         9 Oct 15 22:20 X0R@ -&gt; /dev/null
lrwxr-xr-x  1 root  wheel         7 Oct 15 22:20 nfsd@ -&gt; socksys
-rw-rw-r--  1 root  wheel         0 Oct 28 12:02 null
lrwxr-xr-x  1 root  wheel         9 Oct 15 22:20 socksys@ -&gt; /dev/null
crw-rw-rw-  1 root  wheel   41,   1 Oct 15 22:14 spx
  </screen>

  <para>òÁÂÏÔÁ Ó socksys ÂÙÌÁ ÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÕÐÒÏÝÅÎÁ ÐÏ ÓÒÁ×ÎÅÎÉÀ Ó ÂÏÌÅÅ ÒÁÎÎÉÍÉ
    ×ÅÒÓÉÑÍÉ.  Socksys ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÔØ ÎÁ
    <devicename>/dev/null</devicename>
    (ÐÒÏÞÔÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÕÀ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï &man.null.4;), ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÂÍÁÎÕÔØ
    open() &amp; close(). ëÏÄ, ÉÍÅÀÝÉÊÓÑ × -CURRENT, ×ÏÚØÍ£Ô ÎÁ ÓÅÂÑ ×Ó£
    ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÏÅ.  åÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÅÎ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ <devicename>spx</devicename> ÄÌÑ
    ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ X ÐÏ ÌÏËÁÌØÎÏÍÕ ÓÏËÅÔÕ, ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔÅ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÕÀ
    <literal>SPX_HACK</literal> ÐÒÉ ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="configure-inn">
    <para>ëÁË ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ INN (Internet News) ÎÁ ÍÏÅÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ÐÁËÁÄÖÁ ÉÌÉ ÐÏÒÔÁ ÄÌÑ inn, ÄÌÑ ÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÚÁÇÌÑÎÉÔÅ
    ÎÁ <ulink URL="http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~barr/INN.html">ÓÔÒÁÎÉÞËÕ
    äÜÊ×Á âÜÒÒÁ</ulink> (Dave Barr), ÐÏÓ×ÑÝ£ÎÎÕÀ INN, ÇÄÅ ×Ù
    ÎÁÊÄ£ÔÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ FAQ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ms-frontpage">
    <para>ëÁËÕÀ ×ÅÒÓÉÀ Microsoft FrontPage Ñ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÉÍÅÔØ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊ ÐÏÒÔ, ÄÕÒÁÞÏË! óÒÅÄÉ ÐÏÒÔÏ× ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ Apache Ó ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÏÊ
    FrontPage.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="java">
    <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÌÉ FreeBSD ÓÒÅÄÕ Java?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÁ. ðÏÓÅÔÉÔÅ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÕ <ulink URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/java/">
    http://www.FreeBSD.org/java/</ulink>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ports-3x">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÐÏÒÔ ÎÅ ËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÍÏÅÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ
      Ó 3.X-STABLE?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ FreeBSD ×ÅÒÓÉÉ, ÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÏÔÓÔÁÀÝÅÊ ÏÔ -CURRENT
    ÉÌÉ -STABLE, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÅÎ ÐÁËÅÔ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÐÏ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ
    <ulink URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/">
    http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/</ulink>.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÏÔÓÌÅÖÉ×ÁÅÔÅ ×ÓÅ
    ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ, ÔÏ, ÓËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, ËÔÏ-ÔÏ ×Î£Ó ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ × ÐÏÒÔ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÏÎ
    ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ × -CURRENT, ÎÏ ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ × -STABLE.  ôÁË ËÁË ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ
    ËÏÌÌÅËÃÉÑ ÐÏÒÔÏ× ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ
    ËÁË × ×ÅÔËÅ -CURRENT, ÔÁË É × ×ÅÔ×É -STABLE, ÔÏ, ÐÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÐÏÛÌÉÔÅ
    ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ ÏÂ ÜÔÏÊ ÏÛÉÂËÅ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ &man.send-pr.1;.
    </para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="find-ldso">
    <para>çÄÅ ÎÁÊÔÉ ld.so?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ aout
    ÔÉÐÁ Netscape Navigator ÎÁ Elf-ÍÁÛÉÎÅ, ÔÁËÏÊ ËÁË 3.1-R É ×ÙÛÅ,
    ÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ <filename>/usr/libexec/ld.so</filename> É ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ
    ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÉ × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ aout.  ïÎÉ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÙ × ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ× ËÁË compat22.
    úÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ <filename>/stand/sysinstall</filename> ÉÌÉ
    <filename>install.sh</filename> × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ compat22, ÞÔÏÂÙ
    ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÜÔÏÔ ËÏÍÐÏÎÅÎÔ.  ðÒÏÞÔÉÔÅ ÔÁËÖÅ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÙ ERRATA ÏÔ
    3.1-R É 3.2-R.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ports-update">
    <para>ñ ÏÂÎÏ×ÉÌ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÅ ÔÅËÓÔÙ, ËÁË ÔÅÐÅÒØ ÏÂÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÙÅ
      ÐÏÒÔÙ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ë ÎÅÓÞÁÓÔØÀ, ÎÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÐÒÏÓÔÏÇÏ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÁ ÏÂÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÙÅ
    ÐÏÒÔÙ.  íÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ &man.pkg.version.1; ÄÌÑ
    ÇÅÎÅÒÁÃÉÉ ÓËÒÉÐÔÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÅÔ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÙÅ ÐÏÒÔÙ ÄÏ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÎÏ×ÙÈ
    ÉÈ ×ÅÒÓÉÊ × ÄÅÒÅ×Å ÐÏÒÔÏ×:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_version <option>-c</option> > <replaceable>/tmp/myscript</replaceable></userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ðÏÌÕÞÁÅÍÙÊ ÓËÒÉÐÔ <emphasis>ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ</emphasis> ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ
    ×ÒÕÞÎÕÀ ÐÅÒÅÄ ÅÇÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ. ôÅËÕÝÉÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
    &man.pkg.version.1; ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÔ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ, ÐÏÍÅÝÁÑ  × ÎÁÞÁÌÏ
    ÓËÒÉÐÔÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ &man.exit.1;.</para>

  <para>÷Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÉÔØ ×Ù×ÏÄÉÍÙÊ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÓËÒÉÐÔÁ, ÔÁË ËÁË ×
    ÎÅÍ ÏÔÍÅÞÁÀÔÓÑ ÐÁËÁÄÖÉ, ÚÁ×ÉÓÑÝÉÅ ÏÔ ÔÅÈ, ÞÔÏ ÂÙÌÉ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÙ.  éÈ ÔÁËÖÅ
    ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÏÂÎÏ×ÉÔØ.  ïÂÙÞÎÙÊ ÓÌÕÞÁÊ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ
    ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ, ÜÔÏ ÓÌÕÞÁÊ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÎÏÍÅÒÏ× ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ÄÉÎÁÍÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÉ,
    ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÐÏÒÔÙ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÝÉÅ ÜÔÕ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÕ, ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ÐÅÒÅËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÙ
    ÄÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÎÏ×ÏÊ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×ÁÛÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ÒÁÂÏÔÅ ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÏ, ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÓÐÉÓËÁ
    ÐÏÒÔÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ, ËÁÖÄÕÀ ÎÅÄÅÌÀ, ÍÏÖÎÏ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ &man.periodic.8, ÚÁÄÁ×
    <literal>weekly_status_pkg_enable="YES"</literal> × ÆÁÊÌÅ
    <filename>/etc/periodic.conf</filename>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>

</qandaset>
</chapter>


<chapter id="kernelconfig">
<title>ëÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÑÄÒÁ</title>


<qandaset>
<qandaentry>
  <question id="make-kernel">
    <para>ñ ÈÏÞÕ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ÑÄÒÁ. üÔÏ ÓÌÏÖÎÏ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>÷Ï×ÓÅ ÎÅÔ! ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë <ulink URL="/ru/handbook/kernelconfig.html">
    ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÍÕ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ</ulink> òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÐÏÓ×ÑݣΠÜÔÏÍÕ
    ×ÏÐÒÏÓÕ.</para>

    <note>
      <para>òÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÔÓÑ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÉÔØ ËÏÐÉÀ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÑÄÒÁ × ÆÁÊÌ
        <filename>kernel.YYMMDD</filename> ÐÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ×Ù ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ ÒÁÂÏÞÕÀ
        ×ÅÒÓÉÀ, ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ × ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÒÁÚ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÒÔÉÔÅ ÞÔÏ-ÌÉÂÏ ×
        ×ÁÛÅÍ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ, ×Ù ÓÍÏÇÌÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔØ ÜÔÏ ÑÄÒÏ, ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÔÏÇÏ,
        ÞÔÏÂÙ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÔØ ÓÎÏ×Á Ó <filename>kernel.GENERIC</filename>.  üÔÏ, ×
        ÞÁÓÔÎÏÓÔÉ, ÉÍÅÅÔ ÓÍÙÓÌ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÕ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ Ó
        ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÎÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ × ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÏÍ ÑÄÒÅ
        GENERIC.</para>
    </note>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="missing-hw-float">
    <para>ñ ÎÅ ÍÏÇÕ ÓËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÑÄÒÏ. ïÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ
      <literal>_hw_float</literal>.ðÏÞÅÍÕ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>ðÏÚ×ÏÌØÔÅ ÍÎÅ ÕÇÁÄÁÔØ.  ÷Ù, ÎÁ×ÅÒÎÏÅ, ÕÄÁÌÉÌÉ
    <devicename>npx0</devicename> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ &man.npx.4;) ÉÚ
    ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ, ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ Õ ×ÁÓ ÎÅÔ ÓÏÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ, ÄÁ?
    á ×ÏÔ É ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ! :-)   óÔÒÏËÁ <devicename>npx0</devicename>
    <emphasis>ïâñúáôåìøîá</emphasis>.  äÁÖÅ ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÎÅÔ
    ÍÁÔÅÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ÓÏÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ, ×Ù <emphasis>ÄÏÌÖÎÙ</emphasis>
    ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á <devicename>npx0</devicename>.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="why-kernel-big">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÍÏ£ ÑÄÒÏ ÔÁËÏÅ ÂÏÌØÛÏÅ (ÂÏÌØÛÅ 10íâ)?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>óËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, ×Ù ËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÌÉ ÑÄÒÏ × <emphasis>ÏÔÌÁÄÏÞÎÏÍ
    ÒÅÖÉÍÅ</emphasis>.  ñÄÒÁ, ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÎÙÅ × ÜÔÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔ ÍÎÏÇÏ
    ÓÉÍ×ÏÌØÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÏÔÌÁÄËÉ É ÓÉÌØÎÏ
    Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉ×ÁÅÔ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÑÄÒÁ.  úÁÍÅÔØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔÅ Ó FreeBSD ×ÅÒÓÉÉ
    3.0 É ÓÔÁÒÛÅ, ÔÏ ÕÍÅÎØÛÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÐÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ
    ÏÔÌÁÄÏÞÎÏÇÏ ÑÄÒÁ ÎÅÔ ÉÌÉ ÏÎÏ ÎÅÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÏÔÌÁÄÏÞÎÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ
    ÐÏÌÅÚÎÏ ÉÍÅÔØ ÐÏÄ ÒÕËÏÊ ÎÁ ÓÌÕÞÁÊ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÏÇÏ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>
 
  <para>ïÄÎÁËÏ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÙÔÙ×ÁÅÔÅ ÎÅÈ×ÁÔËÕ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á ÉÌÉ
    ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÎÅ ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÏÔÌÁÄÏÞÎÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ, ÐÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÉÍÅÀÔ
    ÍÅÓÔÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ Ä×Å ×ÅÝÉ:</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>÷ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÑÄÒÁ ÎÅÔ ÓÔÒÏÞËÉ, ÉÍÅÀÝÅÊ ÔÁËÏÊ
        ×ÉÄ:</para>

      <programlisting>makeoptions DEBUG=-g</programlisting>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>÷Ù ÎÅ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÌÉ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÕ &man.config.8; Ó ÏÐÃÉÅÊ
        <option>-g</option>.</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  <para>ïÂÅ ÉÚ ×ÙÛÅÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÊ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÕÔ Ë ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÀ ÑÄÒÁ ×
    ÏÔÌÁÄÏÞÎÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ.  åÓÌÉ ÖÅ ×Ù ÔÏÞÎÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔÅ ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÙÍ ÛÁÇÁÍ, ÔÏ ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ
    ÐÏÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ÏÂÙÞÎÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ É ÚÁÍÅÔÉÔÅ ÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏÅ ÕÍÅÎØÛÅÎÉÅ ÅÇÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ;
    ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÑÄÅÒ ÉÍÅÀÔ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÏÔ 1.5íâ ÄÏ 2íâ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="multiport-serial-interrupts">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÐÏÑ×ÌÑÅÀÔÓÑ ËÏÎÆÌÉËÔÙ ÐÒÅÒÙ×ÁÎÉÊ ÐÒÉ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÉÉ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÉ
      ÍÎÏÇÏÐÏÒÔÏ×Ùx ËÏÍÍÕÎÉËÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÈ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ×.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>ëÏÇÄÁ Ñ ËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÕÀ ÑÄÒÏ Ó ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÏÊ
    ÍÎÏÇÏÐÏÒÔÏ×ÙÈ ËÏÍÍÕÎÉËÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÈ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ×, ÓÏÏÂÝÁÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ
    ÐÏÒÔ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ, Á ×ÓÅ ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÙÅ ÐÒÏÐÕÓËÁÀÔÓÑ ÉÚ-ÚÁ ËÏÎÆÌÉËÔÏ×
    ÐÒÅÒÙ×ÁÎÉÊ.  ëÁË ÜÔÏ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ?</para>

  <para>ðÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ÓÏÓÔÏÉÔ × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ï FreeBSD
    ×ÓÔÒÏÅÎ ËÏÄ, ÐÒÅÄÏÈÒÁÎÑÀÝÉÊ ÑÄÒÏ ÏÔ ÁÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÙÈ É ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÙÈ ËÏÎÆÌÉËÔÏ×.
    ÷ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÕÂÒÁÔØ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑ IRQ ÎÁ ×ÓÅÈ ÐÏÒÔÁÈ, ËÒÏÍÅ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ.
    îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ:</para>

  <programlisting>
#
# ÷ÙÓÏËÏÓËÏÒÏÓÔÎÏÊ ÍÎÏÇÏÐÏÒÔÏ×ÙÊ ËÏÍÍÕÎÉËÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ - 16550 UARTS
#
device sio2 at isa? port 0x2a0 tty irq 5 flags 0x501 vector siointr
device sio3 at isa? port 0x2a8 tty flags 0x501 vector siointr
device sio4 at isa? port 0x2b0 tty flags 0x501 vector siointr
device sio5 at isa? port 0x2b8 tty flags 0x501 vector siointr
  </programlisting>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="generic-kernel-build-failure">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÍÎÅ ÎÅ ÕÄÁ£ÔÓÑ ÏÔËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÉ ÏÄÉÎ ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔ ÑÄÒÁ, ÄÁÖÅ
      GENERIC?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>åÓÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÐÒÉÞÉÎ, ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÑÝÉÈ Ë ×ÏÚÎÉËÎÏ×ÅÎÉÀ ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ.  ÷ÏÔ
    ÏÎÉ, × ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÏÍ ÐÏÒÑÄËÅ:</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>÷Ù ÎÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÎÏ×ÙÅ ÃÅÌÉ <command>make buildkernel</command>
        É <command>make installkernel</command>, É ×ÁÛÅ ÄÅÒÅ×Ï ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ
        ÔÅËÓÔÏ× ÏÔÌÉÞÁÅÔÓÑ ÏÔ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÏÓØ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÑ
        ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÅÊ × ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ×Ù ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔÅ
        ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÅ 4.3-RELEASE ÎÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ 4.0-RELEASE).  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÙÔÁÅÔÅÓØ
        ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ, ÔÏ, ÐÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÐÒÏÞÉÔÁÊÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ
        <filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename>, ÏÂÒÁÔÉ× ÏÓÏÂÏÅ ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ ÎÁ
        ÒÁÚÄÅÌ <quote>COMMON ITEMS</quote> × ÅÇÏ ËÏÎÃÅ.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>÷Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÎÏ×ÙÅ ÃÅÌÉ <command>make buildkernel</command> É
        <command>make installkernel</command>, ÎÏ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ ÃÅÌÉ
        <command>make buildworld</command> ÎÅ ÂÙÌÏ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÏ.  ðÏÌÎÏÅ É
        ËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÏÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ ÃÅÌÉ <command>make buildkernel</command>
        ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÔ ÏÔ ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ÇÅÎÅÒÉÒÕÀÝÉÈÓÑ ÐÒÉ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÉ ÃÅÌÉ
        <command>make buildworld</command>.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>äÁÖÅ ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÙÔÁÅÔÅÓØ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÉÔØ <link
        linkend="stable">FreeBSD-STABLE</link>, ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÓËÁÞÁÌÉ
        ÄÅÒÅ×Ï ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ× × ÍÏÍÅÎÔ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÏÎÏ ÍÏÄÉÆÉÃÉÒÏ×ÁÌÏÓØ ÉÌÉ
        ÂÙÌÏ ÎÅÒÁÂÏÔÏÓÐÏÓÏÂÎÏ ÐÏ ÄÒÕÇÉÍ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÁÍ; ÁÂÓÏÌÀÔÎÏ ÇÁÒÁÎÔÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ
        ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÒÅÌÉÚÏ×, ÈÏÔÑ × ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Å ÓÌÕÞÁÅ× <link
        linkend="stable">FreeBSD-STABLE</link> ÓÔÒÏÉÔÓÑ ÂÅÚ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ.  åÓÌÉ
        ×Ù ÅÝÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÎÅ ÓÄÅÌÁÌÉ, ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÓÇÒÕÚÉÔØ ÄÅÒÅ×Ï ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×
        ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÎÏ É ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ, ÒÁÚÒÅÛÉÌÁÓØ ÌÉ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ.  ðÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ
        ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ, ÅÓÌÉ ÅÓÔØ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ Ó ÔÅÍ,
        ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ.</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>

</qandaset>
</chapter>


<chapter id="admin">
<title>óÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÅ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ</title>


<qandaset>
<qandaentry>
  <question id="startup-config-files">
    <para>çÄÅ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÙ ÆÁÊÌÙ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÌÑ FreeBSD ×ÅÒÓÉÊ ÏÔ 2.0.5R ÄÏ 2.2.1R ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÍ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÍ ÆÁÊÌÏÍ
    Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ <filename>/etc/sysconfig</filename>.  ÷ÓÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÀÔÓÑ
    ÚÄÅÓØ, Á ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÙÅ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ, ÔÁËÉÅ, ËÁË
    <filename>/etc/rc</filename> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ &man.rc.8;)
    É <filename>/etc/netstart</filename> ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÅÇÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ.</para>

  <para>ðÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/sysconfig</filename> É ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ
    ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ ÎÁ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÅ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.  ÷ ÆÁÊÌÅ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔÓÑ
    ËÏÍÍÅÎÔÁÒÉÉ, ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÝÉÅ ÓÍÙÓÌ ÜÔÉÈ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ É ÓÐÏÓÏ ÉÈ ÚÁÄÁÎÉÑ.</para>

  <para>÷ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ ×ÙÛÅ 2.2.1 É × 3.0 ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/sysconfig</filename>
    ÓÍÅÎÉÌ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ ÎÁ ÇÏ×ÏÒÑÝÅÅ ÓÁÍÏ ÚÁ ÓÅÂÑ &man.rc.conf.5;,
    ÓÉÎÔÁËÓÉÓ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÑ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ ÂÙÌ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÕÌÕÞÛÅÎ.
    <filename>/etc/netstart</filename> ÔÏÖÅ ÂÙÌ ÐÅÒÅÉÍÅÎÏ×ÁÎ ×
    <filename>/etc/rc.network</filename>, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ×ÓÅ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ
    ÔÅÐÅÒØ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÓËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÏÄÎÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ
    <command>cp /usr/src/etc/rc* /etc</command>.</para>

  <para>á × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ ×ÅÒÓÉÊ 3.1 É ×ÙÛÅ <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> ÂÙÌ
    ÐÅÒÅÍÅÝ£Î × <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename>. <emphasis>îÅ
    ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÜÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ!</emphasis>  ÷ÍÅÓÔÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ, ÅÓÌÉ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
    <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename> ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ×Ù
    ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÔÒÏÞËÕ Ó ÎÉÍ × ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> É ÐÏÍÅÎÑÔØ ÅÇÏ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÉÍÅÎÎÏ
    ÚÄÅÓØ.</para>

  <para>îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ named, ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ DNS, ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÊ ×
    ÐÏÓÔÁ×ËÕ FreeBSD ÎÁÞÉÎÁÑ Ó FreeBSD 3.1, ×Ó£, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ, ÜÔÏ:
    <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>echo named_enable="YES" &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf</userinput>
    </screen>
  </para>

  <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ ÍÅÓÔÎÙÅ ÓÅÒ×ÉÓÙ ×Ï FreeBSD 3.1 É ×ÙÛÅ, ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ
    ÓËÒÉÐÔÙ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>/usr/local/etc/rc.d</filename>.  õ ÜÔÉÈ ÓËÒÉÐÔÏ×
    ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ ×ÙÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎ ÂÉÔ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÍÏÓÔÉ, É ÉÈ ÉÍÅÎÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÏËÁÎÞÉ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÎÁ
    .sh.  ÷Ï FreeBSD 3.0 É ÒÁÎÅÅ, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>/etc/rc.local</filename>.</para>

  <para>æÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/rc.serial</filename> ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎ ÄÌÑ ÉÎÉÃÉÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ
    ËÏÍÍÕÎÉËÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÈ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ× (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉË
    ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÈ ÐÏÒÔÏ× É ÔÏÍÕ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÏÅ).</para>

  <para>æÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/rc.i386</filename> ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎ ÄÌÑ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ
    ÓÐÅÃÉÆÉÞÎÙÈ ÄÌÑ ÁÒÈÉÔÅËÔÕÒÙ Intel ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ×, ÔÁËÉÈ, ËÁË ÜÍÕÌÑÃÉÑ iBCS2
    ÉÌÉ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉË ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÊ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ ðë.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="adding-users">
    <para>ëÁË ÐÒÏÝÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ &man.adduser.8;.  äÌÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÓÌÏÖÎÙÈ
    ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÊ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ &man.pw.8;.</para>

  <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÕÄÁÌÉÔØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ &man.rmuser.8;.  é,
    ÓÎÏ×Á ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÉÍÓÑ, ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ &man.pw.8; ÔÏÖÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="adding-disks">
    <para>ëÁË ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÄÉÓË?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Õ ÐÏ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÀ ÄÉÓËÏ× ÎÁ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÅ <ulink
    URL="../../tutorials/formatting-media/">www.FreeBSD.org</ulink>.</para>
 
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="removable-drives">
    <para>ëÁË ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÄÌÑ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ ÓÍÅÎÎÙÈ ÄÉÓËÏ×?</para>
  </question><answer>

  <para>ëÁËÉÍ ÂÙ ÎÉ ÂÙÌÏ ÜÔÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï, ÔÉÐÁ ZIP, EZ (ÉÌÉ ÄÁÖÅ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÍ
    ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÄÏÍ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÅÇÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ) ÉÌÉ ËÁËÉÍ-ÔÏ
    ÄÒÕÇÉÍ, ËÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÏ É ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁÎÏ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ, É ×Ù ×ÓÔÁ×ÉÔÅ × ÎÅÇÏ ËÁÒÔÒÉÄÖ/ÄÉÓËÅÔÕ/ÞÔÏ-ÔÁÍ-ÅÝ£, ×Ó£
    ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÔØ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÏÄÉÎÁËÏ×Ï.</para>

  <para><anchor id="disklabel">(ÜÔÏÔ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÏÐÉÒÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ <ulink
    URL="http://www.vmunix.com/mark/FreeBSD/ZIP-FAQ.html">
    FAQ ÐÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÁÍ ZIP</ulink> íÁÒËÁ íÜÊÏ (Mark Mayo))</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï ZIP ÉÌÉ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÊ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÄ, É Õ ×ÁÓ ÕÖÅ ÅÓÔØ
    ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ DOS ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅÔÁÈ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ
    ÔÉÐÁ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -t msdos /dev/fd0c /floppy</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ÄÌÑ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÈ ÄÉÓËÅÔ, ÉÌÉ</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -t msdos /dev/da2s4 /zip</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ÄÌÑ ÄÉÓËÅÔ ZIP ÓÏ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÏÊ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÅÊ.</para>
 
  <para>äÌÑ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÄÉÓËÏ× ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÉÈ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
    &man.fdisk.8; ÉÌÉ &man.sysinstall.8;.</para>
 
  <para>ïÓÔÁÌØÎÙÅ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÙ ÄÁÎÙ ÄÌÑ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÁ ZIP ÎÁ da2, ÔÒÅÔØÅÍ ÄÉÓËÅ
    SCSI.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÄÉÓËÅÔÁ ÉÌÉ ÓÍÅÎÎÙÊ ÄÉÓË, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÄÌÑ
    ÏÂÍÅÎÁ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ Ó ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÌÀÄØÍÉ, ÈÏÒÏÛÅÊ ÉÄÅÅÊ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÏÍÅÝÅÎÉÅ ÔÕÄÁ
    ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ BSD.  ÷Ù ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ ÄÌÉÎÎÙÈ ÉͣΠÆÁÊÌÏ×,
    Õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÐÏ ËÒÁÊÎÅÊ ÍÅÒÅ × Ä×Á ÒÁÚÁ É ÇÏÒÁÚÄÏ
    ÂÏÌØÛÕÀ ÎÁÄ£ÖÎÏÓÔØ.  ðÅÒ×ÙÍ ÄÅÌÏÍ ×ÁÍ ÓÎÏ×Á ÂÕÄÅÔ ÎÕÖÎÏ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ
    ÒÁÚÂÉÅÎÉÅ ÄÉÓËÁ ÎÁ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ/ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ
    ÕÔÉÌÉÔÏÊ &man.fdisk.8; ÌÉÂÏ &man.sysinstall.8;, Á × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÎÅÂÏÌØÛÏÇÏ
    ÄÉÓËÁ, ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÁÇÁÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ,
    ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÓÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÕ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ× (ÓÌÁÊÓÏ×) FAT É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÒÁÚÂÉÅÎÉÅ
    ÎÁ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ BSD.</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rda2 count=2</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>disklabel -Brw da2 auto</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ &man.disklabel.8; ÉÌÉ &man.sysinstall.8;
    ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ× BSD.
    ÷ÁÍ ÎÁ×ÅÒÎÑËÁ ÐÒÉÄ£ÔÓÑ ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÓÔÁÎÅÔÅ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÑÔØ ÍÅÓÔÏ
    ÄÌÑ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ ÎÁ ×ÉÎÞÅÓÔÅÒÅ, ÈÏÔÑ ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÏÔÎÏÛÅÎÉÑ Ë
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÁÍ ÔÉÐÁ ZIP.</para>

  <para>÷ ÉÔÏÇÅ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÎÏ×ÕÀ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ (× ÜÔÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ
    ÏÎÁ ÚÁÎÉÍÁÅÔ ×ÅÓØ ÎÁÛ ÄÉÓË ZIP):</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs /dev/rda2c</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>É ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ Å£:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/da2c /zip</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>èÏÒÏÛÏ ÅÝ£ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÓÔÒÏËÕ ÔÉÐÁ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ × ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> (ÐÒÏÞÔÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ &man.fstab.5;),
    ÞÔÏÂÙ × ÂÕÄÕÝÅÍ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÂÙÌÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÄÁ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ
    <command>mount /zip</command>:</para>

  <programlisting>
/dev/da2c /zip ffs rw,noauto 0 0
  </programlisting>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="root-not-found-cron-errors">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÍÏÅÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ crontab Ñ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÀ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ
      ×ÉÄÁ <errorname>root: not found</errorname>?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>ïÂÙÞÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÓÌÕÞÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÉ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÇÏ crontab-ÆÁÊÌÁ
    (<filename>/etc/crontab</filename>) É ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ
    &man.crontab.1; ÄÌÑ ÅÇÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ:</para>

  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>crontab /etc/crontab</userinput></screen>

  <para>üÔÏ ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ.  óÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÊ crontab-ÆÁÊÌ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ, ÏÔÌÉÞÎÙÊ ÏÔ
    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÈ crontab-ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÅÔ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ
    &man.crontab.1; (ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁ óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ ÐÏ &man.crontab.5; ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ
    ÏÔÌÉÞÉÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏ).</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÉÍÅÎÎÏ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÓÄÅÌÁÌÉ, ÔÏ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ crontab-ÆÁÊÌ
    Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ËÏÐÉÅÊ ÆÁÊÌÁ <filename>/etc/crontab</filename> ×
    ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏÍ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ.  õÄÁÌÉÔÅ ÅÇÏ ÔÁËÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ:</para>

  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>crontab -r</userinput></screen>

  <para>÷ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÒÁÚ ÐÒÉ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÆÁÊÌÁ
    <filename>/etc/crontab</filename>, ×ÁÍ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÎÉÞÅÇÏ ÄÌÑ
    ÏÐÏ×ÅÝÅÎÉÑ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ &man.cron.8; Ï ÓÄÅÌÁÎÎÙÈ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑÈ, ÔÁË ËÁË ÏÎÁ
    ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁÅÔ ÉÈ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÔØ ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ÏÄÉÎ ÒÁÚ × ÄÅÎØ, ÎÅÄÅÌÀ ÉÌÉ ÍÅÓÑÃ, ÔÏ,
    ÎÁ×ÅÒÎÏÅ, ÌÕÞÛÅ ÏÂÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÓËÒÉÐÔÙ
    <filename>/usr/local/etc/periodic</filename> É ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ
    &man.periodic.8;, ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÍÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÊ cron-ÕÔÉÌÉÔÏÊ, ÐÌÁÎÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÈ
    ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÐÅÒÉÏÄÉÞÅÓËÉÍÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÍÉ ÚÁÄÁÞÁÍÉ.</para>

  <para>òÅÁÌØÎÁÑ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÁ ÏÛÉÂËÉ ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÊ crontab-ÆÁÊÌ
    ÉÍÅÅÔ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÅ ÐÏÌÅ, ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÀÝÅÅ, ËÁËÏÊ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔ
    ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ.  ÷ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÍ crontab-ÆÁÊÌÅ, ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÍÏÍ Ó FreeBSD É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÍ
    ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ, ÜÔÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ <username>root</username> ÄÌÑ ×ÓÅÈ
    ÓÔÒÏË.  åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏÔ crontab-ÆÁÊÌ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å crontab-ÆÁÊÌÁ
    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>root</username> (ÞÔÏ <emphasis>ÎÅ ÔÏ ÖÅ
    ÓÁÍÏÅ</emphasis>, ÞÔÏ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÊ crontab-ÆÁÊÌ), &man.cron.8; ÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔ,
    ÞÔÏ ÓÌÏ×Ï <literal>root</literal> Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÅÒ×ÙÍ × ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ ÎÁ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ,
    ÎÏ ÔÁËÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÎÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="su-wheel-group">
    <para>ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ <command>su</command> ×ÙÄÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ <errorname>you are not
      in the correct group to su root</errorname>, ËÏÇÄÁ Ñ ÐÙÔÁÀÓØ ÓÍÅÎÉÔØ
      ÐÒÉ×ÉÌÅÇÉÉ ÎÁ <username>root</username>.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>üÔÏ ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ.  äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ Ó×ÏÉ
    ÐÒÉ×ÅÌÅÇÉÉ ÎÁ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>root</username> (ÉÌÉ ÌÀÂÏÇÏ ÄÒÕÇÏÇÏ
    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÉÍÅÀÝÅÇÏ ÐÒÉ×ÉÌÅÇÉÉ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÁ), ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ÞÌÅÎÏÍ
    ÇÒÕÐÐÙ <groupname>wheel</groupname>.  åÓÌÉ ÂÙ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÎÅ ÂÙÌÏ, ÌÀÂÏÊ, ÉÍÅÀÝÉÊ
    ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ É ÕÚÎÁ×ÛÉÊ ÐÁÒÏÌØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>root</username>,
    ÓÍÏÇ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÓËÉÅ ÐÏÌÎÏÍÏÞÉÑ.  ó ÔÁËÏÊ ÖÅ ÚÁÝÉÔÏÊ
    ÜÔÏÇÏ ÎÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÓÑ; &man.su.1; ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÒÅÐÑÔÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ ÐÏÐÙÔËÁÍ ÄÁÖÅ ××ÅÓÔÉ
    ÐÁÒÏÌØ, ÅÓÌÉ ÎÅËÔÏ ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÅÓØ ÞÌÅÎÏÍ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ
    <groupname>wheel</groupname>.</para>

  <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÉÔØ ËÏÍÕ-ÌÉÂÏ ÍÅÎÑÔØ ÐÒÉ×ÉÌÅÇÉÉ ÎÁ
    <username>root</username>, ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔÅ ÅÇÏ × ÇÒÕÐÐÕ
    <groupname>wheel</groupname>.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="rcconf-readonly">
    <para>ñ ÓÄÅÌÁÌ ÏÛÉÂËÕ × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>rc.conf</filename> ÉÌÉ × ËÁËÏÍ-ÔÏ
      ÄÒÕÇÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏÊ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ, É ÔÅÐÅÒØ ÎÅ ÍÏÇÕ ÅÇÏ ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ
      ÉÚ-ÚÁ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÄÌÑ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ.
      þÔÏ ÍÎÅ ÄÅÌÁÔØ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÒÉ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÉ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ ××ÏÄ ÐÏÌÎÏÇÏ ÐÕÔÉ ÄÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÇÏ
    ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ, ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ <literal>ENTER</literal>, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ
    ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>mount /</command> ÄÌÑ ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÎÏÇÏ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ
    ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ/ÚÁÐÉÓÉ.  ÷ÁÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ
    ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>mount -a -t ufs</command> ÄÌÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ
    ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎ ×ÁÛ ÌÀÂÉÍÙÊ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ.  åÓÌÉ
    ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎ ÎÁ ÓÅÔÅ×ÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ, ÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ
    ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÓÅÔÅ×ÙÅ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ×ÒÕÞÎÕÀ ÄÏ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÓÅÔÅ×ÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÌÉÂÏ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÏÍ, ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÉÍÓÑ × ÌÏËÁÌØÎÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ, ÔÁËÉÍ, ËÁË &man.ed.1;.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÓÏÂÉÒÁÅÔÅÓØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÏÌÎÏÜËÒÁÎÎÙÊ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ, ÔÁËÏÊ, ËÁË
    &man.vi.1; ÉÌÉ &man.emacs.1;, ÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ
    <command>export TERM=cons25</command>, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÔÁËÉÅ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÙ ÓÍÏÇÌÉ
    ËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÏ ×ÚÑÔØ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÉÚ ÂÁÚÙ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ &man.termcap.5;.</para>

  <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÉÈ ÛÁÇÏ× ×Ù ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> ÔÁË, ËÁË ×Ù ÜÔÏ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÅ ÄÌÑ
    ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÏÛÉÂËÉ.  óÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ Ï ÏÛÉÂËÅ, ×Ù×ÏÄÉÍÏÅ ÓÒÁÚÕ ÖÅ ÐÏÓÌÅ
    ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÊ ÐÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ ÑÄÒÁ, ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ×ÁÍ ÎÁ ÎÏÍÅÒ ÓÔÒÏËÉ × ÆÁÊÌÅ,
    ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÏÛÉÂËÕ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="mount-dos">
    <para>ëÁË ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ×ÔÏÒÉÞÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ DOS?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ÔÏÒÉÞÎÙÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ DOS ÎÁÈÏÄÑÔÓÑ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÷óåè ÐÅÒ×ÉÞÎÙÈ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×.
    îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ <quote>E</quote> Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ×ÔÏÒÙÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏÍ DOS ÎÁ
    ×ÔÏÒÏÍ ÄÉÓËÅ SCSI, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÄÌÑ ÐÑÔÏÇÏ
    <quote>ÓÌÁÊÓÁ</quote> × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ /dev, ÚÁÔÅÍ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ /dev/da1s5:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /dev</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sh MAKEDEV da1s5</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -t msdos /dev/da1s5 /dos/e</userinput>
  </screen>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="mount-foreign-fs">
    <para>íÏÖÎÏ ÌÉ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <variablelist>
    <varlistentry>
      <term>Digital UNIX</term>

      <listitem>
        <para>ëÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÉ Ó ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ UFS ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ
	  ÚÁÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÙ ÂÅÚ ×ÓÑËÉÈ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ. íÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ
	  Digital UNIX ÉÌÉ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ, ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÝÉÈ UFS, ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ
	  ÂÏÌÅÅ ÓÌÏÖÎÙÍ, × ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔÅÊ ÒÁÚÂÉÅÎÉÑ ÄÉÓËÁ
	  ËÏÎËÒÅÔÎÏÊ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term>Linux</term>

      <listitem>
        <para>îÁÞÉÎÁÑ Ó ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 2.2 FreeBSD ÉÍÅÅÔ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×
          <literal>ext2fs</literal>. úÁ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ
	  Ë ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ &man.mount.ext2fs.8;.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term>NT</term>

      <listitem>
        <para>óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ, ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÀÝÉÊ ÐÏÄ FreeBSD ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë
	  NTFS × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ "ÔÏÌØËÏ ÄÌÑ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ". ðÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÕÞÅÂÎÉË ÏÔ íÁÒËÁ
	  ï×ÅÎÓÁ (Mark Ovens) ÐÏ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ <ulink
          URL="http://ukug.uk.freebsd.org/~mark/ntfs_install.html">
          http://ukug.uk.freebsd.org/~mark/ntfs_install.html</ulink>.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
  </variablelist>

  <para>îÁÓ ÉÎÔÅÒÅÓÕÅÔ ÌÀÂÁÑ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ ÐÏ ÜÔÏÍÕ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÕ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="nt-bootloader">
    <para>ëÁË ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉË NT ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>üÔÁ ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÁ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ ÐÏ ÒÁÚÎÏÍÕ ÄÌÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÊ FreeBSD 2.2.x É 3.x (Ó
    ÔÒ£ÈÓÔÕÐÅÎÞÁÔÙÍ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÍ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ).</para>

  <para>éÄÅÑ ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ × ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÐÅÒ×ÏÇÏ ÓÅËÔÏÒÁ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ
    FreeBSD × ÆÁÊÌ, ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÉÊÓÑ × ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ DOS/NT.  ðÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÎÁÚ×ÁÌÉ
    ÜÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>c:\bootsect.bsd</filename> (ÐÏ ÁÎÁÌÏÇÉÉ Ó
    <filename>c:\bootsect.dos</filename>), ÐÏÓÌÅ ÞÅÇÏ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ
    ÆÁÊÌ <filename>c:\boot.ini</filename>, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÎ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÌ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ
    ÔÁË:</para>

  <programlisting>
[boot loader]
timeout=30
default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS
[operating systems]
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Windows NT"
C:\BOOTSECT.BSD="FreeBSD"
C:\="DOS"
  </programlisting>

  <para>äÌÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ 2.2.x ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ DOS, NT, FreeBSD ÉÌÉ ÄÒÕÇÁÑ
    ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÂÙÌÉ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÙ × ÉÈ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ fdisk ÎÁ
    <emphasis>ÏÄÎÏÍ É ÔÏÍ ÖÅ</emphasis> ÄÉÓËÅ.  üÔÏÔ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ
    ÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÌÓÑ Ó ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ DOS É NT ÎÁÈÏÄÉÌÉÓØ ÎÁ ÐÅÒ×ÏÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ
    fdisk, Á FreeBSD ÎÁ ×ÔÏÒÏÍ.  ëÒÏÍÅ ÔÏÇÏ, FreeBSD ÂÙÌÁ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅÎÁ ÎÁ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÕ
    Ó Å£ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ, Á <emphasis remap=bf>ÎÅ</emphasis> ÉÚ MBR.</para>

  <para>óÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÄÉÓËÅÔÕ × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ DOS (ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ NTFS) ÉÌÉ
    ÒÁÚÄÅÌ FAT, ÓËÁÖÅÍ, × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>/mnt</filename>.</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=/dev/rda0a of=/mnt/bootsect.bsd bs=512 count=1</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ðÅÒÅÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ DOS ÉÌÉ NT.  ðÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ NTFS ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>bootsect.bsd</filename> É/ÉÌÉ <filename>bootsect.lnx</filename>
    Ó ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ ÎÁ ÄÉÓË <filename>C:\</filename>.  éÚÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÁÔÒÉÂÕÔÙ
    (ÐÒÁ×Á) ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>boot.ini</filename> ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ:</para>

  <screen>
<prompt>C:\&gt;</prompt> <userinput>attrib -s -r c:\boot.ini</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ïÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÜÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ, ÄÏÂÁ×É× ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ ÉÚ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏÇÏ
    <filename>boot.ini</filename> ×ÙÛÅ, É ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÁÔÒÉÂÕÔÙ:</para>

  <screen>
<prompt>C:\&gt;</prompt> <userinput>attrib +s +r c:\boot.ini</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>åÓÌÉ FreeBSD ÚÁÇÒÕÖÁÅÔÓÑ ÉÚ MBR, ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÅÇÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ DOS
    <command>fdisk</command> ÐÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ÐÅÒÅËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÌÉ ÉÈ ÄÌÑ
    ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ Ó ÉÈ <quote>ÒÏÄÎÙÈ</quote> ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×.</para>

  <para>äÌÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ FreeBSD 3.x ÜÔÁ ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÁ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÐÒÏÝÅ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ FreeBSD ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÁ ÎÁ ÔÏÔ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÙÊ ÄÉÓË, ÞÔÏ É ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ
    NT, ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÓËÏÐÉÒÕÊÔÅ <filename>/boot/boot1</filename> ×
    <filename>C:\BOOTSECT.BSD</filename>.  ïÄÎÁËÏ, ÅÓÌÉ FreeBSD ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÁ ÎÁ
    ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÄÉÓË, ÔÏ <filename>/boot/boot1</filename> ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ, ÎÕÖÎÏ
    ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ <filename>/boot/boot0</filename>.

    <warning>
      <para>îå ëïðéòõêôå ðòïóôï <filename>/boot/boot0</filename> ÷íåóôï
        <filename>/boot/boot1</filename>, üôéí ÷ù ðåòåúáðéûåôå ôáâìéãõ òáúäåìï÷
        ÷éîþåóôåòá é ÷áû ëïíðøàôåò ðåòåóôáîåô úáçòõöáôøóñ!</para>
    </warning>

    <filename>/boot/boot0</filename> ÎÕÖÎÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÔØ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ sysinstall,
    ×ÙÂÒÁ× ÍÅÎÅÄÖÅÒ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ FreeBSD × ÄÉÁÌÏÇÏ×ÏÍ ÏËÎÅ ÐÒÉ ×ÙÂÏÒÅ ÍÅÎÅÄÖÅÒÁ
    ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ.  üÔÏ ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ × <filename>/boot/boot0</filename> ÏÂÌÁÓÔØ
    ÔÁÂÌÉÃÙ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ× ÚÁÐÏÌÎÅÎÁ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁÍÉ NULL, Á sysinstall ËÏÐÉÒÕÅÔ ÓÀÄÁ
    ÔÁÂÌÉÃÕ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ× ÐÅÒÅÄ ÔÅÍ, ËÁË ÓËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ <filename>/boot/boot0</filename>
    × ÏÂÌÁÓÔØ MBR.</para>

  <para>ðÒÉ ÚÁÐÕÓËÅ ÍÅÎÅÄÖÅÒ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ FreeBSD ÚÁÄÁ£Ô ïó, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÖÁÌÁÓØ
    ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÊ ÒÁÚ, ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÑ ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÊ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÒÉÚÎÁË
    ÁËÔÉ×ÉÚÁÃÉÉ × ÔÁÂÌÉÃÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ 512 ÂÁÊÔ ÓÁÍÏÇÏ
    ÓÅÂÑ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏ × MBR, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÓËÏÐÉÒÕÅÔÅ
    <filename>/boot/boot0</filename> × <filename>C:\BOOTSECT.BSD</filename>,
    ÔÏ × MBR ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁÐÉÓÁÎÁ ÐÕÓÔÁÑ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÁ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ× Ó ÆÌÁÇÏÍ ÁËÔÉ×ÎÏÓÔÉ ×
    ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÍÅÓÔÅ.</para>

 </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="lilo-bootloader">
    <para>ëÁË ÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔØ FreeBSD É Linux Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ LILO?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÙ FreeBSD É Linux ÎÁ ÏÄÎÏÍ É ÔÏÍ ÖÅ ÄÉÓËÅ,
    ÓÌÅÄÕÊÔÅ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑÍ ÐÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÅ LILO Ï ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ ÎÅ-Linux ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÈ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍ.  ïÎÉ Ó×ÏÄÑÔÓÑ Ë ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍÕ:</para>

  <para>úÁÇÒÕÚÉÔÅ Linux, É ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ × ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>/etc/lilo.conf</filename>:</para>

  <programlisting>
other=/dev/hda2
table=/dev/hda
label=FreeBSD
  </programlisting>

  <para>(ÚÄÅÓØ ÍÙ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÍ, ÞÔÏ ÓÌÁÊÓ Ó FreeBSD ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÅÎ Linux ËÁË
    <devicename>/dev/hda2</devicename>; ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÜÔÕ ÓÔÒÏËÕ × ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÉ
    Ó ×ÁÛÅÊ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÅÊ).  úÁÔÅÍ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ
    <command>lilo</command>, ×ÏÊÄÑ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ËÁË ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ FreeBSD ÒÁÓÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÄÒÕÇÏÍ ÄÉÓËÅ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÓÔÒÏÞËÕ
    <literal>loader=/boot/chain.b</literal> × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ
    LILO.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ:</para>

  <programlisting>
other=/dev/dab4
table=/dev/dab
loader=/boot/chain.b
label=FreeBSD
  </programlisting>
 
  <para>÷ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÓÌÕÞÁÑÈ ÄÌÑ ÕÓÐÅÛÎÏÊ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÓÏ ×ÔÏÒÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ ×ÁÍ
    ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ÎÏÍÅÒ ÄÉÓËÁ BIOS ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉËÕ FreeBSD.
    îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ ÄÉÓË SCSI Ó FreeBSD ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔÓÑ BIOS ËÁË ÄÉÓË 1,
    × ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉËÁ FreeBSD ÎÕÖÎÏ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ:</para>

  <screen>
Boot: <userinput>1:da(0,a)/kernel</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>÷Ï FreeBSD 2.2.5 É ×ÙÛÅ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ &man.boot.8;
    ÎÁ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÐÒÉÎÑÔÉÅ ÔÁËÉÈ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ.</para>

  <para>÷ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÅ <ulink
    URL="http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/mini/Linux+FreeBSD.html">
    Linux+FreeBSD mini-HOWTO</ulink> ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔÓÑ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ,
    ËÁÓÁÀÝÅÊÓÑ ×ÚÁÉÍÏÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑ FreeBSD É Linux.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="booteasy-loader">
    <para>ëÁË ÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔØ FreeBSD É Linux Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ BootEasy?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>õÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ LILO × ÎÁÞÁÌÏ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ Linux, Á ÎÅ ×
    Master Boot Record.  ðÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ LILO ÉÚ BootEasy.</para>

  <para>üÔÏ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÔÓÑ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ × ÌÀÂÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÐÒÉ ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÍ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ Windows-95 É Linux, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÕÐÒÏÓÔÉÔØ ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ
    ÒÁÂÏÔÏÓÐÏÓÏÂÎÏÓÔÉ Linux ÐÏÓÌÅ ÐÅÒÅÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÑÃÉÉ Windows95 (ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ
    Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ îÅÄÏÂÒÏÖÅÌÁÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ïÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ óÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ É ÎÅ ÔÅÒÐÉÔ
    ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×ÉÑ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ × Master Boot Record).</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="dangerously-dedicated">
    <para>îÅ ÕÇÒÏÖÁÅÔ ÌÉ ÒÅÖÉÍ <quote>dangerously dedicated</quote> ÍÏÅÍÕ
      ÚÄÏÒÏ×ØÀ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para><anchor id="dedicate">÷ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÙÂÒÁÔØ Ä×Á
    ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÈ ÍÅÔÏÄÁ ÒÁÚÂÉÅÎÉÑ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ.  ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÜÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ
    × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÏÓÔÉ Ó ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÍÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍÉ ÎÁ ÜÔÏÊ ÖÅ
    ÍÁÛÉÎÅ Ó ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ ÚÁÐÉÓÅÊ × ÔÁÂÌÉÃÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ× fdisk (ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ
    ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ <quote>ÓÌÁÊÓÏÍ</quote> ×Ï FreeBSD), ÓÏ ÓÌÁÊÓÏÍ (ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏÍ),
    ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÍ FreeBSD.  ïÐÃÉÏÎÁÌØÎÏ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÙÂÒÁÔØ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÕ ÍÅÎÅÄÖÅÒÁ
    ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒÅËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÍÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍÉ.  ìÉÂÏ ×Ù
    ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÙÄÅÌÉÔØ ÄÉÓË ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÐÏÄ FreeBSD, ÎÅ ÚÁÂÏÔÑÓØ Ï ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÏÓÔÉ
    Ó ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÍÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍÉ.</para>

  <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÖÅ ÜÔÏÔ ÒÅÖÉÍ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ <quote>dangerous</quote>? äÅÌÏ × ÔÏÍ,
    ÞÔÏ ÄÉÓË × ÜÔÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÅ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ ÄÌÑ
    ðë ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁÀÔ ËÁË ÔÁÂÌÉÃÕ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×.  ÷ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ÔÏÇÏ, ÎÁÓËÏÌØËÏ
    ÈÏÒÏÛÏ ÏÎÉ ÎÁÐÉÓÁÎÙ, ÏÎÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÓÏÏÂÝÉÔØ ×ÁÍ Ï ÜÔÏÍ, ËÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ
    ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÁÔ ÔÁËÏÊ ÄÉÓË, ÉÌÉ, ÞÔÏ ÇÏÒÁÚÄÏ ÈÕÖÅ, ÍÏÇÕÔ ÚÁÐÏÒÔÉÔØ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉË
    BSD, ÄÁÖÅ ÎÅ ÓÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÑ É ÎÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÁÑ Ï ÜÔÏÍ.  ë ÔÏÍÕ ÖÅ ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÏ, ÞÔÏ
    ÒÁÚÍÅÔËÁ ÄÉÓËÁ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ <quote>dangerously dedicated</quote> ××ÏÄÉÔ ×
    ÚÁÂÌÕÖÄÅÎÉÅ BIOS ÍÎÏÇÉÈ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÅÊ, ×ËÌÀÞÁÑ AWARD (ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ
    × ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁÈ HP Netserver, Micronics É ÍÎÏÇÉÈ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ) É Symbios/NCR
    (ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÑ ÐÏÐÕÌÑÒÎÙÈ SCSI-ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÏ× ÓÅÒÉÉ 53C8xx).  é ÜÔÏ ÎÅ
    ÐÏÌÎÙÊ ÓÐÉÓÏË, ÅÓÔØ ÅÝ£ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÉ.  óÉÍÐÔÏÍÁÍÉ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÈ
    ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ <errorname>read error</errorname>, ×Ù×ÏÄÉÍÏÅ
    ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉËÏÍ FreeBSD, ËÏÇÄÁ ÏÎ ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÓÁÍ ÓÅÂÑ, Á ÔÁËÖÅ
    ÚÁ×ÉÓÁÎÉÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ.</para>

  <para>ôÏÇÄÁ ÚÁÞÅÍ ×ÏÏÂÝÅ ÎÕÖÅÎ ÜÔÏÔ ÒÅÖÉÍ?  ïÎ ÜËÏÎÏÍÉÔ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÌÉÛØ
    ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ËÉÌÏÂÁÊÔ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á É ÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÙÚ×ÁÔØ ÓÅÒØ£ÚÎÙÅ 
    ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ÐÒÉ ÎÏ×ÏÊ ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÑÃÉÉ.  ðÒÉÞÉÎÏÊ ÐÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÒÅÖÉÍÁ
    Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÖÅÌÁÎÉÅ ÉÚÂÅÖÁÔØ ÐÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÏÄÎÏÊ ÉÚ ÓÁÍÙÈ ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁΣÎÎÙÈ
    ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ, Ó ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÓÔÁÌËÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÎÏ×ÉÞËÉ - ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ×
    BIOS É ÒÅÁÌØÎÙÈ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× ÄÉÓËÁ.</para>

  <para><quote>ðÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ</quote> ÄÉÓËÁ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÕÓÔÁÒÅ×ÛÅÊ ËÏÎÃÅÐÃÉÅÊ, ÎÏ ÏÎÁ
    ÌÅÖÉÔ × ÏÓÎÏ×Å ÒÁÂÏÔÙ BIOS Ó ÄÉÓËÏÍ.  ëÏÇÄÁ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ FreeBSD
    ÓÏÚÄÁ£Ô ÓÌÁÊÓÙ, ÏÎÁ ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ ÉÈ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ × ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÉ Ó ÔÅÍ,
    ËÁË Ó ÎÉÍÉ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ BIOS.  åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ, ×Ù ÎÅ
    ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÕ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>

  <para>òÅÖÉÍ <quote>dangerously dedicated</quote> ÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÏÂÏÊÔÉ ÜÔÏ, ÕÐÒÏÝÁÑ
    ÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ ÄÁÎÎÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ.  éÎÏÇÄÁ ÏÎ ÄÅÌÁÅÔ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ.  ïÄÎÁËÏ ÜÔÏ
    ÚÎÁÞÉÔ, ÞÔÏ ÅÇÏ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ËÁË ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÀÀ ÁÌØÔÅÒÎÁÔÉ×Õ - ÅÓÔØ
    ÓÐÏÓÏÂÙ ÐÏÌÕÞÛÅ, ÒÅÛÁÀÝÉÅ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÕ × 99 ÓÌÕÞÁÑÈ ÉÚ 100.</para>

  <para>éÔÁË, ËÁË ÉÚÂÅÖÁÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÒÅÖÉÍÁ <quote>DD</quote> ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ
    ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ?  óÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÚÁÐÉÛÉÔÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ÄÉÓËÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÁÅÔ BIOS.  ÷Ù
    ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÙÑÓÎÉÔØ ÜÔÏ, ÚÁÓÔÁ×É× ÑÄÒÏ ×Ù×ÅÓÔÉ ÜÔÉ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ÐÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ,
    ÕËÁÚÁ× <option>-v</option> × ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÉ <literal>boot:</literal>, ÉÌÉ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ <command>boot -v</command> × ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉËÅ.  ðÅÒÅÄ ÔÅÍ, ËÁË
    ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ, ÑÄÒÏ ×Ù×ÅÄÅÔ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ BIOS.
    îÅ ×ÏÌÎÕÊÔÅÓØ - ÐÏÄÏÖÄÉÔÅ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ
    ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ÓËÒÏÌÌÉÎÇÏÍ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ
    ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÉÈ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ×.  ëÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, BIOS ÎÕÍÅÒÕÅÔ ÄÉÓËÉ × ÔÏÍ ÖÅ
    ÐÏÒÑÄËÅ, ÞÔÏ É FreeBSD, ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ IDE, ÚÁÔÅÍ SCSI.</para>

  <para>ëÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÒÁÚÂÉ×ÁÅÔÅ ÄÉÓË ÎÁ ÓÌÁÊÓÙ, ÐÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ÄÉÓËÁ,
    ×Ù×ÏÄÉÍÙÅ × ÏËÎÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ FDISK, ËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÙ (ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ ÏÎÉ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÔ
    ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁÍ BIOS); ÅÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÔÁË, ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ
    <literal>g</literal>, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÉÈ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ, ÅÓÌÉ ÎÁ
    ÄÉÓËÅ ÎÅÔ ÁÂÓÏÌÀÔÎÏ ÎÉÞÅÇÏ ÉÌÉ ÅÓÌÉ ÜÔÏÔ ÄÉÓË ÂÙÌ ÐÅÒÅÎÅÓ£Î Ó ÄÒÕÇÏÊ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  úÁÍÅÔØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ËÁÓÁÅÔÓÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ; FreeBSD
    ÐÒÅËÒÁÓÎÏ ÒÁÚÂÅÒ£ÔÓÑ Ó ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÙÍÉ ÄÉÓËÁÍÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ Õ ×ÁÓ ÂÙÔØ.</para>

  <para>ëÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ ×Ù ÄÏÂÉÌÉÓØ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÑ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× ÄÉÓËÁ × BIOS É
    FreeBSD, ÓËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ Õ ×ÁÓ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ, É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
    ÒÅÖÉÍ <quote>DD</quote> ÎÅ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ.  åÓÌÉ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ, ÓÔÒÁÛÎÏÊ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ
    <errorname>read error</errorname> ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÁÅÔ ÐÏÑ×ÌÑÔØÓÑ ÐÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ, ÓÁÍÏÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ
    ÐÅÒÅËÒÅÓÔÉÔØÓÑ É ÐÏÐÒÏÂÏ×ÁÔØ ÜÔÏÔ ÒÅÖÉÍ - ÔÅÒÑÔØ ×ÁÍ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÎÅÞÅÇÏ.</para>

  <para>þÔÏÂÙ ×ÅÒÎÕÔØ ÄÉÓË ÉÚ ÒÅÖÉÍÁ <quote>dangerously dedicated</quote> Ë
    ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏÍÕ ÒÅÖÉÍÕ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, ÅÓÔØ Ä×Á ÓÐÏÓÏÂÁ. ðÅÒ×ÙÊ ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ
    × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔÅ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÂÁÊÔÏ× NULL ÐÏ×ÅÒÈ
    MBR, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÌÀÂÏÊ ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÑÔÏÒ ÄÕÍÁÌ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÞÉÓÔÙÊ ÄÉÓË. üÔÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ
    ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rda0 count=15</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>äÒÕÇÏÊ ÓÐÏÓÏ - ÎÅÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ DOS</para>

  <screen>
<prompt>C:\&gt;</prompt> <userinput>fdisk /mbr</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ÐÒÏÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÏ×ÕÀ MBR, ÕÄÁÌÉ× ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉË BSD.</para>
 
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="add-swap-space">
    <para>ëÁË ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÕÀ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÕÀ ÐÁÍÑÔØ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>îÁÉÌÕÞÛÉÊ ÓÐÏÓÏ - Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉÔØ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ, ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ,
    ÄÏÂÁ×É× ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÅÝ£ ÏÄÉÎ ÄÉÓË.  ïÂÝÉÍ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏÍ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ×ÙÂÏÒ
    ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ, × Ä×Á ÒÁÚÁ ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÁÀÝÉÊ ÏÂß£Í ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÏÊ
    ÐÁÍÑÔÉ.  ïÄÎÁËÏ, ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÏÞÅÎØ ÍÁÌÏ ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ, ÜÔÏÔ ÏÂߣÍ
    ÇÏÒÁÚÄÏ ÂÏÌØÛÅ.  èÏÒÏÛÅÊ ÐÒÁËÔÉËÏÊ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÚÁÄÁÎÉÅ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏÇÏ
    ÏÂߣÍÁ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ × ÏÖÉÄÁÎÉÉ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ,
    ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÔÏÍ ÎÅ ÉÓÐÙÔÙ×ÁÔØ ÔÒÕÄÎÏÓÔÅÊ.</para>

  <para>ðÅÒÅÎÏÓ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ÎÁ ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÙÊ ÄÉÓË Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉ×ÁÅÔ
    ÂÙÓÔÒÏÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÏ ÓÒÁ×ÎÅÎÉÀ Ó ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅÍ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ
    ÎÁ ÔÏÍ ÖÅ ÄÉÓËÅ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÑ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ× ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ
    ÂÙÓÔÒÅÅ, ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎÉ ÎÁÈÏÄÑÔÓÑ ÎÅ ÎÁ ÔÏÍ ÖÅ ÄÉÓËÅ, ÞÔÏ É ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ.
    ïÓÏÂÅÎÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÚÁÍÅÔÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÄÉÓËÏ× SCSI.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÄÉÓËÏ×, ÒÁÚÍÅÝÅÎÉÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ
    ÎÁ ËÁÖÄÏÍ ÉÚ ÎÉÈ, ÄÁÖÅ ÎÁ ÒÁÂÏÞÅÍ ÄÉÓËÅ, ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÂÙ×ÁÅÔ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÏ.
    ëÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÂÙÓÔÒÙÊ ÄÉÓË × ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÉÍÅÔØ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ
    ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ.  FreeBSD ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÄÏ 4 ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ Ó
    ÞÅÒÅÄÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ.  ðÒÉ ÚÁÄÁÎÉÉ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ× ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ ×ÁÍ ÚÁÈÏÞÅÔÓÑ
    ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÉÈ ÏÄÉÎÁËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÉÎÏÇÄÁ ÐÅÒ×ÉÞÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ
    ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÎ ÍÏÇ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔØ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÙÊ
    ÏÂÒÁÚ ÑÄÒÁ.  òÁÚÍÅÒ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÐÅÒ×ÉÞÎÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÐÏ ËÒÁÊÎÅÊ 
    ÍÅÒÅ ÂÙÔØ ÒÁ×ÎÙÍ ÏÂߣÍÕ ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔØ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÙÊ
    ÏÂÒÁÚ ÑÄÒÁ.</para>

  <para>äÉÓËÉ IDE ÎÅ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÀÔ ÒÅÁÌÉÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÊ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ÏÂÏÉÍ ÄÉÓËÁÍ
    ÐÏ ÏÄÎÏÍÕ ËÁÎÁÌÕ (FreeBSD ÎÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÒÅÖÉÍ 4, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ×ÅÓØ ××ÏÄ/×Ù×ÏÄ
    ÄÌÑ ÄÉÓËÏ× IDE <quote>ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ</quote>).  ïÄÎÁËÏ ×Ó£ ÒÁ×ÎÏ
    ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÍ ÐÅÒÅÎÅÓÔÉ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ ÎÁ ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÙÊ ÄÉÓË:  ÏÎÉ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ
    ÄÅÛ£×ÙÅ, É ÜËÏÎÏÍÉÔØ ÔÕÔ ÎÅ ÎÁ ÞÅÍ.</para>

  <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ NFS ÄÌÑ ÒÁÚÍÅÝÅÎÉÑ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÔÓÑ
    ÔÏÌØËÏ × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ, ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÎÅÔ ÌÏËÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÁ.  ðÏÄËÁÞËÁ ÐÏ×ÅÒÈ
    NFS ÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÁ É ÎÅÜÆÆÅËÔÉ×ÎÁ × ÒÅÌÉÚÁÈ FreeBSD ÄÏ 4.x, ÈÏÔÑ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ
    ÂÙÓÔÒÁ × ÒÅÌÉÚÁÈ 4.0 É ×ÙÛÅ.  ëÒÏÍÅ ÔÏÇÏ, Å£ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÁ
    ÒÅÁÌØÎÏÊ ÐÒÏÐÕÓËÎÏÊ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÎÏÓÔØÀ ÓÅÔÉ É ÜÔÏ ÄÁÓÔ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÕÀ ÎÁÇÒÕÚËÕ
    ÎÁ NFS-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ.</para>

  <para>÷ÏÔ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ vn-ÆÁÊÌÁ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏÍ 64íÂ
    (<filename>/usr/swap0</filename>, ÈÏÔÑ, ËÏÎÅÞÎÏ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÙÂÒÁÔØ ÌÀÂÏÅ
    ÄÒÕÇÏÅ ÉÍÑ.</para>

  <para>õÄÏÓÔÏ×ÅÒØÔÅÓØ, ÞÔÏ ÑÄÒÏ ÏÔËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÏ ÓÏ ÓÔÒÏËÏÊ</para>

  <programlisting>
pseudo-device   vn 1   #Vnode driver (turns a file into a device)
  </programlisting>

  <para>× ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ.  ñÄÒÏ GENERIC Å£ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ.</para>

  <orderedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>ÓÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ vn-ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï</para>

      <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /dev</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sh MAKEDEV vn0</userinput>
      </screen>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ÓÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ (<filename>/usr/swap0</filename>)</para>

      <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=/dev/zero of=/usr/swap0 bs=1024k count=64</userinput>
      </screen>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÙÅ ÐÒÁ×Á ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌ
        (<filename>/usr/swap0</filename>)</para>

      <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>chmod 0600 /usr/swap0</userinput>
      </screen>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>×ËÌÀÞÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ ×
        <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename></para>

      <programlisting>
swapfile="/usr/swap0"   # Set to name of swapfile if aux swapfile desired.
      </programlisting>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔÅ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ</para>
    </listitem>
  </orderedlist>

  <para>þÔÏÂÙ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ ÎÅÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÏ, ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>vnconfig -e /dev/vn0b /usr/swap0 swap</userinput>
  </screen>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="printer-setup">
    <para>õ ÍÅÎÑ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ Ó ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÏÊ ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒÁ.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÍÕ <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/printing.html">ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ</ulink> òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á,
    ÐÏÓ×ÑÝ£ÎÎÏÍÕ ÐÅÞÁÔÉ.  ÷ Î£Í ÏÐÉÓÁÎÙ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Á ×ÁÛÉÈ
    ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ.</para>

  <para>îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒÙ ÄÌÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ÌÀÂÙÈ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÊ ÐÏ ÐÅÞÁÔÉ ÔÒÅÂÕÀÔ
    ÎÁÌÉÞÉÑ ÎÁ ÈÏÓÔÅ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÁ.  ôÁËÉÅ ÔÁË ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÙÅ <quote>WinPrinters</quote>
    ÉÚÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏ ×Ï FreeBSD ÎÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ.  åÓÌÉ ×ÁÛ ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒ ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ×
    DOS ÉÌÉ Windows NT 4.0, ÔÏ, ÓËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, ÜÔÏ WinPrinter.  åÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÅ,
    ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÏÓÔÁ£ÔÓÑ ÓÄÅÌ×ÔØ × ÎÁÄÅÖÄÅ ÎÁ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔÅ ÅÇÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ,
    ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÉÔØ, ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÌÉ ÅÇÏ ÐÏÒÔ
    <filename>ports/print/pnm2ppa</filename>.  ÷ÏÔ ÞÔÏ ÎÁÐÉÓÁÎÏ × <ulink
    url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/print/pnm2ppa/pkg-descr">
    ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÉ Ë ÜÔÏÍÕ ÐÁËÁÄÖÕ</ulink>:</para>

  <blockquote>
    <para>üÔÁ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÓÏÚÄÁ£Ô ×ÙÈÏÄÎÏÊ ÐÏÔÏË ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÁ PPA
      (printer performance architecture).  üÔÏÔ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ×
      ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒÁÈ "ÔÏÌØËÏ ÄÌÑ Windows" ÏÔ HP, ×ËÌÀÞÁÑ ÍÏÄÅÌÉ ÌÉÎÅÅË
      HP Deskjet 820C, HP DeskJet 720 É HP DeskJet 1000.  [...]</para>

    <para>WWW: <ulink
      url="http://pnm2ppa.sourceforge.net/">
      http://pnm2ppa.sourceforge.net/</ulink></para>
  </blockquote>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="keyboard-mappings">
    <para>òÁÓËÌÁÄËÁ ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÙ ÎÅ×ÅÒÎÁ.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ kbdcontrol ÉÍÅÅÔ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ, ÚÁÄÁÀÝÉÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÒÁÓËÌÁÄËÉ.
    æÁÊÌÙ ÒÁÓËÌÁÄÏË ÎÁÈÏÄÑÔÓÑ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ
    <filename>/usr/share/syscons/keymaps</filename>.  ÷ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ
    ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ É ÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔÅ ÅÇÏ.</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>kbdcontrol -l uk.iso</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ðÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ &man.kbdcontrol.1; ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁ
    <filename>/usr/share/syscons/keymaps</filename> É ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÑ
    <filename>.kbd</filename>.</para>

  <para>üÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅÎÏ × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/sysconfig</filename>
    (ÉÌÉ &man.rc.conf.5;).  ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÍ ËÏÍÍÅÎÔÁÒÉÑÍ × ÜÔÏÍ
    ÆÁÊÌÅ.</para>

  <para>÷ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ 2.0.5R É ×ÙÛÅ, ×Ó£, ÏÔÎÏÓÑÝÅÅÓÑ Ë ÚÎÁËÏÇÅÎÅÒÁÔÏÒÕ,
    ÒÁÓËÌÁÄËÅ ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÙ, ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ
    <filename>/usr/share/examples/syscons</filename>.</para>

  <para>îÁ ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÒÁÓËÌÁÄËÉ:</para>
  
  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>Belgian ISO-8859-1</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Brazilian 275 keyboard Codepage 850</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Brazilian 275 keyboard ISO-8859-1</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Danish Codepage 865</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Danish ISO-8859-1</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>French ISO-8859-1</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>German Codepage 850</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>German ISO-8859-1</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Italian ISO-8859-1</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Japanese 106</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Japanese 106x</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Latin American</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Norwegian ISO-8859-1</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Polish ISO-8859-2 (programmer's)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Russian Codepage 866 (alternative)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Russian koi8-r (shift)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Russian koi8-r</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Spanish ISO-8859-1</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Swedish Codepage 850</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Swedish ISO-8859-1</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Swiss-German ISO-8859-1</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>United Kingdom Codepage 850</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>United Kingdom ISO-8859-1</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>United States of America ISO-8859-1</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>United States of America dvorak</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>United States of America dvorakx</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="pnp-resources">
    <para>õ ÍÅÎÑ ÐÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ ÐÏÑ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ ×ÉÄÁ <errorname>unknown:
      &lt;PNP0303&gt; can't assign resources</errorname></para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>îÉÖÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ÞÁÓÔØ ÐÉÓØÍÁ, ÏÐÕÂÌÉËÏ×ÁÎÎÏÇÏ × ÓÐÉÓËÅ ÒÁÓÓÙÌËÉ
    freebsd-current.</para>

  <blockquote>
    <attribution>&a.wollman;, 24 ÁÐÒÅÌÑ 2001</attribution>

    <para>óÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ <quote>can't assign resources</quote> ÇÏ×ÏÒÑÔ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ
      ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÕÓÔÁÒÅ×ÛÉÍÉ ISA-ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÁÍÉ, ÄÌÑ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ × ÑÄÒÅ
      ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ, ÎÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÝÉÊ PnP.  ë ÔÁËÉÍ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÁÍ
      ÏÔÎÏÓÑÔÓÑ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÙ ËÏÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÙ, ÍÉËÒÏÓÈÅÍÁ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÌÅÒÁ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÉÒÕÅÍÙÈ
      ÐÒÅÒÙ×ÁÎÉÊ, Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÞÁÓÔÉ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÏÇÏ ÎÁÂÏÒÁ.  òÅÓÕÒÓÙ ÎÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ
      ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÙ, ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ ÕÖÅ ÅÓÔØ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÝÉÊ ÜÔÉ ÁÄÒÅÓÁ.</para> 
  </blockquote>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="user-quotas">
    <para>îÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÅÔÓÑ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÅ Ë×ÏÔÙ.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <orderedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>îÅ ×ËÌÀÞÁÊÔÅ Ë×ÏÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÎÁ <filename>/</filename>,</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ðÏÍÅÝÁÊÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ Ó Ë×ÏÔÁÍÉ × ÔÕ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ, ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ
        ÏÎ ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÅÔ, ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ:</para>

      <informaltable frame="none">
      <tgroup cols="2">
      <thead>
        <row>
          <entry>æÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ</entry>
          <entry>æÁÊÌ Ë×ÏÔ</entry>
        </row>
      </thead>

      <tbody>
        <row>
          <entry><filename>/usr</filename></entry>
          <entry><filename>/usr/admin/quotas</filename></entry>
        </row>

        <row>
          <entry><filename>/home</filename></entry>
          <entry><filename>/home/admin/quotas</filename></entry>
        </row>

        <row>
          <entry>&hellip;</entry>
          <entry>&hellip;</entry>
        </row>
      </tbody>
      </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
    </listitem>
  </orderedlist>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="inappropriate-ccd">
    <para>þÔÏ ÎÅ ÔÁË Ó ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÏÍ ccd?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>óÉÍÐÔÏÍ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ ÔÁË:</para>
  
  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>ccdconfig -C</userinput>
ccdconfig: ioctl (CCDIOCSET): /dev/ccd0c: Inappropriate file type or format
  </screen>

  <para>üÔÏ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ×ÙÄÁ£ÔÓÑ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÐÙÔÁÅÔÅÓØ ÏÂßÅÄÉÎÉÔØ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ
    <literal>c</literal>, ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÉÍÅÀÝÉÅ ÔÉÐ <literal>unused</literal>.
    äÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ccd ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ ÉÍÅÌÉ ÔÉÐ FS_BSDFFS.
    ïÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÍÅÔËÉ ÔÅÈ ÄÉÓËÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ, ÓÍÅÎÉ×
    ÔÉÐÙ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ× ÎÁ <literal>4.2BSD</literal>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ccd-disklabel">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÎÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÍÅÔËÕ ÄÉÓËÁ ccd?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>óÉÍÐÔÏÍ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ ÔÁË:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>disklabel ccd0</userinput>
(ÚÄÅÓØ ×Ù×ÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÄÉÓËÅ, ÐÒÏÂÕÅÍ ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÍÅÔËÕ)
&prompt.root; <userinput>disklabel -e ccd0</userinput>
(ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ, ÓÏÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÅ, ×ÙÈÏÄ)
disklabel: ioctl DIOCWDINFO: No disk label on disk;
use "disklabel -r" to install initial label
  </screen>

  <para>üÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ ÉÚ-ÚÁ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ÍÅÔËÁ ÄÉÓËÁ, ×ÏÚ×ÒÁÝÁÅÍÁÑ ccd, ÎÁ
    ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ <quote>ÎÅÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÁÑ</quote>, ÎÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÁÑ ÒÅÁÌØÎÏ
    ÒÁÓÐÏÌÁÇÁÀÝÅÊÓÑ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅ.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÒÅÛÉÔØ ÜÔÕ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÕ, Ñ×ÎÏ ÚÁÐÉÓÁ× ÜÔÕ
    ÍÅÔËÕ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>disklabel ccd0 &gt; /tmp/disklabel.tmp</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>disklabel -Rr ccd0 /tmp/disklabel.tmp</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>disklabel -e ccd0</userinput>
(ÔÅÐÅÒØ ÜÔÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ)
  </screen>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="sysv-ipc">
    <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÌÉ FreeBSD ×ÙÚÏ×Ù IPC ÉÚ System V?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÁ, FreeBSD ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ IPC ÉÚ System V, Á ÉÍÅÎÎÏ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÎÏ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÕÀ ÐÁÍÑÔØ, ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ É ÓÅÍÁÆÏÒÙ.  þÔÏÂÙ ÏÎÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÌÉ, ×ÁÍ
    ÎÕÖÎÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ × ÆÁÊÌ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ.</para>

  <programlisting>
options    SYSVSHM
options    SYSVSHM          # enable shared memory
options    SYSVSEM          # enable for semaphores
options    SYSVMSG          # enable for messaging
  </programlisting>

    <note>
      <para>÷Ï FreeBSD 3.2 É ×ÙÛÅ ÜÔÉ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ÕÖÅ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÙ × ÑÄÒÏ
        <emphasis>GENERIC</emphasis>, ÞÔÏ ÕÖÅ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ ÉÈ ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×ÉÅ × ×ÁÛÅÊ
        ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.</para>
    </note>

  <para>ðÅÒÅËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÕÊÔÅ É ÐÒÏÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÑÄÒÏ.</para>
  
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="uucpmail">
    <para>ëÁË ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ sendmail ÄÌÑ ÄÏÓÔÁ×ËÉ ÐÏÞÔÙ ÐÏ UUCP?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ëÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÑ sendmail, ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÍÁÑ Ó FreeBSD, ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÁ ÄÌÑ
    ÓÁÊÔÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÍÅÀÔ ÎÅÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÊ ×ÙÈÏÄ × Internet.  óÁÊÔÙ,
    ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÏÂÍÅÎÉ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÐÏÞÔÏÊ ÐÏ UUCP, ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
    ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ.</para>

  <para>ëÏ×ÙÒÑÎÉÅ × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/sendmail.cf</filename> ×ÒÕÞÎÕÀ - ÜÔÏ
    ÚÁÎÑÔÉÅ ÄÌÑ ÐÕÒÉÓÔÏ× (É ÍÁÚÏÈÉÓÔÏ×).  ÷ÏÓØÍÁÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ sendmail ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
    Ó ÎÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ ÇÅÎÅÒÁÃÉÉ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ× Ó ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ
    ÐÒÅÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ &man.m4.1;,
    × ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÒÕÞÎÁÑ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁ ÐÅÒÅÎÅÓÅÎÁ ÎÁ ÂÏÌÅÅ ×ÙÓÏËÉÊ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÁÂÓÔÒÁËÃÉÉ.
    éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ
    <filename>/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf</filename>.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ ÓÏÂÉÒÁÅÔÅÓØ ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ×ÓÅ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÅ ÔÅËÓÔÙ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ,
    ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÏ ÄÌÑ ×ÁÓ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ sendmail ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÙ × ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÙÊ
    ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÍÅÅÔÅ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓË, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ
    ÔÁËÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /cdrom/src</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cat scontrib.?? | tar xzf - -C /usr/src contrib/sendmail</userinput>
  </screen>
 
  <para>îÅ ×ÏÌÎÕÊÔÅÓØ, ÜÔÉ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÚÁÎÉÍÁÀÔ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÌÉÛØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÓÏÔÅÎ ËÉÌÏÂÁÊÔ.
    æÁÊÌ <filename>README</filename> × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ <filename>cf</filename> ÍÏÖÅÔ
    ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎ ËÁË ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏÅ ××ÅÄÅÎÉÅ × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÀ m4.</para>
 
  <para>äÌÑ ÄÏÓÔÁ×ËÉ ÐÏÞÔÙ ÐÏ UUCP ÌÕÞÛÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
    <literal>mailertable</literal>.  ÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔÓÑ ÂÁÚÁ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ,
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÁÑ sendmail ÐÒÉ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÃÉÉ ÐÏÞÔÙ.</para>

  <para>ðÅÒ×ÙÍ ÄÅÌÏÍ ÓÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ ×ÁÛ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>.mc</filename>.  äÌÑ ÔÁËÉÈ
    ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ
    <filename>/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf</filename>.
    ðÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ × Î£Í, ÔÁÍ ÅÓÔØ ÕÖÅ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÏ×.  ðÏÌÏÖÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÎÁÚ×ÁÌÉ
    ×ÁÛ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>foo.mc</filename>, ×Ó£, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ
    ÅÇÏ × ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÙÊ <filename>sendmail.cf</filename>, ÜÔÏ:</para>

  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make foo.cf</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cp foo.cf /etc/sendmail.cf</userinput></screen>
 
  <para>ôÉÐÉÞÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>.mc</filename> ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÔÁË:</para>

  <programlisting>
include(`../m4/cf.m4')
VERSIONID(`<replaceable>Your version number</replaceable>')
OSTYPE(bsd4.4)

FEATURE(nodns)
FEATURE(nocanonify)
FEATURE(mailertable)

define(`UUCP_RELAY', <replaceable>your.uucp.relay</replaceable>)
define(`UUCP_MAX_SIZE', 200000)

MAILER(local)
MAILER(smtp)
MAILER(uucp)

Cw    <replaceable>your.alias.host.name</replaceable>
Cw    <replaceable>youruucpnodename.UUCP</replaceable>
  </programlisting>
 
  <para>ðÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ <literal>nodns</literal> É <literal>nocanonify</literal>
    ÐÏÄÁ×ÌÑÀÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ DNS × ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ ÄÏÓÔÁ×ËÉ.  óÔÒÏËÁ
    <literal>UUCP_RELAY</literal> ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÎÁÄÏÂÉÔØÓÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ × ÏÞÅÎØ ÓÔÒÁÎÎÙÈ
    ÓÌÕÞÁÑÈ, ÎÅ ÓÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÊÔÅ Ï ÎÉÈ.  ðÒÏÓÔÏ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ÚÄÅÓØ ÉÍÑ ÈÏÓÔÁ Internet,
    ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÏÂÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÔØ ÁÄÒÅÓÁ Ó ÐÓÅ×ÄÏ-ÄÏÍÅÎÁÍÉ .UUCP; ×
    ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Å ÓÌÕÞÁÅ× ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÓÀÄÁ ÉÍÑ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÏÇÏ ÛÌÀÚÁ
    ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÁ.</para>
 
  <para>ëÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ ×Ù ÓÇÅÎÅÒÉÒÕÅÔÅ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ, ×ÁÍ ÐÏÎÁÄÏÂÉÔÓÑ
    <filename>/etc/mailertable</filename>.  ôÉÐÉÞÎÙÊ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ ÔÁËÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ:</para>

  <programlisting>
#
# makemap hash /etc/mailertable.db &lt; /etc/mailertable
#
horus.interface-business.de   uucp-dom:horus
.interface-business.de        uucp-dom:if-bus
interface-business.de         uucp-dom:if-bus
.heep.sax.de                  smtp8:%1
horus.UUCP                    uucp-dom:horus
if-bus.UUCP                   uucp-dom:if-bus
.                             uucp-dom:
  </programlisting>
 
  <para>ëÁË ×ÉÄÉÔÅ, ÜÔÏ ÞÁÓÔØ ÒÅÁÌØÎÏ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ.  ðÅÒ×ÙÅ ÔÒÉ ÓÔÒÏËÉ
    ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÔ ÏÓÏÂÙÅ ÓÌÕÞÁÉ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÐÏÞÔÁ, ÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÎÁÑ ÎÁ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÄÏÍÅÎÙ,
    ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÔØÓÑ ÎÅ ÐÏ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÏÍÕ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÕ, Á ÎÁ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ÂÌÉÚÌÅÖÁÝÕÀ
    UUCP-ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÄÌÑ <quote>ÓÏËÒÁÝÅÎÉÑ</quote> ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÁ ÄÏÓÔÁ×ËÉ.  óÌÅÄÕÀÝÁÑ
    ÓÔÒÏËÁ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ,
    ÞÔÏ ÐÏÞÔÁ ÎÁ ÌÏËÁÌØÎÙÊ ÄÏÍÅÎ × ÓÅÔÉ Ethernet ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÁ ÐÏ SMTP.
    ÷ ËÏÎÃÅ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÙ ÂÌÉÚÌÅÖÁÝÉÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ UUCP × ÐÓÅ×ÄÏ-ÄÏÍÅÎÅ .UUCP, ÞÔÏ
    ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÕÀ ÄÏÓÔÁ×ËÕ ÐÏÞÔÙ ÎÁ ÁÄÒÅÓÁ
    <literal><replaceable>uucp-ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ</replaceable>!<replaceable>ÐÏÌÕÞÁÔÅÌØ</replaceable></literal>.
    ÷ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ ×ÓÅÇÄÁ ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÏÄÎÁ ÔÏÞËÁ, ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÁÑ ×ÓÅÍ
    ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÙÍ ÄÏÍÅÎÁÍ, Ó ÄÏÓÔÁ×ËÏÊ ÐÏ UUCP ÎÁ
    ÂÌÉÖÎÀÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ UUCP, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÕÎÉ×ÅÒÓÁÌØÎÙÊ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÙÍ ÛÌÀÚÏÍ ×Ï ×ÅÓØ
    ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÏÊ ÍÉÒ.  ÷ÓÅ ÉÍÅÎÁ ÕÚÌÏ× ÐÏÓÌÅ <literal>uucp-dom:</literal>
    ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ÒÅÁÌØÎÏ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÍÉ ÕÚÌÁÍÉ UUCP, ÞÔÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÉÔØ
    ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ <literal>uuname</literal>.</para>
 
  <para>ëÁË ÎÁÐÏÍÉÎÁÎÉÅ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎ × ÆÏÒÍÁÔ
    ÂÁÚÙ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ DBM ÐÅÒÅÄ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ, ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÁÑ ÓÔÒÏËÁ, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÀÝÁÑ ÜÔÏ
    ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÅ, ÐÏÍÅÝÅÎÁ ËÁË ËÏÍÍÅÎÔÁÒÉÊ × ÎÁÞÁÌÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ.  ðÒÉ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÉ
    mailertable ×ÓÅÇÄÁ ÎÕÖÎÏ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ÜÔÕ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ.</para>

  <para>ðÏÓÌÅÄÎÑÑ ÐÏÄÓËÁÚËÁ: ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ Õ×ÅÒÅÎÙ × ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ
    ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÃÉÉ ÐÏÞÔÙ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ sendmail Ó ÏÐÃÉÅÊ <option>-bt</option>.
    ïÎÁ ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÄÉÔ sendmail × ÒÅÖÉÍ <emphasis>ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÉ ÁÄÒÅÓÏ×</emphasis>;
    ××ÅÄÉÔÅ <literal>0 </literal>, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ÁÄÒÅÓ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ
    ÐÒÏÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÁ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏÓÔØ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÃÉÉ.  ÷ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ ÂÕÄÕÔ
    ÕËÁÚÁÎÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÊ
    ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÁÇÅÎÔ, ÈÏÓÔ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÔÅÌÑ, Ó ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÜÔÏÔ ÁÇÅÎÔ,
    É (ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ) ÁÄÒÅÓ.  ÷ÙÈÏÄ ÉÈ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÒÅÖÉÍÁ
    ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÏ Control-D.</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.user; <userinput>sendmail -bt</userinput>
ADDRESS TEST MODE (ruleset 3 NOT automatically invoked)
Enter &lt;ruleset&gt; &lt;address&gt;
<prompt>&gt;</prompt> <userinput>0 foo@interface-business.de</userinput>
rewrite: ruleset  0   input: foo @ interface-business . de
...
rewrite: ruleset  0 returns: $# uucp-dom $@ if-bus $: foo \
&lt; @ interface-business . de &gt;
<prompt>&gt;</prompt> <userinput>^D</userinput>
  </screen>
 
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ispmail">
    <para>ëÁË ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ÐÏÞÔÕ ÐÒÉ ËÏÍÍÕÔÉÒÕÅÍÏÍ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÉ Ó Internet?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÁÄÒÅÓ IP ×ÁÍ ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎ ÓÔÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ, ÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÎÉÞÅÇÏ
    ÍÅÎÑÔØ.  õÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÉÍÑ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÈÏÓÔÁ × ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÉ Ó ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÍ
    ÉÍÅÎÅÍ DNS, Á sendmail ÓÄÅÌÁÅÔ ×Ó£ ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÏÅ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×ÁÛ IP-ÁÄÒÅÓ ×ÙÄÅÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÄÉÎÁÍÉÞÅÓËÉ ÐÒÉ ËÏÍÍÕÔÉÒÕÅÍÏÍ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÉ
    ÐÏ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÕ <application>ppp</application> Ó Internet, ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ, ×ÁÍ
    ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÑÝÉË ÎÁ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÅ ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÁ.  ðÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ÄÏÍÅÎ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ
    ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÁ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ <hostid role="domainname">myISP.com</hostid>, Á ×ÁÛÅ
    ÉÍÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ - <username>user</username>.  ôÁËÖÅ ÐÏÌÏÖÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù
    ÎÁÚ×ÁÌÉ ×ÁÛÕ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ <hostid role="fqdn">bsd.home</hostid>, É ÞÔÏ ×ÁÛ
    ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒ ÓËÁÚÁÌ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ <hostid
    role="fqdn">relay.myISP.com</hostid> × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÏÇÏ ÛÌÀÚÁ.</para>

  <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÚÁÂÉÒÁÔØ ÐÏÞÔÕ ÉÚ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÏÇÏ ÑÝÉËÁ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ
    ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ ÁÇÅÎÔ.  èÏÒÏÛÉÍ ÁÇÅÎÔÏÍ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ
    <application>fetchmail</application>, ÔÁË ËÁË ÏÎÁ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÍÎÏÇÏ
    ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÈ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÏ×.  ïÂÙÞÎÏ ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÙ ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÀÔ POP3.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ user-ppp, ÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÚÁÂÉÒÁÔØ ×ÁÛÕ ÐÏÞÔÕ ÐÒÉ
    ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÉ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ Ó Internet, ÄÏÂÁ×É× ÔÁËÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ × ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>/etc/ppp/ppp.linkup</filename>:</para>

  <programlisting>
MYADDR:
  !bg su user -c fetchmail
  </programlisting>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ <application>sendmail</application> (ËÁË
    ÐÏËÁÚÁÎÏ ÎÉÖÅ) ÄÌÑ ÄÏÓÔÁ×ËÉ ÐÏÞÔÙ ÄÌÑ ×ÎÅÛÎÉÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ, ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ
    ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ</para>

  <programlisting>
  !bg su user -c "sendmail -q"
  </programlisting>

  <para>ÐÏÓÌÅ ×ÙÛÅÕËÁÚÁÎÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÉ.  üÔÏ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔ
    <application>sendmail</application> ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ×ÁÛÕ
    ÏÞÅÒÅÄØ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÙÈ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÊ, ËÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÌÅÎÏ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ
    Ë ÓÅÔÉ.</para>

  <para>ðÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÉÍÅÅÔ ÕÞ£ÔÎÕÀ ÚÁÐÉÓØ ÄÌÑ <username>user</username>
    ÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ <hostid role="fqdn">bsd.home</hostid>.  ÷ ÄÏÍÁÛÎÅÍ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ
    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>user</username> ÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ <hostid
    role="fqdn">bsd.home</hostid> ÓÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>.fetchmailrc</filename> ÔÁËÏÇÏ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÎÉÑ:</para>

  <programlisting>
poll myISP.com protocol pop3 fetchall pass MySecret
  </programlisting>

  <para>éÚÌÉÛÎÉÍ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÎÁÐÏÍÉÎÁÎÉÅ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ ÎÉËÏÍÕ ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ
    ÂÙÔØ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÅÎ ÄÌÑ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ, ËÒÏÍÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>user</username>,
    ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ ÏÎ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÐÁÒÏÌØ <literal>MySecret</literal> ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë
    ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÏÍÕ ÑÝÉËÕ.</para>
 
  <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÔØ ÐÏÞÔÕ Ó ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÍ ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ËÏÍ <literal>from:</literal>,
    ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÅ <application>sendmail</application> ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
    <literal>user@myISP.com</literal>, Á ÎÅ <literal>user@bsd.home</literal>.
    ÷ÁÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÎÁÄÏÂÉÔØÓÑ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ <application>sendmail</application> ÄÌÑ
    ÐÏÓÙÌËÉ ×ÓÅÊ ÐÏÞÔÙ ÞÅÒÅÚ <hostid role="fqdn">relay.myISP.com</hostid>,
    ÞÔÏÂÙ ÕÓËÏÒÉÔØ Å£ ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÕ.</para>

  <para>óÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>.mc</filename> ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÐÏÄÏÊÔÉ:</para>

  <programlisting>
VERSIONID(`bsd.home.mc version 1.0')
OSTYPE(bsd4.4)dnl
FEATURE(nouucp)dnl
MAILER(local)dnl
MAILER(smtp)dnl
Cwlocalhost
Cwbsd.home
MASQUERADE_AS(`myISP.com')dnl
FEATURE(allmasquerade)dnl
FEATURE(masquerade_envelope)dnl
FEATURE(nocanonify)dnl
FEATURE(nodns)dnl
define(`SMART_HOST', `relay.myISP.com')
Dmbsd.home
define(`confDOMAIN_NAME',`bsd.home')dnl
define(`confDELIVERY_MODE',`deferred')dnl
  </programlisting>

  <para>÷ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÅÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÏ, ËÁË ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>.mc</filename> × <filename>sendmail.cf</filename>.  é ÎÅ ÚÁÂÕÄØÔÅ
    ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ <application>sendmail</application> ÐÏÓÌÅ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ
    <filename>sendmail.cf</filename>.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="toor-account">
    <para>þÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÚÁ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ <username>toor</username> Ó UID 0?  ñ
      ÐÏÄ×ÅÒÇÓÑ ×ÚÌÏÍÕ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>îÅ ×ÏÌÎÕÊÔÅÓØ, <username>toor</username> Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
    <quote>ÁÌØÔÅÒÎÁÔÉ×ÎÙÍ</quote> ÁÄÉÍÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÉ×ÎÙÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ (toor - ÜÔÏ
    root, ÚÁÐÉÓÁÎÎÙÊ ÚÁÄÏÍ ÎÁÐÅÒÅÄ).  òÁÎØÛÅ ÏÎ ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÌÓÑ ÐÒÉ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÅ
    ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÇÏ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒÁ &man.bash.1;, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÔÅÐÅÒØ ÏÎ ÓÏÚÄÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÏ
    ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ.  åÇÏ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ Ó ÎÅÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙÍ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÍ
    ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒÏÍ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏÂÙ ×ÁÍ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÙÌÏ ÍÅÎÑÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÊ ÐÏ
    ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>root</username>.
    üÔÏ ×ÁÖÎÏ, ÔÁË ËÁË ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÉ, ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÀÝÉÅÓÑ ÞÁÓÔØÀ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×Á ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ
    (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ, ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÍÙÊ ÉÚ ÐÏÒÔÏ× ÉÌÉ ÐÁËÁÄÖÅÊ),
    ÓËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>/usr/local/bin</filename>,
    ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ × ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.  åÓÌÉ
    ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>root</username>
    ÒÁÓÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ × <filename>/usr/local/bin</filename>, É
    <filename>/usr</filename> (ÉÌÉ ÄÒÕÇÁÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÁÑ
    <filename>/usr/local/bin</filename>) ÐÏ ËÁËÏÊ-ÌÉÂÏ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÅ ÎÅ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÁ,
    ÔÏ <username>root</username> ÎÅ ÓÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÏÊÔÉ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÄÌÑ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ
    ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ (ÈÏÔÑ ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ × ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÊ
    ÒÅÖÉÍ, ×Ù ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ).</para>

  <para>îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ <username>toor</username> ÄÌÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ
    ÐÏ×ÓÅÄÎÅ×ÎÙÈ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÉ×ÎÙÈ ÒÁÂÏÔ Ó ÎÅÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙÍ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÍ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÏÍ,
    ÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÑ <username>root</username> ÓÏ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÏÊ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÏÊ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ×
    ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ÉÌÉ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÙÈ ÒÁÂÏÔ.  ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ
    ×Ù ÎÅ ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÏÊÔÉ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ËÁË ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ <username>toor</username>,
    ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ Õ ÎÅÇÏ ÎÅÔ ÐÁÒÏÌÑ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÅÇÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ,
    ÚÁÒÅÇÉÓÔÒÉÒÕÊÔÅÓØ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ËÁË <username>root</username> É ÚÁÄÁÊÔÅ
    ÐÁÒÏÌØ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>toor</username>.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="forgot-root-pw">
    <para>ïÊ! ñ ÚÁÂÙÌ ÐÁÒÏÌØ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÁ!</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>âÅÚ ÐÁÎÉËÉ!  ðÒÏÓÔÏ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ, ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ <userinput>boot
    -s</userinput> × ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÉ Boot: (ÉÌÉ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ <userinput>-s</userinput> ×
    ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÊ FreeBSD ÄÏ 3.2) ÄÌÑ ×ÈÏÄÁ × ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÊ
    ÒÅÖÉÍ.  îÁ ×ÏÐÒÏÓ Ï ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÊ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÅ ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ ENTER.  îÁ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÅ
    &prompt.root; ××ÅÄÉÔÅ <command>mount -u /</command>, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÅÒÅÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ
    ËÏÒÎÅ×ÕÀ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ/ÚÁÐÉÓÉ, ÐÏÓÌÅ ÞÅÇÏ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ
    ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>mount -a</command> ÄÌÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ×ÓÅÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ.
    úÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>passwd root</command>, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÍÅÎÉÔØ
    ÐÁÒÏÌØ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÁ, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ &man.exit.1; ÄÌÑ
    ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="CAD-reboot">
    <para>ëÁË ÚÁÐÒÅÔÉÔØ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÕ ÐÏ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÁÍ Control-Alt-Delete?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ syscons (ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
    ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙÍ) ×Ï FreeBSD 2.2.7-RELEASE É ×ÙÛÅ, ÐÅÒÅÇÅÎÅÒÉÒÕÊÔÅ É ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ
    ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ ÓÏ ÓÔÒÏÞËÏÊ</para>

  <programlisting>options SC_DISABLE_REBOOT</programlisting>

  <para>× ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ.  åÓÌÉ ÖÅ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ PCVT
    ×Ï FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE É ×ÙÛÅ, ÔÏ ÕËÁÖÉÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ ×
    ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ:</para>

  <programlisting>options PCVT_CTRL_ALT_DEL</programlisting>

  <para>äÌÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÓÔÁÒÙÈ ×ÅÒÓÉÊ FreeBSD ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÊ ÄÌÑ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ
    ÆÁÊÌ ÒÁÓËÌÁÄËÉ ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÙ, ÚÁÍÅÎÉ× ËÌÀÞÅ×ÙÅ ÓÌÏ×Á <literal>boot</literal>
    ÎÁ <literal>nop</literal>.  éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÁÑ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÒÁÓËÌÁÄËÁ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ
    × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/usr/share/syscons/keymaps/us.iso.kbd</filename>. ÷ÁÍ
    ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ Ñ×ÎÏ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>
    ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÕ ÜÔÏÊ ÒÁÓËÌÁÄËÉ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÎÁ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÐÏÍÅÎÑÌÁÓØ.  ëÏÎÅÞÎÏ,
    ÅÓÌÉ × ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÔÒÁÎÅ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÄÒÕÇÕÀ ÒÁÓËÌÁÄËÕ, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ 
    ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÍÅÎÎÏ Å£.</para>
  
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="dos-to-unix-txt">
    <para>ëÁË ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ DOS × ÆÏÒÍÁÔ Unix?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÔÁËÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>
  
  <screen>
&prompt.user; <userinput>perl -i.bak -npe 's/\r\n/\n/g' file ...</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ÇÄÅ file - ÜÔÏ ÉÍÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ(Ï×) ÄÌÑ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.  ðÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
    ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ × ÔÏÍ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ, ÏÒÉÇÉÎÁÌØÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÑÀÔÓÑ Ó
    ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÅÍ .bak.</para>

  <para>üÔÏ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÔÁËÖÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
    &man.tr.1;:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.user; <userinput>tr -d '\r' &lt; <replaceable>dos-text-file</replaceable> &gt; <replaceable>unix-file</replaceable></userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ÇÄÅ <replaceable>dos-text-file</replaceable> - ÜÔÏ ÉÍÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ,
    ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÅÇÏ ÔÅËÓÔ DOS, Á × ÆÁÊÌ <replaceable>unix-file</replaceable> ÂÕÄÅÔ
    ÐÏÍÅݣΠÕÖÅ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ÔÅËÓÔ.  üÔÏÔ ÓÐÏÓÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÇÏÒÁÚÄÏ
    ÂÙÓÔÒÅÅ, ÞÅÍ ÐÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ perl.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="kill-by-name">
    <para>ëÁË ÐÒÅÒ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÐÏ ÉÍÅÎÉ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ &man.killall.1;.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="root-acl">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ <command>su</command> ×ÙÄÁ£Ô ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ Ñ
    ÎÅ ×ÈÏÖÕ × <username>root</username> ACL?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>üÔÁ ÏÛÉÂËÁ ×ÙÄÁ£ÔÓÑ ÒÁÓÐÒÅÄÅÌ£ÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ ÁÕÔÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÃÉÉ Kerberos.
    üÔÁ ÏÛÉÂËÁ ÎÅ ÆÁÔÁÌØÎÁ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÜÔÏ ÒÁÚÄÒÁÖÁÅÔ.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔ su
    Ó ËÌÀÞÏÍ -K ÌÉÂÏ ÄÅÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ Kerberos, ËÁË ÏÐÉÓÁÎÏ × ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍ
    ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="uninstall-kerberos">
    <para>ëÁË ÄÅÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ Kerberos?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÕÂÒÁÔØ Kerberos ÉÚ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÐÅÒÅÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ× bin
    ÔÏÇÏ ÒÅÌÉÚÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ Õ ×ÁÓ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎ.  åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ CDROM, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
    ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓË (ÐÏÌÏÖÉÍ, × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>/cdrom</filename>)
    É ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /cdrom/bin</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>./install.sh</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ìÉÂÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÕÂÒÁÔØ ×ÓÅ ÏÐÃÉÉ "MAKE_KERBEROS" ÉÚ ÆÁÊÌÁ
    <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename> É ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÐÏÌÎÏÅ ÐÅÒÅÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÅ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="add-pty">
    <para>ëÁË ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ÐÓÅ×ÄÏÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÙ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ, ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÉÊ × ÓÅÁÎÓÁÈ telnet, ssh, X
    ÉÌÉ × screen, ×ÁÍ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓÔÏÌËÎÕÔØÓÑ Ó ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÏÊ ÎÅÈ×ÁÔËÉ
    ÐÓÅ×ÄÏÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÏ×.  éÈ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÍÏÖÎÏ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉÔØ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ:</para>

  <procedure>
    <step>
      <para>ïÔËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÕÊÔÅ É ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ, × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ
        ÆÁÊÌ ËÏÔÏÒÏÇÏ ×ÈÏÄÉÔ ÔÁËÁÑ ÓÔÒÏËÁ:</para>

      <programlisting>
pseudo-device pty 256
      </programlisting>
    </step>

    <step>
      <para>÷ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ:</para>

      <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /dev</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sh MAKEDEV pty{1,2,3,4,5,6,7}</userinput>
      </screen>

      <para>ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ 256 ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× ÄÌÑ ÎÏ×ÙÈ
        ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÏ×.</para>
    </step>

    <step>
      <para>ïÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/ttys</filename>, ÄÏÂÁ×É× ÐÏ
        ÓÔÒÏËÅ ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÉÚ 256 ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÏ×.  ïÎÉ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ
        ÆÏÒÍÁÔÕ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÈ ÓÔÒÏË, ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÔØ ×ÏÔ ÔÁË:</para>

      <programlisting>
ttyqc none network
      </programlisting>

      <para>ðÏÒÑÄÏË ÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÂÕË× ÐÒÉ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ × ×ÉÄÅ ÒÅÇÕÌÑÒÎÏÇÏ ×ÙÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ
        ÉÍÅÅÔ ×ÉÄ <literal>tty[pqrsPQRS][0-9a-v]</literal>.</para>
    </step>

    <step>
      <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ÏÓÔÁÌÏÓØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ Ó ÎÏ×ÙÍ ÑÄÒÏÍ.</para>
    </step>
  </procedure>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="create-snd0">
    <para>îÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÅÔÓÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï snd0!</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ôÁËÏÇÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á, ËÁË <devicename>snd</devicename>, ÎÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ.
    üÔÏ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ËÒÁÔËÏÇÏ ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÈ
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÓÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÔ ×Ï FreeBSD Ú×ÕËÏ×ÏÊ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ, ÔÁËÉÈ ËÁË
    <devicename>mixer</devicename>, <devicename>sequencer</devicename> É
    <devicename>dsp</devicename>.</para>

  <para>äÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÜÔÉÈ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /dev</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sh MAKEDEV snd0</userinput>
  </screen>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="reread-rc">
    <para>ëÁË ÐÅÒÅÞÉÔÁÔØ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÅ <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> É
      ÐÅÒÅÓÔÁÒÔÏ×ÁÔØ <filename>/etc/rc</filename> ÂÅÚ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ?
    </para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÅÒÅÊÄÉÔÅ × ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ×ÏÚ×ÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏ
    × ÍÎÏÇÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÊ.</para>

  <para>îÁ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>shutdown now</userinput>
(úÁÍÅÞÁÎÉÅ: ÂÅÚ -r ÉÌÉ -h)

&prompt.root; <userinput>return</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>exit</userinput>
  </screen>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="sandbox">
    <para>þÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ ÔÅÒÍÉÎ sandbox (ÐÅÓÏÞÎÉÃÁ)?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para><quote>Sandbox</quote> - ÜÔÏ ÔÅÒÍÉÎ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÊ ÐÒÉ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÉ
    ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ.  ïÎ ÉÍÅÅÔ Ä×Á ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ:</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>ðÒÏÃÅÓÓ, ÐÏÍÅÝ£ÎÎÙÊ ×ÎÕÔÒØ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÈ ÓÔÅÎ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ
        ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÙ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÒÅÄÏÔ×ÒÁÔÉÔØ ×ÚÌÏÍ ×ÓÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ×
        ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÅ ×ÚÌÏÍÁ ÜÔÏÇÏ ËÏÎËÒÅÔÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ.</para>

      <para>çÏ×ÏÒÉÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÍÏÖÅÔ <quote>ÉÇÒÁÔØ</quote> × ÇÒÁÎÉÃÁÈ
        ÜÔÉÈ ÓÔÅÎ. þÔÏ ÂÙ
        ÜÔÏÔ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÎÉ ÄÅÌÁÌ, ÏÎ ÜÔÉ ÓÔÅÎÙ ÒÁÚÒÕÛÉÔØ ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ×ÁÍ
        ÎÅ ÎÕÖÅÎ ÅÇÏ ÏÓÏÂÙÊ ÁÕÄÉÔ, ÞÔÏÂÙ Ó Õ×ÅÒÅÎÎÏÓÔØÀ ÓËÁÚÁÔØ, ÎÁÓËÏÌØËÏ
        ÅÇÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÁ ÄÌÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>

      <para>óÔÅÎÏÊ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÌÕÖÉÔØ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ. ÷ÏÔ
        ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ, ÄÁ×ÁÅÍÏÅ ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁÈ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ ÐÏ named É ÞÁÓÔÏ
        ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÅ ÐÒÉ ÏÂÓÕÖÄÅÎÉÉ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ.</para>

      <para>òÁÓÓÍÏÔÒÉÍ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÓÌÕÖÂÕ <literal>ntalk</literal> (ÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ
        <filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename>). òÁÎØÛÅ ÜÔÁ ÓÌÕÖÂÁ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÌÁÓØ
	Ó ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒÏÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>root</username>,
        Á ÓÅÊÞÁÓ - <username>tty</username>. ðÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ
	<username>tty</username> - ÜÔÏ ÔÁ ÐÅÓÏÞÎÉÃÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÏÓÌÏÖÎÑÅÔ
	×ÚÌÏÍ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÞÅÒÅÚ <literal>ntalk</literal> ÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÏÍ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒÁ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ.</para>
    </listitem>
 
    <listitem>
      <para>ðÒÏÃÅÓÓ, ÐÏÍÅÝ£ÎÎÙÊ ×ÎÕÔÒØ ÓÉÍÕÌÉÒÕÅÍÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ. üÔÏ ÄÁ£Ô ÂÏÌØÛÉÊ
        ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ.  ÷ ÏÂÝÅÍ ÜÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÎÅËÔÏ, ×ÚÌÏÍÁ×ÛÉÊ
        ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ, ÍÏÖÅÔ ÄÕÍÁÔØ. ÞÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÌÏÍÁÔØ É ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ × ÃÅÌÏÍ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ
        ÆÁËÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÌÏÍÁÔØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÓÉÍÕÌÑÔÏÒ ÜÔÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ É ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ
        ÍÏÄÉÆÉÃÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÉËÁËÉÈ ÒÅÁÌØÎÙÈ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ.</para>

      <para>óÁÍÙÍ ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁΣÎÎÙÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ ÄÏÓÔÉÇÎÕÔØ ÔÁËÏÇÏ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÁ
        Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÅ ÉÍÉÔÉÒÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ É ÚÁÔÅÍ ÚÁÐÕÓË
        ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏ× É ÜÔÏÍ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ ÞÅÒÅÚ chroot (Ô.Å. ÚÁÄÁ× ÜÔÏÔ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ×
        ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å <filename>/</filename> ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ, Á ÎÅ ÒÅÁÌØÎÙÊ
        <filename>/</filename> ×ÓÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ).</para>

      <para>äÒÕÇÉÍ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÍ ÍÅÔÏÄÏÍ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÎÉÚÌÅÖÁÝÅÊ
        ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ "ÔÏÌØËÏ ÄÌÑ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ" É ÚÁÔÅÍ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ
        ÕÒÏ×ÎÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÏ×ÅÒÈ ÎÅ£, ÞÔÏ ÄÁ£Ô ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÕ ×ÉÄÉÍÏÓÔØ
        ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ ÐÏ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÎÁ ÔÕ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ.  ðÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÏÌÁÇÁÔØ,
        ÞÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÔØ × ÔÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ, ÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÅÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ,
        ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ Õ×ÉÄÉÔ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔ - ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÙ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÕÔ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÅÌÁÔØ,
        ÎÉ × ËÏÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ.</para>

      <para>ðÏÐÙÔËÁ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÔÁËÏÊ ÔÉÐ ÐÅÓÏÞÎÉÃÙ ÎÁÓÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÒÏÚÒÁÞÎÁ, ÞÔÏ
        ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ (ÉÌÉ ×ÚÌÏÍÝÉË) ÄÁÖÅ ÎÅ ÐÏÊÍ£Ô, ÞÔÏ ÏÎ × ÎÅÊ
        ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ.</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  <para>÷ Unix ÒÅÁÌÉÚÏ×ÁÎÙ Ä×Á ÔÉÐÁ <quote>ÐÅÓÏÞÎÉÃ</quote>. ïÄÉÎ ÎÁ
    ÕÒÏ×ÎÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ, É ÏÄÉÎ ÎÁ ÕÒÏ×ÎÅ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒÏ× ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ.</para>

  <para>ëÁÖÄÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ × Unix ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÚÁÝÉݣΠÏÔ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏ×. îÉËÁËÏÊ
    ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÍÏÄÉÆÉÃÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Ï ÄÒÕÇÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ.
    üÔÏ ÏÔÌÉÞÁÅÔÓÑ ÏÔ Windows, ÇÄÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÌÅÇËÏ ÚÁÐÉÓÁÔØ ÞÔÏ-ÌÉÂÏ ×
    ÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Ï ÄÒÕÇÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔ Ë Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÙÍ
    ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÑÍ.</para>

  <para>÷ Unix ËÁÖÄÙÍ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÍ ×ÌÁÄÅÅÔ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ.
    åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏÔ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÎÅ <username>root</username>, ÏÎ ÏÇÒÁÖÄÁÅÔ
    ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÏÔ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ, ×ÌÁÄÅÌØÃÁÍÉ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ.
    üÔÏÔ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÔÁËÖÅ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="securelevel">
    <para>þÔÏ ÔÁËÏÅ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ (securelevel)?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>õÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍÏÍ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÑ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ,
    ÒÅÁÌÉÚÏ×ÁÎÎÙÍ × ÑÄÒÅ.  ÷ ÏÂÝÅÍ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÎÕÌÑ, ÑÄÒÏ
    ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉ×ÁÅÔ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÊ; ÄÁÖÅ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÕ (ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ
    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ <username>root</username>) ÚÁÐÒÅÝÁÅÔÓÑ ÉÈ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ.  îÁ
    ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÎÁÐÉÓÁÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÔÅËÓÔÁ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍ ÕÒÏ×ÎÑ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ ÍÏÖÅÔ, ËÒÏÍÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ
    ÐÒÏÞÅÇÏ, ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉ×ÁÔØ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ ÐÏ</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>ÓÎÑÔÉÀ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÆÌÁÇÏ× Ó ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ÔÁËÉÈ, ËÁË
        <literal>schg</literal> (ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÊ ÆÌÁÇ ÎÅÉÚÍÅÎÑÍÏÓÔÉ),</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ÚÁÐÉÓÉ × ÐÁÍÑÔØ ÑÄÒÁ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á
        <devicename>/dev/mem</devicename> É <devicename>/dev/kmem</devicename>,
      </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ ÍÏÄÕÌÅÊ ÑÄÒÁ É</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÀ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌ ÄÌÑ &man.ipfirewall.4;.</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  <para>äÌÑ ×ÙÑÓÎÅÎÉÑ ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÑ ÕÒÏ×ÎÑ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ × ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÅÊ ÓÓÉÔÅÍÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ
    ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>sysctl kern.securelevel</userinput></screen>

  <para>òÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ &man.sysctl.8;-ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ (×
    ÎÁÛÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÜÔÏ <varname>kern.securelevel</varname>) É ÞÉÓÌÏ.  ðÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÅ
    É Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÔÅËÕÝÉÍ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅÍ ÕÒÏ×ÎÑ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ.  åÓÌÉ ÏÎÏ ÐÏÌÏÖÉÔÅÌØÎÏ (ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ
    ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÎÕÌÑ), ÔÏ ÐÏ ËÒÁÊÎÅÊ ÍÅÒÅ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÚ ÚÁÝÉÔ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍÁ
    ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÙ.</para>

  <para>÷Ù ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÎÉÚÉÔØ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ; ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ
    ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÒÅÞÉÔ ÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÀ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍÁ.  åÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ
    ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔ ÎÅ ÐÏÌÏÖÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ (Ë
    ÐÒÉÍÅÒÕ, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ <maketarget>installworld</maketarget> ÉÌÉ ÓÍÅÎÁ ÄÁÔÙ),
    ×ÁÍ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ÕÒÏ×ÎÑ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
    <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> (×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔØ ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ ÎÁ
    ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÅ <varname>kern_securelevel</varname> É
    <varname>kern_securelevel_enable</varname>) É ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ.</para>

  <para>âÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÕÒÏ×ÎÑÈ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ É Ï ÔÏÍ, ËÁËÉÅ
    ÓÐÅÃÉÆÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÀÔ ×ÓÅ ÕÒÏ×ÎÉ, ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÎÁÊÄÅÎÁ ÎÁ
    ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÙÈ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁÈ Ï &man.init.8;.</para>

    <warning>
      <para>õÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÁÎÁÃÅÅÊ; × ÎÅÍ ÅÓÔØ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÎÅÄÏÓÔÁÔËÏ×.
        úÁÞÁÓÔÕÀ ÏÎ ÄÁÅÔ ÏÂÍÁÎÞÉ×ÏÅ ÞÕ×ÓÔ×Ï ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ.</para>

      <para>ïÄÎÏÊ ÉÚ ÓÁÍÙÈ ÂÏÌØÛÉÈ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÅÇÏ ÜÆÆÅËÔÉ×ÎÏÊ
        ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ×ÓÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ × ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ, ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ
        ÚÁÝÉÝÅÎÙ.  åÓÌÉ ÁÔÁËÕÀÝÉÊ ÓÍÏÖÅÔ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ Ó×ÏÊ ËÏÄ
        ÄÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ÕÒÏ×ÎÑ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ (ÞÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÐÏÚÄÎÏ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ
        ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ, ÔÁË ËÁË ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×ÅÝÉ, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÍÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ × ÜÔÏ
        ×ÒÅÍÑ, ÎÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÙ ÐÒÉ ÐÏ×ÙÛÅÎÎÏÍ ÕÒÏ×ÎÅ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ), ÔÏ ÜÔÁ
        ÚÁÝÉÔÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÏÔËÌÀÞÅÎÁ.  èÏÔÑ ÔÁËÁÑ ÚÁÄÁÞÁ ÐÏ ÚÁÝÉÔÅ ×ÓÅÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×,
        ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÈ × ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ, ÔÅÈÎÉÞÅÓËÉ ×ÐÏÌÎÅ ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÉÍÁ, ÅÓÌÉ
        ÜÔÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÏ, ÔÏ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÓÔÁÎÅÔ ËÏÛÍÁÒÏÍ, ÔÁË ËÁË ÄÌÑ
        ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÐÒÉÄÅÔÓÑ ÏÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÔØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ,
        ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÄÑ ÅÅ ÐÏ ËÒÁÊÎÅÊ ÍÅÒÅ × ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ.</para>

      <para>üÔÏ ÏÂÓÔÏÑÔÅÌØÓÔ×Ï, Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÒÑÄ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ, ÞÁÓÔÏ ÏÂÓÕÖÄÁÀÔÓÑ × ÓÐÉÓËÁÈ
        ÒÁÓÓÙÌËÉ, × ÞÁÓÔÎÏÓÔÉ, ×Ï freebsd-security.  ðÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÐÏÉÝÉÔÅ ×
        <ulink url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/search/">ÁÒÈÉ×ÁÈ</ulink> ÂÏÌÅÅ
        ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÅ ÏÂÓÕÖÄÅÎÉÅ.  îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÎÁÄÅÀÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍ ÕÒÏ×ÎÅÊ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ
        ×ÓËÏÒÅ ÏÔÏÍÒÅÔ, Á ÎÁ ÅÇÏ ÓÍÅÎÕ ÐÒÉÄÅÔ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÇÉÂËÉÊ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍ, ÎÏ ÐÏËÁ
        ×ÓÅ ÜÔÏ ÔÕÍÁÎÎÏ.</para>

      <para>óÞÉÔÁÊÔÅ ÓÅÂÑ ÐÒÅÄÕÐÒÅÖÄ£ÎÎÙÍ.</para>
    </warning>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="user-floppymount">
    <para>ëÁË ÒÁÚÒÅÛÉÔØ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ,
      ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÉ É ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÓÍÅÎÎÙÅ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÉ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ïÂÙÞÎÙÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔØ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á.
    ÷ÏÔ ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ:</para>

  <procedure>
    <step>
      <para>ëÁË ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ <username>root</username>, ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÕÀ
        ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÕÀ <varname>vfs.usermount</varname> × ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ
        <literal>1</literal>.</para>

      <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sysctl -w vfs.usermount=1</userinput>
      </screen>
    </step>

    <step>
      <para>òÁÂÏÔÁÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ <username>root</username>, ÎÁÚÎÁÞØÔÅ
	ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÅ ÐÒÁ×Á ÎÁ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á Ó ÐÏÂÌÏÞÎÙÍ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÏÍ,
	ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÔ ÓÍÅÎÎÙÍ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÑÍ.</para>

      <para>îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÉÓËÅÔÙ
	× ÐÅÒ×ÏÍ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÄÅ, ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ</para>
		
      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>chmod 666 /dev/fd0</userinput></screen>

      <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÉÔØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ ÉÚ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ
        <groupname>operator</groupname> ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓËÉ, ÓÄÅÌÁÊÔÅ
        ÔÁË:</para>

      <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>chgrp operator /dev/cd0c</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>chmod 640 /dev/cd0c</userinput>
      </screen>
    </step>

    <step>
      <para>îÁËÏÎÅÃ, ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÓÔÒÏÞËÕ <literal>vfs.usermount=1</literal> × ÆÁÊÌ
        <filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename>, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÎÁ ÓÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÌÁ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ
        ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>
    </step>
  </procedure>

  <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ×ÓÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÉÓËÅÔÕ
    <devicename>/dev/fd0</devicename> × ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÅ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.user; <userinput> mkdir ~/my-mount-point</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput> mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 ~/my-mount-point</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ðÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ ÉÚ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ <groupname>operator</groupname> ÔÅÐÅÒØ ÍÏÇÕÔ
    ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÐÁËÔ-ÄÉÓË <devicename>/dev/cd0c</devicename> × ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÅ
    ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.user; <userinput> mkdir ~/my-mount-point</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput> mount -t msdos /dev/cd0c ~/my-mount-point</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>òÁÚÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ËÁ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.user; <userinput>umount <filename>~/my-mount-point</filename></userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ <varname>vfs.usermount</varname>, ÏÄÎÁËÏ, ÉÍÅÅÔ
    ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÎÅÇÁÔÉ×ÎÙÅ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ, Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÙÅ Ó ×ÏÐÒÏÓÁÍÉ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ.
    âÏÌÅÅ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÑÍÉ × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ MSDOS
    Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÐÁËÅÔÁ <ulink
    URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/ports.cgi?query=%5Emtools-&amp;stype=name">
    mtools</ulink> ÉÚ ËÏÌÌÅËÃÉÉ ÐÏÒÔÏ×.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="new-huge-disk">
    <para>ëÁË ÐÅÒÅÎÅÓÔÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÎÁ ÂÏÌØÛÏÊ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÄÉÓË?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>óÁÍÙÊ ÌÕÞÛÉÊ ÓÐÏÓÏ ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ × ÐÅÒÅÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÅ ïó ÎÁ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÄÉÓË É
    ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍ ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ.	üÔÏ ÏÞÅÎØ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÔÓÑ
    ÄÅÌÁÔØ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÌÉ ×ÅÔËÅ -stable × ÔÅÞÅÎÉÅ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÒÅÌÉÚÁ
    ÉÌÉ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÌÉ ÒÅÌÉÚ, Á ÎÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÌÉ ÎÏ×ÙÊ.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ
    ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ booteasy ÎÁ ÏÂÁ ÄÉÓËÁ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ &man.boot0cfg.8; É
    ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÕ Ó ÌÀÂÏÇÏ ÉÚ ÎÉÈ ÄÏ ÔÅÈ ÐÏÒ, ÐÏËÁ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔÅ
    ÕÄÏ×ÌÅÔ×ÏÒÅÎÙ ÎÏ×ÏÊ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.	ðÒÏÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ
    ÁÂÚÁÃ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÅÒÅÊÔÉ Ë ×ÏÐÒÏÓÕ ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÁ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÊ
    ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÉ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÒÅÛÉÌÉ ÎÅ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÎÏ×ÏÊ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ, ÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÒÁÚÂÉÔØ ÎÁ
    ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ É ÒÁÚÍÅÔÉÔØ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÄÉÓË Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ
    <filename>/stand/sysinstall</filename> ÉÌÉ &man.fdisk.8; É
    &man.disklabel.8;.	÷Ù ÔÁËÖÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÎÁ ÏÂÁ ÄÉÓËÁ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ
    booteasy Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ &man.boot0cfg.8;, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÉÍÅÔØ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ
    ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÕ ËÁË ÓÔÁÒÏÊ, ÔÁË É ÎÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÏÓÌÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.
    ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë <ulink
    url="http://www.freebsd.org/tutorials/formatting-media/index.html">
    ÒÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Õ ÐÏ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÀ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÅÊ</ulink> ÚÁ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÙÍ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅÍ
    ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ.</para>

  <para>éÔÁË, ÐÏÓÌÅ ÐÏÄÇÏÔÏ×ËÉ ÄÉÓË, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÉÔØ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ.  ë
    ÓÏÖÁÌÅÎÉÀ, ×Ù ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÓËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ.	ôÁËÉÅ ×ÅÝÉ, ËÁË
    ÆÁÊÌÙ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× (× ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ <filename>/dev</filename>) É ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÉÞÅÓËÉÅ
    ÓÓÙÌËÉ ÂÕÄÕÔ ÜÔÏÍÕ ÍÅÛÁÔØ.	÷ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ
    ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ Ó ÔÁËÉÍÉ ÓÌÕÞÁÑÍÉ, Á ÉÍÅÎÎÏ &man.dump.8; É &man.tar.1;.  èÏÔÑ
    ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÔÓÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ × ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ, ÜÔÏ
    ÎÅ ÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÏÅ ÕÓÌÏ×ÉÅ.</para>

  <para>÷Ù ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÉÞÅÇÏ, ËÒÏÍÅ &man.dump.8; É
    &man.restore.8; ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÁ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ
    &man.tar.1; ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ, Á ÍÏÖÅÔ É ÎÅ ÓÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ.  ôÁËÖÅ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ &man.dump.8; É &man.restore.8; ÐÒÉ ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÅ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ
    × ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÐÕÓÔÏÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ.  ðÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ ÛÁÇÏ× ÐÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ
    ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ dump ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÁ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ × ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÔÁËÏ×Á:</para>

  <procedure>
    <step>
      <para>×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ newfs ÎÁÄ ÎÏ×ÙÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏÍ.</para>
    </step>

    <step>
      <para>ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÅÇÏ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ.</para>
    </step>

    <step>
      <para>ÐÅÒÅÊÄÉÔÅ × ÜÔÏÔ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ.</para>
    </step>

    <step>
      <para>÷ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ dump ÎÁÄ ÓÔÁÒÙÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏÍ, ÎÁÐÒÁ×É× ×Ù×ÏÄ ×
	ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ.</para>
    </step>
  </procedure>

  <para>îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÓÏÂÉÒÁÅÔÅÓØ ÐÅÒÅÎÅÓÔÉ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÕÀ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ
    ÎÁ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï <devicename>/dev/ad1s1a</devicename> Ó ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ
    ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁ <filename>/mnt</filename> × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ ÔÏÞËÉ
    ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, ÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ ÔÁË:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs /dev/ad1s1a</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/ad1s1a</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /mnt</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>dump 0uaf - / | restore xf -</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÓÏÂÉÒÁÅÔÅÓØ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÒÁÚÍÅÝÅÎÉÅ ×ÁÛÉÈ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ× - ÓËÁÖÅÍ,
    ÒÁÚÂÉ× ÏÄÉÎ ÉÚ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ× ÎÁ Ä×Á ÉÌÉ ÏÂßÅÄÉÎÉ× Ä×Á ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ × ÏÄÉÎ, ×Ù
    ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔØ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏÓÔØ × ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ × ÏÄÉÎ ÐÏÄËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÎÁ
    ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÍÅÓÔÏ.  ôÁË ËÁË ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ &man.dump.8; ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ Ó ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÍÉ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍÉ, ÏÎÁ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÎÅ ÓÍÏÖÅÔ.  ðÏÜÔÏÍÕ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ
    ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ &man.tar.1;.  ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÏÂÝÅÇÏ ×ÉÄÁ ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÁ
    <filename>/old</filename> × <filename>/new</filename> × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ
    &man.tar.1; ÉÍÅÅÔ ÔÁËÏÊ ×ÉÄ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>(cd /old; tar cf - .) | (cd /new; tar xpf -)</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>åÓÌÉ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>/old</filename> ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÙ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, É ×Ù ÎÅ ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÁÔØ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÉÌÉ ÒÁÚÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÈ, ÔÏ
    ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÆÌÁÇ 'l' Ë ÐÅÒ×ÏÍÕ ÕÐÏÍÉÎÁÎÉÀ &man.tar.1;:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>(cd /old; tar clf - .) | (cd /new; tar xpf -).</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÞÅÓÔØ &man.cpio.1;, &man.pax.1; ÉÌÉ cpdup (ÉÚ
    <filename>ports/sysutils/cpdup</filename>) ×ÍÅÓÔÏ &man.tar.1;.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="release-candidate">
    <para>ñ ÐÙÔÁÌÓÑ ÏÂÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÍÏÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÄÏ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÊ -STABLE, Á ÐÏÌÕÞÉÌ -RC
      ÉÌÉ -BETA!  þÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ëÒÁÔËÉÊ ÏÔ×ÅÔ: ÜÔÏ ÖÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ.	RC ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ <quote>Release
    Candidate</quote>.  üÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÉÔ, ÞÔÏ ×ÓËÏÒÅ ÐÒÏÉÚÏÊÄÅÔ ×ÙÈÏÄ ÒÅÌÉÚÁ.  ÷Ï
    FreeBSD ÐÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÅ -BETA, ËÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÒÁ×ÎÏÚÎÁÞÎÏ ÐÒÅËÒÁÝÅÎÉÀ ×ÎÅÓÅÎÉÑ
    ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÊ × ËÏÄ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÅÒÅÄ ÐÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÅÍ ÒÅÌÉÚÁ.</para>

  <para>ðÏÄÒÏÂÎÙÊ ÏÔ×ÅÔ: ×Ï FreeBSD ÒÅÌÉÚÙ ×ÙÐÕÓËÁÀÔÓÑ ÉÚ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÉÚ
    Ä×ÕÈ ÍÅÓÔ.	ëÒÕÐÎÙÅ ÒÅÌÉÚÙ, ÔÏÞËÁ-ÎÏÌØ, ÔÁËÉÅ, ËÁË
    3.0-RELEASE É 4.0-RELEASE, ÏÔ×ÅÔ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÏÔ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÇÏ ÐÏÔÏËÁ
    ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔËÉ, ÂÏÌÅÅ ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÏÇÏ ËÁË <link
    linkend="current">-CURRENT</link>.	íÅÌËÉÅ ÒÅÌÉÚÙ, ÔÁËÉÅ, ËÁË
    3.1-RELEASE ÉÌÉ 4.2-RELEASE, Ñ×ÌÑÌÉÓØ ÓÎÜÐÛÏÔÁÍÉ ÁËÔÉ×ÎÏÊ ×ÅÔËÉ
    <link linkend="stable">-STABLE</link>.  îÁÞÉÎÁÑ Ó 4.3-RELEASE, ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÒÅÌÉÚ
    ÔÁËÖÅ ÉÍÅÅÔ Ó×ÏÀ ×ÅÔ×Ø, ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔØ ÔÅ, ËÏÍÕ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍ
    Ó×ÅÒÈËÏÎÓÅÒ×ÁÔÉ×ÎÙÊ ÍÅÔÏÄ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ (ËÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ×ÎÅÓÅÎÉÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÔÅÈ
    ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ËÁÓÁÀÔÓÑ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÏ× ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÑ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ).</para>

  <para>ëÏÇÄÁ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ ÒÅÌÉÚ, ÔÏ ×ÅÔ×Ø, ÉÚ ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÏÎ ×ÙÐÕÓËÁÅÔÓÑ, ÐÏÄ×ÅÒÇÁÅÔÓÑ
    ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÐÏÄÇÏÔÏ×ËÅ.  þÁÓÔØÀ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÚÁÍÏÒÁÖÉ×ÁÎÉÅ ËÏÄÁ.
    ëÏÇÄÁ ÉÎÉÃÉÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ÚÁÍÏÒÁÖÉ×ÁÎÉÅ ËÏÄÁ, ÔÏ ÉÍÑ ×ÅÔËÉ ÉÚÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ,
    ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÔÒÁÚÉÔØ ÆÁËÔ ÂÌÉÚÏÓÔÉ ÒÅÌÉÚÁ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ ×ÅÔËÁ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÌÁÓØ
    4.0-STABLE, ÔÏ Å£ ÉÍÑ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÏ ÎÁ 4.1-BETA, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÉÔØ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ
    ÐÒÅËÒÁÝÅÎÉÑ ×ÎÅÓÅÎÉÑ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÊ × ËÏÄ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ É ÐÅÒÉÏÄ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÇÏ
    ÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÐÅÒÅÄ ×ÙÈÏÄÏÍ ÒÅÌÉÚÁ.  ÷ ÜÔÏ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÏÛÉÂÏË ÍÏÇÕÔ
    ÂÙÔØ ×ÎÅÓÅÎÙ × ËÏÄ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÂÙÔØ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÍÉ × ÒÅÌÉÚ.  ëÏÇÄÁ
    ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÊ ËÏÄ ÐÏÄÇÏÔÏ×ÌÅÎ Ë ×ÙÐÕÓËÕ ÒÅÌÉÚÁ, ÉÍÑ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÏ ÎÁ 4.1-RC ÄÌÑ
    ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ÒÅÌÉÚ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÄÅÌÁÎ, ÓËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, ÉÍÅÎÎÏ ÉÚ ÜÔÏÇÏ
    ËÏÄÁ.  ëÏÇÄÁ ËÏÄ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÜÔÁÐÅ RC, × Î£Í ÍÏÇÕÔ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÑÔØÓÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ
    ÓÁÍÙÅ ËÒÉÔÉÞÎÙÅ ÏÛÉÂËÉ.  ëÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ ÒÅÌÉÚ, Á × ÜÔÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ ÜÔÏ
    4.1-RELEASE, ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÄÅÌÁÎ, ×ÅÔ×Ø ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÅÒÅÉÍÅÎÏ×ÁÎÁ × 4.1-STABLE.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="kernel-chflag-failure">
    <para>ñ ÐÏÐÙÔÁÌÓÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ chflags ÎÅ
      ÓÒÁÂÏÔÁÌÁ.  ëÁË ÜÔÏ ÏÂÏÊÔÉ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ëÒÁÔËÉÊ ÏÔ×ÅÔ: óËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, ×Ù ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔÅ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ,
    ÂÏÌØÛÅÍ, ÞÅÍ 0.  äÌÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ÑÄÒÁ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔÅ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ É ×ÏÊÄÉÔÅ ×
    ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ.</para>

  <para>ðÏÄÒÏÂÎÙÊ ÏÔ×ÅÔ: FreeBSD ÚÁÐÒÅÝÁÅÔ ÍÅÎÑÔØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÅ ÆÌÁÇÉ ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ
    ÎÁ ÕÒÏ×ÎÑÈ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ, ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÁÀÝÉÈ 0.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ ×ÁÛ
    ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÔÁËÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sysctl kern.securelevel</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>÷Ù ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÎÉÚÉÔØ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ; ÄÌÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ÑÄÒÁ ×ÁÍ
    ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔØÓÑ × ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ, ÉÌÉ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ
    ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ × <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ
    ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÕ.  ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ ÐÏ &man.init.8; ÚÁ
    ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ Ï ÕÒÏ×ÎÅ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ É ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ
    <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename> É ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÕÀ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÕ ÐÏ
    &man.rc.conf.5; ÄÌÑ ×ÙÑÓÎÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÓÔÅÊ Ï ÆÁÊÌÅ rc.conf.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="kernel-securelevel-time">
    <para>îÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÅÔÓÑ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÞÅÍ ÎÁ ÏÄÎÕ ÓÅËÕÎÄÕ!
       ëÁË ÜÔÏ ÏÂÏÊÔÉ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ëÒÁÔËÉÊ ÏÔ×ÅÔ: óËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, ×Ù ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔÅ ÎÁ ÕÒÏ×ÎÅ ÂÅÈÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ,
    ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÁÀÝÅÍ 1.  äÌÑ ÓÍÅÎÙ ÄÁÔÙ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔÅ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ É ×ÏÊÄÉÔÅ ×
    ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ.</para>

  <para>ðÏÄÒÏÂÎÙÊ ÏÔ×ÅÔ: FreeBSD ÚÁÐÒÅÝÁÅÔ ÍÅÎÑÔØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÎÁ ÂÏÌØÛÅ
    ÞÅÍ ÏÄÎÕ ÓÅËÕÎÄÕ ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ ÎÁ ÕÒÏ×ÎÑÈ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ, ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÁÀÝÉÈ 1.  ÷Ù
    ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ ×ÁÛ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÔÁËÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sysctl kern.securelevel</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>÷Ù ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÎÉÚÉÔØ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ; ÄÌÑ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÄÁÔÙ ×ÁÍ
    ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔØÓÑ × ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ, ÉÌÉ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ
    ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ × <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ
    ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÕ.  ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ ÐÏ &man.init.8; ÚÁ
    ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ Ï ÕÒÏ×ÎÅ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ, É ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ
    <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename> É ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÕÀ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÕ ÐÏ
    &man.rc.conf.5; ÄÌÑ ×ÙÑÓÎÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÓÔÅÊ Ï ÆÁÊÌÅ rc.conf.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>

<qandaentry>
  <question id="statd-mem-leak">
     <para>÷ <command>rpc.statd</command>; ÅÓÔØ ÏÛÉÂËÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÐÁÍÑÔØÀ ! ïÎ
     ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ 256 Mb ÐÁÍÑÔÉ !</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
    <para>îÅÔ, ÔÁÍ ÎÅÔ ÏÛÉÂÏË É ÏÎ ÎÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ 256 Mb ÐÁÍÑÔÉ. åÍÕ
    ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÎÒÁ×ÉÔÓÑ (ÞÔÏ ÏÎ ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÏ É ÄÅÌÁÅÔ) ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÔØ ÎÅÐÒÉÌÉÞÎÏ
    ÂÏÌØÛÏÊ ËÕÓÏË ÐÁÍÑÔÉ × Ó×ÏÅ ÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Ï ÄÌÑ ÕÄÏÂÓÔ×Á.
    úÄÅÓØ ÎÅÔ ÎÉÞÅÇÏ ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏÇÏ Ó ÔÅÈÎÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÔÏÞËÉ ÚÒÅÎÉÑ, ÜÔÏ
    ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÓÂÉ×ÁÅÔ Ó ÔÏÌËÕ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ×ÒÏÄÅ &man.top.1; É &man.ps.1;
    </para>

    <para>&man.rpc.statd.8; ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÅÔ Ó×ÏÊ ÓÔÁÔÕÓÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ
    (ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÉÊÓÑ ÎÁ <filename>/var</filename>) × Ó×ÏÅ ÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÅ
    ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Ï. äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏ ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÏ ÎÅ ÂÅÓÐÏËÏÉÔÓÑ Ï ÂÕÄÕÝÉÈ
    ÐÅÒÅÏÔÒÁÖÅÎÉÑÈ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÆÁÊÌ ×ÙÒÁÓÔÅÔ × ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁÈ, ÏÎ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ
    ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÅÔ ÅÇÏ Ó ÏÇÒÏÍÎÙÍ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏÍ ÚÁÒÁÎÅÅ. üÔÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÚÁÍÅÔÉÔØ
    × ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÁÈ, ÇÄÅ ËÁË ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ ÄÌÉÎÁ
    Ë ÆÕÎËÃÉÉ &man.mmap.2; ÉÍÅÅÔ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ
    <literal>0x10000000</literal>, ÉÌÉ ÏÄÎÁ ÛÅÓÔÎÁÄÃÁÔÁÑ ÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÇÏ
    ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á ÄÌÑ IA32, ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ 256Mb.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="unsetting-schg">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ Ñ ÎÅ ÍÏÇÕ ÓÎÑÔØ Ó ÆÁÊÌÁ ÆÌÁÇ <literal>schg</literal>?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷Ù ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔÅ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ Ó ÐÏ×ÙÛÅÎÎÙÍ (ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ ÂÏÌØÛÉÍ, ÞÅÍ 0) ÕÒÏ×ÎÅÍ
    ÚÁÝÉÔÙ.  ðÏÎÉÚØÔÅ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ É ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÅÝÅ ÒÁÚ.  äÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ
    ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë <link linkend="securelevel">ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ FAQ
    Ï ÕÒÏ×ÎÅ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ</link> É ÓÐÒÏ×ÏÞÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ Ï &man.init.8;.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>

<qandaentry>
  <question id="ssh-shosts">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ SSH ÁÕÔÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÃÉÑ ÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÁ
      <filename>.shosts</filename> ÎÅ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÁ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ×
      ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÈ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
    <para>ðÒÉÞÉÎÏÊ ÐÏ ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ <filename>.shosts</filename>
    ÁÕÔÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÃÉÑ ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ × ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÈ ×ÙÐÕÓËÁÈ
    FreeBSD, Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÔÏ ÞÔÏ &man.ssh.1; ÎÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ
    Ó ÂÉÔÏÍ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ (<acronym>suid</acronym>). åÓÌÉ
    ÷Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ <quote>ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ</quote> ÜÔÏ, ÔÏ ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÏÄÎÏ
    ÉÚ Ä×ÕÈ ÎÉÖÅÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÙÈ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÊ:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>ëÁË ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÕÀ ÐÒÁ×ËÕ, ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ
	  <makevar>ENABLE_SUID_SSH</makevar> × <literal>true</literal> × ÆÁÊÌÅ
	  <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename> É
	  ÐÅÒÅËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÕÊÔÅ <command>ssh</command>.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>ëÁË ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÕÀ ÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÐÒÁ×Á ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë ÆÁÊÌÕ
	<filename>/usr/bin/ssh</filename> ÎÁ <literal>4555</literal>
	ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ <command>chmod 4755 /usr/bin/ssh</command> ÉÚ-ÐÏÄ
	ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÁ. á ÐÏÔÏÍ ÄÏÂÁ×ÔÅ ÓÔÒÏËÕ
	<makevar>ENABLE_SUID_SSH=true</makevar> × ÆÁÊÌ
	<filename>/etc/make.conf</filename>, ÞÔÏÂ ÜÔÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ
	ÏÓÔÁÌÏÓØ × ÓÉÌÅ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÏÞÅÒÅÄÎÏÇÏ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ
	<command>make world</command>.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>

</qandaset>
</chapter>


<chapter id="x">
<title>X Window System É ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÅ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ</title>

<qandaset>
<qandaentry>
  <question id="running-X">
    <para>ñ ÈÏÞÕ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ X, ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>óÁÍÙÊ ÐÒÏÓÔÏÊ ÓÐÏÓÏ - ÜÔÏ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÑÃÉÉ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù
    ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ X.</para>

  <para>úÁÔÅÍ ÓÌÅÄÕÊÔÅ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑÍ × ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÉ ÐÏ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÅ
    <command>xf86config</command>,
    ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÁ ÄÌÑ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ XFree86(tm) Ó ×ÁÛÉÍ
    ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÍ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏÍ/ÍÙÛØÀ/ÉÔÄ.</para>

  <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ Xaccel. úÁ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ
    ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ, ÐÏÓ×ÑÝ£ÎÎÏÍÕ ÐÒÏÄÕËÔÁÍ ÆÉÒÍ <link
    linkend="xig">Xi Graphics</link> É <link
    linkend="metrox">Metro Link</link>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="running-X-securelevels">
    <para>ñ <emphasis>ÐÏÐÙÔÁÌÓÑ</emphasis> ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ X, ÎÏ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÌ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ
      <errorname>KDENABIO failed (Operation not permitted)</errorname> ÐÏÓÌÅ
      ××ÏÄÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ <command>startx</command>.  þÔÏ ÍÎÅ ÔÅÐÅÒØ ÄÅÌÁÔØ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ ÐÏ×ÙÛÅÎÎÙÊ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ, ÎÅ ÔÁË ÌÉ?
    îÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ, ÐÒÉ ÐÏ×ÙÛÅÎÎÏÍ ÕÒÏ×ÎÅ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ X ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ ÎÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ.  þÔÏÂÙ
    ×ÙÑÓÎÉÔØ, ÐÏÞÅÍÕ ÜÔÏ ÔÁË, ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁÍ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÉ ÐÏ
    &man.init.8;.</para>
	    
  <para>ôÁË ÞÔÏ ×ÏÐÒÏÓ Ó×ÏÄÉÔÓÑ Ë ÔÏÍÕ, ËÁË ×ÁÍ ÜÔÏ ÏÂÏÊÔÉ, É Õ ×ÁÓ ÚÄÅÓØ ÅÓÔØ
    × ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÍ Ä×Á ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔÁ: ÐÏÎÉÚÉÔØ ×ÁÛ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏ Ë ÎÕÌÀ (ÏÂÙÞÎÏ
    ÜÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ × <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>) ÉÌÉ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ
    ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÔØ &man.xdm.1; (ÄÏ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ÐÏ×ÙÛÁÅÔÓÑ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ).</para>

  <para>ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë <xref linkend="xdm-boot"> ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÌÎÏÊ
    ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ Ï ÚÁÐÕÓËÅ &man.xdm.1; ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="x-and-moused">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÍÏÑ ÍÙÛØ ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ Ó X?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ syscons (ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙÊ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ), ÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
    ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ ÕËÁÚÁÔÅÌÑ ÍÙÛÉ ×Ï ×ÓÅÈ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÈ ÜËÒÁÎÁÈ.  ÷Ï
    ÉÚÂÅÖÁÎÉÅ ËÏÎÆÌÉËÔÏ× Ó X, ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ syscons ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÏÅ
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï <devicename>/dev/sysmouse</devicename>.  ÷ÓÅ ÓÏÂÙÔÉÑ,
    ÐÏÌÕÞÁÅÍÙÅ ÏÔ ÒÅÁÌØÎÏÊ ÍÙÛÉ, ÐÉÛÕÔÓÑ × ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï sysmouse ÞÅÒÅÚ moused.
    åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ×ÁÛÕ ÍÙÛØ ÎÁ ÏÄÎÏÊ ÉÌÉ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÈ
    ËÏÎÓÏÌÑÈ, <emphasis>ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÁÑ</emphasis> ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ X,
    ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ <xref linkend="moused" remap="ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ"> É ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊÔÅ
    moused.</para>

  <para>úÁÔÅÍ ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ <filename>/etc/XF86Config</filename> ÔÁË, ÞÔÏÂÙ
    × Î£Í ÂÙÌÉ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ.</para>
 
  <programlisting>
Section        Pointer
Protocol       "SysMouse"
Device         "/dev/sysmouse"
.....
  </programlisting>

  <para>ðÒÉÍÅÒ ×ÙÛÅ ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎ ÄÌÑ XFree86 3.3.2 É ×ÙÛÅ.  äÌÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÒÁÎÎÉÈ
    ×ÅÒÓÉÊ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ <emphasis>Protocol</emphasis> ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ
    <emphasis>MouseSystems</emphasis>.</para>
 
  <para>îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÞÉÔÁÀÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ × X ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï
    <devicename>/dev/mouse</devicename>. þÔÏÂÙ ÏÎÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÌÏ, ÆÁÊÌ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á
    <devicename>/dev/mouse</devicename> ÄÏÌÖÅÎ Ñ×ÌÑÔØÓÑ ÓÓÙÌËÏÊ ÎÁ
    <devicename>/dev/sysmouse</devicename> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ
    &man.sysmouse.4;):</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /dev</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>rm -f mouse</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -s sysmouse mouse</userinput>
  </screen>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="x-and-wheel">
    <para>õ ÍÏÅÊ ÍÙÛÉ ÅÓÔØ ËÏÌ£ÓÉËÏ.  íÏÇÕ ÌÉ Ñ ÅÇÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ
      × X?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÁ.  îÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ-ËÌÉÅÎÔÙ ÄÌÑ X.  ðÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ
    <ulink URL="http://www.inria.fr/koala/colas/mouse-wheel-scroll/">ÓÔÒÁÎÉÞËÕ
    ëÏÌÁÓÁ îÁÁÂÕ (Colas Nahaboo)
    (http://www.inria.fr/koala/colas/mouse-wheel-scroll/)</ulink>.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÓÏÂÉÒÁÅÔÅÓØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ
    <application>imwheel</application>, ÓÌÅÄÕÊÔÅ ÜÔÉÍ ÐÒÏÓÔÙÍ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑÍ:</para>

  <orderedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>ôÒÁÎÓÌÑÃÉÑ ÓÏÂÙÔÉÊ ÏÔ ËÏÌ£ÓÉËÁ</para>

      <para>òÁÂÏÔÁ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ <application>imwheel</application> ÏÓÎÏ×ÁÎÁ ÎÁ
        ÔÒÁÎÓÌÑÃÉÉ ÓÏÂÙÔÉÊ ÏÔ ËÎÏÐÏË ÍÙÛÉ 4 É 5 × ÓÏÂÙÔÉÑ ÏÔ ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÙ.  ôÏ
        ÅÓÔØ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ÍÙÛÉ ÔÒÁÎÓÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÏÂÙÔÉÑ ÏÔ ËÏÌ£ÓÉËÁ
        × ÓÏÂÙÔÉÑ ÏÔ ËÎÏÐÏË 4 É 5.  åÓÔØ Ä×Á ÓÐÏÓÏÂÁ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ, × ÐÅÒ×ÏÍ
        ÉÚ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ  ÔÒÁÎÓÌÑÃÉÀ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔ &man.moused.8;.  ÷Ï ×ÔÏÒÏÍ ÍÅÔÏÄÅ
        ÔÒÁÎÓÌÑÃÉÀ ÓÏÂÙÔÉÊ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔ ÓÁÍ X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ.</para>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ &man.moused.8; ÄÌÑ ÔÒÁÎÓÌÑÃÉÉ ÓÏÂÙÔÉÊ ÏÔ
            ËÏÌ£ÓÉËÁ</para>

          <para>äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ &man.moused.8; ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÌ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÓÏÂÙÔÉÊ,
            ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÏÐÃÉÀ <option>-z 4</option> Ë ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ,
            ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÀÝÅÊ &man.moused.8;.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ×Ù ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÅ
            &man.moused.8; ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ <command>moused -p /dev/psm0</command>,
            ÔÏ ÔÅÐÅÒØ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÕÄÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ <command>moused -p
            /dev/psm0 -z 4</command>.  åÓÌÉ &man.moused.8; ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÓÑ Õ ×ÁÓ
            Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÞÅÒÅÚ
            <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>, ÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ
            ÏÐÃÉÀ <option>-z 4</option> Ë ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ
            <varname>moused_flags</varname> × ÆÁÊÌÅ
            <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.</para>

          <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ X, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ 5-ËÎÏÐÏÞÎÕÀ
            ÍÙÛØ.  äÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÓÔÒÏÞËÕ
            <literal>Buttons 5</literal> × ÓÅËÃÉÀ <quote>Pointer</quote>
            ÆÁÊÌÁ <filename>/etc/XF86Config</filename>.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, × ×ÁÛÅÍ
            ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/XF86Config</filename> ÓÅËÃÉÑ
            <quote>Pointer</quote> ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÒÉÎÑÔØ ÔÁËÏÊ ×ÉÄ:</para>

          <example>
            <title>óÅËÃÉÑ <quote>Pointer</quote> ÄÌÑ ÍÙÛÉ Ó ËÏÌ£ÓÉËÏÍ ÉÚ ÆÁÊÌÁ
              XF86Config ÄÌÑ XFree86 3.x Ó ÔÒÁÎÓÌÑÃÉÅÊ ÞÅÒÅÚ moused</title>

            <programlisting>
              Section "Pointer"
              Protocol        "SysMouse"
              Device          "/dev/sysmouse"
              Buttons         5
              EndSection
            </programlisting>
          </example>

          <example>
            <title>óÅËÃÉÑ <quote>InputDevice</quote> ÄÌÑ ÍÙÛÉ Ó ËÏÌ£ÓÉËÏÍ ÉÚ
              ÆÁÊÌÁ XF86Config ÄÌÑ XFree86 4.x Ó Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉÍ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁ×ÁÎÉÅÍ
              ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÁ É ÐÅÒÅÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅÍ ËÎÏÐÏË</title>

            <programlisting>
Section "InputDevice"
   Identifier      "Mouse1"
   Driver          "mouse"
   Option          "Protocol" "auto"
   Option          "Device" "/dev/psm0"
   Option          "Buttons" "5"
   Option          "ZAxisMapping" "4 5"
EndSection
            </programlisting>
          </example>

          <example>
            <title>ðÒÉÍÅÒ <quote>.emacs</quote> ÄÌÑ ÐÒÏÓÔÏÊ ÐÒÏËÒÕÔËÉ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ
              ÍÙÛØÀ Ó ËÏÌ£ÓÉËÏÍ</title>

            <programlisting>
;; wheel mouse
(global-set-key [mouse-4] 'scroll-down)
(global-set-key [mouse-5] 'scroll-up)
            </programlisting>
          </example>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÄÌÑ ÔÒÁÎÓÌÑÃÉÉ ÓÏÂÙÔÉÊ ÏÔ
            ËÏÌ£ÓÉËÁ</para>

          <para>åÓÌÉ &man.moused.8; Õ ×ÁÓ ÎÅ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎ ÉÌÉ ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ ÈÏÔÉÔÅ,
            ÞÔÏÂÙ &man.moused.8; ÚÁÎÉÍÁÌÓÑ ÔÒÁÎÓÌÑÃÉÅÊ ÓÏÂÙÔÉÊ ÏÔ ËÏÌ£ÓÉËÁ,
            ÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ.  üÔÏ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÍÏÄÉÆÉËÁÃÉÊ
            × ×ÁÛÅÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/XF86Config</filename>.  ÷Ï-ÐÅÒ×ÙÈ,
            ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ ×ÙÂÒÁÔØ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌ ÄÌÑ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÍÙÛÉ.  âÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï
            ÍÁÎÉÐÕÌÑÔÏÒÏ× Ó ËÏÌ£ÓÉËÁÍÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌ
            <quote>IntelliMouse</quote>.  ïÄÎÁËÏ XFree86 ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ
            ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÙ, ÔÁËÉÅ, ËÁË <quote>MouseManPlusPS/2</quote> ÄÌÑ ÍÙÛÅÊ
            Logitech MouseMan+.  ðÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ×Ù ×ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÊ
            ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌ, × ÓÅËÃÉÀ <quote>Pointer</quote> ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ
            ÓÔÒÏÞËÕ <varname>Protocol</varname>.</para>

          <para>÷Ï-×ÔÏÒÙÈ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÂÕÄÅÔ
            ÐÅÒÅÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÔØ ÓÏÂÙÔÉÑ ÏÔ ËÏÌ£ÓÉËÁ × ÓÏÂÙÔÉÑ ÏÔ ËÎÏÐÏË 4 É 5.
            üÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ ÚÁÄÁÎÉÅÍ ÏÐÃÉÉ
            <varname>ZAxisMapping</varname>.</para>

          <para>îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ &man.moused.8; É ×ÁÛÁ ÍÙÛØ
            IntelliMouse ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÁ Ë ÐÏÒÔÕ ÄÌÑ ÍÙÛÉ PS/2, × ×ÁÛÅÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ
            <filename>/etc/XF86Config</filename> ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ ÕËÁÚÁÎÏ
            ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:</para>

          <example>
            <title>óÅËÃÉÑ <quote>Pointer</quote> ÄÌÑ ÍÙÛÉ Ó ËÏÌ£ÓÉËÏÍ
              ÉÚ ÆÁÊÌÁ <filename>XF86Config</filename> Ó ÔÒÁÎÓÌÑÃÉÅÊ
              Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ</title>

            <programlisting>
              Section "Pointer"
              Protocol        "IntelliMouse"
              Device          "/dev/psm0"
              ZAxisMapping    4 5
              EndSection
            </programlisting>
          </example>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>õÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ <application>imwheel</application></para>

      <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ <application>Imwheel</application> ÉÚ
	ëÏÌÌÅËÃÉÉ ðÏÒÔÏ×.  ïÎÁ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÉ <filename>x11</filename>.
	üÔÁ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×Ù×ÁÔØ ÓÏÂÙÔÉÑ ÏÔ ËÏÌ£ÓÉËÁ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÍÙÛÉ ×
	ÓÏÂÙÔÉÑ ÏÔ ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÙ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÏÎÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÓÌÁÔØ × ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ
	ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ <keycap>Page Up</keycap>, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ËÒÕÔÉÔÅ ËÏÌ£ÓÉËÏ
	×ÐÅÒ£Ä.  äÌÑ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÓÏÂÙÔÉÊ ÏÔ ËÏÌ£ÓÉËÁ × ÎÁÖÁÔÉÑ ËÌÁ×ÉÛ
	<application>imwheel</application> ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ,
	ÐÒÉÞ£Í ÄÌÑ ÒÁÚÎÙÈ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÊ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÁ ÐÏÓÙÌËÁ ÒÁÚÎÙÈ
	ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÅÊ.  ëÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÍ ÆÁÊÌÏÍ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÍ ÐÏ
	ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ, Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ <filename>/usr/X11R6/etc/imwheelrc</filename>.  ÷Ù
	ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÅÇÏ × <filename>~/.imwheelrc</filename> É
	ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ, ÅÓÌÉ ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ
	<application>imwheel</application>.  æÏÒÍÁÔ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ
	ÏÐÉÓÁÎ ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ Ï &man.imwheel.1;.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>îÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÁ <application>Emacs</application> ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó
	<application>Imwheel</application>
	(<emphasis>ÐÏ ÖÅÌÁÎÉÀ</emphasis>)</para>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ <application>emacs</application> ÉÌÉ
	<application>Xemacs</application>, ÔÏ × ×ÁÛ ÆÁÊÌ
	<filename>~/.emacs</filename> ÎÕÖÎÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÍÁÌÅÎØËÉÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ.  äÌÑ
	ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÁ <application>emacs</application>, ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:</para>

      <example>
	<title>ëÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÑ <application>Emacs</application> ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó
          <application>Imwheel</application></title>

	<programlisting>
          ;;; For imwheel
          (setq imwheel-scroll-interval 3)
          (defun imwheel-scroll-down-some-lines ()
            (interactive)
            (scroll-down imwheel-scroll-interval))
          (defun imwheel-scroll-up-some-lines ()
            (interactive)
            (scroll-up imwheel-scroll-interval))
          (global-set-key [?\M-\C-\)] 'imwheel-scroll-up-some-lines)
          (global-set-key [?\M-\C-\(] 'imwheel-scroll-down-some-lines)
          ;;; end imwheel section
        </programlisting>
      </example>

      <para>äÌÑ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÁ <application>Xemacs</application>, × ×ÁÛ ÆÁÊÌ
	<filename>~/.emacs</filename> ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:</para>

      <example>
	<title>ëÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÑ <application>Xemacs</application> ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó
	  <application>Imwheel</application></title>

	<programlisting>
          ;;; For imwheel
          (setq imwheel-scroll-interval 3)
          (defun imwheel-scroll-down-some-lines ()
            (interactive)
            (scroll-down imwheel-scroll-interval))
          (defun imwheel-scroll-up-some-lines ()
            (interactive)
            (scroll-up imwheel-scroll-interval))
          (define-key global-map [(control meta \))] 'imwheel-scroll-up-some-lines)
          (define-key global-map [(control meta \()] 'imwheel-scroll-down-some-lines)
          ;;; end imwheel section
	</programlisting>
      </example>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>úÁÐÕÓË <application>Imwheel</application></para>

      <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÎÁÂÒÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>imwheel</command> × ×ÁÛÅÍ
	× ÏËÎÅ xterm ÐÏÓÌÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ.  ïÎÁ ÓÁÍÁ ÐÅÒÅÊÄ£Ô × ÆÏÎÏ×ÙÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ É
	ÎÅÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÏ ÎÁÞÎ£Ô ÒÁÂÏÔÕ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
	<application>imwheel</application> ×ÓÅÇÄÁ, ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔŠţ ÚÁÐÕÓË ×
	×ÁÛ <filename>.xinitrc</filename> ÉÌÉ <filename>.xsession</filename>.
	÷ÓÅ ÐÒÅÄÕÐÒÅÖÄÅÎÉÑ Ï PID-ÆÁÊÌÁÈ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×Ù×ÏÄÉÔ
	<application>imwheel</application>, ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÒÏÉÇÎÏÒÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ.  üÔÉ
	ÐÒÅÄÕÐÒÅÖÄÅÎÉÑ ÉÍÅÀÔ ÓÍÙÓÌ ÔÏÌØËÏ × Linux-×ÅÒÓÉÉ
	<application>imwheel</application>.</para>
    </listitem>
  </orderedlist>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="window-menu-weird">
    <para>íÅÎÀ É ÄÉÁÌÏÇÏ×ÙÅ ÏËÎÁ × X Window ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ!</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ×ÙËÌÀÞÉÔØ Num Lock.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÁ Num Lock ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÁ,
    ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ × ÓÅËÃÉÀ <literal>Keyboard</literal>
    ÆÁÊÌÁ <filename>XF86Config</filename> ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ.</para>

  <programlisting>
# Let the server do the NumLock processing.  This should only be
# required when using pre-R6 clients
    ServerNumLock
  </programlisting>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="virtual-console">
    <para>þÔÏ ÔÁËÏÅ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÅ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ É ËÁË ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÉÈ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÅ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ, ÕÐÒÏÝ£ÎÎÏ ÇÏ×ÏÒÑ, ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÀÔ ×ÁÍ ÉÍÅÔØ
    ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ ÓÅÁÎÓÏ× ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÔÏÊ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÏÊ ÂÅÚ
    ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ËÁËÏÊ ÂÙ ÔÏ ÎÉ ÂÙÌÏ ÓÅÔÉ ÉÌÉ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ X.</para>

  <para>ðÒÉ ÚÁÐÕÓËÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÏÓÌÅ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÊ ÜÔÁÐÁ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÎÁ ËÏÎÓÏÌØ
    ×ÙÄÁ£ÔÓÑ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÅ ÎÁ ×ÈÏÄ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ××ÅÓÔÉ Ó×Ï£ ÉÍÑ É ÐÁÒÏÌØ
    É ÎÁÞÁÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ (ÉÌÉ ÉÇÒÁÔØ!) ÎÁ ÐÅÒ×ÏÊ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÏÊ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ.</para>

  <para>÷ ËÁËÏÊ-ÔÏ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÁÈÏÔÅÔØ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ ÅÝ£ ÏÄÎÕ ÓÅÁÎÓ,
    ÓËÁÖÅÍ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÚÁÇÌÑÎÕÔØ × ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÀ ÐÏ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÅ, ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ×Ù
    ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÌÉ ÉÌÉ ÄÌÑ ÄÌÑ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏÊ ÐÏÞÔÙ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÏÖÉÄÁÎÉÑ
    ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÑ ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÐÏ FTP.  ðÒÏÓÔÏ ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ Alt-F2 (ÕÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÑ
    ËÌÁ×ÉÛÕ Alt, ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ F2) É ×Ù ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔÅ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÅ, ÖÄÕÝÅÅ ×ÁÓ ÎÁ
    ×ÔÏÒÏÊ <quote>×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÏÊ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ</quote>!  ëÏÇÄÁ ÚÁÈÏÔÉÔÅ ×ÅÒÎÕÔØÓÑ Ë
    ÐÅÒ×ÏÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏÍÕ ÓÅÁÎÓÕ, ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ Alt-F1.</para>

  <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÑÃÉÉ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ×Ï FreeBSD ÚÁÄÅÊÓÔ×Ï×ÁÎÙ ÔÒÉ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÈ
    ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ (8 ÎÁÞÉÎÁÑ Ó 3.3-RELEASE), Á ËÏÍÂÉÎÁÃÉÉ ËÌÁ×ÉÛ Alt-F1, Alt-F2 É
    Alt-F3 ÓÌÕÖÁÔ ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒÅËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÎÉÍÉ.</para>

  <para>þÔÏÂÙ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉÔØ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ËÏÎÓÏÌÅÊ, ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>/etc/ttys</filename> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ &man.ttys.5;),
    ÄÏÂÁ×É× ÔÕÄÁ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÄÌÑ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÏ× Ó ÉÍÅÎÁÍÉ ÏÔ
    <devicename>ttyv4</devicename> ÄÏ <devicename>ttyvc</devicename> ÐÏÓÌÅ ÓÌÏ×
    <quote>Virtual terminals</quote>:</para>

  <programlisting>
# Edit the existing entry for ttyv3 in /etc/ttys and change
# "off" to "on".
ttyv3   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on secure
ttyv4   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on secure
ttyv5   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on secure
ttyv6   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on secure
ttyv7   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on secure
ttyv8   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on secure
ttyv9   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on secure
ttyva   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on secure
ttyvb   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on secure
  </programlisting>

  <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÉÚ ÎÉÈ ÓÔÏÌØËÏ, ÓËÏÌØËÏ ÐÏÓÞÉÔÁÅÔÅ ÎÕÖÎÙÍ.  þÅÍ ÂÏÌØÛÅ
    ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÈ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÏ× Õ ×ÁÓ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ, ÔÅÍ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÏ× ÏÎÉ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ; ÜÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÉÍÅÔØ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ, ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÍÅÎØÛÅ ÞÅÍ 8íâ ïúõ.
    ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓÍÅÎÉÔØ ÓÔÁÔÕÓ ËÏÎÓÏÌÅÊ Ó <literal>secure</literal> ÎÁ
    <literal>insecure</literal>.</para>

    <important>
      <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ X, ×Ù <emphasis>ÄÏÌÖÎÙ</emphasis>
        ÏÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÄÌÑ ÎÅÇÏ ÐÏ ËÒÁÊÎÅÊ ÍÅÒÅ ÏÄÉÎ ÎÅÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÊ (ÉÌÉ
        ×ÙËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÊ) ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÊ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌ.  ôÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏ×, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ
        ÉÍÅÔØ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÑ login ÎÁ ×ÓÅÈ Ä×ÅÎÁÄÃÁÔÉ ÆÕÎËÃÉÏÎÁÌØÎÙÈ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÉ,
        ÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÅ ÐÏ×ÅÚÌÏ - ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÄÌÑ ÏÄÉÎÎÁÄÃÁÔÉ ÉÚ
        ÎÉÈ, ÅÓÌÉ ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÎÁ ÜÔÏÊ ÖÅ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ ÅÝ£ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ.</para>
    </important>

  <para>óÁÍÙÍ ÐÒÏÓÔÙÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ ÕÂÒÁÔØ ËÏÎÓÏÌØ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ Å£
    ×ÙËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÌÉ ÎÁ ×ÓÅÈ 12 ËÏÎÓÏÌÑÈ
    ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÅ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÙ, ËÁË ÕËÁÚÁÎÏ ×ÙÛÅ, É ÅÝ£ ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ X, ÔÏ
    ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÕÄÅÔÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ Ä×ÅÎÁÄÃÁÔÏÇÏ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÏÇÏ
    ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁ Ó:</para>

  <programlisting>
ttyvb   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
  </programlisting>

  <para>ÎÁ:</para>

  <programlisting>
ttyvb   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  off secure
  </programlisting>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÎÁ ×ÁÛÅÊ ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÄÅÓÑÔØ ÆÕÎËÃÉÏÎÁÌØÎÙÈ ËÌÁ×ÉÛ,
    ÔÏ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ ÂÕÄÕÔ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÔØ ÔÁË:</para>

  <programlisting>
ttyv9   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  off secure
ttyva   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  off secure
ttyvb   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  off secure
  </programlisting>

  <para>(÷Ù ÔÁËÖÅ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÉÈ ÕÄÁÌÉÔØ.)</para>

  <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ×Ù ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÌÉ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/ttys</filename>,
    ÐÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ Õ ×ÁÓ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× ÄÌÑ
    ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÈ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÏ×.  óÁÍÙÊ ÐÒÏÓÔÏÊ ÓÐÏÓÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /dev</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sh MAKEDEV vty12</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>óÁÍÙÍ ÐÒÏÓÔÙÍ (É ÎÁÄ£ÖÎÙÍ) ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ ÁËÔÉ×ÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÅ
    ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÁ.  ïÄÎÁËÏ ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ×Ï×ÓÅ ÎÅ ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ
    ÄÅÌÁÔØ, ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ X Window System É ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ (ËÁË
    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ <username>root</username>):</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>kill -HUP 1</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ðÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ×Ù ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÚÁËÒÙÌÉ X Window, ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎÁ
    ÂÙÌÁ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÁ, ÄÏ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ ÜÔÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÓÄÅÌÁÅÔÅ,
    ×ÁÛÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏ×ÉÓÎÕÔØ/ÚÁÂÌÏËÉÒÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÐÏÓÌÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
    kill.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="vty-from-x">
    <para>ëÁË ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÍ ËÏÎÓÏÌÑÍ ÉÚ X?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ËÏÍÂÉÎÁÃÉÀ ËÌÁ×ÉÛ
    <keycombo action="simul">
      <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
      <keycap>Alt</keycap>
      <keycap>F<replaceable>n</replaceable></keycap>
    </keycombo>
    ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒÅËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏ × ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÕÀ ËÏÎÓÏÌØ.  îÁÖÁÔÉÅ
    <keycombo action="simul">
      <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
      <keycap>Alt</keycap>
      <keycap>F1</keycap>
    </keycombo>
    ×ÅÒÎ£Ô ×ÁÓ ÎÁ ÐÅÒ×ÕÀ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÕÀ ËÏÎÓÏÌØ.</para>

  <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ×Ù ÏËÁÚÁÌÉÓØ × ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÏÊ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ, ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ,
    ËÁË ÏÂÙÞÎÏ, ËÏÍÂÉÎÁÃÉÉ
    <keycombo action="simul">
      <keycap>Alt</keycap>
      <keycap>F<replaceable>n</replaceable></keycap>
    </keycombo> ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒÅËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÎÉÍÉ.</para>

  <para>þÔÏÂÙ ×ÅÒÎÕÔØÓÑ × ÓÅÁÎÓ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ X, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÅÒÅËÌÀÞÉÔØÓÑ × ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÕÀ
    ËÏÎÓÏÌØ, ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÁ X Window.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÌÉ X ÉÚ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ
    ÓÔÒÏËÉ (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ <command>startx</command>), ÔÏ ÓÅÁÎÓ
    ÒÁÂÏÔÙ X ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÒÉ×ÑÚÁÎ Ë ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÎÅÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÊ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÏÊ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ, Á
    ÎÅ Ë ÔÏÊ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÏÊ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ, Ó ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÏÎ ÂÙÌ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎ.  åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ
    ×ÏÓÅÍØ ÁËÔÉ×ÎÙÈ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÈ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÏ×, ÔÏ X ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÎÁ ÄÅ×ÑÔÏÍ, É
    ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ËÏÍÂÉÎÁÃÉÅÊ
    <keycombo action="simul">
      <keycap>Alt</keycap>
      <keycap>F9</keycap>
    </keycombo>
    ÄÌÑ ×ÏÚ×ÒÁÔÁ × X.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="xdm-boot">
    <para>ëÁË ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ XDM ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>åÓÔØ Ä×Å ÆÉÌÏÓÏÆÓËÉÅ ÛËÏÌÙ, ÐÒÏÐÏ×ÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÍÅÔÏÄÙ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ
    <ulink
    URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?manpath=xfree86&amp;query=xdm">
    xdm</ulink>.  ðÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÔÅÞÅÎÉÑ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÀÔ xdm ÉÚ
    <filename>/etc/ttys</filename> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ &man.ttys.5;), ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ
    ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÍÙÊ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÔÏÇÄÁ ËÁË ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ×ÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÔ ÚÁÐÕÓË xdm × ÓËÒÉÐÔ
    <filename>rc.local</filename> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ &man.rc.8;) ÉÌÉ
    <filename>X.sh</filename>, ÐÏÍÅÝÁÑ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÊ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ
    <filename>/usr/local/etc/rc.d</filename>.  ïÂÁ ÍÅÔÏÄÁ ÒÁ×ÎÏÐÒÁ×ÎÙ, É ÏÄÉÎ
    ÉÚ ÎÉÈ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ × ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÑÈ, Ó ËÏÔÏÒÙÍÉ ÎÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ É
    ÎÁÏÂÏÒÏÔ.  ÷ ÏÂÏÉÈ ÓÌÕÞÁÑ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔ ÏÄÉÎ É ÔÏÔ ÖÅ: X ×Ù×ÏÄÉÔ
    ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÅ login:.</para>

  <para>ðÌÀÓÏÍ ÍÅÔÏÄÁ Ó ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ ttys Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÔÏÇÏ,
    ÎÁ ËÁËÏÍ vty ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎ X É ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÓÔØ ÚÁ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÕÓË
    X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÐÒÉ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÉ ÓÅÁÎÓÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÌÅÖÉÔ ÎÁ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ init.  íÅÔÏÄ
    Ó ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ rc.local ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÐÒÅËÒÁÔÉÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ xdm, ÅÓÌÉ
    ÐÒÉ ÚÁÐÕÓËÅ X ×ÏÚÎÉËÌÉ ËÁËÉÅ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ.</para>

  <para>éÚ rc.local <command>xdm</command> ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎ ÂÅÚ
    ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÏ×, (ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ ËÁË ÄÁÅÍÏÎ).  xdm ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎ ðïóìå ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ
    &man.getty.8;, ÉÎÁÞÅ ÏÎÉ ÂÕÄÕÔ ËÏÎÆÌÉËÔÏ×ÁÔØ, ÂÌÏËÉÒÕÑ ËÏÎÓÏÌØ.  ìÕÞÛÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ
    ×ÙÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ÐÁÕÚÕ ÓÅËÕÎÄ ÎÁ 10 É ÐÏÔÏÍ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ <command>xdm</command>.
  </para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ <command>xdm</command> ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÓÑ ÉÚ
    <filename>/etc/ttys</filename>, ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ ×ÅÒÏÑÔÎÏÓÔØ ËÏÎÆÌÉËÔÁ ÍÅÖÄÕ
    <command>xdm</command> É &man.getty.8;.  ïÄÎÉÍ ÉÚ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏ×
    ÉÚÂÅÖÁÔØ ÜÔÏÇÏ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÎÏÍÅÒÁ <literal>vt</literal> × ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm/Xservers</filename>.</para>

  <programlisting>
:0 local /usr/X11R6/bin/X vt4
  </programlisting>

  <para>÷ ×ÙÛÅÐÒÉ×ÅÄ£ÎÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÕ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÎÁ
    <devicename>/dev/ttyv3</devicename>.  úÁÍÅÔØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÎÏÍÅÒÁ ÏÔÌÉÞÁÀÔÓÑ ÎÁ
    ÅÄÉÎÉÃÕ.  äÅÌÏ × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÓÞÉÔÁÅÔ vty ÏÔ ÅÄÉÎÉÃÙ, ËÏÇÄÁ ËÁË
    ÏÔÓÞ£Ô vty × ÑÄÒÅ FreeBSD ×ÅÄ£ÔÓÑ Ó ÎÕÌÑ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="xconsole-failure">
    <para>ðÒÉ ÚÁÐÕÓËÅ xconsole ×ÙÄÁ£ÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ <errorname>Couldn't open
      console</errorname>.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÅ <application>X</application> Ó ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ
    ÓÃÅÎÁÒÉÑ <application>startx</application> ÐÒÁ×Á ÎÁ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï
    <devicename>/dev/console</devicename>
    <emphasis>ÎÅ</emphasis> ÉÚÍÅÎÑÀÔÓÑ, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÔÁËÉÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ, ËÁË
    <application>xterm -C</application> É
    <application>xconsole</application>, ÎÅ ÂÕÄÕÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ.</para>

  <para>üÔÏ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÔ ÏÔ ÐÒÁ× ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ, ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÄÌÑ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ.
    ÷ ÍÎÏÇÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ×Ï×ÓÅ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÌÀÂÏÊ
    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÍÏÇ ×Ù×ÏÄÉÔØ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ ÎÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÕÀ ËÏÎÓÏÌØ.  äÌÑ
    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ, ×ÏÛÅÄÛÉÈ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÞÅÒÅÚ VTY, ÄÌÑ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ
    ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÆÁÊÌ &man.fbtab.5;.</para>

  <para>÷ ÏÂÝÅÍ, ÒÁÓËÏÍÍÅÎÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÓÔÒÏÞËÕ ×ÉÄÁ</para>

  <programlisting>
/dev/ttyv0 0600 /dev/console
  </programlisting>

  <para>× ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/fbtab</filename> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ
    &man.fbtab.5;), É ÜÔÏÇÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ×ÓÑËÉÊ, ËÔÏ ×ÏÛ£Ì
    × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ Ó ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁ <devicename>/dev/ttyv0</devicename>, ÉÍÅÌ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë
    ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="xfree86-root">
    <para>òÁÎØÛÅ Ñ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÌ XFree86, ÒÁÂÏÔÁÑ ËÁË ÏÂÙÞÎÙÊ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ, Á
      ÔÅÐÅÒØ ÐÒÉ ÚÁÐÕÓËÅ ×ÙÄÁÅÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ Ñ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ
      ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ <username>root</username>!</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ÓÅ X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÙ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÔØÓÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ
    <username>root</username>, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÉÍÅÔØ ÐÒÑÍÏÊ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ×ÁÛÅÍÕ
    ×ÉÄÅÏÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÀ. âÏÌÅÅ ÓÔÁÒÙÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ XFree86
    (&lt;= 3.3.6) ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÌÉ ×ÓÅ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÍÙÅ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÙ ÔÁË, ÞÔÏ ÏÎÉ
    Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÌÉÓØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ root (Ó ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÙÍ ÂÉÔÏÍ
    ÓÍÅÎÙ ×ÌÁÄÅÌØÃÁ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÍÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ).  îÅÓÏÍÎÅÎÎÏ, ÜÔÏ ÒÉÓËÏ×ÁÎÎÏ,
    ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÙ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÂÏÌØÛÉÍÉ, ÓÌÏÖÎÙÍÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁÍÉ.  âÏÌÅÅ
    ÎÏ×ÙÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ XFree86 ÎÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÀÔ ÎÁ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁÈ ÂÉÔ ÓÍÅÎÙ ×ÌÁÄÅÌØÃÁ ÎÁ
    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>root</username> ÉÍÅÎÎÏ ÐÏ ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÅ.</para>

  <para>ïÞÅ×ÉÄÎÏ, ÞÔÏ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÔØ X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ, ÒÁÂÏÔÁÑ ËÁË ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ root,
    ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ É ÎÅÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏ.  åÓÔØ Ä×Á ÓÐÏÓÏÂÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ X, ÒÁÂÏÔÁÑ ËÁË
    ÏÂÙÞÎÙÊ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ.  ðÅÒ×ÙÊ ÓÐÏÓÏ ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ × ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ
    <application>xdm</application> ÉÌÉ ÄÒÕÇÏÇÏ ÍÅÎÅÄÖÅÒÁ ÄÉÓÐÌÅÅ× (Ë ÐÒÉÍÅÒÕ,
    <application>kdm</application>); ×ÔÏÒÏÊ ÓÐÏÓÏ - × ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ
    <command>Xwrapper</command>.</para>

  <para><application>xdm</application> ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÓÏÂÏÊ ÄÁÅÍÏÎÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ
    ÏÂÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÅÔ ×ÈÏÄÙ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ × ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ.  ïÂÙÞÎÏ ÏÎ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÓÑ
    ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ É ÏÔ×ÅÞÁÅÔ ÚÁ ÁÕÔÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÃÉÀ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ É ÚÁÐÕÓË ÉÈ
    ÓÅÁÎÓÏ×; ÐÒÁËÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÜÔÏ ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÁÎÁÌÏÇ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ
    &man.getty.8; É &man.login.1;.  âÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÁÑ
    ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï <application>xdm</application> ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × <ulink
    url="http://www.xfree86.org/support.html">ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÉ ÐÏ
    XFree86</ulink> É × <link linkend="xdm-boot">ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ
    FAQ</link>.</para>

  <para><command>Xwrapper</command> Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÏÊ ÄÌÑ X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ; ÜÔÏ
    ÍÁÌÅÎØËÁÑ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ. ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÀÝÁÑ ËÏÍÕ-ÌÉÂÏ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÔØ X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ É ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ
    ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÁÑ × ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ.  ïÎÁ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÕ
    ÐÅÒÅÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÈ ÅÊ × ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÏ×, É ÅÓÌÉ ×ÓÅ × ÐÏÒÑÄËÅ,
    ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ X-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ.  åÓÌÉ ÐÏ ËÁËÉÍ-ÌÉÂÏ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÁÍ ×Ù ÎÅ
    ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÔØ ÍÅÎÅÄÖÅÒ ÄÉÓÐÌÅÅ×, ÔÏ ÜÔÁ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ ×ÁÍ ÐÏÄÏÊÄÅÔ.  åÓÌÉ Õ
    ×ÁÓ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÁ ÐÏÌÎÁÑ ËÏÌÌÅËÃÉÑ ÐÏÒÔÏ×, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÜÔÏÔ ÐÏÒÔ ×
    ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ <filename>/usr/ports/x11/wrapper</filename>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ps2-x">
    <para>íÏÑ ÍÙÛØ PS/2 × X ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ÐÏÌÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÛÁ ÍÙÛØ É Å£ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ
    ÒÁÓÓÉÎÈÒÏÎÉÚÉÒÏ×ÁÌÉÓØ.</para>

  <para>÷ ×ÅÒÓÉÑÈ 2.2.5 É ÂÏÌÅÅ ÒÁÎÎÉÈ ÜÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÒÏÉÚÏÊÔÉ ÐÒÉ ÐÅÒÅËÌÀÞÅÎÉÉ
    ÉÚ X × ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÊ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌ É ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍ ×ÏÚ×ÒÁÝÅÎÉÉ × X.  åÓÌÉ ÜÔÁ
    ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ×ÏÚÎÉËÁÅÔ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÞÁÓÔÏ, ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ
    ÓÔÒÏËÕ × ÆÁÊÌ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ É ÐÅÒÅËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÅÇÏ.</para>

  <programlisting>
options PSM_CHECKSYNC
  </programlisting>

  <para>åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÎÅÔ ÏÐÙÔÁ ÐÅÒÅËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ, ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë <link
    linkend="make-kernel">ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÍÕ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ</link>.</para>
 
  <para>ó ÜÔÏÊ ÏÐÃÉÅÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ Ó ÓÉÎÈÒÏÎÉÚÁÃÉÅÊ ÍÙÛÉ É Å£ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ
    ÂÙÔØ ÍÅÎØÛÅ.  åÓÌÉ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ, ÜÔÁ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ×Ó£ ÖÅ ÏÓÔÁÌÁÓØ, Ý£ÌËÎÉÔÅ
    ÌÀÂÏÊ ËÎÏÐËÏÊ ÍÙÛÉ, ÎÅ Ä×ÉÇÁÑ ÅÊ, ÞÔÏ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔ ÍÙÛØ É ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ
    ÐÏÐÙÔËÕ ÓÉÎÈÒÏÎÉÚÉÒÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ.</para>

  <para>úÁÍÅÔØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ × ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ ÜÔÁ ÏÐÃÉÑ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ É
    ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔØ Ë ÏÔËÌÀÞÅÎÉÀ ÆÕÎËÃÉÉ <quote>tap</quote> ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ALPS
    GlidePoint, ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÎÏÇÏ Ë ÐÏÒÔÕ ÍÙÛÉ PS/2.</para>

  <para>÷ ×ÅÒÓÉÑÈ 2.2.6 É ×ÙÛÅ, ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÁ ÓÉÎÈÒÏÎÉÚÁÃÉÉ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÁ ÇÏÒÁÚÄÏ ÌÕÞÛÅ
    É ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÁ × ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙÊ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ÍÙÛÉ PS/2.  ïÎÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÄÁÖÅ Ó
    GlidePort.  (ôÁË ËÁË ËÏÄ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÉ ÓÔÁÌ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÏÊ ÆÕÎËÃÉÅÊ, ÏÐÃÉÑ
    PSM_CHECKSYNC × ÜÔÉÈ ×ÅÒÓÉÑÈ ÎÅÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÁ.)  ïÄÎÁËÏ × ÒÅÄËÉÈ ÓÌÕÞÁÑÈ
    ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÏÛÉÂÏÞÎÏ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ Ó ÓÉÎÈÒÏÎÉÚÁÃÉÅÊ, É ×Ù
    ÂÕÄÅÔÅ ×ÉÄÅÔØ ÔÁËÉÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ ÑÄÒÁ:</para>

  <programlisting>
psmintr: out of sync (xxxx != yyyy)
  </programlisting>

  <para>Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÍÙÛØ ÔÅÐÅÒØ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÓÌÕÞÉÔÓÑ, ÏÔÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÕ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×É×
    ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÆÌÁÇÁ ÄÌÑ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÁ ÍÙÛÉ PS/2 × 0x100.  ÷ÏÊÄÉÔÅ × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÔÏÒ
    <emphasis>UserConfig</emphasis>, ÚÁÄÁ× ÏÐÃÉÀ <option>-c</option> ×
    ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉËÁ:</para>

  <screen>
boot: <userinput>-c</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>úÁÔÅÍ × ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ <emphasis>UserConfig</emphasis>
    ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ:</para>

  <screen>
UserConfig&gt; <userinput>flags psm0 0x100</userinput>
UserConfig&gt; <userinput>quit</userinput>
  </screen>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ps2-mousesystems">
    <para>íÏÑ ÍÙÛØ PS/2 ÏÔ MouseSystems ÐÏÈÏÖÅ, ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>âÙÌÏ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÊ, ÞÔÏ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÄÅÌÉ ÍÙÛÅÊ PS/2 ÏÔ
    MouseSystems ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ <quote>×ÙÓÏËÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ</quote>.
    ÷ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÒÅÖÉÍÁÈ ËÕÒÓÏÒ ÍÙÛÉ ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÏ ÐÒÙÇÁÅÔ × ×ÅÒÈÎÉÊ ÌÅ×ÙÊ ÕÇÏÌ
    ÜËÒÁÎÁ.</para>

  <para>ë ÓÏÖÁÌÅÎÉÀ, ÄÌÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÊ 2.0.X É 2.1.X ÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ÎÅ
    ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ.  äÌÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÊ ÏÔ 2.2 ÄÏ 2.2.5 ÐÒÉÌÏÖÉÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÐÁÔÞ Ë ÆÁÊÌÕ
    <filename>/sys/i386/isa/psm.c</filename> É ÐÅÒÅÓÔÒÏÊÔÅ ÑÄÒÏ.  åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ
    ÎÅÔ ÏÐÙÔÁ ÐÅÒÅËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ, ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë <link
    linkend="make-kernel">ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÍÕ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ</link>.</para>
  
  <programlisting>
@@ -766,6 +766,8 @@
     if (verbose &gt;= 2)
 	log(LOG_DEBUG, "psm%d: SET_DEFAULTS return code:%04x\n",
 	    unit, i);
+    set_mouse_resolution(sc-&gt;kbdc, PSMD_RES_HIGH);
+
 #if 0
     set_mouse_scaling(sc-&gt;kbdc); 	/* 1:1 scaling */
     set_mouse_mode(sc-&gt;kbdc);		/* stream mode */
  </programlisting>

  <para>äÌÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÊ 2.2.6 É ×ÙÛÅ ÕËÁÖÉÔÅ ÆÌÁÇ 0x04 ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÕ ÍÙÛÉ PS/2 ÄÌÑ
    ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÄÁ Å£ × ÒÅÖÉÍ ×ÙÓÏËÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ.  ÷ÏÊÄÉÔÅ ×
    <emphasis>UserConfig</emphasis>, ÚÁÄÁ× ÏÐÃÉÀ <option>-c</option> ×
    ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉËÁ:</para>

  <screen>
boot: <userinput>-c</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>úÁÔÅÍ × ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ <emphasis>UserConfig</emphasis>
    ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ:</para>

  <screen>
UserConfig&gt; <userinput>flags psm0 0x04</userinput>
UserConfig&gt; <userinput>quit</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>÷ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÅÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÁ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÁÑ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÁ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ Ó ÍÙÛØÀ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="imake-tmpl">
    <para>ðÒÉ ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÉ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÊ ÄÌÑ X ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ <command>imake</command> ÎÅ
      ÍÏÖÅÔ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>Imake.tmpl</filename>.  çÄÅ ÏÎ
      ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>æÁÊÌ <filename>Imake.tmpl</filename> Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÞÁÓÔØÀ ÐÁËÅÔÁ Imake,
    ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÏÇÏ ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔÁ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÑ X-ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÊ.
    ïÎ, ÔÁËÖÅ ËÁË ÅÝ£ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ
    ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ÏÞÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ÔÒÅÂÕÅÍÙÈ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÑ X-ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÊ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔÓÑ
    × ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×Å ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ X.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÈ ÐÒÏÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÚ
    &man.sysinstall.8; ÉÌÉ ×ÚÑÔØ ÉÚ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×Á X. </para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="mouse-button-reverse">
    <para>ëÁË ÐÏÍÅÎÑÔØ ÍÅÓÔÁÍÉ ËÎÏÐËÉ ÍÙÛÉ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>xmodmap -e "pointer = 3 2 1"</command> ×
    ÏÄÉÎ ÉÚ ×ÁÛÉÈ ÓËÒÉÐÔÏ× <filename>.xinitrc</filename> ÉÌÉ
    <filename>.xsession</filename>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="install-splash">
    <para>ëÁË ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÜËÒÁÎÎÕÀ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ËÕ É ÇÄÅ ÔÁËÉÅ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ËÉ ÍÏÖÎÏ
      ÎÁÊÔÉ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÅÒÅÄ ÓÁÍÙÍ ×ÙÐÕÓËÏÍ ÒÅÌÉÚÁ FreeBSD 3.1 × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÂÙÌÁ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÁ
    ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ <quote>ÚÁÓÔÁ×ËÉ</quote> ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ.  îÁ ÄÁÎÎÙÊ
    ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÜËÒÁÎÙ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÏË ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ 256-Ã×ÅÔÎÙÍÉ ÆÁÊÌÁÍÉ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ BMP
    <filename>*.BMP</filename> ÉÌÉ ZSoft PCX (<filename>*.PCX</filename>).
    ëÒÏÍÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ÏÎÉ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÉÍÅÔØ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ 320x200 ÉÌÉ ÍÅÎØÛÅ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÓÏ
    ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙÍÉ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁÍÉ VGA. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ×ËÌÀÞÉÌÉ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ VESA ÐÒÉ ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÉ
    ÑÄÒÁ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÜËÒÁÎÙ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏÍ ÄÏ 1024x768.  úÁÍÅÔØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ
    ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ VESA ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÅ ÏÐÃÉÉ <literal>VM86</literal>
    ÐÒÉ ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ.  òÅÁÌØÎÁÑ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ VESA ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ×ËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÁ ×
    ÑÄÒÏ ÐÒÉ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÉ ÏÐÃÉÉ <literal>VESA</literal> ÌÉÂÏ ÚÁÇÒÕÖÅÎÁ × ×ÉÄÅ
    kld-ÍÏÄÕÌÑ ÑÄÒÁ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏÊ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ.</para>

  <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ËÕ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÆÁÊÌÙ, ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÑÀÝÉÅ
    ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÍ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ FreeBSD.  æÏÒÍÁÔ ÜÔÉÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÂÙÌ ÉÚÍÅΣΠÐÅÒÅÄ ×ÙÐÕÓËÏÍ
    ÒÅÌÉÚÁ FreeBSD 3.2, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÅÓÔØ Ä×Á ÓÐÏÓÏÂÁ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÜËÒÁÎÎÙÈ
    ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÏË:</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>FreeBSD 3.1</para>

      <para>ðÅÒ×ÙÍ ÄÅÌÏÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÜËÒÁÎÎÕÀ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ËÕ × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ BMP. òÅÌÉÚ
        3.1 ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ËÉ ÔÏÌØËÏ × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ Windows.  ðÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË
        ×Ù ÎÁÛÌÉ ÐÏÎÒÁ×É×ÛÕÀÓÑ ×ÁÍ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ËÕ, ÓËÏÐÉÒÕÊÔŠţ × ÆÁÊÌ
        <filename>/boot/splash.bmp</filename>.  úÁÔÅÍ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔØ ×
        ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/boot/loader.rc</filename> ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ:</para>

      <programlisting>
load kernel
load -t splash_image_data /boot/splash.bmp
load splash_bmp
autoboot
      </programlisting>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>FreeBSD 3.2+</para>

      <para>ëÒÏÍÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÉ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÏË × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ PCX, FreeBSD 3.2 ×ËÌÀÞÁÅÔ
        ÂÏÌÅÅ ÇÉÂËÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ,
        ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÍÅÔÏÄ, ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÙÊ ×ÙÛÅ ÄÌÑ FreeBSD 3.1.  åÓÌÉ
        ÖÅ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ PCX, ÚÁÍÅÎÉÔÅ
        <literal>splash_bmp</literal> ÎÁ <literal>splash_pcx</literal>.  ó
        ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ
        ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ
        <filename>/boot/loader.rc</filename>, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÊ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ
        ÓÔÒÏËÉ:</para>

      <programlisting>
include /boot/loader.4th
start
      </programlisting>

      <para>É ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename> ÓÏ ÓÔÒÏËÁÍÉ:</para>

      <programlisting>
splash_bmp_load="YES"
bitmap_load="YES"
      </programlisting>

      <para>úÄÅÓØ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÚÁÓÔÁ×ËÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ
        <filename>/boot/splash.bmp</filename>.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ PCX-ÆÁÊÌ,
        ÓËÏÐÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÅÇÏ ÐÏÄ ÉÍÅÎÅÍ <filename>/boot/splash.pcx</filename>,
        ÓÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/boot/loader.rc</filename>, ËÁË ÕËÁÚÁÎÏ
        ×ÙÛÅ, É ÓÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ
        ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:</para>

      <programlisting>
splash_pcx_load="YES"
bitmap_load="YES"
bitmap_name="/boot/splash.pcx"
      </programlisting>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ×Ó£, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ - ÜÔÏ ÓÁÍÁ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ËÁ.  ðÏÉÝÉÔÅ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ËÉ ×
    ÇÁÌÅÒÅÅ ÐÏ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ <ulink URL="http://www.baldwin.cx/splash/">
    http://www.baldwin.cx/splash/</ulink>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="windows-keys">
    <para>íÏÖÎÏ ÌÉ × X ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÉ Windows(tm), ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÅÓÔØ ÎÁ
      ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÅ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÁ.  ÷Ó£, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ, ÜÔÏ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ &man.xmodmap.1;
    ÚÁÄÁÔØ ÆÕÎËÃÉÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ Ë ÜÔÉÍ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÁÍ ÐÒÉ×ÑÚÁÔØ.</para>

  <para>ðÏÌÏÖÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ×ÓÅ ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÙ <quote>Windows(tm)</quote> ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙ É
    3 ËÌÁ×ÉÛÉ ÉÍÅÀÔ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÎÙÅ ËÏÄÙ</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>115 - ËÌÁ×ÉÛÁ Windows(tm), ÍÅÖÄÕ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÁÍÉ Ctrl É Alt Ó ÌÅ×ÏÊ
        ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>116 - ËÌÁ×ÉÛÁ Windows(tm), ÓÐÒÁ×Á ÏÔ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÉ Alt-Gr</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>117 - ËÌÁ×ÉÛÁ ×ÙÚÏ×Á ÍÅÎÀ, ÓÌÅ×Á ÏÔ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÉ Ctrl, ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÅÊÓÑ
        ÓÐÒÁ×Á</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÌÅ×ÕÀ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÕ Windows(tm) ÎÁÂÉÒÁÔØ ÚÁÐÑÔÕÀ, ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ
    ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÔÁËÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

  <screen>
    &prompt.root; <userinput>xmodmap -e "keycode 115 = comma"</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>þÔÏÂÙ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ ×ÁÛ ÏËÏÎÎÙÊ
    ÍÅÎÅÄÖÅÒ.</para>

  <para>äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÅÒÅÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ËÌÁ×ÉÛ Windows(tm) ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÌÏÓØ
    Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÒÁÚ ÐÒÉ ÚÁÐÕÓËÅ X, ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔØ ×ÙÚÏ× ËÏÍÁÎÄ
    <command>xmodmap</command> × ×ÁÛ <filename>~/.xinitrc</filename> ÌÉÂÏ,
    ÞÔÏ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÞÔÉÔÅÌØÎÅÊ, ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>~/.xmodmaprc</filename> É
    ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ × ÎÅÇÏ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ÄÌÑ <command>xmodmap</command>, ÐÏ ÏÄÎÏÍÕ ÎÁ
    ÓÔÒÏËÕ, É ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÓÔÒÏËÕ</para>

  <programlisting>xmodmap $HOME/.xmodmaprc</programlisting>

  <para>× ×ÁÛ <filename>~/.xinitrc</filename>.</para>

  <para>îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÅÒÅÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ ÜÔÉ 3 ËÌÁ×ÉÛÉ ÔÁË, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÎÉ
    ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÌÉ ÆÕÎËÃÉÉ F13, F14 É F15 ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ.  üÔÏ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔ ÌÅÇËÏ
    ÐÒÉ×ÑÚÁÔØ ÉÈ Ë ÐÏÌÅÚÎÙÍ ÆÕÎËÃÉÑÍ × ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑÈ ÉÌÉ ×ÁÛÅÍ ÍÅÎÅÄÖÅÒÅ ÏËÏÎ,
    ËÁË ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÏËÁÚÁÎÏ ÄÁÌÅÅ.</para>

  <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ, ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ × ÆÁÊÌ <filename>~/.xmodmaprc</filename>
    ×ÏÔ ÔÁËÉÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ:</para>

  <programlisting>
    keycode 115 = F13
    keycode 116 = F14
    keycode 117 = F15
  </programlisting>

  <para>åÓÌÉ, Ë ÐÒÉÍÅÒÕ, ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ <command>fvwm2</command>, ÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
    ÐÅÒÅÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÉ ÔÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ, ÞÔÏ F13 Ó×ÏÒÁÞÉ×ÁÅÔ × ÉËÏÎËÕ (ÉÌÉ
    ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÔ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÉÅ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÙ) ÏËÎÁ, ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ËÕÒÓÏÒ, F14
    ÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÁÅÔ ÏËÎÏ Ó ËÕÒÓÏÒÏÍ ÎÁ ÐÅÒÅÄÎÉÊ ÐÌÁÎ ÉÌÉ, ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎÏ ÕÖÅ ×ÐÅÒÅÄÉ,
    ×ÏÚ×ÒÁÝÁÅÔ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏ, Á F15 ×ÙÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÇÌÁ×ÎÏÅ ÍÅÎÀ òÁÂÏÞÅÇÏ ÍÅÓÔÁ (Workplace)
    (ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ), ÄÁÖÅ ÅÓÌÉ ËÕÒÓÏÒ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÎÅ ÎÁ ÒÁÂÏÞÅÍ ÓÔÏÌÅ, ÞÔÏ ÂÙ×ÁÅÔ
    ÐÏÌÅÚÎÏ, ÅÓÌÉ ÎÅÔ ÎÉ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ×ÉÄÉÍÏÇÏ ËÕÓÏÞËÁ ÒÁÂÏÞÅÇÏ ÓÔÏÌÁ (Ë ÔÏÍÕ ÖÅ
    ÌÏÇÏÔÉÐ ÎÁ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÜÔÏÊ ÆÕÎËÃÉÉ).</para>

  <para>÷ÏÔ ÓÔÒÏËÉ ÉÚ <filename>~/.fvwmrc</filename>, Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ
    ÄÏÓÔÉÇÁÀÔÓÑ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÎÙÅ ×ÙÛÅ ÆÕÎËÃÉÉ:</para>

  <programlisting>
    Key F13        FTIWS    A        Iconify
    Key F14        FTIWS    A        RaiseLower
    Key F15        A        A        Menu Workplace Nop
  </programlisting>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>

</qandaset>

</chapter>


<chapter id="networking">
<title>òÁÂÏÔÁ × ÓÅÔÉ</title>

<qandaset>
<qandaentry>
  <question id="diskless-booting">
    <para>çÄÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï <quote>ÂÅÚÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÊ
      ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ</quote>?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para><quote>âÅÚÄÉÓËÏ×ÁÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÁ</quote> ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ Ó FreeBSD
    ÚÁÇÒÕÖÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÏ ÓÅÔÉ É ÞÉÔÁÅÔ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ Ó ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ, Á ÎÅ ÓÏ Ó×ÏÅÇÏ
    ÄÉÓËÁ.  ðÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ ÅÓÔØ ×
    <ulink URL="/ru/handbook/diskless.html">ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÊ ÇÌÁ×Å</ulink>
    òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="router">
    <para>íÏÖÅÔ ÌÉ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ Ó FreeBSD ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ËÁË ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÔÏÒ?</para>
  </question><answer>

  <para>óÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÙ Internet É ÏÐÙÔ ÐÒÁËÔÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÎÅ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÀÔ ÎÁÍ
    × FreeBSD ÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÃÉÀ ÐÁËÅÔÏ× ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÎÏÊ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ.  ÷Ù
    ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ, ÉÚÍÅÎÉ× ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
    &man.rc.conf.5; ÎÁ <literal>YES</literal>:</para>

  <programlisting>
gateway_enable=YES          # Set to YES if this host will be a gateway
  </programlisting>

  <para>üÔÏÔ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ &man.sysctl.8;-ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ
    <filename>net.inet.ip.forwarding</filename> ÎÁ <literal>1</literal>.</para>

  <para>ëÒÏÍÅ ÔÏÇÏ, × ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Å ÓÌÕÞÁÅ× ×ÁÍ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ
    ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÃÉÉ, ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÂßÑ×ÉÔØ Ï ÐÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÉ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ
    ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÔÏÒÁ ÄÒÕÇÉÍ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍ × ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÅÔÉ; FreeBSD ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÏ
    ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÏÊ ÄÌÑ BSD-ÓÉÓÔÅÍ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÃÉÉ &man.routed.8;, × ÂÏÌÅÅ
    ÓÌÏÖÎÙÈ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÑÈ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÏ×ÁÔØ
    <application>GaTeD</application> (ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÊ ÐÏ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ
    <ulink URL="http://www.gated.org/">http://www.gated.org</ulink>
    Ó <filename>ftp.gated.Merit.EDU</filename>), ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ
    ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ FreeBSD ÎÁÞÉÎÁÑ Ó ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 3_5Alpha7.</para>

  <para>íÙ ÏÂÑÚÁÎÙ ÐÒÅÄÕÐÒÅÄÉÔØ ×ÁÓ, ÞÔÏ ÄÁÖÅ ËÏÇÄÁ FreeBSD ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅÎÁ
    ÔÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ, ÏÎÁ ÎÅ ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÁÍ Internet 
    ÄÌÑ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÔÏÒÏ×, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÄÌÑ ÏÂÙÞÎÏÊ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÜÔÏÇÏ È×ÁÔÁÅÔ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="win95-connection">
    <para>íÏÖÎÏ ÌÉ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔØ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ Ó Win95 Ë Internet Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ
      FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ëÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÔÅ, ËÔÏ ÚÁÄÁÅÔ ÔÁËÉÅ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÙ, ÉÍÅÀÔ ÄÏÍÁ Ä×Á ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ,
    ÏÄÉÎ Ó FreeBSD, Á ÄÒÕÇÏÊ Ó Win95; ÉÄÅÑ ÓÏÓÔÏÉÔ × ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ
    FreeBSD ÄÌÑ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ Ë Internet, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÌÑÔØ ×ÙÈÏÄ ×
    Internet ÉÚ Windows95 ÞÅÒÅÚ FreeBSD. îÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ
    ÏÓÏÂÙÊ ÓÌÕÞÁÊ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÅÇÏ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÁ.</para>

  <para> ... É ÏÔ×ÅÔ ÎÁ ÎÅÇÏ - ÄÁ!  ÷Ï FreeBSD 3.x, ppp ÒÅÖÉÍÁ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ
    ÉÍÅÅÔ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ <option>-nat</option>.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ
    <command>ppp</command> Ó ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏÍ <option>-nat</option>, ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×É×
    × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> <literal>gateway_enable</literal>
    × ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ <emphasis>YES</emphasis> É ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔÅ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ Ó Windows,
    ÔÏ ×Ó£ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÐÒÅËÒÁÓÎÏ ÚÁÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ.</para>

  <para>âÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÎÁÊÄÅÎÁ ×
    <ulink URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/tutorials/ppp/index.html">ðÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÍ
    ðÒÉÍÅÒÅ PPP</ulink> óÔÉ×Á óÉÍÓÁ (Steve Sims).</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ppp ÒÅÖÉÍÁ ÑÄÒÁ, ÉÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ Ethernet-ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ Ë 
    Internet, ÍÏÖÎÏ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ &man.natd.8;.
    ðÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ Ï <link linkend="natd">natd</link> ÜÔÏÇÏ
    FAQ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="latest-bind">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÎÅ ÐÒÏÈÏÄÉÔ ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÑ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÊ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ BIND ÏÔ ISC?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>üÔÏ - ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔ ËÏÎÆÌÉËÔÁ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÆÁÊÌÏÍ <filename>cdefs.h</filename> ×
    ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×Å É ÔÅÍ, ÞÔÏ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ Ó FreeBSD. äÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ 
    ÕÄÁÌÉÔØ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>compat/include/sys/cdefs.h</filename>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="slip-ppp-support">
    <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÌÉ FreeBSD ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÙ SLIP É PPP?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>äÁ.  ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁÍ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ ÐÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁÍ &man.slattach.8;,
    &man.sliplogin.8;, &man.ppp.8;, É &man.pppd.8;.  &man.ppp.8; É &man.pppd.8;
    ÍÏÇÕÔ ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÔØ ËÁË ×ÈÏÄÑÝÉÅ, ÔÁË É ÉÓÈÏÄÑÝÉÅ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ, ËÏÇÄÁ ËÁË
    &man.sliplogin.8; ÉÍÅÅÔ ÄÅÌÏ ÉÓËÌÀÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÓÏ ×ÈÏÄÑÝÉÍÉ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑÍ, Á
    &man.slattach.8; - ÔÏÌØËÏ Ó ÉÓÈÏÄÑÝÉÍÉ.</para>

  <para>âÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÉÈ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × <ulink
    url="/ru/handbook/ppp-and-slip.html">ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á Ï ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÁÈ PPP É
    SLIP</ulink>.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÍÅÅÔÅ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ × Internet ÔÏÌØËÏ ÞÅÒÅÚ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ
    ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÉ, ×ÁÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÄÏÊÔÉ <application>slirp</application>.
    ó ÅÇÏ ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ (ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÎÙÊ) ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ÔÁËÉÍ
    ÓÌÕÖÂÁÍ, ËÁË FTP É http ÐÒÑÍÏ Ó ×ÁÛÅÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="natd">
    <para>ðÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÌÉ FreeBSD NAT ÉÌÉ Masquerading?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ ÌÏËÁÌØÎÁÑ ÓÅÔØ (ÏÄÎÁ ÉÌÉ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÍÁÛÉÎ), ÎÏ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÄÉÎ
    IP ÁÄÒÅÓ, ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÎÙÊ ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÏÍ, ×ÁÓ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÒÉ×ÌÅÞØ &man.natd.8;.
    <command>natd</command> ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔØ ×ÓÀ ÓÅÔØ Ë Internet,
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ ÅÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÊ IP ÁÄÒÅÓ.</para>

  <para>ðÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ &man.ppp.8; ÉÍÅÅÔ ÐÏÈÏÖÕÀ
    ×ÓÔÒÏÅÎÎÕÀ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ <option>-nat</option>.  ÷ ÏÂÏÉÈ
    ÓÌÕÞÁÑÈ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ alias (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ
    &man.libalias.3;).</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>

<qandaentry>
  <question id="parallel-connect">
    <para>ëÁË Ñ ÍÏÇÕ ÓÏÅÄÅÎÉÔØ Ä×Å FreeBSD ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ
    ÐÁÒÁÌÌÅÌØÎÏÇÏ ÓÏÅÄÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ PLIP?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÎÕÖÅÎ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÛÎÕÒ ÔÉÐÁ laplink É ÎÁ ÏÂÅÉÈ ÍÁÛÉÎÁÈ
    ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÁ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÁ lpt.</para>
 
  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>dmesg | grep lp</userinput>
lpt0 at 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on isa
lpt0: Interrupt-driven
lp0: TCP/IP capable interface
  </screen>

  <para>ðÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔÅ ËÁÂÅÌØ laplink Ë ÐÁÒÁÌÌÅÌØÎÙÍ ÐÏÒÔÁÍ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÏ×.</para>
 
  <para>îÁÓÔÒÏÊÔÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ÓÅÔÅ×ÏÇÏ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÁ lp0 ÎÁ ÏÂÅÉÈ ÍÁÛÉÎÁÈ, ×ÏÊÄÑ
    ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÏÍ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÉÔØ ÈÏÓÔÙ Ó ÉÍÅÎÁÍÉ
    max É moritz</para>
 
  <programlisting>
                max &lt;-----&gt; moritz
IP Address    10.0.0.1      10.0.0.2
  </programlisting>

  <para>ÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ max ÄÁÊÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>ifconfig lp0 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ moritz ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>ifconfig lp0 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.1</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>üÔÏ ×Ó£!  ðÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÐÒÏÞÔÉÔÅ ÅÝ£ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ &man.lp.4;
    É &man.lpt.4;.</para>

  <para>÷Ù ÔÁËÖÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÜÔÉ ÈÏÓÔÙ × ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>/etc/hosts</filename>.</para>

  <programlisting>
127.0.0.1               localhost.my.domain localhost
10.0.0.1                max.my.domain max
10.0.0.2                moritz.my.domain
  </programlisting>

  <para>äÌÑ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÏÓÐÏÓÏÂÎÏÓÔÉ Ó×ÑÚÉ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ
    ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑ:</para>
 
  <para>ÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ max:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>ifconfig lp</userinput>0
lp0: flags=8851&lt;UP,POINTOPOINT,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST&gt; mtu 1500
        inet 10.0.0.1 --&gt; 10.0.0.2 netmask 0xff000000
&prompt.root; <userinput>netstat -r</userinput>

Routing tables

Internet:
Destination        Gateway          Flags     Refs     Use      Netif Expire
moritz             max              UH          4   127592       lp0
&prompt.root; <userinput>ping -c 4 moritz</userinput>
PING moritz (10.0.0.2): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=2.774 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=2.530 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=2.556 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=2.714 ms

--- moritz ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 2.530/2.643/2.774/0.103 ms
  </screen>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="create-dev-net">
    <para>îÅ ÍÏÇÕ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï <devicename>/dev/ed0</devicename>!</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÅ ÓÅÔÅ×ÏÇÏ ×ÚÁÉÍÏÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑ âÅÒËÌÉ ÓÅÔÅ×ÙÅ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÙ
    ÎÁÐÒÑÍÕÀ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÑÄÒÕ.  úÁ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ
    ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÆÁÊÌÕ <filename>/etc/rc.network</filename> É ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁÍ
    ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ, ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÝÉÍ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÓÅÔÅ×ÙÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ, ÕÐÏÍÉÎÁÅÍÙÅ ÚÄÅÓØ.
    åÓÌÉ ×Ó£ ÜÔÏ ÏÓÔÁ×ÉÔ ×ÁÓ × ÎÅÄÏÕÍÅÎÉÉ, ÐÏÞÉÔÁÊÔÅ ËÎÉÇÕ, ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÝÕÀ
    ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÓÅÔÉ × ÄÒÕÇÏÊ BSD-ÐÏÄÏÂÎÏÊ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ;
    Ó ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÍÉ ÎÅÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÙÍÉ ÉÓËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑÍÉ, ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÓÅÔÉ
    ×Ï FreeBSD × ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÍ ÓÏ×ÐÁÄÁÅÔ Ó SunOS 4.0 É Ultrix.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ethernet-aliases">
    <para>ëÁË ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ÁÌÉÁÓ ÎÁ Ethernet?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ <literal>netmask 0xffffffff</literal> × ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ
    &man.ifconfig.8; ÔÁË, ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÏ ÚÄÅÓØ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>ifconfig ed0 alias 204.141.95.2 netmask 0xffffffff</userinput>
  </screen>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="port-3c503">
    <para>ëÁË ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ 3C503 ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÔÉÐ ÓÅÔÅ×ÏÇÏ
      ÒÁÚߣÍÁ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÚÁÄÅÊÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÒÁÚߣÍ, ÔÏ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ
    ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ ÐÒÉ ×ÙÚÏ×Å ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ &man.ifconfig.8;.
    òÁÚߣÍÏÍ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ <literal>link0</literal>.  þÔÏÂÙ
    ÚÁÄÅÊÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ ÒÁÚß£Í AUI, Á ÎÅ BNC, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ <literal>link2</literal>.
    üÔÉ ÆÌÁÇÉ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ÕËÁÚÁÎÙ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ ifconfig_*
    × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ
    &man.rc.conf.5;).</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="nfs">
    <para>õ ÍÅÎÑ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ NFS ×Ï FreeBSD.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÓÅÔÅ×ÙÅ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ (ÍÑÇËÏ ÇÏ×ÏÒÑ) ÈÕÖÅ, ÞÅÍ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ
    ÞÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÉÎÏÇÄÁ ×ÙÚÙ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÊ ÔÉÐÁ NFS,
    ÉÎÔÅÎÓÉ×ÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÝÉÈ ÓÅÔØ.</para>

  <para>ðÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÓÔÉ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÙ × <ulink URL="/ru/handbook/nfs.html">
    ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÊ ÇÌÁ×Å</ulink> òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á, ÐÏÓ×ÑÝ£ÎÎÏÊ NFS.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="nfs-linux">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ Ñ ÎÅ ÍÏÇÕ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÉÓË Linux ÐÏ NFS?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ NFS ÄÌÑ Linux ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÙ ÎÁ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
     ÔÏÌØËÏ Ó ÐÒÉ×ÉÌÅÇÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÐÏÒÔÁ; ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -o -P linuxbox:/blah /mnt</userinput>
  </screen>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="nfs-sun">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ Ñ ÎÅ ÍÏÇÕ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÉÓË Sun ÐÏ NFS?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>òÁÂÏÞÉÅ ÓÔÁÎÃÉÉ Sun ÐÏÄ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅÍ SunOS 4.X ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÙ
    ÎÁ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ Ó ÐÒÉ×ÉÌÅÇÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÐÏÒÔÁ; ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -o -P sunbox:/blah /mnt</userinput>
  </screen>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="exports-errors">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ <command>mountd</command> ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÁÅÔ ×ÙÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ
      <errorname>can't change attributes</errorname> É <errorname>bad exports
      list</errorname> ÎÁ ÍÏÅÍ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÅ NFS, ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÅÍ ÐÏÄ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅÍ
      FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Å ÓÌÕÞÁÅ× ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ × ÎÅÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏÍ ÐÏÎÉÍÁÎÉÉ
    ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÆÒÁÚÙ ÉÚ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ ÐÏ &man.exports.5;</para>

  <blockquote>
    <para>ëÁÖÄÁÑ ÓÔÒÏËÁ ÆÁÊÌÁ (ÏÔÌÉÞÎÁÑ ÏÔ ÓÔÒÏË ËÏÍÍÅÎÔÁÒÉÅ×, ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÝÉÈÓÑ
      ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏÍ #) ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ ÔÏÞËÕ (ÔÏÞËÉ) ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ É ÆÌÁÇÉ ÜËÓÐÏÒÔÁ
      ×ÎÕÔÒÉ ÏÄÎÏÊ ÌÏËÁÌØÎÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÄÌÑ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÉÌÉ ÂÏÌØÛÅÇÏ
      ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Á ÈÏÓÔÏ×.  äÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÌÏËÁÌØÎÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÈÏÓÔ
      ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÕËÁÚÁÎ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÄÉÎ ÒÁÚ, É ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ
      ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÄÎÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÁÑ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÓÔÒÏËÁ,
      ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ ÓÏ ×ÓÅÍÉ ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÈÏÓÔÁÍÉ.</para>
  </blockquote>

  <para>îÁÇÌÑÄÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÒÏÄÅÍÏÎÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÁ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ ÞÁÓÔÏ ×ÓÔÒÅÞÁÀÝÅÊÓÑ
    ÏÛÉÂËÉ.  åÓÌÉ ×ÓÅ, ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÅÅÓÑ ×ÙÛÅ <filename>/usr</filename>, Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
    ÞÁÓÔØÀ ÏÄÎÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ (ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ ÎÅÔ ÔÏÞÅË ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ×ÙÛÅ
    <filename>/usr</filename>), ÔÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÜËÓÐÏÒÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÂÕÄÅÔ
    ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÍ:</para>

  <programlisting>
/usr/src   client
/usr/ports client
  </programlisting>

  <para>úÄÅÓØ ÉÍÅÅÀÔÓÑ Ä×Å ÓÔÒÏËÉ, ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÝÉÅ Ó×ÏÊÓÔ×Á ÏÄÎÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, <filename>/usr</filename>, ÜËÓÐÏÒÔÉÒÕÅÍÏÊ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÍÕ ÈÏÓÔÕ Ó
    ÉÍÅÎÅÍ <hostid>client</hostid>.  ðÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÊ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ ÔÁËÏ×:</para>

  <programlisting>/usr/src /usr/ports  client</programlisting>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÐÅÒÅÆÒÁÚÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÕÔ×ÅÒÖÄÅÎÉÅ ÓÏ ÓÔÒÁÎÉà óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ, ÔÏ Ó×ÏÊÓÔ×Á
    ÏÄÎÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÜËÓÐÏÒÔÉÒÕÅÍÏÊ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÍÕ ÈÏÓÔÕ (ÜËÓÐÏÒÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
    ÄÌÑ ×ÓÅÈ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ËÁË ÎÅËÉÊ ÕÎÉËÁÌØÎÙÊ ÈÏÓÔ), ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÙ
    × ÏÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ.  äÁ, ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ×ÏÚÎÉËÁÀÔ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ ÔÏ, ËÁË ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
    ÜËÓÐÏÒÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Á ÌÀÄÅÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ ÜÔÏ ÎÅ
    ×ÙÚÙ×ÁÅÔ.</para>

  <para>îÉÖÅ ÄÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ ÓÏÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÓÐÉÓËÁ ÜËÐÏÒÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, ÇÄÅ
    <filename>/usr</filename> É <filename>/exports</filename> Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ
    ÌÏËÁÌØÎÙÍÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÍÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍÉ:</para>

  <programlisting>
# üËÓÐÏÒÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ src É ports ÄÌÑ client01 É client02, ÎÏ ÔÏÌØËÏ
# client01 ÉÍÅÅÔ ÎÁ ÎÉÈ ÐÒÁ×Á ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÁ
/usr/src /usr/ports -maproot=0    client01
/usr/src /usr/ports               client02
# "ëÌÉÅÎÔÓËÉÅ" ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ÉÍÅÀÔ ËÏÒÅÎØ É ÍÏÇÕÔ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
# ÇÄÅ ÕÇÏÄÎÏ ×ÙÛÅ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁ.
# ÷ÓÅ ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÙÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ /exports/obj ÔÏÌØËÏ ÄÌÑ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ
/exports -alldirs -maproot=0      client01 client02
/exports/obj -ro
  </programlisting>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-nextstep">
    <para>ðÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ÐÒÉ Ó×ÑÚÉ ÐÏ PPP Ó ÍÁÛÉÎÁÍÉ NeXTStep.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>ðÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÏÔÍÅÎÉÔØ ×ÓÅ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÑ TCP × ÆÁÊÌÅ
    <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ &man.rc.conf.5;),
    ÉÚÍÅÎÉ× ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ × NO:</para>

  <programlisting>
tcp_extensions=NO
  </programlisting>

  <para>íÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÔÏÒÙ Annex ÆÉÒÍÙ Xylogic ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ ÐÏ ÜÔÏÊ ÖÅ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÅ,
    ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÉ Ë ÎÉÍ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÒÏÄÅÌÁÔØ ÔÏ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÏÅ.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ip-multicast">
    <para>ëÁË ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ multicast IP?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>òÁÂÏÔÁ Ó ÍÎÏÇÏÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÊ ÒÁÓÓÙÌËÏÊ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ
    ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑÍÉ FreeBSD 2.0 É ×ÙÛÅ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
    ×ÁÛ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒ ËÁË ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÔÏÒ ÍÎÏÇÏÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÇÏ ÔÒÁÆÉËÁ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ
    ÐÅÒÅËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÑÄÒÏ Ó ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÎÏÊ ÏÐÃÉÅÊ <literal>MROUTING</literal> É
    ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ &man.mrouted.8;.  ÷ÅÒÓÉÉ FreeBSD 2.2 É ×ÙÛÅ ÂÕÄÕÔ
    ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÔØ &man.mrouted.8; ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ, ÅÓÌÉ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÁÑ
    <literal>mrouted_enable</literal> × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>
    ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÁ × ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ <literal>YES</literal>.</para>

  <para>ðÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ MBONE ÎÁÈÏÄÑÔÓÑ × Ó×ÏÅÊ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÉ ÐÏÒÔÏ×, mbone.  åÓÌÉ
    ×Ù ÉÝÅÔÅ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ ÄÌÑ ÏÒÇÁÎÉÚÁÃÉÉ ËÏÎÆÅÒÅÎÃÉÊ <command>vic</command> É
    <command>vat</command>, ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÔÁÍ!</para>

  <para>âÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÅ
    <ulink URL="http://www.mbone.com/">Mbone Information Web</ulink>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="dec-pci-chipset">
    <para>ëÁËÉÅ ÓÅÔÅ×ÙÅ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÙ ÎÁ ÎÁÂÏÒÅ ÍÉËÒÏÓÈÅÍ DEC PCI?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ÏÔ ÓÐÉÓÏË, ÓÏÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÎÙÊ
    çÌÅÎÏÍ æÏÓÔÅÒÏÍ (Glen Foster) <email>gfoster@driver.nsta.org</email>,
    Ó ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÍÉ ÎÅÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÙÍÉ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑÍÉ:</para>

          <table>
            <title>óÅÔÅ×ÙÅ ËÁÒÔÙ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÙÅ ÎÁ ÏÓÎÏ×Å ÎÁÂÏÒÅ ÍÉËÒÏÓÈÅÍ
	      DEC PCI</title>

            <tgroup cols=2>
              <thead>
                <row>
                  <entry>ðÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌØ</entry>
                  <entry>íÏÄÅÌØ</entry>
                </row>
              </thead>

              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>ASUS</entry>
                  <entry>PCI-L101-TB</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>Accton</entry>
                  <entry>ENI1203</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>Cogent</entry>
                  <entry>EM960PCI</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>Compex</entry>
                  <entry>ENET32-PCI</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>D-Link</entry>
                  <entry>DE-530</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>Dayna</entry>
                  <entry>DP1203, DP2100</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>DEC</entry>
                  <entry>DE435, DE450</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>Danpex</entry>
                  <entry>EN-9400P3</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>JCIS</entry>
                  <entry>Condor JC1260</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>Linksys</entry>
                  <entry>EtherPCI</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>Mylex</entry>
                  <entry>LNP101</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>SMC</entry>
                  <entry>EtherPower 10/100 (íÏÄÅÌØ 9332)</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>SMC</entry>
                  <entry>EtherPower (íÏÄÅÌØ 8432)</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>TopWare</entry>
                  <entry>TE-3500P</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>Znyx (2.2.x)</entry>
                  <entry>ZX312, ZX314, ZX342, ZX345, ZX346, ZX348</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>Znyx (3.x)</entry>
                  <entry>ZX345Q, ZX346Q, ZX348Q, ZX412Q, ZX414, ZX442, ZX444,
                    ZX474, ZX478, ZX212, ZX214 (10mbps/hd)</entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </table>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="fqdn-hosts">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ Ñ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ FQDN ÄÌÑ ÈÏÓÔÏ× ÎÅ × ÍÏÅÊ ÓÅÔÉ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>÷Ù, ÎÁ×ÅÒÎÏÅ, ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÌÉ, ÞÔÏ ÈÏÓÔ, Ë ËÏÔÏÒÏÍÕ ×Ù ÏÂÒÁÔÉÌÉÓØ, 
    ÏËÁÚÁÌÓÑ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ × ÄÒÕÇÏÍ ÄÏÍÅÎÅ; ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÅÓØ
    × ÄÏÍÅÎÅ foo.bar.edu É ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔØÓÑ Ë ÈÏÓÔÕ <hostid>mumble</hostid> ×
    ÄÏÍÅÎÅ <hostid role="domainname">bar.edu</hostid>, ÔÏ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ÅÇÏ
    ÐÏÌÎÏÅ ÄÏÍÅÎÎÏÅ ÉÍÑ, <hostid role="domainname">mumble.bar.edu</hostid>, Á ÎÅ
    ÐÒÏÓÔÏ <hostid role="domainname">mumble</hostid>.</para>

  <para>ôÒÁÄÉÃÉÏÎÎÏ, ÜÔÏ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÌ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÒÅÓÏÌ×ÅÒ BSD BIND. ïÄÎÁËÏ ÔÅËÕÝÁÑ
    ×ÅÒÓÉÑ <application>bind</application> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ
    &man.named.8;), ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÍÁÑ Ó FreeBSD, ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÎÅ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÉÍÅÎÁ ÄÏÍÅÎÏ×,
    ÏÔÌÉÞÁÀÝÉÈÓÑ ÏÔ ÔÏÇÏ, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ×Ù ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÅÓØ, ÄÌÑ ÎÅ ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÙÈ
    ÉͣΠÈÏÓÔÏ×.  ôÁË ÞÔÏ ÎÅÐÏÌÎÏ ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÙÊ ÈÏÓÔ <hostid>mumble</hostid> ÂÕÄÅÔ
    ÎÁÊÄÅÎ ÌÉÂÏ ËÁË <hostid role="domainname">mumble.foo.bar.edu</hostid>,
    ÌÉÂÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÓËÁÔØÓÑ × ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÍ ÄÏÍÅÎÅ.</para>

  <para>üÔÏ ÏÔÌÉÞÁÅÔÓÑ ÏÔ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÅÇÏ ÐÏ×ÅÄÅÎÉÑ, ÐÒÉ ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÐÏÉÓË ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÁÌÓÑ
    × <hostid role="domainname">mumble.bar.edu</hostid>
    É <hostid role="domainname">mumble.edu</hostid>.
    ðÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ RFC 1535 Ï ÐÒÉÞÉÎÁÈ ÏÂßÑ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÔÁËÏÇÏ ÐÏ×ÅÄÅÎÉÑ ÐÌÏÈÏÊ
    ÐÒÁËÔÉËÏÊ É ÄÁÖÅ ÏÛÉÂËÏÊ × ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ.</para>

  <para>ëÁË ÈÏÒÏÛÅÅ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔØ ÓÔÒÏËÕ</para>

  <programlisting>
search foo.bar.edu bar.edu
  </programlisting>

  <para>×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÒÁÎÅÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÊ</para>

  <programlisting>
domain foo.bar.edu
  </programlisting>

  <para>× ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ
    &man.resolv.conf.5;).  ïÄÎÁËÏ ÕÄÏÓÔÏ×ÅÒØÔÅÓØ, ÞÔÏ ÐÏÒÑÄÏË ÐÏÉÓËÁ ÎÅ
    ÎÁÒÕÛÁÅÔ <quote>ÇÒÁÎÉà ÐÏÌÎÏÍÏÞÉÊ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÍÅÓÔÎÙÍ É ×ÎÅÛÎÉÍ
    ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ</quote>, ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÏ × RFC 1535.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="network-permission-denied">
    <para><errorname>Permission denied</errorname> ÄÌÑ ÌÀÂÙÈ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÊ,
      Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÙÈ Ó ÒÁÂÏÔÏÊ ÓÅÔÉ.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÌÉ ÑÄÒÏ Ó ÏÐÃÉÅÊ <literal>IPFIREWALL</literal>,
    ÉÍÅÊÔÅ × ×ÉÄÕ, ÞÔÏ ÐÏÌÉÔÉËÁ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅÎÁ ËÁË × 2.1.7R (ÏÎÁ
    ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÌÁÓØ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔËÉ 2.1-STABLE), ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ ÕËÁÚÁÎ
    ÚÁÐÒÅÔ ÎÁ ÐÒÏÈÏÖÄÅÎÉÅ ×ÓÅÈ ÐÁËÅÔÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ Ñ×ÎÏ ÎÅ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÙ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÏ ÎÅ×ÅÒÎÏ ÏÔËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÌÉ ÍÅÖÓÅÔÅ×ÏÊ ÜËÒÁÎ, ÔÏ ÄÌÑ
    ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÏÓÐÏÓÏÂÎÏÓÔØ ÓÅÔÉ ÄÁÊÔÅ ÔÁËÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ, ×ÏÊÄÑ
    ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>ipfw add 65534 allow all from any to any</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ôÁËÖÅ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ <literal>firewall_type='open'</literal> ×
    ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.</para>

  <para>âÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÍÅÖÓÅÔÅ×ÏÇÏ ÜËÒÁÎÁ ×
    FreeBSD ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/firewalls.html">ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ</ulink>
    òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ipfw-overhead">
    <para>ëÁËÕÀ ÎÁÇÒÕÚËÕ ×ÙÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ IPFW?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ïÔ×ÅÔ ÎÁ ÜÔÏÔ ×ÏÐÒÏÓ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÔ ÇÌÁ×ÎÙÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ ÏÔ ÎÁÂÏÒÁ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌ
    É ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ.  äÌÑ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Á ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÊ, ÉÍÅÀÝÉÈ
    ÄÅÌÏ Ó Ethernet É ÐÒÏÓÔÙÍ ÎÁÂÏÒÏÍ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌ, ÏÔ×ÅÔ: ÎÅÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏ.  äÌÑ
    ÔÅÈ, ËÏÍÕ ÎÕÖÎÙ ÒÅÁÌØÎÙÅ ÃÉÆÒÙ ÄÌÑ ÕÄÏ×ÌÅÔ×ÏÒÅÎÉÑ ÌÀÂÏÐÙÔÓÔ×Á,
    ÞÉÔÁÊÔÅ ÄÁÌØÛÅ.</para>

  <para>óÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÉÚÍÅÒÅÎÉÑ ÂÙÌÉ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÙ Ó ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ 2.2.5-STABLE ÎÁ
    ÍÁÛÉÎÅ 486-66.  IPFW ÂÙÌ ÍÏÄÉÆÉÃÉÒÏ×ÁÎ ÄÌÑ ÉÚÍÅÒÅÎÉÑ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ,
    ÚÁÔÒÁÞÉ×ÁÅÍÏÇÏ ×ÎÕÔÒÉ ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÙ <literal>ip_fw_chk</literal> É ×Ù×ÏÄÁ
    ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÏ× ÎÁ ËÏÎÓÏÌØ ËÁÖÄÕÀ ÔÙÓÑÞÕ ÐÁËÅÔÏ×.</para>

  <para>ôÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÌÉÓØ Ä×Á ÎÁÂÏÒÁ ÐÏ 1000 ÐÒÁ×ÉÌ × ËÁÖÄÏÍ.  ðÅÒ×ÙÊ ÎÁÂÏÒ ÂÙÌ
    ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎ ÄÌÑ ÄÅÍÏÎÓÔÒÁÃÉÉ ÎÁÉÈÕÄÛÅÇÏ ÓÌÕÞÁÑ, ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÑÑ ÕÓÌÏ×ÉÅ</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>ipfw add deny tcp from any to any 55555</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>üÔÏ ÎÁÉÈÕÄÛÉÊ ÓÌÕÞÁÊ, ÔÁË ËÁË ×ÓÅ ÕÓÌÏ×ÉÑ IPFW ÂÕÄÕÔ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÅÎÙ
    ÐÅÒÅÄ ÔÅÍ, ËÁË ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÒÉÎÑÔÏ ÏËÏÎÞÁÔÅÌØÎÏÅ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÐÁËÅÔ
    ÎÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÕÓÌÏ×ÉÀ (ÍÙ ÍÅÎÑÌÉ ÎÏÍÅÒ ÐÏÒÔÁ).  ðÏÓÌÅ 999
    ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÅÎÉÊ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÕÓÌÏ×ÉÑ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÌÏÓØ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ
    <literal>allow ip from any to any</literal>.</para>

  <para>÷ÔÏÒÏÊ ÎÁÂÏÒ ÂÙÌ ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎ ÄÌÑ ÂÙÓÔÒÏÇÏ ÐÒÅÒÙ×ÁÎÉÑ
    ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÉ ÕÓÌÏ×ÉÊ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>ipfw add deny ip from 1.2.3.4 to 1.2.3.4</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>îÅÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÝÉÊ IP-ÁÄÒÅÓ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÁ ÄÌÑ ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÕÓÌÏ×ÉÑ
    ÂÙÓÔÒÏ ×ÙÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÐÒÏÐÕÓË ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÁ.  ëÁË É ÒÁÎÅÅ, ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÍ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏÍ
    ÂÙÌÏ <literal>allow ip from any to any</literal>.</para>

  <para>úÁÔÒÁÔÙ ÎÁ ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÕ ÐÁËÅÔÁ × ÐÅÒ×ÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÂÙÌÏ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ 2.703
    ÍÓ/ÐÁËÅÔ, ÉÌÉ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ 2.7 ÍÉËÒÏÓÅËÕÎÄ ÎÁ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ.  ôÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ,
    ÔÅÏÒÅÔÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÐÒÅÄÅÌ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔÉ ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÉ ÐÁËÅÔÏ× Ó ÜÔÉÍÉ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÁÍÉ
    ÒÁ×ÅÎ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ 370 ÐÁËÅÔÁÍ × ÓÅËÕÎÄÕ.  ðÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
    Ethernet 10íÂ/Ó Ó ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏÍ ÐÁËÅÔÁ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ 1500, ÍÙ ÍÏÖÅÍ ÄÏÓÔÉÇÎÕÔØ
    ÔÏÌØËÏ 55.5% ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÐÒÏÐÕÓËÎÏÊ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÎÏÓÔÉ.</para>

  <para>÷ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÎÁ ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÕ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÐÁËÅÔÁ ÂÙÌÏ ÚÁÔÒÁÞÅÎÏ
    ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ 1.172ÍÓ, ÉÌÉ ÏËÏÌÏ 1.2 ÍÉËÒÏÓÅËÕÎÄ ÎÁ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ.  ôÅÏÒÅÔÉÞÅÓËÉÊ
    ÐÒÅÄÅÌ ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÉ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁ×ÅÎ ÏËÏÌÏ 853 ÐÁËÅÔÁÍ × ÓÅËÕÎÄÕ, ÞÔÏ ÐÏÞÔÉ
    ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔÉ 10íÂ/Ó Ethernet.</para>

  <para>âÏÌØÛÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÐÒÏÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÈ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌ É ÐÒÉÒÏÄÁ ÜÔÉÈ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌ
    ÎÅ ÄÁ£Ô ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ Ï ÒÅÁÌØÎÏÊ ÖÉÚÎÉ - ÏÎÉ ÂÙÌÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÙ
    ÔÏÌØËÏ ÄÌÑ ÇÅÎÅÒÁÃÉÉ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ Ï ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÉ.  ÷ÏÔ 
    ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÎÁÂÌÀÄÅÎÉÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÉÍÅÔØ × ×ÉÄÕ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÉ
    ÜÆÆÅËÔÉ×ÎÏÇÏ ÎÁÂÏÒÁ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌ:</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>ðÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ `established' × ÓÁÍÏÅ ÎÁÞÁÌÏ ÓÐÉÓËÁ ÄÌÑ
        ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÉ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÇÏ ÔÒÁÆÉËÁ TCP.  îÅ ÐÏÍÅÝÁÊÔÅ ÐÅÒÅÄ ÎÉÍ ÎÉËÁËÉÈ
        ÐÒÁ×ÉÌ <literal>allow tcp</literal>.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>óÔÁÒÁÊÔÅÓØ ÐÏÍÅÝÁÔØ ÞÁÓÔÏ ×ÙÚÙ×ÁÅÍÙÅ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÁ ËÁË ÍÏÖÎÏ ÒÁÎØÛÅ,
        Á ÒÅÄËÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ - ÐÏÚÖÅ (<emphasis>ÂÅÚ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ
        ÐÏÌÉÔÉËÉ</emphasis>, ËÏÎÅÞÎÏ).  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÙÑÓÎÉÔØ ÞÁÓÔÏÔÕ
        ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ ÓÔÁÔÉÓÔÉËÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ
        <command>ipfw -a l</command>.</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ipfw-fwd">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÍÏÅ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ <quote>fwd</quote> ÄÌÑ <command>ipfw</command> ÐÏ
      ÐÅÒÅÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÀ ÓÅÒ×ÉÓÁ ÎÁ ÄÒÕÇÕÀ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ, ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ÔÒÁÎÓÌÑÃÉÀ ÓÅÔÅ×ÙÈ ÁÄÒÅÓÏ×
    (NAT), Á ÎÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÐÅÒÅÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÑÔØ ÐÁËÅÔÙ.  ðÒÁ×ÉÌÏ <quote>fwd</quote>
    ÄÅÌÁÅÔ ÔÏÞÎÏ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ; ÏÎÏ ÐÅÒÅÎÁ×ÒÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÐÁËÅÔÙ.  äÁÎÎÙÅ ×ÎÕÔÒÉ
    ÐÁËÅÔÁ ÏÎÏ ÎÅ ÍÅÎÑÅÔ.  ðÕÓÔØ, ÓËÁÖÅÍ, Õ ÎÁÓ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ ÔÁËÏÇÏ
    ×ÉÄÁ:</para>

  <screen>
01000 fwd <replaceable>10.0.0.1</replaceable> from any to <replaceable>foo 21</replaceable>
  </screen>

  <para>ëÏÇÄÁ ÐÁËÅÔ Ó ÁÄÒÅÓÏÍ ÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ <replaceable>foo</replaceable>
    ÄÏÓÔÉÇÁÅÔ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ Ó ÜÔÉÍ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏÍ, ÔÏ ÏÎ ÐÅÒÅÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ
    <replaceable>10.0.0.1</replaceable>, ÎÏ × ÎÅÍ ÏÓÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÁÄÒÅÓ ÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ
    <replaceable>foo</replaceable>!  áÄÒÅÓ ÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÁËÅÔÁ
    <emphasis>ÎÅ</emphasis> ÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ <replaceable>10.0.0.1</replaceable>.
    âÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÍÁÛÉÎ ÓËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÏÔÂÒÏÓÑÔ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÎÙÊ ÐÁËÅÔ, ÉÍÅÀÝÉÊ ÁÄÒÅÓ
    ÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ, ÉÍ ÎÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ.  ôÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ, ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ
    <quote>fwd</quote> ÎÅ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÔÁË, ËÁË ÏÖÉÄÁÅÔ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ.  ôÁËÏÅ
    ÐÏ×ÅÄÅÎÉÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔØÀ, Á ÎÅ ÏÛÉÂËÏÊ.</para>

  <para>ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë <link linkend="service-redirect">FAQ Ï ÐÅÒÅÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÉ
    ÓÅÒ×ÉÓÏ×</link>, ÒÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Õ ÐÏ &man.natd.8; ÉÌÉ ÏÄÎÏÊ ÉÚ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ
    ÕÔÉÌÉÔ ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒÅÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ × <ulink url="../ports/">ëÏÌÌÅËÃÉÉ
    ðÏÒÔÏ×</ulink> ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="service-redirect">
    <para>ëÁË ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÅÒÅÎÁÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÙ Ó ÏÄÎÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ÎÁ ÄÒÕÇÕÀ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÅÒÅÎÁÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ ÚÁÐÒÏÓ ÎÁ FTP (ÉÌÉ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÓÅÒ×ÉÓ) Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ
    ÐÁËÁÄÖÁ <literal>socket</literal>, ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÏÇÏ × ÄÅÒÅ×Å ÐÏÒÔÏ× × ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÉ
    <quote>sysutils</quote>.  ðÒÏÓÔÏ ÚÁÍÅÎÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ ÓÅÒ×ÉÓÁ
    ÎÁ ×ÙÚÏ× socket, ÔÉÐÁ:</para>

  <programlisting>
ftp stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/local/bin/socket socket <replaceable>ftp.foo.com</replaceable> <replaceable>ftp</replaceable>
  </programlisting>

  <para>ÇÄÅ <replaceable>ftp.foo.com</replaceable>
    É <replaceable>ftp</replaceable> Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ ÈÏÓÔÏÍ É ÐÏÒÔÏÍ
    ÄÌÑ ÐÅÒÅÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="bandwidth-mgr-tool">
    <para>çÄÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÓÒÅÄÓÔ×Á ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÓÅÔÅ×ÙÍ ÔÒÁÆÉËÏÍ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÌÑ FreeBSD ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÔ Ä×Á ÓÒÅÄÓÔ×Á ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÔÒÁÆÉËÏÍ: Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏ
    ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÑÅÍÙÊ <ulink
    URL="http://www.csl.sony.co.jp/person/kjc/programs.html">ALTQ</ulink>
    É ËÏÍÍÅÒÞÅÓËÉÊ ÐÒÏÄÕËÔ Bandwidth Manager ÏÔ <ulink 
    URL="http://www.etinc.com/">Emerging Technologies</ulink>.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="extra-named-port">
    <para>BIND (<command>named</command>) ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÎÁ ÐÏÒÔÕ 53 É ÎÁ ÏÄÎÏÍ ÉÚ
      ÐÏÒÔÏ× Ó ÂÏÌØÛÉÍ ÎÏÍÅÒÏÍ.  íÏÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ ÂÙÌÁ ×ÚÌÏÍÁÎÁ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>óËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, ÎÅÔ.  ÷Ï FreeBSD ×ÅÒÓÉÊ 3.0 É ×ÙÛÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ
    BIND, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÄÌÑ ÉÓÈÏÄÑÝÉÈ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÏ× ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÏ ×ÙÂÉÒÁÅÍÙÊ ÐÏÒÔ Ó
    ÂÏÌØÛÉÍ ÎÏÍÅÒÏÍ.  åÓÌÉ ÄÌÑ ÉÓÈÏÄÑÝÉÈ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÏ× ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÏÒÔ Ó
    ÎÏÍÅÒÏÍ 53 ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÚÁ ÍÅÖÓÅÔÅ×ÙÍ ÜËÒÁÎÏÍ ÌÉÂÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÇÏ
    ÓÐÏËÏÊÓÔ×ÉÑ, ÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>/etc/namedb/named.conf</filename> ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ:</para>

  <programlisting>
options {
        query-source address * port 53;
};
  </programlisting>

  <para>íÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÁÍÅÎÉÔØ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ <literal>*</literal> ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÍ IP-ÁÄÒÅÓÏÍ, ÅÓÌÉ
    ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ×ÓÅ ÅÝÅ ÖÅÓÔÞÅ.</para>

  <para>ëÓÔÁÔÉ, ÐÏÚÄÒÁ×ÌÑÅÍ.  ðÒÅËÒÁÓÎÏ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÞÉÔÁÅÔÅ ×Ù×ÏÄ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
    &man.sockstat.1; É ÏÂÒÁÝÁÅÔÅ ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ ÎÁ ÁÎÏÍÁÌÉÉ!</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="bpf-not-configured">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÐÏÑ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ
      <errorname>/dev/bpf0: device not configured</errorname>?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÝÉÈ Berkeley Packet Filter &man.bpf.4;
    ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ × ÑÄÒÏ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÁ.  ðÅÒÅËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÕÊÔÅ
    ÑÄÒÏ, ÄÏÂÁ×É× × ÅÇÏ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ:</para>

  <programlisting>
pseudo-device bpfilter # Berkeley Packet Filter
  </programlisting>

  <para>úÁÔÅÍ, ÐÏÓÌÅ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÕÓËÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ ÆÁÊÌ
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á.  üÔÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ, ÓÍÅÎÉ× ÔÅËÕÝÉÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÎÁ 
    <filename>/dev</filename> É ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉ× ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ</para>
 
  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sh MAKEDEV bpf0</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ ÒÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á, ÐÏÓ×ÑÝ£ÎÎÏÍÕ <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/kernelconfig-nodes.html">ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÀ ÆÁÊÌÏ×
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×</ulink> ÚÁ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ ÐÏ ÜÔÏÍÕ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÕ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="mount-smb-share">
    <para>ëÁË ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÉÓË Windows-ÍÁÛÉÎÙ × ÍÏÅÊ ÌÏËÁÌØÎÏÊ ÓÅÔÉ, ËÁË ÜÔÏ
      ÄÅÌÁÅÔ smbmount × Linux?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ÐÁËÅÔÏÍ <application>sharity light</application>
    ÉÚ ëÏÌÌÅËÃÉÉ ðÏÒÔÏ×.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="icmp-response-bw-limit">
    <para>þÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÁÔ ÜÔÉ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ <quote>icmp-response bandwidth limit
      300/200 pps</quote> × ÍÏÉÈ ÖÕÒÎÁÌØÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÁÈ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>üÔÏ ÑÄÒÏ ÓÏÏÂÝÁÅÔ ×ÁÍ, ÞÔÏ ÉÍÅÌÁ ÍÅÓÔÏ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÁËÔÉ×ÎÏÓÔØ,
    ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÑÝÁÑ Ë ÐÏÓÙÌËÅ ÂÏÌØÛÅÇÏ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Á ÏÔ×ÅÔÎÙÈ ÐÁËÅÔÏ× ICMP ÉÌÉ
    ÓÂÒÏÓÏ× TCP (RST), ÞÅÍ, ËÁË ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ, ÜÔÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ÄÅÌÁÔØ.  ïÔ×ÅÔÙ
    ICMP ÞÁÓÔÏ ÇÅÎÅÒÉÒÕÀÔÓÑ × ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÅ ÐÏÐÙÔÏË ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ Ë ÎÅÚÁÎÑÔÙÍ
    ÐÏÒÔÁÍ UDP.  óÂÒÏÓÙ TCP ÇÅÎÅÒÉÒÕÀÔÓÑ × ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÅ ÐÏÐÙÔÏË ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ Ë
    ÎÅÏÔËÒÙÔÙÍ ÐÏÒÔÁÍ TCP.  ëÒÏÍÅ ×ÓÑËÉÈ ÐÒÏÞÉÈ, ÔÁËÉÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ
    ×ÙÚ×ÁÎÙ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍÉ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑÍÉ:</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>ìÏÂÏ×ÁÑ ÁÔÁËÁ ÔÉÐÁ ÏÔËÁÚ × ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÎÉÉ DoS (× ÏÔÌÉÞÉÅ ÏÔ ÁÔÁË ×
        ÏÄÉÎ ÐÁËÅÔ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ ËÏÎËÒÅÔÎÕÀ ÂÒÅÛØ × ÚÁÝÉÔÅ).</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>óËÁÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÐÏÒÔÏ× × ÐÏÐÙÔËÅ ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÉÔØ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ Ë ÂÏÌØÛÏÍÕ
        ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Õ ÐÏÒÔÏ× (× ÏÔÌÉÞÉÅ ÏÔ ÐÒÏ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÙÈ
        ÐÏÒÔÏ×).</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  <para>ðÅÒ×ÏÅ ÞÉÓÌÏ × ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÉ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ×ÁÍ, ËÁËÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÐÁËÅÔÏ×
    ÑÄÒÏ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÌÏ ÂÙ ÐÒÉ ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÉÉ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ, Á ×ÔÏÒÏÅ ÞÉÓÌÏ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ
    ÌÉÍÉÔ.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÑÔØ ÜÔÉÍ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅÍ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÊ
    ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ <varname>net.inet.icmp.icmplim</varname> ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÍÙÍ ÎÉÖÅ
    ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ, ÇÄÅ <literal>300</literal> Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅÍ ÎÁ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï
    ÐÏÓÙÌÁÅÍÙÈ ÐÁËÅÔÏ× × ÓÅËÕÎÄÕ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sysctl -w net.inet.icmp.icmplim=300</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ×ÉÄÅÔØ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ × ÖÕÒÎÁÌØÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÁÈ, ÎÏ
    ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÜÔÏ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ × ÑÄÒÅ, ÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÕÀ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÕÀ <varname>net.inet.icmp.icmplim_output</varname>
    ÄÌÑ ÐÏÄÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ, ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÐÏËÁÚÁÎÏ ÚÄÅÓØ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sysctl -w net.inet.icmp.icmplim_output=0</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>é ÎÁËÏÎÅÃ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ×ÙËÌÀÞÉÔØ ÜÔÏ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ, ÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
    ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÊ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ
    <varname>net.inet.icmp.icmplim</varname> (ÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ ×ÙÛÅ) ÒÁ×ÎÙÍ
    <literal>0</literal>.  ÷ÙËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÌÉÍÉÔÁ ÎÅ ÐÒÉ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔÓÑ ÐÏ
    ÐÒÉÞÉÎÁÍ, ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÍ ×ÙÛÅ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>

</qandaset>
</chapter>


<chapter id="ppp">
<title>PPP</title>

<qandaset>
<qandaentry>
  <question id="userppp">
    <para>îÅ ÍÏÇÕ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ppp. þÔÏ Ñ ÄÅÌÁÀ ÎÅ ÔÁË?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>ðÅÒ×ÙÍ ÄÅÌÏÍ ÐÒÏÞÔÉÔÅ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ, ÐÏÓ×ÑÝ£ÎÎÙÅ &man.ppp.8;, Á
    ÔÁËÖÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/ppp-and-slip.html#USERPPP">ÒÁÚÄÅÌ</ulink> òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á.
    ÷ËÌÀÞÉÔÅ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ</para>

  <programlisting>
set log Phase Chat Connect Carrier lcp ipcp ccp command
  </programlisting>

  <para>üÔÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÎÁÂÒÁÎÁ × ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ
    <application>ppp</application> ÉÌÉ ÏÎÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔØÓÑ × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÍ
    ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/ppp/ppp.conf</filename> (ÎÁÞÁÌÏ ÓÅËÃÉÉ
    <literal>default</literal> - ÌÕÞÛÅÅ ÄÌÑ ÎÅ£ ÍÅÓÔÏ.  õÄÏÓÔÏ×ÅÒØÔÅÓØ, ÞÔÏ
    ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/syslog.conf</filename> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ
    &man.syslog.conf.5;) ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÓÔÒÏËÉ</para>

  <programlisting>
!ppp
*.*    /var/log/ppp.log
  </programlisting>

  <para>É ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/var/log/ppp.log</filename> ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ. ôÅÐÅÒØ ×Ù
    ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÐÏÌÎÕÀ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÑÝÅÍ × ÆÁÊÌÅ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÁ. îÅ
    ÂÅÓÐÏËÏÊÔÅÓØ, ÅÓÌÉ ÎÅ ×Ó£ ×ÁÍ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÔÁÍ ÐÏÎÑÔÎÏ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÂÕÄÅÔÅ
    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÞØÅÊ-ÔÏ ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ, ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌ ×ÁÍ ÐÒÉÇÏÄÉÔÓÑ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×ÁÛÁ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ ppp ÎÅ ÐÏÎÉÍÁÅÔ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>set log</command>, ×Ù
    ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓËÁÞÁÔØ <ulink URL="http://people.FreeBSD.org/~brian/">ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÀÀ
    ×ÅÒÓÉÀ</ulink>.  ïÎÁ ÒÁÓÓÞÉÔÁÎÁ ÎÁ FreeBSD ×ÅÒÓÉÊ 2.1.5 É ×ÙÛÅ.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-hangs">
    <para>Ppp ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÚÁ×ÉÓÁÅÔ, ËÏÇÄÁ Ñ ÅÇÏ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÀ</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ïÂÙÞÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÏ ÉÍÑ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÈÏÓÔÁ.
    îÁÉÌÕÞÛÉÊ ÓÐÏÓÏ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ ÜÔÏ - ÕÄÏÓÔÏ×ÅÒÉÔØÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ×ÁÛÉÍ ÒÅÓÏÌ×ÅÒÏÍ.
    ïÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/host.conf</filename>, ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉ×
    ÎÁ ÐÅÒ×ÏÅ ÍÅÓÔÏ ÓÔÒÏÞËÕ <literal>hosts</literal>.  úÁÔÅÍ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ
    ÚÁÐÉÓÉ Ï ×ÁÛÅÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ × ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/hosts</filename>.  åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ
    ÎÅÔ ÌÏËÁÌØÎÏÊ ÓÅÔÉ, ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÓÔÒÏËÕ <hostid>localhost</hostid>:</para>

  <programlisting>
127.0.0.1        foo.bar.com foo localhost
  </programlisting>

  <para>÷ ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÅÝ£ ÏÄÎÕ ÚÁÐÉÓØ Ï ×ÁÛÅÍ ÈÏÓÔÅ.
    ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÍ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁÍ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ ÚÁ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÙÍ
    ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅÍ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÌÉ ÜÔÉ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑ, ×Ù ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÕÓÐÅÛÎÏ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ
    ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>ping -c1 `hostname`</command>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-nodial-auto">
    <para>Ppp ÎÅ Ú×ÏÎÉÔ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ -auto</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷Ï-ÐÅÒ×ÙÈ, ÐÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ.  ÷ÙÐÏÌÎÉ×
    ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>netstat -rn</command> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ
    &man.netstat.1;), ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ Ä×Å ÓÔÒÏËÉ ÔÁËÏÇÏ ×ÉÄÁ:</para>

  <programlisting>
Destination        Gateway            Flags     Refs     Use     Netif Expire
default            10.0.0.2           UGSc        0        0      tun0
10.0.0.2           10.0.0.1           UH          0        0      tun0
  </programlisting>

  <para>úÄÅÓØ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÉ ÁÄÒÅÓÁ, 
    ÐÒÉ×ÅÄ£ÎÎÙÅ × òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Å, óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÅ ÉÌÉ ÆÁÊÌÅ
    ppp.conf.sample. åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÎÅÔ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÁ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ, ÜÔÏ
    ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÚ-ÚÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÓÔÁÒÏÊ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ &man.ppp.8;, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÎÅ
    ÐÏÎÉÍÁÅÔ ÓÌÏ×Á <literal>HISADDR</literal> × ÆÁÊÌÅ
    ppp.conf. åÓÌÉ ×ÁÛÁ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ <application>ppp</application> ÉÚ FreeBSD
    ×ÅÒÓÉÊ ÒÁÎÅÅ ÞÅÍ 2.2.5, ÚÁÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÓÔÒÏËÕ</para>

  <programlisting>
add 0 0 HISADDR
  </programlisting>

  <para>ÎÁ</para>

  <programlisting>
add 0 0 10.0.0.2
  </programlisting>

  <para>äÒÕÇÁÑ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÁ ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÉÑ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÁ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÍÏÖÅÔ ËÒÙÔØÓÑ × ÔÏÍ,
    ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÏÛÉÂÏÞÎÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÌÉ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ × ×ÁÛÅÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ
    <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ &man.rc.conf.5;)
    (ÜÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÌÓÑ <filename>/etc/sysconfig</filename>
    ÄÏ 2.2.2-RELEASE), É ×Ù ÐÒÏÐÕÓÔÉÌÉ ÓÔÒÏËÕ</para>

  <programlisting>
delete ALL
  </programlisting>

  <para>× <filename>ppp.conf</filename>.  ÷ ÔÁËÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë
    ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÍÕ <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/ppp-and-slip.html#USERPPP-FINAL">ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ</ulink>
    òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="no-route-to-host">
    <para>þÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ <errorname>No route to host</errorname>?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>üÔÁ ÏÛÉÂËÁ ÐÏÑ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÉÚ-ÚÁ ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ</para>

  <programlisting>
MYADDR:
  delete ALL
  add 0 0 HISADDR
  </programlisting>

  <para>× ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/ppp/ppp.linkup</filename>. ïÎ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍ, ÅÓÌÉ ×ÁÛ
    IP ÁÄÒÅÓ ×ÙÄÅÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÄÉÎÁÍÉÞÅÓËÉ ÉÌÉ ÁÄÒÅÓ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÔÏÒÁ ×ÁÍ ÎÅ
    ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÅÎ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÉÎÔÅÒÁËÔÉ×ÎÙÊ
    ÒÅÖÉÍ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÁÂÒÁÔØ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÐÏÓÌÅ ×ÈÏÄÁ ×
    <literal>ÐÁËÅÔÎÙÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ</literal> (ÐÁËÅÔÎÙÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ
    ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉÃÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ÚÁÇÌÁ×ÎÙÍÉ ÂÕË×ÁÍÉ <acronym>PPP</acronym> ×
    ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÉ):</para>

  <programlisting>
delete ALL
add 0 0 HISADDR
  </programlisting>

  <para>ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/ppp-and-slip.html#USERPPP-DYNAMICIP">PPP É
    ÄÉÎÁÍÉÞÅÓËÉÅ IP ÁÄÒÅÓÁ</ulink> òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á ÚÁ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="connection-threeminutedrop">
    <para>óÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ ÒÁÚÒÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÞÅÒÅÚ 3 ÍÉÎÕÔÙ</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ôÁÊÍÁÕÔ ÄÌÑ ppp ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÒÁ×ÅÎ 3 ÍÉÎÕÔÁÍ.  üÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ
    ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÏ ÓÔÒÏËÏÊ</para>

  <programlisting>
set timeout <replaceable>NNN</replaceable>
  </programlisting>

  <para>ÇÄÅ <replaceable>NNN</replaceable> - ×ÒÅÍÑ ÎÅÁËÔÉ×ÎÏÓÔÉ × ÓÅËÕÎÄÁÈ,
    ÐÏÓÌÅ ËÏÔÏÒÏÇÏ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ ÚÁËÒÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ.  åÓÌÉ <replaceable>NNN</replaceable>
    ÒÁ×ÎÏ ÎÕÌÀ, ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÒÁÚÒÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÏ ÔÁÊÍÁÕÔÕ.  üÔÕ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ
    ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔØ × ÆÁÊÌ <filename>ppp.conf</filename> ÉÌÉ ÎÁÂÒÁÔØ ÅÅ ×
    ÉÎÔÅÒÁËÔÉ×ÎÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ.  éÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁ ÔÁËÖÅ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÒÉ
    ÁËÔÉ×ÎÏÍ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÉ, ÅÓÌÉ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔØÓÑ Ë ÓÏËÅÔÕ
    <application>ppp</application> ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ
    &man.telnet.1; ÉÌÉ &man.pppctl.8;.  ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁÍ óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ,
    ÐÏÓ×ÑÝ£ÎÎÙÍ &man.ppp.8;.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-drop-heavy-load">
    <para>óÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ ÒÁÚÒÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÉ ÂÏÌØÛÏÊ ÎÁÇÒÕÚËÅ</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎ Link Quality Reporting (LQR), ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ,
    ÞÔÏ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÐÁËÅÔÏ× LQR ÔÅÒÑÅÔÓÑ × ËÁÎÁÌÅ.  Ppp ÄÅÌÁÅÔ ×Ù×ÏÄ,
    ÞÔÏ ËÁÎÁÌ ÐÌÏÈ, É ÒÁÚÒÙ×ÁÅÔ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ. ÷ FreeBSD ÄÏ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 2.2.5
    LQR ÂÙÌÏ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÏ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ.  óÅÊÞÁÓ ÏÎÏ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ×ÙËÌÀÞÅÎÏ.
    LQR ÍÏÖÎÏ ×ÙËÌÀÞÉÔØ ÓÔÒÏËÏÊ</para>

  <programlisting>
disable lqr
  </programlisting>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-drop-random">
    <para>óÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ ÒÁÚÒÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ × ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÙÅ ÐÒÏÍÅÖÕÔËÉ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>éÎÏÇÄÁ, ÎÁ ÛÕÍÎÏÊ ÌÉÎÉÉ ÉÌÉ ÄÁÖÅ ÎÁ ÌÉÎÉÉ Ó ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÏÍ
    ÏÖÉÄÁÎÉÑ Ú×ÏÎËÁ, ×ÁÛ ÍÏÄÅÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÅÛÁÔØ ÔÒÕÂËÕ, ÄÕÍÁÑ (ÓÏ×ÅÒÛÅÎÎÏ
    ÎÁÐÒÁÓÎÏ), ÞÔÏ ÐÏÔÅÒÑÌ ÎÅÓÕÝÕÀ.</para>

  <para>÷ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Å ÍÏÄÅÍÏ× ÅÓÔØ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ, ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÀÝÉÊ ÞÕ×ÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ
    Ë ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ ÐÏÔÅÒÅ ÎÅÓÕÝÅÊ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, × ÍÏÄÅÍÅ USR Sportster,
    ÜÔÏ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅÍ ÒÅÇÉÓÔÒÁ S10 × ÄÅÓÑÔÙÈ ÄÏÌÑÈ ÓÅËÕÎÄÙ.
    þÔÏÂÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ Ó×ÑÚØ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÕÓÔÏÊÞÉ×ÏÊ, ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ
    ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ ÐÏÓÙÌÏË-ÏÖÉÄÁÎÉÊ × ÓÔÒÏËÕ ÎÁÂÏÒÁ:</para>

  <programlisting>
set dial "...... ATS10=10 OK ......"
  </programlisting>

  <para>ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÒÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Õ ÐÏ ×ÁÛÅÍÕ ÍÏÄÅÍÕ.</para>
  
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-hangs-random">
    <para>óÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ ÞÁÓÔÏ Ò×£ÔÓÑ × ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÙÅ ÐÒÏÍÅÖÕÔËÉ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>íÎÏÇÉÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÁÀÔ Ï ÏÂÒÙ×ÁÈ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÊ ÂÅÚ ×ÉÄÉÍÏÊ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÙ.  ðÅÒ×ÙÍ 
    ÄÅÌÏÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ×ÙÑÓÎÉÔØ, Ó ËÁËÏÊ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ Ò×£ÔÓÑ Ó×ÑÚØ. </para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ×ÎÅÛÎÉÊ ÍÏÄÅÍ, ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÏ×ÁÔØ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÕ &man.ping.8; É ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ, ÍÉÇÁÅÔ ÌÉ
    ÉÎÄÉËÁÔÏÒ <acronym>TD</acronym> ÐÒÉ ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ.  åÓÌÉ ÏÎ ÍÉÇÁÅÔ (Á
    ÉÎÄÉËÁÔÏÒ <acronym>RD</acronym> ÎÅÔ), ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ Ó ÔÏÊ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ.  åÓÌÉ
    ÉÎÄÉËÁÔÏÒ <acronym>TD</acronym> ÎÅ ÚÁÇÏÒÁÅÔÓÑ, ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ
    Ó ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ.  ðÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ×ÎÕÔÒÅÎÎÅÇÏ ÍÏÄÅÍÁ ×ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ
    ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ <literal>set server</literal>, ÕËÁÚÁ× Å£ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
    <filename>ppp.conf</filename>.  ëÏÇÄÁ ÐÒÏÉÚÏÊÄ£Ô ÏÂÒÙ× Ó×ÑÚÉ, ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔÅÓØ
    Ë ppp Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ pppctl.  åÓÌÉ ×ÁÛÅ ÓÅÔÅ×ÏÅ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ ÎÅÏÖÉÄÁÎÎÏ
    ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÓÑ (ppp ÏÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÐÒÉ ÐÒÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÉ ÁËÔÉ×ÎÏÓÔÉ ÎÁ ÄÉÁÇÎÏÓÔÉÞÅÓËÏÍ
    ÓÏËÅÔÅ) ÉÌÉ ÉÌÉ ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÉÔØÓÑ (ÚÄÅÓØ ÍÙ ÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÍ, ÞÔÏ
    ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ <literal>set socket</literal> × ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÙÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÂÙÌÁ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÁ
    ÕÓÐÅÛÎÏ), ÔÏ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÌÏËÁÌØÎÙÊ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ
    ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔØÓÑ, ÎÏ Ó×ÑÚÉ ×Ó£ ÒÁ×ÎÏ ÎÅÔ, ×ËÌÀÞÉÔÅ ×Ù×ÏÄ ÏÔÌÁÄÏÞÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ
    ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ <literal>set log local async</literal> É ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ
    <command>ping</command> ÉÚ ÄÒÕÇÏÇÏ ÏËÎÁ ÉÌÉ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÉÔØ
    Ó×ÑÚØ.  ÷ ÏÔÌÁÄÏÞÎÏÍ ×Ù×ÏÄÅ ÂÕÄÕÔ ÐÏËÁÚÁÎÙ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ,
    ÐÅÒÅÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÅ É ÐÏÌÕÞÁÅÍÙÅ ÉÚ ËÁÎÁÌÁ Ó×ÑÚÉ.  åÓÌÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÀÔÓÑ,
    ÎÏ ÎÅ ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÀÔÓÑ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏ, ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ Ó ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÐÏÌÏÖÎÏÊ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ.</para>
  
  <para>÷ÙÑÓÎÉ×, Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÜÔÁ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ÌÏËÁÌØÎÏÊ ÉÌÉ ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ,
    ×Ù ÉÍÅÅÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ:</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-remote-not-responding">
    <para>õÄÁÌ£ÎÎÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÎÅ ÏÔ×ÅÞÁÅÔ</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>úÄÅÓØ ×Ù ÍÁÌÏ ÞÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ.  âÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÏ×
    ÏÔËÁÚÙ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÏËÁÚÁÔØ ÐÏÍÏÝØ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ïó ÎÅ ÏÔ Microsoft.
    ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <literal>enable lqr</literal> × ×ÁÛ
    <filename>ppp.conf</filename>, ÞÔÏ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔ ppp ÏÔÓÌÅÄÉÔØ ÏÛÉÂËÉ ×
    ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ É ÚÁËÒÙ×ÁÔØ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÔÁËÏÅ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÅÎÉÅ
    ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÏ É ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ
    ÎÅ ÔÁË ÕÖ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÏ.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÎÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÁÔØ Ó×ÏÅÍÕ
    ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÕ, ÞÔÏ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÅ user-ppp....</para>

  <para>ðÅÒ×ÙÍ ÄÅÌÏÍ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÏÔËÌÀÞÉÔØ ×ÓÀ ÍÅÓÔÎÕÀ ËÏÍÐÒÅÓÓÉÀ, 
    ÕËÁÚÁ× × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:</para>

  <programlisting>
disable pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj
deny pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj
  </programlisting>

  <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ ÅÝ£ ÒÁÚ É ÕÄÏÓÔÏ×ÅÒÉÔØÓÑ,
    ÞÔÏ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÑ ÎÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÌÁÓØ.  åÓÌÉ ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ ÕÌÕÞÛÉÌÏÓØ
    ÉÌÉ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ÏËÁÚÁÌÁÓØ ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÒÅÛ£ÎÎÏÊ, ×ÙÑÓÎÉÔÅ, ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁ
    ÞÅÇÏ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÌÁ Ë ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁÍ ÍÅÔÏÄÏÍ ÐÒÏÂ É ÏÛÉÂÏË.  üÔÏ ÄÁÓÔ ×ÁÍ
    ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÕÀ ÚÁÝÉÔÕ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÂÕÄÅÔÅ ÒÁÚÇÏ×ÁÒÉ×ÁÔØ Ó ×ÁÛÉÍ
    ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÏÍ (ÈÏÔÑ ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔØÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔÅ
    ÎÅ Ó ÐÒÏÄÕËÔÏÍ Microsoft). </para>

  <para>ðÅÒÅÄ ÔÅÍ, ËÁË Ú×ÏÎÉÔØ ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÕ, ×ËÌÀÞÉÔÅ ×Ù×ÏÄ ÏÔÌÁÄÏÞÎÏÊ
    ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ, ËÁË ×Ù ÜÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÌÉ ÒÁÎÅÅ É ÐÏÄÏÖÄÉÔÅ, ÐÏËÁ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ
    ÓÎÏ×Á ÎÅ ÐÒÅÒ×£ÔÓÑ.  ðÒÁ×ÄÁ, ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÅ
    ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Ï.  éÎÔÅÒÅÓ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÔØ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÅ
    ÐÒÏÞÉÔÁÎÎÙÅ ÉÚ ÐÏÒÔÁ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ.  ïÂÙÞÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ ascii
    É ÏÎÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÄÁÖÅ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ (<quote>Memory fault,
    core dumped</quote> ?).</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×ÁÛ ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÅÎ ÐÏÍÏÞØ ×ÁÍ, ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ
    ÒÅÖÉÍ ÏÔÌÁÄËÉ Ó ÉÈ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ, Á ÐÏÔÏÍ, ËÏÇÄÁ Ó×ÑÚØ ÐÒÅÒ×£ÔÓÑ ×
    ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÒÁÚ, ÏÎÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÓËÁÚÁÔØ ×ÁÍ, ÐÏÞÅÍÕ ×ÏÚÎÉËÌÉ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ
    Ó ÉÈ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ.  âÕÄÅÔ ÈÏÒÏÛÏ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÒÉÛÌ£ÔÅ ÄÅÔÁÌØÎÏÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ
    ÎÁ ÁÄÒÅÓ &a.brian;, ÉÌÉ ÄÁÖÅ ÐÏÐÒÏÓÉÔÅ ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÁ Ó×ÑÚÁÔØÓÑ
    ÓÏ ÍÎÏÊ ÎÁÐÒÑÍÕÀ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-hung">
    <para>Ppp ÚÁ×ÉÓÁÅÔ</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ìÕÞÛÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ × ÜÔÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÐÅÒÅËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ppp, ÄÏÂÁ×É× ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ
    <literal>CFLAGS+=-g</literal> É <literal>STRIP=</literal> × ËÏÎÅÃ
    Makefile, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ
    <command>make clean &amp;&amp; make &amp;&amp; make install</command>.
    ëÏÇÄÁ ppp ÚÁ×ÉÓÎÅÔ, ÎÁÊÄÉÔÅ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ ppp Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
    <command>ps ajxww | fgrep ppp</command> É ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ
    <command>gdb ppp <replaceable>PID</replaceable></command>.  úÁÔÅÍ ×
    ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÉ gdb ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>bt</command> ÄÌÑ
    ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÓÔÅËÁ ×ÙÚÏ×Ï×.</para>

  <para>ðÏÛÌÉÔÅ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔ ÎÁ ÁÄÒÅÓ <email>brian@Awfulhak.org</email>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-loginok-thennothing">
    <para>îÉÞÅÇÏ ÎÅ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ Login OK!</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÏ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ FreeBSD 2.2.5, ËÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ Ó×ÑÚØ ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÌÁÓØ, &man.ppp.8;
    ÏÖÉÄÁÌ ÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÑ Line Control Protocol
    (LCP) Ó ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÐÏÌÏÖÎÏÊ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ.  íÎÏÇÉÅ ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÙ Internet ÎÅ
    ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÔ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÑ É ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÀÔ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÅÔ ËÌÉÅÎÔ.
    þÔÏÂÙ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ <application>ppp</application> ÉÎÉÃÉÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
    ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× LCP, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ:</para>

  <programlisting>
set openmode active
  </programlisting>

    <note>
      <para>îÉÞÅÇÏ ÓÔÒÁÛÎÏÇÏ ÎÅ ÐÒÏÉÚÏÊÄ£Ô, ÅÓÌÉ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÎÁÞÎÕÔ ÏÂÅ
        ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÒÅÖÉÍ ÉÎÉÃÉÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÁËÔÉ×ÎÙÊ.
        ïÄÎÁËÏ, × ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÑ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÜÔÏ
        <emphasis>ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔ</emphasis> Ë ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÎÅÐÒÉÑÔÎÏÓÔÑÍ.</para>
    </note>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-same-magic">
    <para>÷ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÅ ÅÓÔØ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ <quote>magic being the
      same</quote>.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>éÎÏÇÄÁ, ÓÒÁÚÕ ÖÅ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ
    ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ × ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÅ, ÇÏ×ÏÒÑÝÉÅ ÞÔÏ <quote>magic is the same</quote>.
    éÎÏÇÄÁ ÜÔÉ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÏÈÏÄÑÔ ÂÅÚÂÏÌÅÚÎÅÎÎÏ, Á ÉÎÏÇÄÁ ÏÄÎÁ ÉÚ ÓÔÏÒÏÎ
    ÐÒÅËÒÁÝÁÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ.  âÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÒÅÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÊ ppp ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÐÒÁ×ÉÔØÓÑ Ó
    ÔÁËÏÊ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÅÊ, É, ÄÁÖÅ ËÏÇÄÁ Ó×ÑÚØ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×É×ÛÅÊÓÑ, ×Ù
       ÂÕÄÅÔÅ ×ÉÄÅÔØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÂÅÓËÏÎÅÞÎÏ ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÑÀÝÉÅÓÑ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ
    ÚÁÐÒÏÓÙ É ÐÏÄÔ×ÅÒÖÄÅÎÉÑ × ÆÁÊÌÅ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÁ ÄÏ ÔÅÈ ÐÏÒ, ÐÏËÁ ppp
    ÏËÏÎÞÁÔÅÌØÎÏ ÎÅ ÚÁËÒÏÅÔ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ.</para>

  <para>ïÂÙÞÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ ÎÁ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁÈ Ó ÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÙÍÉ ÄÉÓËÁÍÉ, ÎÁ
    ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÐÏÒÔ ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ getty, Á ppp ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔÓÑ ÉÚ
    ÓÃÅÎÁÒÉÑ ÒÅÇÉÓÔÒÁÃÉÉ ÉÌÉ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÒÅÇÉÓÔÒÁÃÉÉ
    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ.  âÙÌÉ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ, ÞÔÏ ÔÁËÏÅ ÓÌÕÞÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÏ ÐÒÉ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ slirp.  ðÒÉÞÉÎÁ ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ,
    ÐÒÏÈÏÄÑÝÅÅ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÅÍ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ getty É ÚÁÐÕÓËÏÍ ppp, ppp
    ÓÏ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ ËÌÉÅÎÔÁ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÅÔ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÔØ ÐÁËÅÔÙ Line Control Protocol
    (LCP).  ôÁË ËÁË ÒÅÖÉÍ ÜÈÁ ÏÓÔÁ£ÔÓÑ ×Ó£ ÅÝ£ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÍ, ppp ËÌÉÅÎÔÁ
    ÐÏÌÕÞÁÅÔ <quote>ÏÔÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ</quote> Ó×ÏÉÈ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÏ×.</para>

  <para>þÁÓÔØÀ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× LCP Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ
    <quote>ÍÁÇÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ</quote> ÞÉÓÌÁ ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ ÄÌÑ
    ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ <quote>ÏÔÒÁÖÅÎÉÊ</quote>.  óÏÇÌÁÓÎÏ ÓÐÅÃÉÆÉËÁÃÉÉ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÏÄÎÁ
    ÓÔÏÒÏÎÁ ÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÏ×ÐÁÄÁÀÝÅÅ "ÍÁÇÉÞÅÓËÏÅ" ÞÉÓÌÏ, ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ
    ÐÏÓÌÁÎ ÏÔ×ÅÔ
    NAK É ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ ×ÙÂÒÁÎÏ ÎÏ×ÏÅ "ÍÁÇÉÞÅÓËÏÅ" ÞÉÓÌÏ.  ÷ ÔÏÔ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ,
    ËÏÇÄÁ ÎÁ ÐÏÒÔÕ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎ ÒÅÖÉÍ ÜÈÁ, ËÌÉÅÎÔ ppp ÐÏÓÙÌÁÅÔ ÐÁËÅÔÙ
    LCP, ÐÏÌÕÞÁÅÔ ÔÏ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÏÅ "ÍÁÇÉÞÅÓËÏÅ" ÞÉÓÌÏ × ÏÔÒÁÖ£ÎÎÏÍ ÐÁËÅÔÅ É
    ÏÔ×ÅÞÁÅÔ ÎÁ ÎÅÇÏ NAK.  ïÎ ÔÁËÖÅ ×ÉÄÉÔ ÏÔÒÁÖ£ÎÎÙÊ NAK (ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÔÁËÖÅ
    ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ppp ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ Ó×Ï£ "ÍÁÇÉÞÅÓËÏÅ" ÞÉÓÌÏ).  ÷
    ÐÏÔÅÎÃÉÁÌÅ ÜÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÙÚ×ÁÔØ ÐÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÏÇÒÏÍÎÏÇÏ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Á ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏ×
    ÓÍÅÎ "ÍÁÇÉÞÅÓËÉÈ" ÞÉÓÅÌ, É ×ÓÅ ÏÎÉ ÎÁËÁÐÌÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ × ÂÕÆÅÒÅ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁ.
    ëÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÓÑ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ppp, ÏÎ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÅÒÅÇÒÕÖÅÎ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÁÍÉ ÎÁ
    ÓÍÅÎÕ "ÍÁÇÉÞÅÓËÉÈ", ÎÅÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÏ ÒÅÛÉÔ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÑ
    LCP É ÐÒÅÒ×£Ô ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ.  ÷ ÔÏ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÏÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ, ËÌÉÅÎÔ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÂÏÌØÛÅ 
    ÎÅ ×ÉÄÉÔ ÏÔÒÁÖÅÎÉÊ, ÏÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ, ÞÔÏ
    ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÚÁËÒÙÌ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÉÅ.</para>

  <para>üÔÏÇÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÚÂÅÖÁÔØ, ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉ× ÎÁÞÉÎÁÔØ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÅ 
    ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÐÏÌÏÖÎÏÊ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÓÔÒÏËÏÊ × ÆÁÊÌÅ ppp.conf:</para>

  <programlisting>
set openmode passive
  </programlisting>

  <para>üÔÏ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔ ppp ÏÖÉÄÁÔØ ÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÑ LCP.  îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ
    ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÙ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ, ÍÏÇÕÔ ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÎÁÞÁÔØ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÅ.  åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÔÏÔ
    ÓÁÍÙÊ ÓÌÕÞÁÊ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:</para>

  <programlisting>
set openmode active 3
  </programlisting>

  <para>üÔÏ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔ ppp ÐÁÓÓÉ×ÎÏ ÖÄÁÔØ 3 ÓÅËÕÎÄÙ, É ÔÏÌØËÏ ÚÁÔÅÍ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÔØ
    ÚÁÐÒÏÓÙ LCP.  åÓÌÉ ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÐÏÌÏÖÎÁÑ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÁ ÎÁÞÎ£Ô ÐÏÓÙÌÁÔØ × ÜÔÏÔ
    ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÙ, ppp ÎÅÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÏ ÏÔ×ÅÔÉÔ, ÎÅ ÏÖÉÄÁÑ ÉÓÔÅÞÅÎÉÑ
    ÔÒ£ÈÓÅËÕÎÄÎÏÇÏ ÉÎÔÅÒ×ÁÌÁ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-lcp-constant">
    <para>óÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÅ LCP ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÁÅÔÓÑ, ÐÏËÁ ÎÅ ÚÁËÒÏÅÔÓÑ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>÷ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÉÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÏÄÎÏÊ ÉÚ ÎÅÐÒÉÑÔÎÙÈ ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔÅÊ ÒÅÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ
    <application>ppp</application> Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎÁ ÎÅ
    Ó×ÑÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ LCP, CCP &amp; IPCP Ó ÚÁÐÒÏÓÁÍÉ.  ëÁË ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔ, ÅÓÌÉ
    ÒÅÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÑ <application>ppp</application> Ó ÏÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÞÅÍ ÎÁ
    6 ÓÅËÕÎÄ ÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÅÅ, ÞÅÍ Ó ÄÒÕÇÏÊ, ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÐÏÌÏÖÎÁÑ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÔØ
    Ä×Á ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÈ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÁ ÎÁ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× LCP.
    üÔÏ ÆÁÔÁÌØÎÏ.</para>

  <para>ðÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÉÍ, ÞÔÏ Õ ÎÁÓ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ Ä×Å ÒÅÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ, ÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÁÈ
    <hostid>A</hostid> É <hostid>B</hostid>.  <hostid>A</hostid> ÎÁÞÉÎÁÅÔ
    ÐÏÓÙÌÁÔØ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÙ LCP ÓÒÁÚÕ ÖÅ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ, Á
    <hostid>B</hostid> ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ 7 ÓÅËÕÎÄ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ.  ëÏÇÄÁ
    <hostid>B</hostid> ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÓÑ, <hostid>A</hostid> ÐÏÓÌÁÌÏ 3 LCP-ÚÁÐÒÏÓÁ.
    ðÏÌÁÇÁÅÍ, ÞÔÏ ÒÅÖÉÍ ÜÈÁ ×ÙËÌÀÞÅÎ, × ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÍÙ ÓÔÏÌËÎÕÌÉÓØ ÂÙ Ó
    ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁÍÉ "ÍÁÇÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ" ÞÉÓÌÁ, ÏÐÉÓÁÎÎÙÍÉ × ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÅÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ.
    <hostid>B</hostid> ÐÏÓÙÌÁÅÔ REQ, ÚÁÔÅÍ ACK ÎÁ ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ REQ ÏÔ
    <hostid>A</hostid>.  üÔÏ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔ Ë ÔÏÍÕ, ÞÔÏ <hostid>A</hostid> ×ÈÏÄÉÔ
    × ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ <acronym>OPENED</acronym> É ÐÏÓÙÌÁÅÔ (ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ) ACK ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏ
    <hostid>B</hostid>.  ÷ ÔÏ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÏÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ <hostid>B</hostid> ÐÏÓÙÌÁÅÔ
    ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏ ÅÝ£ Ä×Á ACK × ÏÔ×ÅÔ ÎÁ Ä×Á ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÈ REQ, ÐÏÓÌÁÎÎÙÅ
    <hostid>A</hostid> ÄÏ ÓÔÁÒÔÁ <hostid>B</hostid>.  <hostid>B</hostid>
    ÚÁÔÅÍ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÅÔ ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ACK ÏÔ <hostid>A</hostid> É ×ÏÚ×ÒÁÝÁÅÔÓÑ × ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ
    <acronym>REQ-SENT</acronym>, ÐÏÓÌÁ× ÅÝ£ ÏÄÉÎ (ÞÅÔ×£ÒÔÙÊ) REQ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÎÏ RFC.
    úÁÔÅÍ ÏÎ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÅÔ ÔÒÅÔÉÊ ACK É ×ÈÏÄÉÔ × ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ
    <acronym>OPENED</acronym>.  ÷ ÜÔÏ ÖÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ <hostid>B</hostid> ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÅÔ
    ÞÅÔ×£ÒÔÙÊ REQ ÏÔ <hostid>A</hostid>, ÞÔÏ ×ÏÚ×ÒÁÝÁÅÔ
    ÅÇÏ × ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ <acronym>ACK-SENT</acronym> É ÐÏÓÙÌÁÅÔ ÅÝ£ ÏÄÉÎ
    (×ÔÏÒÏÊ) REQ É (ÞÅÔ×£ÒÔÙÊ) ACK ÓÏÇÌÁÓÎÏ RFC.  <hostid>A</hostid> ÐÏÌÕÞÁÅÔ
    REQ, ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÉÔ × ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ <acronym>REQ-SENT</acronym> É ÐÏÓÙÌÁÅÔ ÅÝ£ ÏÄÉÎ
    REQ.  ïÎ ÎÅÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÏ ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÅÔ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ACK É ×ÈÏÄÉÔ × ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ
    <acronym>OPENED</acronym>.</para>

  <para>üÔÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÁÔØÓÑ ÄÏ ÔÅÈ ÐÏÒ, ÐÏËÁ ÏÄÎÁ ÉÚ ÓÔÏÒÏÎ ÎÅ
    ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÎÉ Ë ÞÅÍÕ ÎÅ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔ É ÎÅ ÚÁËÒÏÅÔ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ.</para>

  <para>ìÕÞÛÉÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ ÉÚÂÅÖÁÔØ ÜÔÏÊ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÉ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÑ
    ÏÄÎÏÊ ÉÚ ÓÔÏÒÏÎ ËÁË <literal>passive</literal>, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÎÁ ÖÄÁÌÁ
    ÄÒÕÇÕÀ ÄÌÑ ÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.  üÔÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ</para>

  <programlisting>
set openmode passive
  </programlisting>

  <para>ó ÜÔÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ ÏÓÔÏÒÏÖÎÙÍ.  ÷Ù ÔÁËÖÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÕÄÅÔÅ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ</para>

  <programlisting>
set stopped N
  </programlisting>

  <para>ÄÌÑ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÅÒÉÏÄÁ ÏÖÉÄÁÎÉÑ, × ÔÅÞÅÎÉÉ ËÏÔÏÒÏÇÏ
    <application>ppp</application> ÖÄ£Ô ÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÑ Ó ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÐÏÌÏÖÎÏÊ
    ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ.  ëÁË ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔ, ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÁ ÓÔÒÏËÁ</para>

  <programlisting>
set openmode active N
  </programlisting>

  <para>(ÇÄÅ <replaceable>N</replaceable> - ÐÅÒÉÏÄ ÏÖÉÄÁÎÉÑ × ÓÅËÕÎÄÁÈ
    ÐÅÒÅÄ ÔÅÍ, ËÁË ÎÁÞÁÔØ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÅ).</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-lockups">
    <para>÷ÓËÏÒÅ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ ppp ÂÌÏËÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>÷ ×ÅÒÓÉÑÈ FreeBSD ÒÁÎÅÅ 2.2.5, ÂÙÌÁ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÁ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÑ, ËÏÇÄÁ Ó×ÑÚØ
    ×ÙËÌÀÞÁÌÁÓØ ÏÞÅÎØ ÓËÏÒÏ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ ÉÚ-ÚÁ ÎÅËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÏÊ ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÉ
    ÚÁÐÒÏÓÁ ÎÁ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÓÖÁÔÉÑ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ <application>ppp</application>.  üÔÏ
    ÓÌÕÞÁÌÏÓØ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÏÂÅ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ ÐÙÔÁÌÉÓØ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÒÁÚÎÙÅ ÔÉÐÙ CCP
    (Compression Control Protocol).  üÔÁ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ ÒÅÛÅÎÁ, ÎÏ ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ×Ó£
    ÅÝ£ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÓÔÁÒÕÀ ×ÅÒÓÉÀ <application>ppp</application>, ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ
    ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÏÂÏÊÄÅÎÁ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÓÔÒÏËÉ</para>

  <programlisting>
disable pred1
  </programlisting>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-shell-test-lockup">
    <para>ëÏÇÄÁ Ñ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ shell ÄÌÑ ÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ,
      ppp ÂÌÏËÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ëÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>shell</command> ÉÌÉ
    <command>!</command>, <command>ppp</command> ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÕ (ÅÓÌÉ ÂÙÌÉ
    ÚÁÄÁÎÙ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ, <emphasis remap=bf>ppp</emphasis> ÉÈ 
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ).  Ppp ÂÕÄÅÔ ÖÄÁÔØ ÏËÏÎÞÁÎÉÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ, ÐÒÅÖÄÅ
    ÞÅÍ ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÉÔØ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÏÐÙÔÁÅÔÅÓØ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ Ó×ÑÚØÀ ppp
    ÐÏÓÌÅ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ, Ó×ÑÚØ ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÔØ ÚÁÂÌÏËÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÊ.  üÔÏ
    ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ ÉÚ-ÚÁ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ <command>ppp</command> ÖÄ£Ô ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÑ
    ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÎÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ
    ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>!bg</command>.  ÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÎÕÖÎÁÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ
    ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØÓÑ × ÆÏÎÏ×ÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ, Á ppp ÓÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÉÔØ ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÎÉÅ ËÁÎÁÌÁ
    Ó×ÑÚÉ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-nullmodem">
    <para>Ppp, ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÀÝÅÅ ÎÕÌØ-ÍÏÄÅÍ, ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÚÁËÒÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para><application>ppp</application> ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ
    ÂÙÌÏ ÚÁËÒÙÔÏ.  üÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ ÉÚ-ÚÁ ÍÅÔÏÄÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÓÉÇÎÁÌØÎÙÈ ÌÉÎÉÊ 
    ÎÕÌØ-ÍÏÄÅÍÎÏÇÏ ËÁÂÅÌÑ.  ðÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÔÁËÏÇÏ ÔÉÐÁ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ
    ×ÓÅÇÄÁ ×ËÌÀÞÁÊÔÅ LQR.</para>

  <programlisting>
enable lqr
  </programlisting>

  <para>ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ LQR ×ËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ, ÅÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÂÙÌÏ ÚÁÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÎÏ Ó
    ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÐÏÌÏÖÎÏÊ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ ÎÁ ÜÔÁÐÅ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ×
    ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-auto-noreasondial">
    <para>÷ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ -auto ppp ÎÅÏÖÉÄÁÎÎÏ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÅÔ Ú×ÏÎÉÔØ</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>åÓÌÉ <application>ppp</application> ÎÁÞÉÎÁÅÔ ÎÅÏÖÉÄÁÎÎÏ Ú×ÏÎÉÔØ, ×Ù
    ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÕ É ÚÁÄÁÔØ ÆÉÌØÔÒÙ dfilters ÄÌÑ ÐÒÅÄÏÔ×ÒÁÝÅÎÉÑ
    ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÈ Ú×ÏÎËÏ×.</para>

  <para>äÌÑ ×ÙÑÓÎÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÙ ÔÁËÏÇÏ ÐÏ×ÅÄÅÎÉÑ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÓÔÒÏËÕ:</para>

  <programlisting>
set log +tcp/ip
  </programlisting>

  <para>üÔÏ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÔÒÁÆÉËÁ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ.  ÷
    ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÒÁÚ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅÏÖÉÄÁÎÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÏ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ,
    ×Ù ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÕ ÐÏ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÍ ÏÔÍÅÔËÁÍ × ÆÁÊÌÅ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÁ.</para>

  <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÁÐÒÅÔÉÔØ ÄÏÚ×ÏÎËÕ ÐÒÉ ×ÙÑÓÎÅÎÎÙÈ
    ÕÓÌÏ×ÉÑÈ.  ëÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÔÁËÉÅ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ×ÏÚÎÉËÁÀÔ ÉÚ-ÚÁ ÏÂÒÁÝÅÎÉÊ
    Ë DNS.  äÌÑ ÐÒÅÄÏÔ×ÒÁÝÅÎÉÑ ÏÂÒÁÝÅÎÉÊ Ë DNS É ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ
    (ÞÔÏ <emphasis>ÎÅ</emphasis> ÚÁÐÒÅÔÉÔ <application>ppp</application>
    ÐÒÏÐÕÓËÁÔØ ÐÁËÅÔÙ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÕÖÅ
    ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÏÅ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ), ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÔÁËÕÀ ËÏÍÂÉÎÁÃÉÀ:</para>

  <programlisting>
set dfilter 1 deny udp src eq 53
set dfilter 2 deny udp dst eq 53
set dfilter 3 permit 0/0 0/0
  </programlisting>

  <para>üÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÁÍ ÎÅ ÐÏÄÏÊÔÉ, ÔÁË ËÁË ÚÁËÒÏÅÔ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÄÏÚ×ÏÎËÉ
    ÐÏ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÕ - ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Õ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔØÓÑ Ë DNS ÄÏ ÔÏÇÏ,
    ËÁË ÎÁÞÁÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ.</para>

  <para>÷ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ DNS, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÏÐÙÔÁÔØÓÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ, ËÔÏ ÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ
    ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ ÉÍÑ ÈÏÓÔÁ.  ÷ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Å ÓÌÕÞÁÅ× ×ÉÎÏ×ÎÙÍ ÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ
    &man.sendmail.8;.  õÄÏÓÔÏ×ÅÒØÔÅÓØ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÕËÁÚÁÌÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÅ sendmail
    ÎÅ ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÌÑÔØ ÏÂÒÁÝÅÎÉÊ Ë DNS × ÅÇÏ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ.  
    ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ Ï <link linkend="ispmail">ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÅ ÐÏÞÔÙ</link>
    ÚÁ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÙÍ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅÍ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ É ÞÔÏ ÔÕÄÁ
    ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔØ.  ÷ÁÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÎÁÄÏÂÉÔØÓÑ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ × ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>.mc</filename> ÓÔÒÏËÕ:</para>

  <programlisting>
define(`confDELIVERY_MODE', `d')dnl
  </programlisting>

  <para>üÔÏ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔ sendmail ÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ×ÓÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ × ÏÞÅÒÅÄØ ÄÏ ÔÅÈ ÐÏÒ, ÐÏËÁ
    ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÁ Å£ ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÁ (ËÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, sendmail ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÓÑ Ó
    ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁÍÉ <option>-bd -q30m</option>, ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÀÝÉÍÉ, ÞÔÏ
    ÏÂÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÔØ ÏÞÅÒÅÄØ ÎÕÖÎÏ ËÁÖÄÙÅ 30 ÍÉÎÕÔ) ÉÌÉ ÄÏ ÔÅÈ ÐÏÒ, ÐÏËÁ 
    ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ <command>sendmail -q</command> (ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ, ÉÚ
    ÆÁÊÌÁ ppp.linkup).</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ccp-errors">
    <para>þÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÀÔ ÏÛÉÂËÉ CCP</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ ÆÁÊÌÅ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÁ ÐÏÑ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÔÁËÉÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ Ï ÏÛÉÂËÁÈ:</para>

  <programlisting>
CCP: CcpSendConfigReq
CCP: Received Terminate Ack (1) state = Req-Sent (6)
  </programlisting>

  <para>üÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ, ÅÓÌÉ ppp ÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ËÏÍÐÒÅÓÓÉÀ 
    ÔÉÐÁ Predictor1, Á ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÐÏÌÏÖÎÁÑ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÁ ÎÅ ÈÏÞÅÔ ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÔØ
    ÎÉËÁËÏÊ ËÏÍÐÒÅÓÓÉÉ. üÔÉ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ ÂÅÚÏÂÉÄÎÙ, ÎÏ ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ
    ÏÔ ÎÉÈ ÉÚÂÁ×ÉÔØÓÑ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÁÐÒÅÔÉÔØ ËÏÍÐÒÅÓÓÉÀ Predictor1 É
    Õ ÓÅÂÑ ÔÏÖÅ:</para>

  <programlisting>
disable pred1
  </programlisting>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-lockup-ioerrors">
    <para>Ppp ÂÌÏËÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÉ ÆÁÊÌÁ Ó ÏÛÉÂËÁÍÉ
      ××ÏÄÁ-×Ù×ÏÄÁ</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ FreeBSD 2.2.2 É ÒÁÎÅÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×Ï×ÁÌÁ ÏÛÉÂËÁ × ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á
    tun, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÎÅ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÌÁ ÐÒÏÈÏÄÉÔØ ÐÁËÅÔÁÍ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏÍ, ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÁÀÝÉÍ
    ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ MTU ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÁ.  ðÒÉ£Í ÐÁËÅÔÁ, ÂÏÌØÛÅÇÏ, ÞÅÍ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ MTU,
    ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔ Ë ÏÛÉÂËÅ ××ÏÄÁ-×Ù×ÏÄÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ÞÅÒÅÚ
    syslogd.</para>

  <para>óÐÅÃÉÆÉËÁÃÉÑ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÁ ppp ÕÔ×ÅÒÖÄÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ MRU, ÒÁ×ÎÏÅ 1500,
    ÄÏÌÖÎÏ <emphasis>×ÓÅÇÄÁ</emphasis> ÐÏÄÈÏÄÉÔØ ËÁË ÍÉÎÉÍÁÌØÎÏÅ,
    ÎÅÓÍÏÔÒÑ ÎÁ
    ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÅ LCP, ÔÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ, ÅÓÌÉ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ MTU ÍÅÎØÛÅ
    1500, ×ÁÛ ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÎÁÞÁÔØ ÐÅÒÅÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÐÁËÅÔÙ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏÍ 1500,
    ÎÅÓÍÏÔÒÑ ÎÉ ÎÁ ÞÔÏ, É ×Ù ÜÔÏ ÐÏÞÕ×ÓÔ×ÕÅÔÅ - ×ÁÛÅ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ
    ÚÁÂÌÏËÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ.</para>

  <para>ðÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÏÂÏÊÄÅÎÁ, ÅÓÌÉ ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ MTU,
    ÍÅÎØÛÅÅ, ÞÅÍ 1500, ÄÌÑ FreeBSD 2.2.2 É ÒÁÎÅÅ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-connectionspeed">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ppp ÎÅ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÉÒÕÅÔ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÌÑ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÁ ×ÚÁÉÍÏÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑ Ó ÍÏÄÅÍÏÍ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ
    ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:</para>

  <programlisting>
set log +connect
  </programlisting>

  <para>üÔÏ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔ &man.ppp.8; ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ×Ó£, ×ÐÌÏÔØ ÄÏ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÊ
    ÐÒÏÞÔ£ÎÎÏÊ ÞÅÒÅÚ <quote>expect</quote> ÓÔÒÏËÉ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ×ÉÄÅÔØ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ
    PAP ÉÌÉ CHAP (É ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ×ÁÍ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÔØ ÎÉËÁËÉÈ ÓÃÅÎÁÒÉÅ×
    ×ÈÏÄÁ ÞÅÒÅÚ <literal>set login</literal> ÐÏÓÌÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÓÔÒÏËÉ CONNECT
    ÓÃÅÎÁÒÉÅÍ ÄÏÚ×ÏÎËÉ dial), ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ppp, ÞÔÏ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÏÖÉÄÁÔØ ÐÏÌÎÕÀ
    ÓÔÒÏËÕ CONNECT, ×ÒÏÄÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÇÏ:</para>

  <programlisting>
set dial "ABORT BUSY ABORT NO\\sCARRIER TIMEOUT 4 \
  \"\" ATZ OK-ATZ-OK ATDT\\T TIMEOUT 60 CONNECT \\c \\n"
  </programlisting>

  <para>úÄÅÓØ ÍÙ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÌÉ ÓÔÒÏËÕ CONNECT, ÎÉÞÅÇÏ ÎÅ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÅÍ, ÚÁÔÅÍ ÏÖÉÄÁÅÍ
    ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁ ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÄÁ ÓÔÒÏËÉ, ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÌÑÑ <application>ppp</application> ÐÒÉÎÑÔØ
    ÐÏÌÎÙÊ ÏÔ×ÅÔ ÍÏÄÅÍÁ.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-ignores-backslash">
    <para>Ppp ÉÇÎÏÒÉÒÕÅÔ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ <literal>\</literal>
      × chat-ÓËÒÉÐÔÅ</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>Ppp ÏÂÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÅÔ ËÁÖÄÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ × ×ÁÛÉÈ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÁÈ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ
    ÏÎ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÒÏÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÔÒÏËÕ ×ÉÄÁ
    <literal>set phone "123 456 789"</literal> ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ (É
    ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔØ. ÞÔÏ ÎÏÍÅÒ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ
    <emphasis>ÅÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÍ</emphasis> ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÏÍ. äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ
    ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ <literal>"</literal>, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÜËÒÁÎÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÅÇÏ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏÍ
    ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏÇÏ ÓÌÜÛÁ (<literal>\</literal>).</para>

  <para>ëÏÇÄÁ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒ chat ÏÂÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÅÔ ËÁÖÄÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ, ÏÎ ÅÝ£ ÒÁÚ
    ÐÒÏÓÍÁÔÒÉ×ÁÅÔ ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÎÁÊÔÉ ËÁËÕÀ-ÌÉÂÏ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÕÀ
    ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ ÔÉÐÁ <literal>\P</literal> ÉÌÉ <literal>\T</literal>
    (ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÕ).  ÷ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÅ ÜÔÏÊ Ä×ÏÊÎÏÊ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÃÉÉ ×Ù
    ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ×ÓÅÇÄÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏÅ ÞÉÓÌÏ ÜËÒÁÎÉÒÕÀÝÉÈ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏ×.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÅÒÅÄÁÔØ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ <literal>\</literal>, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ×ÁÛÅÍÕ
    ÍÏÄÅÍÕ, ×ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ÔÉÐÁ:</para>

  <programlisting>
set dial "\"\" ATZ OK-ATZ-OK AT\\\\X OK"
  </programlisting>

  <para>ÞÔÏ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄ£Ô Ë ÔÁËÏÊ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ:</para>

  <programlisting>
ATZ
OK
AT\X
OK
  </programlisting>

  <para>ÉÌÉ</para>

  <programlisting>
set phone 1234567
set dial "\"\" ATZ OK ATDT\\T"
  </programlisting>

  <para>ÞÔÏ ÄÁÓÔ ÔÁËÕÀ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ:</para>

  <programlisting>
ATZ
OK
ATDT1234567
  </programlisting>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-segfault-nocore">
    <para>Ppp ÐÏÌÕÞÁÅÔ ÏÛÉÂËÕ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ, ÎÏ Ñ ÎÅ ×ÉÖÕ ÆÁÊÌÁ
      <filename>ppp.core</filename></para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>Ppp (ÉÌÉ ÌÀÂÁÑ ÄÒÕÇÁÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÔÁËÏÇÏ ÒÏÄÁ) ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ
    ÓÏÚÄÁ£Ô ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÄÁÍÐÁ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ.  ôÁË ÔÁË ppp ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÓÑ Ó
    ÜÆÆÅËÔÉ×ÎÙÍ uid, ÒÁ×ÎÙÍ 0, ÔÏ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ 
    ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÔØ ÄÁÍÐ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ppp ÎÁ ÄÉÓË ÐÅÒÅÄ ÅÇÏ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÅÍ.  åÓÌÉ,
    ÏÄÎÁËÏ ppp ×Ó£ ÖÅ ÐÒÅËÒÁÔÉÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ ÉÚ-ÚÁ ÎÁÒÕÛÅÎÉÑ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ,
    ÉÌÉ ÐÏ ÄÒÕÇÏÍÕ ÓÉÇÎÁÌÕ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ×ÙÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ ÄÁÍÐÁ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ,
    <emphasis>É</emphasis> ×Ù Õ×ÅÒÅÎÙ, ÞÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÓÁÍÕÀ
    ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÀÀ ×ÅÒÓÉÀ (ÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ
    ÓÁÍÏÅ ÎÁÞÁÌÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ), ÔÏ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.user; <userinput>tar xfz ppp-*.src.tar.gz</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>cd ppp*/ppp</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>echo STRIP= &gt;&gt;Makefile</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>echo CFLAGS+=-g &gt;&gt;Makefile</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>make clean all</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>su</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make install</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>chmod 555 /usr/sbin/ppp</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ ÏÔÌÁÄÏÞÎÁÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ ppp. ÷ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ
    ÓÔÁÔØ ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ ppp, ÔÁË ËÁË ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÅ
    ÂÉÔÙ ÐÒÁ× ÂÙÌÉ ÕÂÒÁÎÙ. ëÏÇÄÁ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ ppp, ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅ ÏÓÏÂÏÅ ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ
    ÎÁ ÔÏ, ËÁËÏÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ Õ ×ÁÓ ÂÙÌ ÔÅËÕÝÉÍ ÎÁ ÜÔÏÔ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ.</para>

  <para>éÔÁË, ÅÓÌÉ ppp ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔ ÏÛÉÂËÕ ÎÁÒÕÛÅÎÉÑ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ, ÏÎ ÓÂÒÏÓÉÔ ÄÁÍÐ 
    ÐÁÍÑÔÉ Ó ÉÍÅÎÅÍ <filename>ppp.core</filename>.
    úÁÔÅÍ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.user; <userinput>su</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>gdb /usr/sbin/ppp ppp.core</userinput>
<prompt>(gdb)</prompt> <userinput>bt</userinput>
.....
<prompt>(gdb)</prompt> <userinput>f 0</userinput>
....
<prompt>(gdb)</prompt> <userinput>i args</userinput>
....
<prompt>(gdb)</prompt> <userinput>l</userinput>
.....
  </screen>

  <para>÷ÓÑ ÜÔÁ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÁ ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó ×ÁÛÉÍ
    ×ÏÐÒÏÓÏÍ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÕ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÂÙÌÏ ÐÒÏÄÉÁÇÎÏÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÕÍÅÅÔÅ ÏÂÒÁÝÁÔØÓÑ Ó gdb, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÁÊÔÉ
    ÐÒÉÞÉÎÙ ÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÁÍÐÁ, Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÁÄÒÅÓÁ É ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÏÔÎÏÓÑÝÉÈÓÑ
    Ë ÜÔÏÍÕ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-autodialprocess-noconnect">
    <para>ðÒÏÃÅÓÓ, ×ÙÚ×Á×ÛÉÊ ÐÒÏÚ×ÏÎËÕ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ auto, ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÅÔ
      ÚÁÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>üÔÁ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ÐÒÏÑ×ÌÑÌÁÓØ, ËÏÇÄÁ <application>ppp</application> ×
    ÒÅÖÉÍÅ auto ÂÙÌ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅÎ ÎÁ ÄÉÎÁÍÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÌÏËÁÌØÎÏÇÏ IP-ÁÄÒÅÓÁ
    Ó ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÐÏÌÏÖÎÏÊ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÏÊ.  üÔÏ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÏ × ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÊ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ -
    ÐÏÉÝÉÔÅ ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ ÓÌÏ×Ï <literal>iface</literal>.</para>

  <para>ðÒÉÞÉÎÏÊ ÂÙÌÏ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ËÏÇÄÁ ÜÔÁ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÊ
    ×ÙÚÏ× &man.connect.2;, ÄÌÑ ÓÏËÅÔÁ ÎÁÚÎÁÞÁÅÔÓÑ IP-ÁÄÒÅÓ tun-ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÁ.
    ñÄÒÏ ÓÏÚÄÁ£Ô ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ÉÓÈÏÄÑÝÉÊ ÐÁËÅÔ É ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ ÅÇÏ × ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï
    tun.  úÁÔÅÍ <application>ppp</application> ÞÉÔÁÅÔ ÐÁËÅÔ É ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÔ
    ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ.  åÓÌÉ × ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÅ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÑ <application>ppp</application>
    ÄÉÎÁÍÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ IP-ÁÄÒÅÓÁ
    ÁÄÒÅÓ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÁ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÔÓÑ, ÓÏËÅÔ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÎÅËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÏ.  ìÀÂÙÅ
    IP-ÐÁËÅÔÙ, ÐÅÒÅÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÅ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÓÏËÅÔ, ÂÕÄÕÔ ÏÔÂÒÏÛÅÎÙ.  åÓÌÉ ÄÁÖÅ
    ÜÔÏÇÏ ÎÅ ÐÒÏÉÚÏÊÄ£Ô, ÏÔ×ÅÔÎÙÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÕÔ ÄÏÓÔÉÇÁÔØ ÏÔÐÒÁ×ÉÔÅÌÑ,
    ÔÁË ËÁË ÜÔÏÔ ÁÄÒÅÓ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÅÍÕ ÎÅ ÐÒÉÎÁÄÌÅÖÉÔ.</para>

  <para>ôÅÏÒÅÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÅÓÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏ× ÒÅÛÉÔØ ÜÔÕ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÕ.
    ìÕÞÛÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, ÅÓÌÉ ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÐÏÌÏÖÎÁÑ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÁ ÎÁÚÎÁÞÉÔ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÕ ÔÏÔ ÖÅ
    ÓÁÍÙÊ IP-ÁÄÒÅÓ <literal>:-)</literal>  ôÅËÕÝÁÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ
    <application>ppp</application> ÉÍÅÎÎÏ ÔÁË É ÐÏÓÔÕÐÁÅÔ, ÂÏÌÅÅ ÒÁÎÎÉÅ
    ÒÅÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÎÅ ÄÅÌÁÌÉ.</para>

  <para>óÁÍÙÍ ÐÒÏÓÔÙÍ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÅÍ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÍÅÎÑÔØ IP-ÁÄÒÅÓ
    tun-ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÁ, Á ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÑÔØ ÎÁ ÌÅÔÕ ×ÓÅ ÉÓÈÏÄÑÝÉÅ ÐÁËÅÔÙ ÔÁË,
    ÞÔÏÂÙ IP-ÁÄÒÅÓ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÁ ÍÅÎÑÌÓÑ Ó IP-ÁÄÒÅÓÁ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÁ ÎÁ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ
    Ó ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÐÏÌÏÖÎÏÊ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ.  üÔÏ, × ÓÕÝÎÏÓÔÉ, ÔÏ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÏÅ, ÞÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔ ÏÐÃÉÑ
    <literal>iface-alias</literal> × ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÊ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ
    <application>ppp</application> (Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÉ &man.libalias.3;
    É ËÌÀÞÁ <option>-nat</option> ÄÌÑ ppp) - ÏÎÁ ÏÔÓÌÅÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ×ÓÅ ÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÎÙÅ
    ÒÁÎÅÅ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÕ ÁÄÒÅÓÁ É ÚÁÍÅÝÁÅÔ ÉÈ ÎÁ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÊ ÉÚ ÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÎÙÈ.</para>

  <para>äÒÕÇÏÊ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÊ (É, ÎÁ×ÅÒÎÏÅ, ÓÁÍÙÊ ÎÁÄ£ÖÎÙÊ) ÓÐÏÓÏ - ÜÔÏ
    ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÊ ×ÙÚÏ×, ÍÅÎÑÀÝÉÊ IP-ÁÄÒÅÓÁ ×ÓÅÍ ÕÖÅ Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÙÍ
    ÓÏËÅÔÁÍ.  <application>ppp</application> ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌ ÂÙ ÜÔÏÔ ×ÙÚÏ× ÄÌÑ
    ÍÏÄÉÆÉËÁÃÉÉ ÓÏËÅÔÏ×
    ×ÓÅÈ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÉÈ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ IP-ÁÄÒÅÓÁ.  üÔÏÔ
    ÖÅ ÓÁÍÙÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÊ ×ÙÚÏ× ÍÏÇÌÉ ÂÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ËÌÉÅÎÔÙ DHCP, ËÏÇÄÁ
    ÏÎÉ ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÌÑÀÔ ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÎÕÀ ÐÒÉ×ÑÚËÕ Ë ÓÏËÅÔÕ.</para>

  <para>åÝ£ ÏÄÎÏÊ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØÀ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÕ ÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØÓÑ
    ÁËÔÉ×ÎÙÍ ÂÅÚ IP-ÁÄÒÅÓÁ.  éÓÈÏÄÑÝÉÍ ÐÁËÅÔÁÍ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÄÁ×ÁÔØÓÑ IP ÁÄÒÅÓ
    255.255.255.255 ÄÏ ÔÅÈ ÐÏÒ, ÐÏËÁ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÄÁÎ ioctl-ÚÁÐÒÏÓ SIOCAIFADDR.
    ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÑÝÉÊ Ë ÐÏÌÎÏÊ ÐÒÉ×ÑÚËÅ ÓÏËÅÔÁ.  <application>Ppp</application>
    ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÚÍÅÎÑÔØ
    IP-ÁÄÒÅÓ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÁ É ËÏÎÔÒÏÌØÎÕÀ ÓÕÍÍÕ ÐÁËÅÔÁ, ÔÏÌØËÏ ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎ
    ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ × 255.255.255.255. üÔÏ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ, Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÍ
    ÈÁËÏÍ, ÔÁË ËÁË ÑÄÒÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÔØ ÎÅËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÙÅ ÐÁËÅÔÙ ÎÁ ÎÅ ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ
    ÓËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓ, × ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÉ, ÞÔÏ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ
    ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÉÈ ÐÁËÅÔÏ×.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ppp-nat-games">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÉÇÒ ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ Ó ÏÐÃÉÅÊ -nat?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÒÉÞÉÎÏÊ, ÐÏ ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÉÇÒÙ É ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ Ó
    ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÏÊ libalias ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ×ÎÅÛÎÑÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÙÔÁÔØÓÑ
    ÏÔËÒÙÔØ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ ÉÌÉ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÔØ (ÎÅÖÄÁÎÎÙÅ) UDP ÐÁËÅÔÙ ÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ
    ×ÎÕÔÒÅÎÎÅÊ ÓÅÔÉ.  ðÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÅ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÅ, ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÉ×ÁÀÝÅÅ ÏÐÃÉÀ -nat, ÎÅ
    ÚÎÁÅÔ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÐÅÒÅÓÙÌÁÔØ ÜÔÉ ÐÁËÅÔÙ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ ×ÎÕÔÒÅÎÎÅÊ
    ÓÅÔÉ.</para>

  <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÜÔÏ ×Ó£ ÖÅ ÚÁÒÁÂÏÔÁÌÏ, ÕÄÏÓÔÏ×ÅÒØÔÅÓØ, ÞÔÏ ÅÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÊ
    ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÎÏÊ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÅ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÅ, Ó ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ×Ù
    ÉÓÐÙÔÙ×ÁÅÔÅ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ, ÚÁÔÅÍ ÎÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ tcpdump ÎÁ tun-ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓ
    ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÔÏÒÁ ÌÉÂÏ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔÅ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ tcp/ip
    × ppp (<literal>set log +tcp/ip</literal>) ÎÁ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÔÏÒÅ.</para>

  <para>ëÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ ÎÅËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÅÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÅ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÅ,
    ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ ÐÁËÅÔÙ, ÐÒÏÈÏÄÑÝÉÅ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÔÏÒ.  ëÏÇÄÁ
    ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ÎÁÞÎ£Ô ÐÒÉÈÏÄÉÔØ ÉÚ×ÎÅ, ÏÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÔÂÒÏÛÅÎÏ (× ÜÔÏÍ-ÔÏ É
    ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ).  úÁÍÅÔØÔÅ ÎÏÍÅÒ ÐÏÒÔÁ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÔÅÌÑ ÜÔÉÈ ÐÁËÅÔÏ×, ÚÁÔÅÍ
    ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÉÔÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÇÏ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÑ.  ÷ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ÜÔÕ
    ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÕ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÒÁÚ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÕÂÅÄÉÔØÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ÎÏÍÅÒ ÐÏÒÔÁ
    ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÅÎ.  åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÔÁË, ÔÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÁÑ ÓÔÒÏÞËÁ × ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÍ
    ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ <filename>/etc/ppp/ppp.conf</filename> ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÅ
    ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÅ ÆÕÎËÃÉÏÎÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏ:</para>

  <programlisting>
nat port <replaceable>proto</replaceable> <replaceable>internalmachine</replaceable>:<replaceable>port</replaceable> <replaceable>port</replaceable>
  </programlisting>

  <para>úÄÅÓØ <replaceable>proto</replaceable> - ÜÔÏ <literal>tcp</literal>
    ÌÉÂÏ <literal>udp</literal>, <replaceable>internalmachine</replaceable> -
    ÜÔÏ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÅÒÅÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÑÔØ ÐÁËÅÔÙ,
    É <replaceable>port</replaceable> - ÜÔÏ ÎÏÍÅÒ ÐÏÒÔÁ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÔÅÌÑ
    ÐÁËÅÔÏ×.</para>

  <para>îÅÓÏÍÎÅÎÎÏ, ×Ù ÎÅ ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÅ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÅ ÎÁ
    ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÍÁÛÉÎÁÈ, ÎÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÑÑ ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÕÀ ×ÙÛÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ, Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÔØ
    ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÅ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÅ ÎÁ Ä×ÕÈ ÍÁÛÉÎÁÈ ×ÎÕÔÒÉ ÓÅÔÉ ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ -
    × ËÏÎÃÅ ËÏÎÃÏ×, ×ÎÅÛÎÉÊ ÍÉÒ ×ÉÄÉÔ ×ÓÀ ×ÁÛÕ ÓÅÔØ ËÁË ÅÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÕÀ
    ÍÁÛÉÎÕ.</para>
  
  <para>åÓÌÉ ÎÏÍÅÒÁ ÐÏÒÔÏ× ÎÅÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÙ, ÅÓÔØ ÅÝ£ ÔÒÉ ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔÁ:</para>

  <orderedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>îÁÓÔÒÏÊÔÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ ÜÔÏÇÏ × libalias.  ðÒÉÍÅÒÙ
        <quote>ÏÓÏÂÙÈ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ×</quote> ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ ×
        <filename>/usr/src/lib/libalias/alias_*.c</filename>
        (<filename>alias_ftp.c</filename> - ÈÏÒÏÛÅÅ ÎÁÞÁÌÏ).  üÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ
        ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÞÔÅÎÉÅ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁ×ÁÅÍÙÈ
        ÉÓÈÏÄÑÝÉÈ ÐÁËÅÔÏ×, ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÄÌÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ×ÎÅÛÎÅÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÏÊ
        ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏÊ Ó×ÑÚÉ ÎÁ ×ÎÕÔÒÅÎÎÀÀ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ ÎÁ ËÏÎËÒÅÔÎÙÊ (ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÙÊ) ÐÏÒÔ É
        ÎÁÓÔÒÁÉ×ÁÔØ <quote>ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔ</quote> × ÔÁÂÌÉÃÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÊ ÔÁË, ÞÔÏÂÙ
        ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÐÁËÅÔÙ ÐÒÏÈÏÄÉÌÉ ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏ.</para>

      <para>üÔÏ ÓÁÍÏÅ ÔÒÕÄÏ£ÍËÏÅ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ, ÎÏ ÏÎÏ ÎÁÉÌÕÞÛÅÅ É ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔ
        ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÍÕ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÀ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÎÁ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ ÍÁÛÉÎÁÈ.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÐÒÏËÓÉ-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ.
        ðÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÔØ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, socks5 ÉÌÉ (ËÁË × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ
        <quote>cvsup</quote>) ÍÏÖÅÔ ÉÍÅÔØ ÒÅÖÉÍ <quote>passive</quote>,
        ÏÂÈÏÄÑÝÉÊÓÑ ÂÅÚ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÏ× Ë ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÐÏÌÏÖÎÏÊ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÅ ÎÁ ÏÔËÒÙÔÉÅ
        ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏÇÏ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>ðÅÒÅÎÁÚÎÁÞØÔÅ ×Ó£ ÎÁ ×ÎÕÔÒÅÎÎÀÀ
        ÍÁÛÉÎÕ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ <literal>nat addr</literal>.  üÔÏ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ ×
        ÌÏÂ.</para>
    </listitem>
  </orderedlist>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="useful-port-numbers">
    <para>ëÔÏ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ ×ÅÄ£Ô ÓÐÉÓÏË ÐÏÌÅÚÎÙÈ ÎÏÍÅÒÏ× ÐÏÒÔÏ×?</para>
  </question><answer>

  <para>ðÏËÁ ÎÅÔ, ÎÏ ÎÉÖÅ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÓÐÉÓÏË, ÍÏÇÕÝÉÊ ÔÁËÏ×ÙÍ ÓÔÁÔØ (ÅÓÌÉ
    Ë ÜÔÏÍÕ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÒÏÑ×ÌÅÎ ËÁËÏÊ-ÌÉÂÏ ÉÎÔÅÒÅÓ).  ÷ ËÁÖÄÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ
    <replaceable>internal</replaceable> ÎÕÖÎÏ ÚÁÍÅÎÉÔØ ÎÁ IP-ÁÄÒÅÓ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ,
    ÕÞÁÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÊ × ÉÇÒÅ.</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para><application>Asheron's Call</application></para>

      <para><literal>nat port udp
        <replaceable>internal</replaceable>:65000 65000</literal></para>

      <para>îÁÈÏÄÑÓØ × ÉÇÒÅ, ×ÒÕÞÎÕÀ ÓÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÎÏÍÅÒ ÐÏÒÔÁ ÎÁ 65000.  åÓÌÉ
        Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÍÁÛÉÎ, ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÇÒÁÔØ, ÎÁÚÎÁÞØÔÅ
        ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ ÕÎÉËÁÌØÎÙÊ ÎÏÍÅÒ ÐÏÒÔÁ (ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ 65001, 65002 É ÔÁË
        ÄÁÌÅÅ), É ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÐÏ ÓÔÒÏÞËÅ <literal>nat port</literal> ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÊ
        ÍÁÛÉÎÙ.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para><application>Half Life</application></para>

      <para><literal>nat port udp
        <replaceable>internal</replaceable>:27005 27015</literal></para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para><application>PCAnywhere 8.0</application></para>

      <para><literal>nat port udp
        <replaceable>internal</replaceable>:5632 5632</literal></para>

      <para><literal>nat port tcp
        <replaceable>internal</replaceable>:5631 5631</literal></para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para><application>Quake</application></para>

      <para><literal>nat port udp
        <replaceable>internal</replaceable>:6112 6112</literal></para>

      <para>áÌØÔÅÒÎÁÔÉ×ÎÏÅ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ, ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÉ×ÁÀÝÅÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ ÐÒÏËÓÉ ÄÌÑ
        Quake, ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÎÁ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÅ <ulink 
        URL="http://www.battle.net/support/proxy/">
        www.battle.net</ulink>.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para><application>Quake 2</application></para>

      <para><literal>nat port udp
        <replaceable>internal</replaceable>:27901 27910</literal></para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para><application>Red Alert</application></para>

      <para><literal>nat port udp
        <replaceable>internal</replaceable>:8675 8675</literal></para>

      <para><literal>nat port udp
        <replaceable>internal</replaceable>:5009 5009</literal></para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="fcs-errors">
    <para>þÔÏ ÔÁËÏÅ ÏÛÉÂËÉ FCS?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>FCS Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÏËÒÁÝÅÎÉÅÍ ÏÔ <literal>F</literal>rame
    <literal>C</literal>heck <literal>S</literal>equence
    (ËÏÎÔÒÏÌØ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ËÁÄÒÏ×).  ëÁÖÄÙÊ ËÁÄÒ ppp ÉÍÅÅÔ
    ËÏÎÔÒÏÌØÎÕÀ ÓÕÍÍÕ ÄÌÑ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÉ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÉÎÑÔÙÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÓÏ×ÐÁÄÁÀÔ
    Ó ÐÅÒÅÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ.  åÓÌÉ FCS ÐÒÉÎÑÔÏÇÏ ÐÁËÅÔÁ ÎÅËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÁ, ÐÁËÅÔ 
    ÏÔÂÒÁÓÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ É ÓÞ£ÔÞÉË FCS ÄÌÑ HDLC Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ.  úÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÏÛÉÂÏË
    ÕÒÏ×ÎÑ HDLC ÍÏÖÎÏ ×Ù×ÅÓÔÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ <literal>show hdlc</literal>.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÐÌÏÈÁÑ ÌÉÎÉÑ (ÉÌÉ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ËÏÍÍÕÎÉËÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÇÏ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁ
    ÏÔÂÒÁÓÙ×ÁÅÔ ÐÁËÅÔÙ), ÏÛÉÂËÉ FCS ÎÅÉÚÂÅÖÎÙ.  üÔÏ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
    ÐÒÉÞÉÎÏÊ ÄÌÑ ×ÏÌÎÅÎÉÊ, ÈÏÔÑ ÜÔÏ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ ÚÁÍÅÄÌÑÅÔ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÙ
    ËÏÍÐÒÅÓÓÉÉ.  åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ×ÎÅÛÎÉÊ ÍÏÄÅÍ, ÐÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Ï
    ÜËÒÁÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÇÏ ËÁÂÅÌÑ - ÜÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÉÚÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÏÔ
    ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×ÁÛÁ Ó×ÑÚØ ÚÁÍÉÒÁÅÔ, ËÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ ×Ù ÓÏÅÄÉÎÉÌÉÓØ É
    ÎÁÂÌÀÄÁÅÔÓÑ ÂÏÌØÛÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÏÛÉÂÏË FCS, ÜÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ×ÙÚ×ÁÎÏ
    ÎÅ ÐÏÌÎÏÊ ÐÒÏÚÒÁÞÎÏÓÔØÀ ËÁÎÁÌÁ ÄÌÑ 8-ÂÉÔÏ×ÙÈ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ.  ðÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ
    ÍÏÄÅÍ ÎÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÇÏ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÔÏËÏÍ (XON/XOFF).  åÓÌÉ ÖÅ
    ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÅ <emphasis>ÄÏÌÖÎÏ</emphasis> , ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÅ
    ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÔÏËÏÍ, ÔÏ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ <literal>set accmap
    0x000a0000</literal> ÄÌÑ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑ <command>ppp</command> ÜËÒÁÎÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ
    ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÙ <literal>^Q</literal> É <literal>^S</literal>.</para>

  <para>äÒÕÇÏÊ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÏÊ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÂÏÌØÛÏÇÏ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Á ÏÛÉÂÏË FCS ÍÏÖÅÔ
    ÂÙÔØ ÐÒÅËÒÁÝÅÎÉÅ ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÐÏÌÏÖÎÏÊ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÏÊ ÓÅÁÎÓÁ <acronym>PPP</acronym>.
    ÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÷ÁÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÎÁÄÏÂÉÔØÓÑ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
    <literal>async</literal> ÄÌÑ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÉ ÔÏÇÏ, ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÌÉ ÐÏÓÔÕÐÁÅÍÙÅ ÉÚ
    ÌÉÎÉÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÑÍÉ login ÉÌÉ shell.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù 
    ÐÏÌÕÞÉÌÉ ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÅ shell Ó ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÐÏÌÏÖÎÏÊ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ, ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ
    ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÅ ppp ÂÅÚ ÏÂÒÙ×Á Ó×ÑÚÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ <emphasis remap=tt>close
    lcp</emphasis> (ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÁÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ <emphasis remap=tt>term</emphasis>
    ÓÎÏ×Á ×ÅÒÎ£Ô ×ÁÓ Ë ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÀ
    shell ÎÁ ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ).</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÎÉÞÅÇÏ × ÆÁÊÌÅ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÁ ÎÅ ÇÏ×ÏÒÉÔ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ Ó×ÑÚØ
    ÂÙÌÁ ÐÒÅÒ×ÁÎÁ, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÐÒÏÓÉÔØ Õ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÁ ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÏÊ
    ÍÁÛÉÎÙ (×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÁ), ÐÏÞÅÍÕ ÓÅÁÎÓ ÂÙÌ ÚÁËÒÙÔ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry id=PPPoEwithNAT>
  <question id="macos-win98-pppoe-freeze">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ × MacOS É Windows 98 ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ ÚÁÍÉÒÁÀÔ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÎÁ
      ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÔÏÒÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ PPPoE</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>íÙ ÂÌÁÇÏÄÁÒÉÍ íÁÊËÌÁ ÷ÏÚÎÑËÁ (Michael Wozniak)
    <email>mwozniak@netcom.ca</email>, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÓÏÏÂÝÉÌ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ, É
    äÜÎÁ æÌÅÍÍÉÎÇÁ (Dan Flemming) <email>danflemming@mac.com</email> ÚÁ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ
    ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ Mac:</para>

  <para>üÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ ÉÚ-ÚÁ ÜÆÆÅËÔÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÚ×ÁÔØ <quote>Þ£ÒÎÏÊ
    ÄÙÒÏÊ</quote> ÎÁ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÔÏÒÅ.  MacOS É Windows 98 (É, ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ,
    ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÏÔ Microsoft), ÐÏÓÙÌÁÀÔ ÐÁËÅÔÙ TCP Ó ÚÁÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÅÍÙÍ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏÍ
    ÓÅÇÍÅÎÔÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ×ÅÌÉË ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÂÙÔØ ÐÏÍÅÝ£ÎÎÙÍ × ËÁÄÒ
    PPPoE (ÄÌÑ ÓÅÔÉ Ethernet ÒÁÚÍÅÒ MTU ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÒÁ×ÅÎ 1500)
    <emphasis>É</emphasis> Ó ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÙÍ ÂÉÔÏÍ <quote>ÎÅ
    ÆÒÁÇÍÅÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ</quote> (ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÄÌÑ TCP), Á ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÔÏÒÙ Telco ÎÅ
    ÐÏÓÙÌÁÅÔ ÐÁËÅÔ ICMP <quote>ÎÕÖÎÏ ÆÒÁÇÍÅÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ</quote> ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏ ÎÁ ÓÁÊÔ
    www, Ó ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ×Ù ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔÅ.  (ìÉÂÏ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÔÏÒ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÅÔ ÐÁËÅÔÙ ICMP
    ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ, Á ÍÅÖÓÅÔÅ×ÏÊ ÜËÒÁÎ ÎÁ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÅ ×ÅÂ-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÈ ÓÂÒÁÓÙ×ÁÅÔ.)  ëÏÇÄÁ
    ×ÅÂ-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÅÔ ×ÁÍ ËÁÄÒÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÎÅ ÐÏÍÅÝÁÀÔÓÑ × ÐÏÔÏË PPPoE, ÔÏ
    ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÔÏÒÙ Telco ÉÈ ÏÔÂÒÁÓÙ×ÁÀÔ É ÓÔÒÁÎÉÞËÉ ÎÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÖÁÀÔÓÑ (ÞÁÓÔØ
    ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃ/ÇÒÁÆÉËÉ ×Ó£ ÖÅ ×ÉÄÎÏ, ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ ÏÎÉ ÍÅÎØÛÅ, ÞÅÍ MSS).  ðÏÈÏÖÅ,
    ÞÔÏ ÔÁËÉÅ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÕÀÔ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÎÁ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Å ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÊ
    PPPoE Telco (ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎÉ ×ÏÏÂÝÅ ÚÎÁÀÔ, ËÁË ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÔÏÒ...
    ÄÁ ÕÖ...).</para>

  <para>ïÄÎÉÍ ÉÚ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏ× ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ ÜÔÏ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ regedit
    ÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÁÈ 96/98 ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ × ÒÅÅÓÔÒ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ
    ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ...</para>

  <programlisting>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\Class\NetTrans\0000\MaxMTU</programlisting>

  <para>üÔÏ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÓÔÒÏËÁ ÓÏ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅÍ <quote>1450</quote> (ÔÏÞÎÅÅ,
    <quote>1464</quote>, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÒÁÚÍÅÝÁÔØ ÐÁËÅÔÙ TCP ÔÏÞÎÏ ÐÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÕ ËÁÄÒÁ
    PPPoE, ÏÄÎÁËÏ <quote>1450</quote> ÄÁ£Ô ×ÁÍ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÚÁÐÁÓ × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ
    ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÏ× IP, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ).  ÷ Windows 2000 ÜÔÏÔ
    ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ ÒÅÅÓÔÒÁ ÂÙÌ ÐÅÒÅÉÍÅÎÏ×ÁÎ ×
    <literal>Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\<replaceable>ID
    ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁ</replaceable>\MTU</literal>.</para>

  <para>ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÍ ÉÚ <ulink
    URL="http://search.support.microsoft.com/kb">Microsoft Knowledge
    Base</ulink> <quote>Q158474 - Windows TCPIP Registry Entries</quote> É
    <quote>Q120642 - TCPIP & NBT Configuration Parameters for Windows
    NT</quote> ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ ÐÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÀ
    MTU × Windoze ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÉÚÁÔÏÒÏÍ FreeBSD/NAT/PPPoE.</para>

  <para>ë ÎÅÓÞÁÓÔØÀ, × MacOS ÎÅÔ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ TCP/IP.  ïÄÎÁËÏ
    ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ËÏÍÍÅÒÞÅÓËÏÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÅ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÅ, ÔÁËÏÅ, ËÁË OTAdvancedTuner
    (OT for OpenTransport, the MacOS TCP/IP stack) ËÏÍÐÁÎÉÉ <ulink
    URL="http://www.softworks.com/">Sustainable Softworks</ulink>, ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ
    ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ ÎÁÓÔÒÁÉ×ÁÔØ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ TCP/IP.  ðÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ MacOS
    NAT ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ×ÙÂÒÁÔØ <literal>ip_interface_MTU</literal> ÉÚ ×ÙÐÁÄÁÀÝÅÇÏ ÍÅÎÀ,
    ××ÅÓÔÉ ÞÉÓÌÏ <literal>1450</literal> ×ÍÅÓÔÏ <literal>1500</literal> × ÏËÎÅ,
    ÚÁÔÅÍ Ý£ÌËÎÕÔØ ÎÁ ËÎÏÐËÅ, ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÚÁ <literal>Save as Auto
    Configure</literal>, É Ý£ÌËÎÕÔØ ÎÁ <literal>Make Active</literal>.</para>

  <para>÷ ÓÁÍÏÊ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÊ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ <application>ppp</application>
    (2.3 É ×ÙÛÅ) ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ <command>enable
    tcpmssfixup</command>, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ×ÙÒÁ×ÎÉ×ÁÅÔ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ
    MSS Ë ÎÕÖÎÏÍÕ.  üÔÁ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÁ.  åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ×ÏÚÎÉËÌÉ
    ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ Ó ÂÏÌÅÅ ÓÔÁÒÏÊ ×ÅÒÓÉÅÊ <application>ppp</application>, ÔÏ ×ÁÓ
    ÍÏÖÅÔ ÚÁÉÎÔÅÒÅÓÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÏÒÔ <application>tcpmssd</application>.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


  <qandaentry>
    <question id="desperation">
      <para>îÉÞÅÇÏ ÎÅ ÐÏÍÏÇÁÅÔ - Ñ ÕÖÅ ÏÔÞÁÑÌÓÑ!</para>
    </question>

  <answer>
  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ó£ ÕÖÅ ÐÅÒÅÐÒÏÂÏ×ÁÎÏ, É ÎÉÞÅÇÏ ÎÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÅÔÓÑ, ÐÏÛÌÉÔÅ ÎÁÍ
    ÍÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ, ×ÁÛ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ, 
    ÓÐÏÓÏ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ <application>ppp</application>, ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÅ ÞÁÓÔÉ
    ÆÁÊÌÁ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÁ, É ×Ù×ÏÄ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ <command>netstat -rn</command> (ÄÏ É ÐÏÓÌÅ
    ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ) × &a.questions; ÉÌÉ × ÔÅÌÅËÏÎÆÅÒÅÎÃÉÀ <ulink
    URL="news:comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.misc">comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.misc</ulink>,
    É ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ, ËÔÏ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ ÕËÁÖÅÔ ×ÁÍ ×ÅÒÎÏÅ ÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


</qandaset>
</chapter>


<chapter
id="serial">
<title>ëÏÍÍÕÎÉËÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ</title>

<para>÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ ÏÓ×ÅÝÅÎÙ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÙ Ï ÒÁÂÏÔÅ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÈ
   ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ× ×Ï FreeBSD.  ðÒÏÔÏËÏÌÙ PPP É SLIP ÒÁÓÓÍÁÔÒÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ × ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ,
   ÐÏÓ×ÑÝ£ÎÎÏÍ <xref linkend="networking" remap="ÒÁÂÏÔÅ × ÓÅÔÉ">.</para>

<qandaset>
<qandaentry>
  <question id="found-serial">
    <para>ëÁË ÕÚÎÁÔØ, ËÁËÉÅ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ÐÏÒÔÙ ÂÙÌÉ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÅÎÙ
      FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ ÑÄÒÁ FreeBSD ÏÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÙÔÁÔØÓÑ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÅ
    ÐÏÒÔÙ, Ó ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÏÊ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÂÙÌÏ ÏÔËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÏ.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
    ÐÏ×ÎÉÍÁÔÅÌØÎÅÊ ÐÒÉÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØÓÑ Ë ×ÙÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÍ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑÍ ÌÉÂÏ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ
    ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.user; <userinput>dmesg | grep sio</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ÐÏÓÌÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ É ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>

  <para>÷ÏÔ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ:</para>

  <programlisting>
sio0 at 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 on isa
sio0: type 16550A
sio1 at 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa
sio1: type 16550A
  </programlisting>

  <para>úÄÅÓØ ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÀÔ Ä×Á ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÈ ÐÏÒÔÁ.  ðÅÒ×ÙÊ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ irq
    4, ÐÏÒÔ ××ÏÄÁ/×Ù×ÏÄÁ <literal>0x3f8</literal> É ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎ ÎÁ ÍÉËÒÏÓÈÅÍÅ
    UART ÔÉÐÁ 16550A.  ÷ÔÏÒÏÊ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÔÏÔ ÖÅ ÔÉÐ ÍÉËÒÏÓÈÅÍÙ, ÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ
    irq 3 É ÁÄÒÅÓ ÐÏÒÔÁ ××ÏÄÁ/×Ù×ÏÄÁ <literal>0x2f8</literal>.  ÷ÎÕÔÒÅÎÎÉÅ
    ÍÏÄÅÍÙ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÑÔ ÔÏÞÎÏ ÔÁËÖÅ, ËÁË ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ÐÏÒÔÙ, ÚÁ ÉÓËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅÍ
    ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ Ë ÍÏÄÅÍ ÎÉÍ <quote>ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎ</quote> ×ÓÅÇÄÁ.</para>

  <para>÷ ÑÄÒÏ <filename>GENERIC</filename> ×ÓÔÒÏÅÎÁ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ Ä×ÕÈ
    ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÈ ÐÏÒÔÏ×, Ó irq É ÁÄÒÅÓÁÍÉ ÐÏÒÔÏ× ××ÏÄÁ/×Ù×ÏÄÁ, ËÁË ×
    ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ ×ÙÛÅ.  åÓÌÉ ÜÔÉ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ÎÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÔ ×ÁÛÉÍ, ÉÌÉ ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù
    ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÌÉ ×ÎÕÔÒÅÎÎÉÅ ÍÏÄÅÍÙ, ÉÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÈ ÐÏÒÔÏ×, ÞÅÍ
    ÏÐÉÓÁÎÏ × ÑÄÒÅ, ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÐÅÒÅËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÑÄÒÏ.  úÁ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ
    ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ <link linkend="make-kernel">Ï ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÉ
    ÑÄÒÁ</link>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="found-modem">
    <para>ëÁË ÕÚÎÁÔØ, ËÁËÉÅ ×ÎÕÔÒÅÎÎÉÅ ÍÏÄÅÍÙ ÂÙÌÉ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÅÎÙ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÏÔ×ÅÔ ÎÁ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÉÊ ×ÏÐÒÏÓ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="missing-tty0X">
    <para>ñ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÞÔÏ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌ 2.0.5 É ÎÅ ÎÁÛ£Ì ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×
      <devicename>tty0X</devicename>!</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>îÅ ×ÏÌÎÕÊÔÅÓØ, ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÏÎÉ ÂÙÌÉ ÏÂßÅÄÉÎÅÎÙ Ó ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÁÍÉ
    <devicename>ttydX</devicename>.  ÷ÁÍ ÐÒÉÄ£ÔÓÑ ÐÏÄÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ
    ÆÁÊÌÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×Ù ÒÁÎØÛÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÉ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="access-serial-ports">
    <para>ëÁË ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÍ ÐÏÒÔÁÍ ×Ï
      FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ôÒÅÔÉÊ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÐÏÒÔ, <devicename>sio2</devicename> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ
    ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ &man.sio.4;), ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ × DOS ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ COM3), ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔÓÑ ËÁË
    <devicename>/dev/cuaa2</devicename> ÄÌÑ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÀÝÉÈ ÉÓÈÏÄÑÝÉÅ
    Ú×ÏÎËÉ, É <devicename>/dev/ttyd2</devicename> ÄÌÑ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×,
    ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÀÝÉÈ ×ÈÏÄÑÝÉÅ Ú×ÏÎËÉ.  ëÁËÁÑ ÒÁÚÎÉÃÁ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÜÔÉÍÉ Ä×ÕÍÑ ËÌÁÓÓÁÍÉ
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×?</para>

  <para>÷Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
    <devicename>ttyd<replaceable>X</replaceable></devicename> ÄÌÑ ×ÈÏÄÑÝÉÈ
    ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÊ. ðÒÉ ÏÔËÒÙÔÉÉ
    <devicename>/dev/ttyd<replaceable>X</replaceable></devicename> × ÂÌÏËÉÒÕÀÝÅÍ
    ÒÅÖÉÍÅ, ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÖÉÄÁÔØ ÎÅÁËÔÉ×ÎÏÓÔÉ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á
    <devicename>cuaa<replaceable>X</replaceable></devicename>, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ
    ÐÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÓÉÇÎÁÌÁ Ï ÎÁÌÉÞÉÉ ÎÅÓÕÝÅÊ. ðÒÉ ÏÔËÒÙÔÉÉ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á
    <devicename>cuaa<replaceable>X</replaceable></devicename>, ÏÎ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÑÅÔ,
    ÞÔÏ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÐÏÒÔ ÎÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÕÖÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÏÍ
    <devicename>ttyd<replaceable>X</replaceable></devicename>. åÓÌÉ ÐÏÒÔ
    ÄÏÓÔÕÐÅÎ, ÏÎ <quote>ÐÏÈÉÝÁÅÔ</quote> ÅÇÏ Õ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á
    <filename>ttyd<replaceable>X</replaceable></filename>. ôÁËÖÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï
    <devicename>cua<replaceable>XX</replaceable></devicename> ÎÅ ÓÌÅÄÉÔ
    ÚÁ ÎÁÌÉÞÉÅÍ ÎÅÓÕÝÅÊ. ó ÔÁËÏÊ ÓÈÅÍÏÊ
    ÒÁÂÏÔÙ É ÍÏÄÅÍÏÍ, ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÉÍÓÑ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ Á×ÔÏÏÔ×ÅÔÁ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔØ
    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ ×ÈÏÄÉÔØ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ É × ÔÏ ÖÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÌÑÔØ
    ÉÓÈÏÄÑÝÉÅ Ú×ÏÎËÉ, Á ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÐÏÚÁÂÏÔÉÔÓÑ Ï ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÈ ËÏÎÆÌÉËÔÁÈ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="enable-multiport-serial">
    <para>ëÁË ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ ÍÎÏÇÏÐÏÒÔÏ×ÙÈ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÈ
      ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ×?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÏ×ÔÏÒÉÍ ÅÝ£ ÒÁÚ: ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔÓÑ × 
    ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ, ÐÏÓ×ÑÝ£ÎÎÏÍ ÜÔÏÍÕ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÕ.  äÌÑ ÍÎÏÇÏÐÏÒÔÏ×ÙÈ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÈ
    ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ× × ÆÁÊÌÅ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ËÌÀÞÅ×ÏÅ ÓÌÏ×Ï &man.sio.4;
    ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÐÏÒÔÁ ÎÁ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÅ.  îÏ irq É ×ÅËÔÏÒ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ ÕËÁÚÁÎ
    ÔÏÌØËÏ Õ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÐÏÒÔÁ.  ÷ÓÅ ÐÏÒÔÙ ÎÁ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÏÄÎÏ
    É ÔÏ ÖÅ irq.  éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÊ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÐÏÒÔ ÄÌÑ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑ
    irq. ôÁËÖÅ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔÅ ÏÐÃÉÀ <literal>COM_MULTIPORT</literal>.</para>

  <para>÷ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ ÄÁÎÏ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ 4-ÐÏÒÔÏ×ÏÇÏ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ AST ÎÁ irq
    7:</para>

  <programlisting>
options "COM_MULTIPORT"
device sio4 at isa? port 0x2a0 tty flags 0x781
device sio5 at isa? port 0x2a8 tty flags 0x781
device sio6 at isa? port 0x2b0 tty flags 0x781
device sio7 at isa? port 0x2b8 tty flags 0x781 irq 7 vector siointr
  </programlisting>

  <para>æÌÁÇÉ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÀÔ, ÞÔÏ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÑÀÝÉÊ ÐÏÒÔ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÍÌÁÄÛÉÊ ÎÏÍÅÒ
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á 7 (<literal>0x700</literal>), ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÁ ÄÉÁÇÎÏÓÔÉËÁ ÎÁ ×ÒÅÍÑ
    ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ
    (<literal>0x080</literal>), É ×ÓÅ ÐÏÒÔÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ ÏÄÎÏ É ÔÏ ÖÅ irq
    (<literal>0x001</literal>).</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="multiport-serial-share-irq">
    <para>íÏÖÅÔ ÌÉ FreeBSD ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÍÎÏÇÏÐÏÒÔÏ×ÙÈ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ×
      Ó ÏÄÉÎÁËÏ×ÙÍ irq?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÏËÁ ÎÅÔ.  ÷Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÎÁÚÎÁÞÉÔØ ÕÎÉËÁÌØÎÙÊ irq ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ
    ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="default-serial-params">
    <para>íÏÖÎÏ ÌÉ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÒÅÖÉÍ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÒÔÁ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ÁÛÅÍÕ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÀ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÎÁÄÏÂÉÔØÓÑ ÏÔËÒÙÔØ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á
    <devicename>ttyd<replaceable>X</replaceable></devicename> (ÉÌÉ
    <devicename>cuaa<replaceable>X</replaceable></devicename>). ëÏÇÄÁ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ
    ÏÔËÒÙ×ÁÅÔ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï, ÏÎÏ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÎÁÂÏÒ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× ××ÏÄÁ/×Ù×ÏÄÁ. ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
    ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ ÉÈ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>stty -a -f /dev/ttyd1</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ëÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÍÅÎÑÅÔÅ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á, ÏÎÉ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÕÀÔ
    ×ÐÌÏÔØ ÄÏ ÚÁËÒÙÔÉÑ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á.  ðÒÉ ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÎÏÍ ÏÔËÒÙÔÉÉ ÏÎÏ ÂÕÄÕÔ
    ÉÍÅÔØ ÒÅÖÉÍÙ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ.  þÔÏÂÙ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÒÅÖÉÍÏ×
    ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÔËÒÙÔØ É ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ × ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Å
    <quote>ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÑ</quote>.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÒÅÖÉÍÏÍ
    ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÒÅÖÉÍ <acronym>CLOCAL</acronym>, 8 ÂÉÔ, É ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÔÏËÏÍ
    <acronym>XON/XOFF</acronym> ÄÌÑ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á <devicename>ttyd5</devicename>,
    ÓÄÅÌÁÊÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>stty -f /dev/ttyid5 clocal cs8 ixon ixoff</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>äÌÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ÔÁËÉÈ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÊ ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎ ÓËÒÉÐÔ
    <filename>/etc/rc.serial</filename>.  ôÅÐÅÒØ ÐÒÉ ÏÔËÒÙÔÉÉ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á
    <devicename>ttyd5</devicename> ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÍÅÔØ ÉÍÅÎÎÏ ÔÁËÏÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ
    ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÐÏÒÔÏÍ.  ïÎÏ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ. ÍÏÖÅÔ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÜÔÉ ÒÅÖÉÍÙ ÐÏ Ó×ÏÅÍÕ
    ÕÓÍÏÔÒÅÎÉÀ.</para>

  <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÁÐÒÅÔÉÔØ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÅÍ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÒÅÖÉÍÏ× ÒÁÂÏÔÙ,
    ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉ× ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á <quote>ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÏÇÏ ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÑ</quote>.
    îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ <filename>ttyd5</filename>
    ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÏÊ É ÒÁ×ÎÏÊ 57600 bps, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>stty -f /dev/ttyld5 57600</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ, ÅÓÌÉ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ ÏÔËÒÏÅÔ <filename>ttyd5</filename> É ÐÏÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ
    ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÐÏÒÔÁ, ÏÎÁ ×Ó£ ÒÁ×ÎÏ ÏÓÔÁÎÅÔÓÑ ÒÁ×ÎÏÊ 57600
    bps.</para>

  <para>åÓÔÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏÇÏ É
    ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÏÇÏ ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÊ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÍÉ ÎÁ ÚÁÐÉÓØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ
    <username>root</username>.  óËÒÉÐÔ &man.MAKEDEV.8;
    ÐÒÉ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× ÜÔÏÇÏ <emphasis>îå</emphasis> ÄÅÌÁÅÔ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="enable-dialup">
    <para>ëÁË ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ×ÈÏÄ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÍÏÄÅÍ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÏÈÏÖÅ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÓÔÁÔØ Internet-ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÏÍ, ÄÁ?  óÎÁÞÁÌÁ
    ×ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔØ Ë ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÏÄÉÎ ÉÌÉ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÍÏÄÅÍÏ×,
    ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ Á×ÔÏÏÔ×ÅÔÁ.  íÏÄÅÍ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÄÅÒÖÁÔØ
    ÓÉÇÎÁÌ ÎÁÌÉÞÉÑ ÎÅÓÕÝÅÊ, ÔÏÌØËÏ ËÏÇÄÁ ÏÎÁ ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ.  ïÎ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ
    ×ÅÛÁÔØ ÔÒÕÂËÕ É ÐÅÒÅÉÎÉÃÉÁÌÉÚÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÓÉÇÎÁÌ ÇÏÔÏ×ÎÏÓÔÉ 
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á DTE (<acronym>DTR</acronym>) ÍÅÎÑÅÔ ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ ÉÚ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÎÁ
    ×ÙËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÊ.  äÏÌÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÁÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÏÅ
    (<filename>RTS/CTS</filename>)
    ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÔÏËÏÍ ÉÌÉ ×Ï×ÓÅ ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ.  åÝ£ ÏÎ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ
    ÎÁ ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÏÊ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔÉ Ó ÐÏÒÔÏÍ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ, ÎÏ (ÞÔÏ ÕÄÏÂÎÏ ÄÌÑ
    Ú×ÏÎÑÝÉÈ) Ó ÓÏÇÌÁÓÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔÉ ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÉ Ó ÄÒÕÇÉÍ ÍÏÄÅÍÏÍ.</para>

  <para>äÌÑ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Á ÍÏÄÅÍÏ×, ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÝÉÈ ÎÁÂÏÒ ËÏÍÁÎÄ Hayes,
    ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÁÑ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔ ÜÔÉ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ É
    ÓÏÈÒÁÎÉÔ ÉÈ × ÜÎÅÒÇÏÎÅÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ:</para>

  <programlisting>
AT &amp;C1 &amp;D3 &amp;K3 &amp;Q6 S0=1 &amp;W
  </programlisting>

  <para>éÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÔÏÍ, ËÁË ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÉ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ÂÅÚ ÏÂÒÁÝÅÎÉÑ Ë ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌØÎÙÍ
    ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁÍ MS-DOS, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔÓÑ × ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ Ï <link
    linkend="direct-at">ÐÏÓÙÌËÅ AT-ËÏÍÁÎÄ</link>.</para>

  <para>úÁÔÅÍ ÏÐÉÛÉÔÅ ÍÏÄÅÍ × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/ttys</filename> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ
    ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ &man.ttys.5;).  ÷ Î£Í ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÙ ×ÓÅ ÐÏÒÔÙ, Ó ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ
    ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÏÖÉÄÁÅÔ ×ÈÏÄÁ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ.  äÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÓÔÒÏËÕ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ
    ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ ËÁË ÜÔÁ:</para>

  <programlisting>
ttyd1 "/usr/libexec/getty std.57600" dialup on insecure
  </programlisting>

  <para>÷ ÜÔÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ ÕËÁÚÁÎÏ, ÞÔÏ ËÏ ×ÔÏÒÏÍÕ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÍÕ ÐÏÒÔÕ
    (<devicename>/dev/ttyd1</devicename>) ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎ ÍÏÄÅÍ ÎÁ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔÉ 57600 bps
    ÂÅÚ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÑ ÐÏ Þ£ÔÎÏÓÔÉ (<literal>std.57600</literal>, ÞÔÏ ÂÅÒ£ÔÓÑ ÉÚ ÆÁÊÌÁ
    <filename>/etc/gettytab</filename> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ &man.gettytab.5;).
    ôÉÐ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁ ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÏÒÔÁ ÏÐÒÅÄẠ̊ΠËÁË <literal>dialup</literal>.
    ðÏÒÔ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎ (<literal>on</literal>) É ÎÅÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÅÎ
    (<literal>insecure</literal>), ÞÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÐÏÐÙÔËÉ ×ÏÊÔÉ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ
    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ root Ó ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÏÒÔÁ ÂÕÄÕÔ ÏÔ×ÅÒÇÎÕÔÙ.  äÌÑ ÐÏÒÔÏ×,
    ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÀÝÉÈ ×ÈÏÄÑÝÉÅ Ú×ÏÎËÉ, ËÁË ÜÔÏÔ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ×ÉÄÁ
    <devicename>ttyd<replaceable>X</replaceable></devicename>.</para>

  <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÓÌÏ×Á <literal>dialup</literal> × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÉÍÅÎÉ
    ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÏÂÙÞÎÏÊ ÐÒÁËÔÉËÏÊ.  íÎÏÇÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ ×ËÌÀÞÁÀÔ × Ó×ÏÉ
    ÆÁÊÌÙ <filename>.profile</filename> ÉÌÉ <filename>.login</filename>
    ÓËÒÉÐÔÙ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÄÁÎÉÑ ÒÅÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÔÉÐÁ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁ, ÅÓÌÉ ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÙÍ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
    ÔÉÐ <literal>dialup</literal>.  ÷ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ ÐÏÒÔ ÏÐÉÓÁÎ ÎÅÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÙÍ.
    þÔÏÂÙ ×ÏÊÔÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ <username>root</username> ÎÁ ÜÔÏÍ ÐÏÒÔÕ, ×ÁÍ
    ÎÕÖÎÏ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ×ÏÊÔÉ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ
    &man.su.1; ÓÔÁÔØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ <username>root</username>.  åÓÌÉ
    ÐÏÒÔ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÁÔÒÉÂÕÔ <literal>secure</literal>, ÔÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ
    <username>root</username> ÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÈÏÄÉÔØ Ó ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÏÒÔÁ
    ÎÅÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ.</para>

  <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ <filename>/etc/ttys</filename> ×ÁÍ
    ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÏÓÌÁÔØ ÓÉÇÎÁÌ ÐÏÔÅÒÉ Ó×ÑÚÉ ÉÌÉ <acronym>HUP</acronym> ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÕ
    &man.init.8;:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>kill -HUP 1</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>üÔÏ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ &man.init.8; ÓÎÏ×Á ÐÒÏÞÉÔÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>/etc/ttys</filename>.
    ðÒÏÃÅÓÓ init ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÙ getty ÄÌÑ ×ÓÅÈ ÐÏÒÔÏ× Ó ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉËÏÊ
    <literal>on</literal>. ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÉÔØ, ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙ ÌÉ ×ÈÏÄÙ Ó
    ËÏÎËÒÅÔÎÏÇÏ ÐÏÒÔÁ, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉ× ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.user; <userinput>ps -ax | grep '[t]tyd1'</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>÷Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ ÎÅÞÔÏ ×ÒÏÄÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÇÏ:</para>

  <programlisting>
747 ??  I      0:00.04 /usr/libexec/getty std.57600 ttyd1
  </programlisting>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="dumb-terminal">
    <para>ëÁË ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔØ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌ Ë FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÓÏÂÉÒÁÅÔÅÓØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å
    ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁ ÄÌÑ FreeBSD, ÓÏÅÄÉÎÉÔÅ ÉÈ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ÐÏÒÔÙ 
    ÎÕÌØ-ÍÏÄÅÍÎÙÍ ËÁÂÅÌÅÍ.  åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌ, ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÅÇÏ
    ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÉ.</para>

  <para>úÁÔÅÍ ÍÏÄÉÆÉÃÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/ttys</filename> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ
    ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ &man.ttys.5;) ÏÐÉÓÁÎÎÙÍ ×ÙÛÅ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù
    ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÁÅÔÅ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌ WYSE-50 Ë ÐÑÔÏÍÕ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÍÕ ÐÏÒÔÕ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ
    ÔÁËÕÀ ÓÔÒÏÞËÕ:</para>

  <programlisting>
ttyd4 "/usr/libexec/getty std.38400" wyse50 on secure
  </programlisting>

  <para>÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎ ÐÏÒÔ ÎÁ <devicename>/dev/ttyd4</devicename>,
    ÉÍÅÀÝÉÊ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌ wyse50, ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÊ ÎÁ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔÉ 34800 bps ÂÅÚ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÑ ÐÏ
    ÞÅÔÎÏÓÔÉ (<literal>std.38400</literal> ÉÚ ÆÁÊÌÁ
    <filename>/etc/gettytab</filename>, ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ
    ÉÚ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÉ ÐÏ &man.gettytab.5;) É ÒÁÚÒÅۣΠÎÅÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÊ ×ÈÏÄ
    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>root</username> (<literal>secure</literal>).</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="cannot-tip">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÎÅ ÕÄÁ£ÔÓÑ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ <command>tip</command> ÉÌÉ
      <command>cu</command>?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>óËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, × ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÚÁÐÕÓË ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ
    &man.tip.1; É &man.cu.1; ÒÁÚÒÅۣΠÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ
    <username>uucp</username> É ÞÌÅÎÁÍ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ
    <groupname>dialer</groupname>.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÇÒÕÐÐÕ
    <groupname>dialer</groupname> ÄÌÑ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÏÍ Ë ×ÁÛÅÍÕ ÍÏÄÅÍÕ ÉÌÉ
    ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÙÍ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍ.  äÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ × ÇÒÕÐÐÕ
    dialer.</para>

  <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÉÔØ ×ÓÅÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÔØ
    &man.tip.1; É &man.cu.1;, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉ× ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>chmod 4511 /usr/bin/cu</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>chmod 4511 /usr/bin/tip</userinput>
  </screen>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="hayes-unsupported">
    <para>íÏÊ ÍÏÄÅÍ Hayes ÎÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ---ÞÔÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>îÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁ óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ Ï ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÅ &man.tip.1; ÕÓÔÁÒÅÌÁ.
    íÏÄÅÍÙ Hayes ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ.  ðÒÏÓÔÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ
    <literal>at=hayes</literal> × ×ÁÛ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/remote</filename>
    (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ &man.remote.5;).</para>

  <para>äÒÁÊ×ÅÒ ÍÏÄÅÍÏ× Hayes ÎÅ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÕÍ£Î, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÔØ
    ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÚ ÎÏ×ÙÈ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÅÊ ÓÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ ÍÏÄÅÍÏ×---ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ
    ÔÉÐÁ <literal>BUSY</literal>, <literal>NO DIALTONE</literal> ÉÌÉ
    <literal>CONNECT 115200</literal> ÂÕÄÕÔ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔØ ÅÇÏ × ÚÁÍÅÛÁÔÅÌØÓÔ×Ï.  ÷Ù
    ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ×ÙËÌÀÞÉÔØ ×Ù×ÏÄ ÔÁËÉÈ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÊ ÐÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ
    &man.tip.1; (ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ <literal>ATX0&amp;W</literal>).</para>

  <para>ëÒÏÍÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÔÁÊÍÁÕÔÁ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÄÌÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ
    &man.tip.1; ÒÁ×ÅÎ 60 ÓÅËÕÎÄÁÍ.  ÷ÁÛ ÍÏÄÅÍ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
    ÍÅÎØÛÅÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ, ÉÎÁÞÅ tip ÂÕÄÅÔ ÄÕÍÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ Õ ×ÁÓ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ÓÏ Ó×ÑÚØÀ.
    ðÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ <literal>ATS7=45&amp;W</literal>.</para>

  <para>îÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ <application>tip</application> × ÔÏÍ ×ÉÄÅ, ËÁËÏÍ
    ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ, ÎÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÍÏÄÅÍÙ Hayes ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ.  òÅÛÅÎÉÅÍ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
    ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÁ <filename>tipconf.h</filename> × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ
    <filename>/usr/src/usr.bin/tip/tip</filename>.  þÔÏÂÙ ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ, ×ÁÍ
    ÎÕÖÅÎ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ× ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ× ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>

  <para>úÁÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÓÔÒÏËÕ <literal>#define HAYES 0</literal> ÎÁ <literal>#define
    HAYES 1</literal>.  úÁÔÅÍ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ <command>make</command> É
    <command>make install</command>.  ðÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÉÈ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÊ ×Ó£ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ
    ÚÁÍÅÞÁÔÅÌØÎÏ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="direct-at">
    <para>ëÁË Ñ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ××ÅÓÔÉ ÜÔÉ AT-ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>óÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ ÔÁË ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÏÅ <quote>ÐÒÑÍÏÅ</quote> ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ × ×ÁÛÅÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ
    <filename>/etc/remote</filename> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ &man.remote.5;).
    îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ ×ÁÛ ÍÏÄÅÍ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎ Ë ÐÅÒ×ÏÍÕ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÍÕ ÐÏÒÔÕ,
    <devicename>/dev/cuaa0</devicename>, ÓÄÅÌÁÊÔÅ ÔÁËÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ:</para>

  <programlisting>
cuaa0:dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#19200:pa=none
  </programlisting>

  <para>õËÁÖÉÔÅ ÍÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÕÀ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÏÂÍÅÎÁ Ó ÐÏÒÔÏÍ, ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÍÕÀ
    ÍÏÄÅÍÏÍ × ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÅ br.  úÁÔÅÍ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ
    <command>tip <devicename>cuaa0</devicename></command> (ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë
    ÓÐÒÁ×ËÅ ÐÏ &man.tip.1;) É ×Ù ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÍÏÄÅÍÕ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ × ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÎÅÔ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á
  <devicename>/dev/cuaa0</devicename>, ÓÄÅÌÁÊÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /dev</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>sh MAKEDEV cuaa0</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>éÌÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ <command>cu</command>, ×ÏÊÄÑ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÏÍ,
    Ó ÔÁËÉÍÉ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁÍÉ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cu -l<replaceable>line</replaceable> -s<replaceable>speed</replaceable></userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ÇÄÅ <replaceable>line</replaceable> - ÜÔÏ ÉÍÑ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÇÏ ÐÏÒÔÁ
    (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, <devicename>/dev/cuaa0</devicename>), Á
    <replaceable>speed</replaceable> - ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÍÏÄÅÍÁ Ó ÐÏÒÔÏÍ
    (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, <literal>57600</literal>).  ðÏÓÌÅ ××ÏÄÁ AT-ËÏÍÁÎÄ, ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ
    <literal>~.</literal> ÄÌÑ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="gt-failure">
    <para>úÎÁË <literal>&lt;@&gt;</literal> ÄÌÑ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÑ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉËÉ pn
      ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ!</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>úÎÁË <literal>&lt;@&gt;</literal> × ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉËÅ, ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÝÅÊ
    ÎÏÍÅÒ ÔÅÌÅÆÏÎÁ, ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÅ tip ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔØÓÑ Ë ÆÁÊÌÕ
    <filename>/etc/phones</filename> ÄÌÑ ÐÏÉÓËÁ ÔÅÌÅÆÏÎÎÏÇÏ ÎÏÍÅÒÁ.  ïÄÎÁËÏ
    ÚÎÁË <literal>&lt;@&gt;</literal> Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÔÁËÖÅ É ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÍ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏÍ ×
    ÆÁÊÌÁÈ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÑ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉË ÔÉÐÁ <filename>/etc/remote</filename>.
    üËÒÁÎÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÅÇÏ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏÍ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏÇÏ ÓÌÜÛÁ:</para>

  <programlisting>pn=\@</programlisting>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="dial-command-line">
    <para>ëÁË ÎÁÂÒÁÔØ ÔÅÌÅÆÏÎÎÙÊ ÎÏÍÅÒ ÉÚ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÉ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>ðÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ÔÁË ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÏÅ <quote>ÏÂÝÅÅ</quote> ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ × ×ÁÛ ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>/etc/remote</filename> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ &man.remote.5;).
    îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ:</para>

  <programlisting>
tip115200|Dial any phone number at 115200 bps:\
       :dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#115200:at=hayes:pa=none:du:
tip57600|Dial any phone number at 57600 bps:\
       :dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#57600:at=hayes:pa=none:du:
  </programlisting>

  <para>ôÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ×ÒÏÄÅ <command>tip -115200
    5551234</command>.  åÓÌÉ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÞÉÔÁÅÔÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ &man.cu.1;, Á ÎÅ
    &man.tip.1;, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÏÂÝÅÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ cu:</para>

  <programlisting>
cu115200|Use cu to dial any number at 115200bps:\
        :dv=/dev/cuaa1:br#57600:at=hayes:pa=none:du:
  </programlisting>

  <para>É ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÊÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>cu 5551234 -s 115200</command>.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="set-bps">
    <para>îÕÖÎÏ ÌÉ ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÒÁÚ ÚÁÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó
      ÐÏÒÔÏÍ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>óÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ <literal>tip1200</literal> ÉÌÉ
    <literal>cu1200</literal>, ÎÏ ÎÅ ÏÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÊÔÅÓØ ÎÁ ÜÔÏÍ É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ
    ÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÝÕÀ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÐÒÉ ÚÁÄÁÎÉÉ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉËÉ br.  &man.tip.1; ÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔ,
    ÞÔÏ ÈÏÒÏÛÉÍ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅÍ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ 1200 bps, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÏÎ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ <literal>tip1200</literal>.  ïÄÎÁËÏ ×ÁÓ ÎÉËÔÏ ÎÅ
    ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÍÅÎÎÏ ÜÔÕ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="terminal-server">
    <para>íÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÉÍÅÔØ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ ÈÏÓÔÁÍ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌØÎÙÊ
      ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>÷ÍÅÓÔÏ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÒÁÚ ÏÖÉÄÁÔØ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ Ë ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌØÎÏÍÕ
    ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÕ, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ÎÁÂÉÒÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <literal>CONNECT
    <replaceable>host</replaceable></literal>, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉËÕ
    <literal>cm</literal> ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ tip.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ×ÏÔ ÔÁËÏÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
    <filename>/etc/remote</filename> (ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÐÒÁ×ËÅ ÐÏ
    &man.remote.5;):</para>

  <programlisting>
pain|pain.deep13.com|Forrester's machine:\
       :cm=CONNECT pain\n:tc=deep13:
muffin|muffin.deep13.com|Frank's machine:\
       :cm=CONNECT muffin\n:tc=deep13:
deep13:Gizmonics Institute terminal server:\
       :dv=/dev/cuaa2:br#38400:at=hayes:du:pa=none:pn=5551234:
  </programlisting>

  <para>ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔ ×ÁÍ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÎÁÂÉÒÁÔØ <command>tip pain</command> ÉÌÉ 
    <command>tip muffin</command> ÄÌÑ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ Ë ÈÏÓÔÁÍ
    <hostid>pain</hostid> ÉÌÉ <hostid>muffin</hostid> É
    <command>tip deep13</command> ÄÌÑ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌØÎÏÍÕ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÕ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="tip-multiline">
    <para>íÏÖÅÔ ÌÉ tip ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÔÅÌÅÆÏÎÏ× ÄÌÑ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ
      ÓÁÊÔÁ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>üÔÁ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ×ÏÚÎÉËÁÅÔ, ËÏÇÄÁ × ÕÎÉ×ÅÒÓÉÔÅÔÅ ÅÓÔØ ÐÁÒÁ
    ÍÏÄÅÍÎÙÈ ×ÈÏÄÏ× É ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÔÙÓÑÞ ÓÔÕÄÅÎÔÏ×, ÐÙÔÁÀÝÉÈÓÑ ÉÍÉ
    ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ...</para>

  <para>óÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÕÎÉ×ÅÒÓÉÔÅÔÁ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
    <filename>/etc/remote</filename> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ &man.remote.5;) É
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ <literal>&lt;\@&gt;</literal> ÐÒÉ ÚÁÄÁÎÉÉ
    ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉËÉ <literal>pn</literal>:</para>

  <programlisting>
big-university:\
       :pn=\@:tc=dialout
dialout:\
       :dv=/dev/cuaa3:br#9600:at=courier:du:pa=none:
  </programlisting>

  <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÐÉÛÉÔÅ ÎÏÍÅÒÁ ÔÅÌÅÆÏÎÏ× ÕÎÉ×ÅÒÓÉÔÅÔÁ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
    <filename>/etc/phones</filename> (ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ ÐÏ
    &man.phones.5;):</para>

  <programlisting>
big-university 5551111
big-university 5551112
big-university 5551113
big-university 5551114
  </programlisting>

  <para>&man.tip.1; ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÙÔÁÔØÓÑ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ×ÓÅÍÉ ÔÅÌÅÆÏÎÎÙÍÉ ÎÏÍÅÒÁÍÉ ×
    ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÏÍ ÐÏÒÑÄËÅ, ÐÒÅÖÄÅ ÞÅÍ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÉÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏÂÙ
    ÐÏÐÙÔËÉ ÂÙÌÉ ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÅÎÙ, ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ &man.tip.1; × ÃÉËÌÅ
    while.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="multi-controlp">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÎÁÖÉÍÁÔØ CTRL+P Ä×ÁÖÄÙ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÓÙÌËÉ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ
      ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ CTRL+P Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÍ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏÍ <quote>ÐÒÉÎÕÄÉÔÅÌØÎÏÇÏ
    ××ÏÄÁ</quote>, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÍ ÄÌÑ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÅ &man.tip.1;, ÞÔÏ
    ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÂÁÊÔÏÍ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÁÚÎÁÞÉÔØ
    ÆÕÎËÃÉÀ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁ ÐÒÉÎÕÄÉÔÅÌØÎÏÇÏ ××ÏÄÁ ÌÀÂÏÍÕ ÄÒÕÇÏÍÕ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÕ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ
    ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ <literal>~s</literal>, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÁ ÄÌÑ <quote>ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ
    ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÊ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ</quote>.</para>

  <para>îÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ
    <literal>~sforce=<replaceable>single-char</replaceable></literal>'' Ó
    ÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÎÏ×ÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÉ.  úÄÅÓØ ÐÏÄ <replaceable>single-char</replaceable>
    ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ × ×ÉÄÕ ÌÀÂÏÊ ÏÄÉÎÏÞÎÙÊ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ ÚÁÄÁÄÉÔÅ
    <replaceable>single-char</replaceable>, ÔÏ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏÍ
    ÐÒÉÎÕÄÉÔÅÌØÎÏÇÏ ××ÏÄÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÎÕÌÅ×ÏÊ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ,
    ÎÁÂÒÁ× CTRL+2 ÉÌÉ CTRL+SPACE.  ðÏÄÈÏÄÑÝÉÍ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅÍ ÄÌÑ
    <replaceable>single-char</replaceable> ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ SHIFT+CTRL+6, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÍÉ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌØÎÙÍÉ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁÍÉ.</para>

  <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÁÄÁÔØ ÌÀÂÏÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁ ÐÒÉÎÕÄÉÔÅÌØÎÏÇÏ ××ÏÄÁ,
    ÕËÁÚÁ× ÅÇÏ × ×ÁÛÅÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>$HOME/.tiprc</filename>:</para>

  <programlisting>
force=<replaceable>single-char</replaceable>
  </programlisting>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="uppercase">
    <para>îÅÏÖÉÄÁÎÎÏ ×Ó£ ÓÔÁÌÏ ÎÁÂÉÒÁÔØÓÑ úáçìá÷îùíé âõë÷áíé?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ, ×Ù ÎÁÖÁÌÉ CTRL+A, ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ <quote>ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÁ × ×ÅÒÈÎÉÊ
    ÒÅÇÉÓÔÒ</quote> ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ &man.tip.1;,
    ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÏ ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÎÙÊ ÄÌÑ ÔÅÈ, Õ ËÏÇÏ ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÁ caps-lock.
    éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <literal>~s</literal>, ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÂÙÌÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÏ
    ×ÙÛÅ, É ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ <quote>raisechar</quote> ×Ï
    ÞÔÏ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÝÅÅ.  ÷ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÅÇÏ ÒÁ×ÎÙÍ
    ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÕ ÐÒÉÎÕÄÉÔÅÌØÎÏÇÏ ××ÏÄÁ, ÅÓÌÉ ÎÅ ÓÏÂÉÒÁÅÔÅÓØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÜÔÉÍÉ
    ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔÑÍÉ.</para>

  <para>óÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ ÆÁÊÌÁ .tiprc ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÐÏÎÒÁ×ÉÔØÓÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ
    ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÁ Emacs, ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÐÒÉÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÎÁÖÉÍÁÔØ CTRL+2 É CTRL+A:</para>

  <programlisting>
force=^^
raisechar=^^
  </programlisting>

  <para>úÄÅÓØ ^^ ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ SHIFT+CTRL+6.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="tip-filetransfer">
    <para>ëÁË ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÅÒÅÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÙ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ
      <command>tip</command>?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÓÏÅÄÉÎÉÌÉÓØ Ó ÄÒÕÇÏÊ Unix-ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÔØ É 
    ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÙ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁÍÉ <literal>~p</literal> (ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÁ) É
    <literal>~t</literal> (ÐÒÉ£Í).  üÔÉ
    ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÀÔ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ &man.cat.1; É &man.echo.1; ÎÁ
    ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÒÉÎÑÔØ É ÐÏÓÌÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÙ.  óÉÎÔÁËÓÉÓ ×ÙÚÏ×Á
    ÉÍÅÅÔ ÔÁËÏÊ ×ÉÄ:</para>

  <programlisting>
~p &lt;local-file&gt; [&lt;remote-file&gt;]
~t &lt;remote-file&gt; [&lt;local-file&gt;]
  </programlisting>

  <para>ëÏÎÔÒÏÌØ ÏÛÉÂÏË ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÉ ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÎÅ ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ
    ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÎÁÄÏÂÉÔØÓÑ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌ ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÉ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, zmodem.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="zmodem-tip">
    <para>ëÁË ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ zmodem ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó
      <application>tip</application>?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÅÒ×ÙÍ ÄÅÌÏÍ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÏÄÎÕ ÉÚ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ, ÒÅÁÌÉÚÕÀÝÉÈ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌ
    zmodem ÉÚ ËÏÌÌÅËÃÉÉ ÐÏÒÔÏ× (ÔÁÍ ÅÓÔØ ÐÁÒÏÞËÁ × ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÉ comms,
    <application>lrzsz</application> É <application>rzsz</application>).
  </para>

  <para>äÌÑ ÐÒÉ£ÍÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÉ ÎÁ ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÐÏÌÏÖÎÏÊ
    ÓÔÏÒÏÎÅ.  úÁÔÅÍ ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ enter É ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ <literal>~C rz</literal> (ÉÌÉ
    <literal>~C lrz</literal>, ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ
    <application>lrzsz</application>) ÄÌÑ ÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÐÒÉ£ÍÁ ÉÈ ÎÁ
    ÌÏËÁÌØÎÕÀ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ.</para>

  <para>äÌÑ ÐÏÓÙÌËÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ ÐÒÉ£ÍÁ ÎÁ ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÐÏÌÏÖÎÏÊ
    ÓÔÏÒÏÎÅ.  úÁÔÅÍ ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ enter É ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ
    <literal>~C sz <replaceable>files</replaceable></literal> (ÉÌÉ
    <literal>~C lsz <replaceable>files</replaceable></literal>) ÄÌÑ ÐÏÓÙÌËÉ
    ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÎÁ ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="cannot-find-serial">
    <para>FreeBSD ÎÅ ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁ£Ô ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ÐÏÒÔÙ ÎÁ ÍÏÅÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ, ÈÏÔÑ
      ×ÓÅ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ×ÅÒÎÙ.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>íÉËÒÏÓÈÅÍÙ UART ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á Acer ÎÁ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÎÓËÉÈ ÐÌÁÔÁÈ É ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁÈ
    ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁÀÔÓÑ ÎÅËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÏ.  äÌÑ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ 
    ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÐÁÔÞÅÍ Ó ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ <ulink
    URL="http://www.lemis.com/serial-port-patch.html">
    www.lemis.com</ulink>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>
</qandaset>
</chapter>


<chapter id="misc">
<title>òÁÚÎÏÅ</title>

<qandaset>
<qandaentry>
  <question id="more-swap">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ FreeBSD ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÇÏÒÁÚÄÏ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÍÅÓÔÁ × ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ, ÞÅÍ
      Linux?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>üÔÏ ÔÏÌØËÏ ËÁÖÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ÄÌÑ FreeBSD ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÍÅÓÔÁ ÎÁ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ
    ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ, ÞÅÍ ÄÌÑ Linux.  îÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÔÁË.  çÌÁ×ÎÏÅ ÏÔÌÉÞÉÅ
    FreeBSD ÏÔ Linux × ÜÔÏÍ ÐÌÁÎÅ ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ FreeBSD ÁËÔÉ×ÎÏ
    ÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÁÅÔ ÎÅÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ, Ë ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÎÅ ÂÙÌÏ ÏÂÒÁÝÅÎÉÊ,
    × ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ, ÞÔÏÂÙ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉÔØ ÏÂß£Í ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÏÊ ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ
    ÄÌÑ ÁËÔÉ×ÎÏÇÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.  Linux ÖÅ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÁÅÔ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ×
    ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ ÔÏÌØËÏ × ËÒÁÊÎÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ.  ðÏÌÕÞÁÅÍÏÅ ×Ï FreeBSD
    Õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÎÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÎÁ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ ËÏÍÐÅÎÓÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÜÆÆÅËÔÉ×ÎÙÍ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ ÏÐÅÒÁÔÉ×ÎÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ.</para>

  <para>úÁÍÅÔØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ, ÈÏÔÑ FreeBSD ÐÒÅÄÐÏÞÉÔÁÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ,
    ÏÎÁ ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÂÒÏÓÉÔØ ×ÓÅ ÎÅÁËÔÉ×ÎÙÅ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ × Ó×ÏÐ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ
    ÎÅÁËÔÉ×ÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.  ôÁË ÞÔÏ ×ÒÑÄ ÌÉ ÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÏÚÎÉËÎÕÔØ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÑ, ËÏÇÄÁ,
    ÐÒÏÓÎÕ×ÛÉÓØ ÒÁÎÏ ÕÔÒÏÍ, ×Ù ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ×ÓÑ ×ÁÛÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ×
    ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ, ÈÏÔÑ ÏÎÁ ÐÒÏÓÔÁÉ×ÁÌÁ ×ÓÀ ÎÏÞØ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="top-freemem">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ &man.top.1; ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÏÞÅÎØ ÍÁÌÅÎØËÉÊ ÏÂߣÍ
      Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ, ÄÁÖÅ ËÏÇÄÁ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÏ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÌÉÛØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ
      ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÊ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÒÏÓÔÏ ÄÅÌÏ × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÐÏÄ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔØÀ ÐÏÄÒÁÚÕÍÅ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÉËÁË ÎÅ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÁÑ ÐÁÍÑÔØ.  ÷ÓÑ ÐÁÍÑÔØ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÅ Ñ×ÎÏ ÎÅ
    ×ÙÄÅÌÑÌÁÓØ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÑÄÒÏÍ FreeBSD ÄÌÑ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ ËÜÛÁ.
    úÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ, ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÙÅ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÏÊ &man.top.1;, ÐÏÍÅÞÅÎÎÙÅ ËÁË
    <literal>Inact</literal>, <literal>Cache</literal> É <literal>Buf</literal>
    - ÜÔÏ ×Ó£ ËÜÛÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÒÁÚÎÙÈ ÓÔÅÐÅÎÅÊ ÕÓÔÁÒÅ×ÁÎÉÑ.  ôÏ, ÞÔÏ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ
    ÎÁÈÏÄÑÔÓÑ × ËÜÛÅ, ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÂÒÁÝÁÔØÓÑ Ë ÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÏÍÕ
    ÄÉÓËÕ ÓÎÏ×Á ÚÁ ÔÅÍÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ, ÏÂÒÁÝÅÎÉÅ Ë ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÂÙÌÏ ÎÅÄÁ×ÎÏ, ÐÏ×ÙÛÁÑ ÔÁËÉÍ
    ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ ÏÂÝÕÀ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ.  ÷ ÏÂÝÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÍÁÌÅÎØËÉÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ×
    ÐÕÎËÔÅ <literal>Free</literal>, ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÙÅ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÏÊ &man.top.1; ÄÌÑ
    Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ - ÜÔÏ ÈÏÒÏÛÏ, ÅÓÌÉ, ËÏÎÅÞÎÏ ÏÎÉ ÎÅ
    <emphasis>ÏÞÅÎØ</emphasis> ÍÁÌÅÎØËÉÅ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="aout-elf">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ (É ÞÔÏ ÉÚ ÓÅÂÑ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÔ) ÆÏÒÍÁÔÙ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÍÙÈ
      ÆÁÊÌÏ× a.aut É ELF?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÌÑ ÐÏÎÉÍÁÎÉÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÐÏÞÅÍÕ FreeBSD ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ
    <filename>ELF</filename>, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ Ï ÔÒ£È
    <quote>ÄÏÍÉÎÉÒÕÀÝÉÈ</quote> ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁÈ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÍÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÄÌÑ Unix:</para>

    <note>
      <para>äÏ FreeBSD ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 3.x, ×Ï FreeBSD ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÓÑ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ
        a.out.</para>
    </note>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>&man.a.out.5;</para>

      <para>üÔÏ ÓÁÍÙÊ ÓÔÁÒÙÊ, <quote>ËÌÁÓÓÉÞÅÓËÉÊ</quote> ÆÏÒÍÁÔ ÏÂßÅËÔÎÙÈ
        ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÄÌÑ Unix.  ÷ Î£Í ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ËÏÒÏÔËÉÊ É ËÏÍÐÁËÔÎÙÊ ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ÏË
        Ó ÍÁÇÉÞÅÓËÉÍ ÞÉÓÌÏÍ × ÎÁÞÁÌÅ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ
        ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ (ÚÁ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÙÍ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅÍ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ
        óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ Ï &man.a.out.5;).
        ïÎ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÔÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÖÁÅÍÙÈ ÓÅÇÍÅÎÔÁ: .text, .data É .bss ÐÌÀÓ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÕ
        ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏ× É ÔÁÂÌÉÃÕ ÓÔÒÏË.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para><acronym>COFF</acronym></para>

      <para>üÔÏ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ ÏÂßÅËÔÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ× SVR3.  äÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏ × ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ÏË
        ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÁ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÁ ÓÅËÃÉÊ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÍÅÔØ ÉÈ ÂÏÌØÛÅ, ÞÅÍ ÔÏÌØËÏ
        .text, .data É .bss.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para><acronym>ELF</acronym></para>

      <para>ðÒÅÅÍÎÉË <acronym>COFF</acronym>, × ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÙ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ
        ÉÍÅÔØ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÓÅËÃÉÊ É 32- ÉÌÉ 64-ÒÁÚÒÑÄÎÙÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ.  ïÄÉÎ ÂÏÌØÛÏÊ
        ÍÉÎÕÓ: <acronym>ELF</acronym> ÂÙÌ ÓÐÒÏÅËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎ ÔÁËÖÅ ×
        ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÉ, ÞÔÏ ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÁÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÏÊ ÐÌÁÔÆÏÒÍÙ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ
        ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÄÉÎ ABI.  üÔÏ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÎÅËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÏ, É ÄÁÖÅ ×
        ÍÉÒÅ ËÏÍÍÅÒÞÅÓËÉÈ ÒÅÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÊ SYSV (× ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÐÏ ËÒÁÊÎÅÊ ÍÅÒÅ
        ÔÒÉ ABI: SVR4, Solaris É SCO) ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÔÁË.</para>

      <para>FreeBSD ËÁËÉÍ-ÔÏ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ ÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÒÅÛÉÔØ ÜÔÕ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÕ,
        ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÑ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÕ ÄÌÑ <emphasis>ÐÏÍÅÔËÉ</emphasis> ËÏÎËÒÅÔÎÏÇÏ
        ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÍÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ <acronym>ELF</acronym> Ó ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ Ï ABI, Ó
        ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÏÎ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍ.  ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ Ï ÕÔÉÌÉÔÅ
        &man.brandelf.1; ÚÁ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ.</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  <para>FreeBSD ×ÙÒÏÓÌÁ ÎÁ <quote>ËÌÁÓÓÉÞÅÓËÉÈ</quote> ÔÒÁÄÉÃÉÑÈ É ÔÒÁÄÉÃÉÏÎÎÏ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÁ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ &man.a.out.5;,
    ÔÅÈÎÏÌÏÇÉÀ, ÏÐÒÏÂÏ×ÁÎÎÕÀ É ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÅÎÎÕÀ ×Ï ÍÎÏÇÉÈ ×ÁÒÉÁÃÉÑÈ BSD.  èÏÔÑ ÄÁ×ÎÏ
    ÕÖÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÂÙÌÏ ËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ É ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ÒÏÄÎÙÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÍÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ (É ÑÄÒÏ) ×
    ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ <acronym>ELF</acronym>, FreeBSD Ó ÓÁÍÏÇÏ ÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÓÏÐÒÏÔÉ×ÌÑÌÁÓØ
    ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÕ ÎÁ <acronym>ELF</acronym> ËÁË ÎÁ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÊ ÐÏ
    ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ.  ðÏÞÅÍÕ?  ëÏÇÄÁ ÍÉÒ Linux ÄÅÌÁÌ ÂÏÌÅÚÎÅÎÎÙÊ ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄ Ë
    <acronym>ELF</acronym>, ÐÒÉÞÉÎ ÏÔ×ÅÒÇÎÕÔØ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ <filename>a.out</filename>
    ÂÙÌÏ ÎÅ ÔÁË ÕÖ É ÍÎÏÇÏ, ÒÁÚ×Å ÞÔÏ ÉÈ ÎÅÇÉÂËÉÊ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÎÏ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÍÉ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁÍÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÂÙÌ ÏÓÎÏ×ÁÎ ÎÁ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÅ ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÏ×, ÞÔÏ
    ÄÅÌÁÌÏ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÅ ÔÁËÉÈ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅË ÏÞÅÎØ ÚÁÔÒÕÄÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÍ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÏ×.
    ôÁË ËÁË ÓÒÅÄÓÔ×Á ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó <acronym>ELF</acronym> ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÌÉ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ ÜÔÏÊ
    ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ É ÜÔÏ ÂÙÌÏ × ÏÂÝÅÍ-ÔÏ <quote>ÛÁÇÏÍ ×ÐÅÒ£Ä</quote> × ÌÀÂÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ,
    ÃÅÎÁ ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÁ ÂÙÌÁ ÐÒÉÚÎÁÎÁ ÓÔÏÑÝÅÊ ÔÏÇÏ É ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄ ÂÙÌ ÓÄÅÌÁÎ.</para>

  <para>÷ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ FreeBSD, ÎÁÛ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÍÉ
    ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁÍÉ ÏÞÅÎØ ÐÏÈÏÖ ÎÁ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍ, ÐÒÉÍÅÎÑÅÍÙÊ ×
    <application>SunOS</application>, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÅÇÏ ÏÞÅÎØ ÌÅÇËÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ.
    ïÄÎÁËÏ, ÎÁÞÉÎÁÑ Ó 3.0, FreeBSD ÏÆÉÃÉÁÌØÎÏ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ
    <acronym>ELF</acronym> ËÁË ÆÏÒÍÁÔ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÊ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ.  é, ÈÏÔÑ
    ÆÏÒÍÁÔ
    <filename>a.out</filename> ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ × ÐÏÌÎÏÊ ÍÅÒÅ, ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÉ ÉÚ
    ÐÒÏÅËÔÁ GNU, Ñ×ÌÑÀÝÉÅÓÑ Á×ÔÏÒÁÍÉ ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÔÏÒÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÍÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍ, ÂÏÌØÛÅ
    ÎÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ <filename>a.out</filename>.  üÔÏ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÌÏ ÎÁÓ
    ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÔØ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÔÏÒÁ É ËÏÍÐÏÎÏ×ÝÉËÁ, É ÎÅ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÌÏ
    ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ×ÓÅÍÉ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÑÍÉ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÈ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÏË GNU.  
    ðÏÔÒÅÂÎÏÓÔØ × ÎÁÌÉÞÉÉ ÒÅÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ ISO-C++, × ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÍ ËÏÎÓÔÒÕËÔÏÒÏ× É
    ÄÅÓÔÒÕËÔÏÒÏ×, ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÒÉ×ÅÌÁ Ë ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÅ <acronym>ELF</acronym> × ÂÕÄÕÝÉÈ
    ÒÅÌÉÚÁÈ FreeBSD.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="binary-formats">
    <para>äÁ, ÎÏ ÐÏÞÅÍÕ ÔÁË ÍÎÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÎÙÈ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÏ×?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×ÅÒÎÕÔØÓÑ × ÄÁÌ£ËÏÅ Ô£ÍÎÏÅ ÐÒÏÛÌÏÅ, ÔÏ ÔÏÇÄÁ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÙ ÂÙÌÉ
    ÏÞÅÎØ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÅÎÙ.  îÁ ÎÉÈ ÍÏÇÌÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÐÒÏÓÔÁÑ, ÍÁÌÅÎØËÁÑ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ.  æÏÒÍÁÔ a.out ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÒÅÛÁÌ ÚÁÄÁÞÕ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ
    ÎÁ ÐÒÏÓÔÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ (PDP-11).  ëÏÇÄÁ ÖÅ ÌÀÄÉ ÐÅÒÅÎÅÓÌÉ Unix Ó ÐÒÏÓÔÙÈ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍ, ÏÎÉ ÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌÉ a.out, ÔÁË ËÁË ÅÇÏ ÂÙÌÏ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÎÎÉÈ
    ÒÅÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÊ Unix ÄÌÑ ÔÁËÉÈ ÁÒÈÉÔÅËÔÕÒ, ËÁË Motorola 68k, VAX, É ÔÄ.</para>

  <para>úÁÔÅÍ ËÁËÏÊ-ÔÏ ÕÍÎÙÊ ÉÎÖÅÎÅÒ ÒÅÛÉÌ, ÞÔÏ ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ
    ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÅ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÅ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÔÏÎËÉÅ ÍÁÎÉÐÕÌÑÃÉÉ, ÔÏ ÜÔÏ
    ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔ ÐÒÅÏÄÏÌÅÔØ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÉ ÐÒÏÅËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ É ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔ
    ÑÄÒÕ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÂÙÓÔÒÅÅ.  ëÏÇÄÁ ÜÔÏ ÂÙÌÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÏ Ó ÎÏ×ÙÍ ÔÉÐÏÍ
    ÁÐÐÁÒÁÔÕÒÙ (× ÎÁÛÉ ÄÎÉ ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÏÍ ËÁË RISC), ÏËÁÚÁÌÏÓØ, ÞÔÏ
    <filename>a.out</filename>
    ÐÌÏÈÏ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÉÔ ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÊ ÁÐÐÁÒÁÔÕÒÙ, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÂÙÌÏ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÁÎÏ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÎÏ×ÙÈ
    ÆÏÒÍÁÔÏ× ÄÌÑ ÄÏÓÔÉÖÅÎÉÑ ÂÏÌØÛÅÊ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ÔÁËÏÇÏ ÁÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÏÇÏ
    ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÑ, ÞÅÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÄÁÔØ ÐÒÏÓÔÏÊ, ÉÍÅÀÝÉÊ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ
    <filename>a.out</filename>.  âÙÌÉ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÁÎÙ ÔÁËÉÅ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÙ, ËÁË
    <acronym>COFF</acronym>, <acronym>ECOFF</acronym> É
    ÅÝ£ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÂÅÚ×ÅÓÔÎÙÈ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÓÏ Ó×ÏÉÍÉ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑÍÉ, ÐÏËÁ ÎÁËÏÎÅÃ
    ×ÓÅ ÎÅ ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÌÉÓØ ÎÁ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ <acronym>ELF</acronym>.</para>

  <para>÷ÄÏÂÁ×ÏË Ë ÜÔÏÍÕ, ÔÁË ËÁË ÒÁÚÍÅÒÙ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ ÓÔÁÌÉ ÄÏÓÔÉÇÁÔØ ÏÇÒÏÍÎÙÈ
    ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏ×, Á ÄÉÓËÏ×ÁÑ (É ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÁÑ) ÐÁÍÑÔØ ÏÓÔÁ×ÁÌÁÓØ ÓÒÁ×ÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏ
    ÎÅÂÏÌØÛÏÊ, ÔÏ ×ÏÚÎÉËÌÁ ËÏÎÃÅÐÃÉÑ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÈ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅË.
    óÉÓÔÅÍÁ VM ÔÁËÖÅ ÓÔÁÌÁ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÍÏÝÎÏÊ.  èÏÔÑ ËÁÖÄÏÅ ÉÚ ÜÔÉÈ ÎÏ×Ï××ÅÄÅÎÉÊ
    ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÁÌÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ <filename>a.out</filename>, ÅÇÏ
    ÂÅÓÐÏÌÅÚÎÏÓÔØ ÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÌÁÓØ
    ×ÉÄÎÁ ×Ó£ ÂÏÌØÛÅ É ÂÏÌØÛÅ Ó ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅÍ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÎÏ×ÏÊ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ.  ë ÔÏÍÕ
    ÖÅ ÌÀÄÉ ÚÁÈÏÔÅÌÉ ÄÉÎÁÍÉÞÅÓËÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÖÁÔØ ËÏÄ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ
    ÉÌÉ ÓÂÒÁÓÙ×ÁÔØ ÞÁÓÔÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ ÐÏÓÌÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ËÏÄÁ ÉÎÉÃÉÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ ÄÌÑ
    ÜËÏÎÏÍÉÉ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ É/ÉÌÉ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ Ó×ÏÐÁ.  ñÚÙËÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ
    ÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÌÉÓØ ×Ó£ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÕÍÎÙÍÉ É ÌÀÄÉ ÚÁÈÏÔÅÌÉ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ
    ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÇÏ ËÏÄÁ ÐÅÒÅÄ ÇÌÁ×ÎÏÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÏÊ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ.  ó ÆÏÒÍÁÔÏÍ
    <filename>a.out</filename> ÂÙÌÁ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÁ ÍÁÓÓÁ ÕÈÉÝÒÅÎÉÊ ÄÌÑ ÒÅÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ
    ×ÓÅÈ ÜÔÉÈ
    ÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÎÉÊ, É ÏÎÉ × ÏÂÝÅÍ-ÔÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÌÉ.  ÷ ËÏÎÃÅ ËÏÎÃÏ× ÎÁÓÔÕÐÉÌ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ,
    ËÏÇÄÁ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ <filename>a.out</filename> ÐÅÒÅÓÔÁÌ ÂÙ ÓÐÒÁ×ÌÑÔØÓÑ ÓÏ ×ÓÅÍÉ
    ÜÔÉÍÉ
    ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁÍÉ ÂÅÚ ÅÝ£ ÂÏÌØÛÉÈ ÐÏÔÅÒØ × ËÏÄÅ É ÇÉÂËÏÓÔÉ × ÒÁÂÏÔÅ.  ôÏÇÄÁ
    ËÁË <acronym>ELF</acronym> ÒÅÛÁÌ ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ÉÚ ÜÔÉÈ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ, ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄ ÎÁ ÎÅÇÏ
    ÂÙÌ ÂÙ
    ÂÏÌÅÚÎÅÎÎÙÍ ÎÁ ÒÁÂÏÞÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.  ôÁË ÞÔÏ <acronym>ELF</acronym> ÖÄÁÌ
    ÍÏÍÅÎÔÁ, ËÏÇÄÁ
    ÂÙÌ ÂÙ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÂÏÌÅÚÎÅÎÎÙÍ ÏÓÔÁ×ÁÔØÓÑ Ó ÆÏÒÍÁÔÏÍ <filename>a.out</filename>,
    ÞÅÍ ÐÅÒÅÊÔÉ
    Ë ÆÏÒÍÁÔÕ <acronym>ELF</acronym>.</para>

  <para>ïÄÎÁËÏ Ó ÔÅÞÅÎÉÅÍ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔÙ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔËÉ, ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ
    ÏÓÎÏ×ÁÎÙ ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔÙ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔËÉ FreeBSD (ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏ ÁÓÓÅÍÂÌÅÒ É 
    ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉË), ÒÁÚÄÅÌÉÌÉÓØ ÎÁ Ä×Å ÐÁÒÁÌÌÅÌØÎÙÅ ×ÅÔ×É.  ÷ ÄÅÒÅ×Ï FreeBSD
    ÂÙÌÁ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÁ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÈ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÉ É ÂÙÌÉ 
    ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÙ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÏÛÉÂËÉ.  òÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÉ ÉÚ GNU, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÚÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏ
    ÐÉÓÁÌÉ ÜÔÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ, ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÉÈ ÐÅÒÅÄÅÌÁÌÉ, ÄÏÂÁ×É× ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÕÀ
    ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÑ ËÒÏÓÓ-ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÔÏÒÏ×, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
    ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÙ, É ÔÄ.  ëÏÇÄÁ ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ÚÁÈÏÔÅÌÉ ÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ËÒÏÓÓ-ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÔÏÒ
    Ó ×ÙÈÏÄÎÙÍ ËÏÄÏÍ ÄÌÑ FreeBSD, ÔÏ ÉÍ ÎÅ ÐÏ×ÅÚÌÏ, ÔÁË ËÁË ÓÔÁÒÙÅ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÅ
    ÔÅËÓÔÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ FreeBSD ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÁ ÄÌÑ as É ld, ÎÅ ÐÏÄÏÛÌÉ.  îÏ×ÙÊ
    ÎÁÂÏÒ ÕÔÉÌÉÔ ÏÔ GNU (binutils) ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ËÒÏÓÓ-ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÀ,
    <acronym>ELF</acronym>,
    ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÉ, ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÑ C++, É ÔÄ.  ÷ÄÏÂÁ×ÏË,
    ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÉ ×ÙÐÕÓËÁÀÔ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ × ÂÉÎÁÒÎÏÍ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ
    <acronym>ELF</acronym>, É
    ÄÌÑ FreeBSD ÂÙÌÏ ÂÙ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÏ ÉÍÅÔØ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÉÈ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÔØ.  é ÅÓÌÉ
    ÔÁËÁÑ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÅÁÌÉÚÏ×ÁÎÁ, ÚÁÞÅÍ ÔÏÇÄÁ ×ÏÏÂÝÅ ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÁÔØ
    ÏÐÉÒÁÔØÓÑ ÎÁ <filename>a.out</filename>?  üÔÏ ÉÚÍÕÞÅÎÎÁÑ ÓÔÁÒÁÑ ÌÏÛÁÄØ,
    ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÂÙÌÁ
    ÐÏÌÅÚÎÁ ÄÏÌÇÏÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ, ÎÏ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ ÓÁÍÏÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÏÔ ÎÅ£ ÏÔËÁÚÁÔØÓÑ, ÏÓÔÁ×É×
    × ÐÒÏÛÌÏÍ ÄÏÌÇÉÅ ÇÏÄÙ ÐÒÅÄÁÎÎÏÊ ÓÌÕÖÂÙ.</para>

  <para><acronym>ELF</acronym> ÂÏÌÅÅ ×ÙÒÁÚÉÔÅÌÅÎ, ÞÅÍ a.out, É ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ
    ÒÅÁÌÉÚÏ×ÁÔØ
    ÂÏÌØÛÕÀ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÑÅÍÏÓÔØ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  éÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔÙ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó
    <acronym>ELF</acronym> ÌÕÞÛÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÁÍÉ, É ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÔ
    ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ
    ËÒÏÓÓ-ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÉ, ÞÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÍÎÏÇÉÈ ×ÁÖÎÏ.  <acronym>ELF</acronym> ÍÏÖÅÔ
    ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÎÅÍÎÏÇÏ
    ÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÅÅ, ÞÅÍ a.out, ÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÔÒÕÄÎÏ ÉÚÍÅÒÉÔØ.  ôÁËÖÅ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÎÉÍÉ ÅÓÔØ
    ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÏÔÌÉÞÉÑ ÐÏ ÒÁÓÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÀ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ, ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÅ ËÏÄÁ
    ÉÎÉÃÉÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ, É ÔÄ.  îÉËÁËÉÅ ÉÚ ÜÔÉÈ ÏÔÌÉÞÉÊ ÏÓÏÂÏ ÎÅ ×ÁÖÎÙ, ÎÏ ÜÔÉ
    ÏÔÌÉÞÉÑ ×Ó£ ÖÅ ÅÓÔØ.  óÏ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÅÍ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ <filename>a.out</filename>
    ÂÕÄÅÔ ÕÂÒÁÎÁ ÉÚ
    ÑÄÒÁ GENERIC, É ÐÏÓÔÅÐÅÎÎÏ ÕÂÒÁÎÁ ÉÚ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÓÏ×ÓÅÍ, ËÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÔÐÁÄ£Ô
    ÎÕÖÄÁ × ÚÁÐÕÓËÅ ÓÔÁÒÙÈ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ ×
    ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ <filename>a.out</filename>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="chmod-symlinks">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ chmod ÎÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÐÒÁ×Á ÎÁ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÉÞÅÓËÉÅ
      ÓÓÙÌËÉ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>óÉÍ×ÏÌÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÓÓÙÌËÉ ÎÅ ÉÍÅÀÔ ÐÒÁ× ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ, Á ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ
    &man.chmod.1; ÎÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÓÓÙÌËÅ ÄÌÑ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÁ× ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ
    Ë ÆÁÊÌÕ, ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÓÓÙÌËÁ.  ðÏÜÔÏÍÕ, ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ ÆÁÊÌ,
    ÓËÁÖÅÍ, Ó ÉÍÅÎÅÍ <filename>foo</filename> É ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ÓÓÙÌËÁ
    <filename>bar</filename> ÎÁ ÜÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ, ÔÏ ÜÔÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ×ÓÅÇÄÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ
    ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØÓÑ ÕÓÐÅÛÎÏ.</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.user; <userinput>chmod g-w bar</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>ïÄÎÁËÏ ÐÒÁ×Á ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>foo</filename> ÎÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÑÔÓÑ.</para>

  <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÜÔÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÌÏ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÏÐÃÉÉ <option>-H</option> ÉÌÉ
    <option>-L</option> ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó ÏÐÃÉÅÊ <option>-R</option>.
    ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁÍ óÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ ÐÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ &man.chmod.1; É ÐÏ
    &man.symlink.7;.</para>
 
    <warning>
      <para>ïÐÃÉÑ <option>-R</option> ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ &man.chmod.1;
        <acronym>òåëõòóé÷îï</acronym>.  âÕÄØÔÅ
        ÏÓÔÏÒÏÖÎÙ, ÚÁÄÁ×ÁÑ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ ÉÌÉ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÓÓÙÌËÉ ÎÁ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ ×
        ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁÈ &man.chmod.1;.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ
        ÐÒÁ×Á ÎÁ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ, ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ÓÓÙÌËÁ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ
        &man.chmod.1; ÂÅÚ ÏÐÃÉÊ É ÓÌÅÄÕÊÔÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÓÓÙÌËÅ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ
        ÌÉÄÉÒÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÓÌÜÛÁ
        (<filename>/</filename>).  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ <filename>foo</filename>
        Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÓÓÙÌËÏÊ ÎÁ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>bar</filename>, Á
        ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÐÒÁ×Á ÎÁ <filename>foo</filename> (ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ
        <filename>bar</filename>), ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ
        ÔÉÐÁ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ:</para>

      <screen>
&prompt.user; <userinput>chmod 555 foo/</userinput>
      </screen>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ÚÁÄÁÎ ÌÉÄÉÒÕÀÝÉÊ ÓÌÜÛ, &man.chmod.1; ÂÕÄÅÔ
        ÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÓÓÙÌËÅ, <filename>foo</filename>, ÍÅÎÑÑ ÐÒÁ×Á
        ÎÁ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>bar</filename>.</para>
    </warning>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="login-8char">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÄÌÉÎÁ ÒÅÇÉÓÔÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÇÏ ÉÍÅÎÉ <emphasis>×Ó£
      ÅÝ£</emphasis> ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÁ 8 ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁÍÉ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>îÁ×ÅÒÎÏÅ, ×Ù ÄÕÍÁÅÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ 
    ËÏÎÓÔÁÎÔÙ <literal>UT_NAMESIZE</literal>, ÐÅÒÅËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ É ×Ó£ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ.  ë ÎÅÓÞÁÓÔØÀ, ÞÁÓÔØ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÊ É ÕÔÉÌÉÔ
    (×ËÌÀÞÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÅ) ÉÍÅÀÔ Ö£ÓÔËÏ ÚÁÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÍÁÌÙÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ (ÎÅ ×ÓÅÇÄÁ
    <literal>8</literal> ÉÌÉ <literal>9</literal>, ÎÏ É ÔÁËÉÅ ÓÔÒÁÎÎÙÅ, ËÁË
    <literal>15</literal> ÉÌÉ <literal>20</literal>) × ÓÔÒÕËÔÕÒÁÈ É ÂÕÆÅÒÁÈ. 
    üÔÏ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄ£Ô ÎÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ Ë ÐÏÒÞÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÖÕÒÎÁÌÏ× (ÉÚ-ÚÁ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÐÏÌÅÊ
    ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ ÔÁÍ, ÇÄÅ ÏÖÉÄÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÏÌÅ ÆÉËÓÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ), ÎÏ
    ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏ×ÌÉÑÔØ ÎÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ ËÌÉÅÎÔÏ× ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ Sun NIS É ÍÏÖÅÔ × ÐÒÉÎÃÉÐÅ
    ×ÙÚ×ÁÔØ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ÐÒÉ ×ÚÁÉÍÏÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÉ Ó ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍÉ Unix.</para>

  <para>÷Ï FreeBSD 3.0 É ÓÔÁÒÛÅ, ÍÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÁÑ ÄÌÉÎÁ ÉÍÅÎÉ ÂÙÌÁ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÁ
    ÄÏ 16 ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏ× É ×ÓÅ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ Ó ÐÒÅÄÏÐÒÅÄÅÌ£ÎÎÙÍ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏÍ ÉÍÅÎÉ ÂÙÌÉ
    ÎÁÊÄÅÎÙ É ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÙ.  ôÁË ËÁË ÜÔÏ ËÁÓÁÅÔÓÑ ÓÔÏÌØ ÍÎÏÇÉÈ ÏÂÌÁÓÔÅÊ ×
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ, ÔÏ ÔÁËÉÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÎÅ ÄÅÌÁÌÉÓØ ×ÐÌÏÔØ ÄÏ 3.0. </para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÁÂÓÏÌÀÔÎÏ Õ×ÅÒÅÎÙ, ÞÔÏ ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÁÊÔÉ É ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ
    ÔÁËÏÇÏ ÒÏÄÁ ÓÁÍÏÓÔÏÑÔÅÌØÎÏ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÏÎÉ ×ÏÚÎÉËÎÕÔ, ÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉÔØ
    ÄÌÉÎÕ ÒÅÇÉÓÔÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÇÏ ÉÍÅÎÉ × ÒÁÎÎÉÈ ÒÅÌÉÚÁÈ, ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×Á× ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>/usr/include/utmp.h</filename> É ÉÚÍÅÎÉ× ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÍ
    ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ ËÏÎÓÔÁÎÔÕ UT_NAMESIZE. ÷Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÕÄÅÔÅ ÔÁËÖÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ
    MAXLOGNAME × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/usr/include/sys/param.h</filename>, ÞÔÏÂÙ
    ÏÎÏ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×Ï×ÁÌÏ UT_NAMESIZE. é ÎÁËÏÎÅÃ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÕÅÔÅ ÉÚ
    ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×, ÎÅ ÚÁÂÕÄØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ <filename>/usr/include</filename>
    ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÒÁÚ! äÅÌÁÊÔÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ × ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÈ ÆÁÊÌÁÈ
    ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁ <filename>/usr/src/..</filename> </para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="dos-binaries">
    <para>íÏÖÎÏ ÌÉ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÔØ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÄÌÑ DOS ×Ï FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>äÁ, ÎÁÞÉÎÁÑ Ó ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 3.0, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÜÍÕÌÑÔÏÒ DOS
    <application>doscmd</application> ÏÔ BSDI, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÂÙÌ ÉÎÔÅÇÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎ
    × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ É ÕÓÏ×ÅÒÛÅÎÓÔ×Ï×ÁÎ.  ðÏÛÌÉÔÅ ÐÉÓØÍÏ &a.emulation;, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù
    ÚÁÉÎÔÅÒÅÓÏ×ÁÎÙ × ÕÞÁÓÔÉÉ × ÜÔÏÍ ÐÒÏÅËÔÅ.</para>

  <para>äÌÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ, ÐÒÅÄÛÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÈ 3.0, × ËÏÌÌÅËÃÉÉ ÐÏÒÔÏ× ÅÓÔØ ÚÁÍÅÞÁÔÅÌØÎÁÑ
    ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ <application>pcemu</application>,
    ÜÍÕÌÉÒÕÀÝÁÑ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ 8088 É ÆÕÎËÃÉÉ BIOS, ÞÅÇÏ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ
    ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÊ DOS, ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÉÈ × ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ.  ïÎÁ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔ X Window
    System (ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ËÁË XFree86).</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>

<qandaentry>
  <question id="translation">
    <para>þÔÏ ÍÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÅÒÅ×ÅÓÔÉ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÀ FreeBSD ÎÁ ÍÏÊ
    ÒÏÄÎÏÊ ÑÚÙË?.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
    <para>ïÚÎÁËÏÍÔÅÓØ Ó <ulink URL="../fdp-primer/translations.html">þÁÓÔÏ
      úÁÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÍÉ ÷ÏÐÒÏÓÁÍÉ ÐÏ ðÅÒÅ×ÏÄÁÍ</ulink> × FreeBSD Documentation
      Project Primer.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>

<qandaentry>
  <question id="free-account">
    <para>çÄÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÂÅÓÐÌÁÔÎÙÊ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>èÏÔÑ FreeBSD ÎÅ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÂÅÓÐÌÁÔÎÙÊ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ ÎÉ Ë ÏÄÎÏÍÕ ÉÚ Ó×ÏÉÈ
    ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ×, ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ËÏÍÐÁÎÉÉ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÔ Unix-ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ Ó ÏÔËÒÙÔÙÍ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÏÍ.
    óÔÏÉÍÏÓÔØ ÜÔÏÊ ÕÓÌÕÇÉ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÁ, ÔÁËÖÅ ËÁË É ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÎÙÊ ÎÁÂÏÒ
    ÕÓÌÕÇ.</para>

  <para><ulink URL="http://www.arbornet.org/">Arbornet, Inc</ulink>, ÔÁËÖÅ
    ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÙÊ ËÁË M-Net, ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÙÊ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë Unix-ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍ Ó 1983.
    îÁÞÉÎÁÑ ÎÁ ÐÌÁÔÆÏÒÍÅ Altos Ó ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÅÊ System III, ÓÁÊÔ ÐÅÒÅÛÅÌ ÎÁ BSD/OS
    × 1991.  ÷ ÉÀÎÅ 2000 ÓÁÊÔ ÓÍÅÎÉÌ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÓÎÏ×Á, ÔÅÐÅÒØ ÎÁ FreeBSD.  M-Net
    ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÁ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÙ telnet É SSH É ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë
    ÐÏÌÎÏÍÕ ÎÁÂÏÒÕ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÇÏ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÑ FreeBSD.  ïÄÎÁËÏ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ÓÅÔÉ
    ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎ ÄÌÑ ÞÌÅÎÏ× É ÓÐÏÎÓÏÒÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÔ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ
    ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ËÁË ÎÅÐÒÉÂÙÌØÎÁÑ ÏÒÇÁÎÉÚÁÃÉÑ.  M-Net ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÔÁËÖÅ ÕÓÌÕÇÉ
    ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏÊ ÄÏÓËÉ ÏÂßÑ×ÌÅÎÉÊ (BBS) É ÉÎÔÅÒÁËÔÉ×ÎÏÇÏ ÞÁÔÁ.</para>

  <para><ulink URL="http://www.grex.org/">Grex</ulink> ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÓÏÂÏÊ ÓÁÊÔ,
    ÏÞÅÎØ ÐÏÈÏÖÉÊ ÎÁ M-Net, ×ËÌÀÞÁÑ ÔÏ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÏÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÅ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ
    ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏÊ ÄÏÓËÉ ÏÂßÑ×ÌÅÎÉÊ (BBS) É ÉÎÔÅÒÁËÔÉ×ÎÏÇÏ ÞÁÔÁ.  ïÄÎÁËÏ
    ÐÌÁÔÆÏÒÍÏÊ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ Sun 4M ÐÏÄ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅÍ SunOS</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="sup-define">
    <para>þÔÏ ÔÁËÏÅ <command>sup</command> É ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>óÏËÒÁÝÅÎÉÅ <ulink URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/ports.cgi?^sup">
    SUP</ulink> ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ Software Update Protocol, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÂÙÌ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÁÎ ×
    CMU ÄÌÑ ÓÉÎÈÒÏÎÉÚÁÃÉÉ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×.  íÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍ ÅÇÏ ÄÌÑ
    ÓÉÎÈÒÏÎÉÚÁÃÉÉ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ× ÎÁ ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÙÈ ÓÁÊÔÁÈ Ó ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÍ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏÍ
    ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÏ×.</para>

  <para>ðÒÏÔÏËÏÌ SUP ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÐÒÏÐÕÓËÎÕÀ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÎÏÓÔØ ËÁÎÁÌÁ ÎÅÜÆÆÅËÔÉ×ÎÏ,
    É ÂÙÌ ÏÔ×ÅÒÇÎÕÔ.  ÷ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÅÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÍÙÍ ÍÅÔÏÄÏÍ ÄÌÑ
    ÓÉÎÈÒÏÎÉÚÁÃÉÉ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ× Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌ <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/synching.html#CVSUP">CVSup</ulink>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="very-very-cool">
    <para>îÁÓËÏÌØËÏ ÇÒÅÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ FreeBSD?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>÷. ëÔÏ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ ÄÅÌÁÌ ÚÁÍÅÒÙ ÔÅÍÐÅÒÁÔÕÒÙ ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ FreeBSD?  ñ
    ÚÎÁÀ, ÞÔÏ Linux ÇÒÅÅÔÓÑ ÍÅÎØÛÅ, ÞÅÍ DOS, ÎÏ ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ×ÉÄÅÌ ÕÐÏÍÉÎÁÎÉÑ
    FreeBSD.  îÁ×ÅÒÎÏÅ, ÏÎ ÓÉÌØÎÏ ÇÒÅÅÔÓÑ.</para>

  <para>ï. îÅÔ, ÎÏ ÍÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÌÉ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ×ËÕÓÏ×ÙÅ ÔÅÓÔÙ Õ ÄÏÂÒÏ×ÏÌØÃÅ× Ó
    ÚÁ×ÑÚÁÎÎÙÍÉ ÇÌÁÚÁÍÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÄÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÒÉÎÑÌÉ ÐÏ 250 ÍÉËÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ
    LSD-25.  35% ÄÏÂÒÏ×ÏÌØÃÅ× ÚÁÑ×ÉÌÏ, ÞÔÏ FreeBSD ÉÍÅÅÔ ×ËÕÓ ÁÐÅÌØÓÉÎÁ,
    ÔÏÇÄÁ ËÁË ×ËÕÓ Linux ÒÁÓÃÅÎÉ×ÁÌÓÑ ËÁË ÆÉÏÌÅÔÏ×ÙÊ ÔÕÍÁÎ.  îÉ ÏÄÎÁ ÉÚ ÇÒÕÐÐ
    ÎÅ ÏÔÍÅÔÉÌÁ ÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÒÁÚÎÉÃÙ × ÔÅÍÐÅÒÁÔÕÒÅ.  íÙ ÈÏÔÅÌÉ ÏÐÕÂÌÉËÏ×ÁÔØ
    ÐÏÌÎÙÅ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÙ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÏÐÒÏÓÁ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÌÉ, ÞÔÏ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÍÎÏÇÏ
    ÄÏÂÒÏ×ÏÌØÃÅ× ÐÏËÉÎÕÌÉ ÐÏÍÅÝÅÎÉÅ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÔÅÓÔÏ×, ÞÔÏ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÓÍÁÚÁÌÏ
    ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÙ.  äÕÍÁÅÍ, ÞÔÏ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÉÚ ÎÉÈ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ × Apple ÎÁÄ ÉÈ
    ÎÏ×ÙÍ GUI <quote>ÞÅÛÉ É ÎÀÈÁÊ</quote>.  üÔÏ ÓÔÁÒÙÊ ÄÏÂÒÙÊ ÂÉÚÎÅÓ!</para>

  <para>óÅÒØ£ÚÎÏ, É FreeBSD, É Linux ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ ÉÎÓÔÒÕËÃÉÀ
    <acronym>HLT</acronym> (halt), ËÏÇÄÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÐÒÏÓÔÁÉ×ÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÕÍÅÎØÛÁÅÔ
    ÐÏÔÒÅÂÌÅÎÉÅ ÜÎÅÒÇÉÉ É × Ó×ÏÀ ÏÞÅÒÅÄØ, ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ ÔÅÐÌÁ.  ÷ÄÏÂÁ×ÏË, ÅÓÌÉ Õ
    ×ÁÓ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅÎ APM (ËÏÍÐÌÅËÓÎÏÅ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÜÎÅÒÇÏÐÏÔÒÅÂÌÅÎÉÅÍ), ÔÏ FreeBSD
    ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÄÉÔØ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ × ÒÅÖÉÍ ÐÏÎÉÖÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÜÎÅÒÇÏÐÏÔÒÅÂÌÅÎÉÑ.</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="letmeoutofhere">
    <para>ëÔÏ ÔÁÍ ÓËÒÅ£ÔÓÑ × ÍÉËÒÏÓÈÅÍÁÈ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ??</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>÷. äÅÌÁÅÔ ÌÉ FreeBSD ÞÔÏ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ <quote>ÜÄÁËÏÅ</quote> ÐÒÉ ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÉ
    ÑÄÒÁ, ÞÔÏ ×ÙÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÐÏÓËÒÉÐÙ×ÁÎÉÅ ÍÉËÒÏÓÈÅÍ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ?  ðÒÉ ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÉ (É ×
    ËÏÒÏÔËÉÊ ÐÒÏÍÅÖÕÔÏË ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÄÁ ÐÒÉ ÓÔÁÒÔÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ)
    ÏÔ ÍÉËÒÏÓÈÅÍ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ ÓÔÒÁÎÎÙÊ ÃÁÒÁÐÁÀÝÉÊ Ú×ÕË.</para>

  <para>ï. äÁ!  ÷Ù, ÎÁ×ÅÒÎÏÅ, ×ÉÄÅÌÉ ÞÁÓÔÏÅ ÕÐÏÍÉÎÁÎÉÅ <quote>ÄÁÅÍÏÎÏ×</quote>
    × ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÉ ÐÏ BSD, ÎÏ ÎÅ ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ÚÎÁÀÔ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÉÅ ÎÅÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌØÎÙÅ
    ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×Á, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÔÅÐÅÒØ ÚÁ×ÌÁÄÅÌÉ ×ÁÛÉÍ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÏÍ.  ãÁÒÁÐÁÀÝÉÊ Ú×ÕË,
    ÉÚÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÊ ÍÉËÒÏÓÈÅÍÁÍÉ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ - ÜÔÏ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ×ÙÓÏËÏÞÁÓÔÏÔÎÏÅ
    ÐÅÒÅÛ£ÐÔÙ×ÁÎÉÅ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÄÁÅÍÏÎÁÍÉ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÏÎÉ ÒÅÛÁÀÔ, ËÁË ÌÕÞÛÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ÉÔØÓÑ
    Ó ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÍÉ ÚÁÄÁÞÁÍÉ ÐÏ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÛÕÍ ÄÏÓÔÉÇ ×ÁÛÉÈ ÕÛÅÊ, ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ DOS <command>fdisk /mbr</command>
    ÉÈ ÓÐÕÇΣÔ, ÎÏ ÎÅ ÕÄÉ×ÌÑÊÔÅÓØ, ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎÉ ÏÔÒÅÁÇÉÒÕÀÔ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÍ
    ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ É ÐÏÐÙÔÁÀÔÓÑ ×ÁÓ ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ.  æÁËÔÉÞÅÓËÉ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ
    ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ×Ù ÕÓÌÙÛÉÔÅ ÓÁÔÁÎÉÎÓËÉÊ ÇÏÌÏÓ âÉÌÌÁ çÅÊÔÓÁ ÉÚ
    ×ÓÔÒÏÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÄÉÎÁÍÉËÁ, ÂÅÇÉÔÅ É ÄÁÖÅ ÎÅ ÏÇÌÑÄÙ×ÁÊÔÅÓØ!  éÚÂÁ×ÌÅÎÎÙÅ
    ÏÔ ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÑ Ó ÄÁÅÍÏÎÁÍÉ BSD, ÂÌÉÚÎÅÃÙ-ÄÅÍÏÎÙ DOS É Windows ÞÁÓÔÏ
    ÍÏÇÕÔ ÚÁÈ×ÁÔÉÔØ ÐÏÌÎÙÊ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌØ ÎÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÎÁÄ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÏÊ É
    ÎÁ×ÌÅÞØ ×ÅÞÎÏÅ ÐÒÏËÌÑÔÉÅ ÎÁ ×ÁÛÕ ÄÕÛÕ.  ôÅÐÅÒØ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÜÔÏ ÚÎÁÅÔÅ, ÅÓÌÉ
    ÂÙ Õ ×ÁÓ ÂÙÌ ×ÙÂÏÒ, ÄÕÍÁÅÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÂÙ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÞÌÉ ÓÌÙÛÁÔØ ÃÁÒÁÐÁÀÝÉÊ Ú×ÕË, ÎÅ
    ÔÁË ÌÉ?</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="define-MFC">
    <para>þÔÏ ÔÁËÏÅ <acronym>MFC</acronym>?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>MFC - ÜÔÏ ÓÏËÒÁÝÅÎÉÅ ÏÔ <quote>Merged From -CURRENT</quote>.  ïÎÏ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ × ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÁÈ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÊ CVS ÄÌÑ ÏÔÍÅÔËÉ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ
    ÂÙÌÏ ÐÅÒÅÎÅÓÅÎÏ × ×ÅÔ×Ø STABLE ÉÚ CURRENT.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="define-BSD">
    <para>þÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ ÓÏËÒÁÝÅÎÉÅ <acronym>BSD</acronym>?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>üÔÏ ÓÏËÒÁÝÅÎÉÅ ÚÎÁÞÉÔ ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ÎÁ ÓÅËÒÅÔÎÏÍ ÑÚÙËÅ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÚÎÁÔØ
    ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÏÓ×ÑÝ£ÎÎÙÅ.  üÔÏ ÎÅÌØÚÑ ÐÅÒÅ×ÅÓÔÉ ÏÄÉÎ Ë ÏÄÎÏÍÕ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ
    ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÓËÁÚÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÄ Ó BSD - ÜÔÏ ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ÍÅÖÄÕ <quote>ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ
    Formula-1</quote>, <quote>ðÉÎÇ×ÉÎÙ - ÜÔÏ ×ËÕÓÎÙÅ ÐÌÀÛËÉ</quote> É <quote>íÙ
    ÐÒÉËÏÌØÎÅÅ, ÞÅÍ Linux</quote>. :-)</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÓÅÒØ£ÚÎÏ, ÔÏ BSD Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÏËÒÁÝÅÎÉÅÍ ÏÔ <quote>Berkeley Software
    Distribution</quote>, ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÑ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ÂÙÌÏ ×ÙÂÒÁÎÏ Berkeley
    <acronym>CSRG</acronym> (Computer Systems Research Group) ÄÌÑ ÉÈ
    ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×Á Unix.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="define-repocopy">
    <para>þÔÏ ÔÁËÏÅ repo-copy?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>repo-copy (ÞÔÏ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ËÒÁÔËÏÊ ÆÏÒÍÏÊ ÏÔ <quote>repository
    copy</quote>) ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ ÐÒÑÍÏÅ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ×ÎÕÔÒÉ ÒÅÐÏÚÉÔÏÒÉÑ
    CVS.</para>

  <para>âÅÚ repo-copy, ÅÓÌÉ ÅÓÔØ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏÓÔØ ÓËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÌÉ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÓÔÉÔØ
    ÆÁÊÌ × ÄÒÕÇÏÅ ÍÅÓÔÏ ÒÅÐÏÚÉÔÏÒÉÑ, ÔÏ ËÏÍÍÉÔÔÅÒ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
    <command>cvs add</command> ÄÌÑ ÐÏÍÅÝÅÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÎÁ ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÍÅÓÔÏ, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ
    <command>cvs rm</command>, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÕÄÁÌÉÔØ ÓÔÁÒÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ, ÅÓÌÉ ÓÔÁÒÁÑ ËÏÐÉÑ
    ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÁ.</para>

  <para>íÉÎÕÓÏÍ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÍÅÔÏÄÁ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÉÓÔÏÒÉÑ (ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ×
    ÖÕÒÎÁÌÁÈ CVS) ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÆÁÊÌÏÍ ÎÅ ËÏÐÉÒÕÀÔÓÑ × ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÍÅÓÔÏ.  ôÁË ËÁË
    ðÒÏÅËÔ FreeBSD ÏÓÏÚÎÁ£Ô ×ÁÖÎÏÓÔØ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ ÉÓÔÏÒÉÉ, ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÎÏÇÏ
    ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ ÚÁÞÁÓÔÕÀ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ × ÒÅÐÏÚÉÔÏÒÉÉ.  üÔÏ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÅ
    ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÏÄÉÎ ÉÚ ÈÏÚÑÅ× ÒÅÐÏÚÉÔÏÒÉÑ ËÏÐÉÒÕÅÔ ÆÁÊÌÙ
    ÎÅÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ ×ÎÕÔÒÉ ÒÅÐÏÚÉÔÏÒÉÑ, ÎÅ ÐÏÌØÚÕÑÓØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁÍÉ
    &man.cvs.1;.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="bikeshed-painting">
    <para>ðÏÞÅÍÕ Ñ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÅÓÐÏËÏÉÔØÓÑ Ï Ã×ÅÔÅ ÆÁÒ ×ÅÌÏÓÉÐÅÄÁ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>îÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ËÒÁÔËÉÊ, ÏÞÅÎØ ËÒÁÔËÉÊ ÏÔ×ÅÔ ÎÁ ÜÔÏÔ ×ÏÐÒÏÓ ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ ×
    ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ.  åÓÌÉ ÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÙÊ ÏÔ×ÅÔ,
    ÔÏ ×ÁÛÅ ÕÍÅÎÉÅ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÆÁÒÙ ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÒÅÐÑÔÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ
    ÄÒÕÇÉÍ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÉÈ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÐÏÔÏÍÕ, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÅ ÎÒÁ×ÉÔÓÑ Ã×ÅÔ, × ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ
    ÏÎÉ ÓÏÂÉÒÁÀÔÓÑ ÉÈ ÏËÒÁÛÉ×ÁÔØ.  üÔÁ ÍÅÔÁÆÏÒÁ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ
    ÏÂÓÕÖÄÁÔØ ËÁÖÄÕÀ ÍÅÌÏÞØ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÐÏÔÏÍÕ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÚÎÁÅÔÅ Ï ÎÅÊ
    ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÍÎÏÇÏ.  îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÌÀÄÉ ÏÔÍÅÞÁÀÔ, ÞÔÏ ÏÂß£Í ÛÕÍÁ, ÇÅÎÅÒÉÒÕÅÍÙÊ
    ÐÒÉ ÐÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÉ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÇÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ, ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏÊ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ
    ÓÌÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ ÓÁÍÏÇÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ.</para>

  <para>âÏÌÅÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÎÙÊ É ÐÏÌÎÙÊ ÏÔ×ÅÔ ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÏÞÅÎØ
    ÄÏÌÇÏÇÏ ÏÂÓÕÖÄÅÎÉÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÌÉ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ &man.sleep.1; ÏÂÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÔØ
    ÄÒÏÂÎÏÅ ÞÉÓÌÏ, ÚÁÄÁÎÎÏÅ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ×ÔÏÒÏÇÏ ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÁ, &a.phk;
    ÏÐÕÂÌÉËÏ×ÁÌ ÂÏÌØÛÏÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ, ÏÚÁÇÌÁ×ÌÅÎÎÏÅ <quote><ulink
    url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/getmsg.cgi?fetch=506636+517178+/usr/local/www/db/text/1999/freebsd-hackers/19991003.freebsd-hackers">
    ÷ÅÌÏÓÉÐÅÄÎÁÑ ÆÁÒÁ (ÌÀÂÏÇÏ Ã×ÅÔÁ) ÎÁ ÚÅÌ£ÎÏÊ ÔÒÁ×Å...</ulink></quote>.
    óÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÅ ÞÁÓÔÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ ÃÉÔÉÒÕÀÔÓÑ ÎÉÖÅ.</para>

    <blockquote>
      <attribution>&a.phk; on freebsd-hackers,
        October 2, 1999</attribution>

      <para><quote>þÔÏ ÔÁÍ ÎÁÓÞ£Ô ÜÔÏÊ ×ÅÌÏÓÉÐÅÄÎÏÊ ÆÁÒÙ?</quote> ëÔÏ-ÔÏ
        ÉÚ ×ÁÓ ÍÅÎÑ ÓÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÌ.</para>

      <para>üÔÏ ÄÏÌÇÁÑ ÉÓÔÏÒÉÑ, ÉÌÉ ÖÅ ÜÔÏ ÓÔÁÒÁÑ ÉÓÔÏÒÉÑ, ÎÏ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ
        ÏÎÁ ËÏÒÏÔËÁ.  ÷ ÎÁÞÁÌÅ 1960-È ÇÏÄÏ× ðÁÒËÉÎÓÏÎ (C. Northcote Parkinson)
        ÎÁÐÉÓÁÌ ËÎÉÇÕ <quote>úÁËÏÎ ðÁÒËÉÎÓÏÎÁ</quote>, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÍÎÏÇÏ
        ÉÎÔÅÒÅÓÎÙÈ ×ÚÇÌÑÄÏ× ÎÁ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ.</para>

      <para>[ÎÅÍÎÏÇÏ ×ÙÄÅÒÖÅË ÉÚ ËÒÁÔËÏÇÏ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÎÉÑ ËÎÉÇÉ]</para>

      <para>÷ ËÏÎËÒÅÔÎÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ Ó ×ÅÌÏÓÉÐÅÄÎÏÊ ÆÁÒÏÊ ÄÒÕÇÉÍ ×ÁÖÎÙÍ ÏÂßÅËÔÏÍ
        Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÁÔÏÍÎÁÑ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÓÔÁÎÃÉÑ.  ñ ÐÏÌÁÇÁÀ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÉÌÌÀÓÔÒÉÒÕÅÔ
        ÄÒÅ×ÎÏÓÔØ ËÎÉÇÉ.</para>

      <para>ðÁÒËÉÎÓÏÎ ÐÏËÁÚÁÌ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÒÉÊÔÉ ÎÁ ÓÏ×ÅÝÁÎÉÅ ÒÕËÏ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÅÊ
        É ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÄÏÂÒÏ ÎÁ ÓÔÒÏÉÔÅÌØÓÔ×Ï ÍÎÏÇÏÍÉÌÌÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÉÌÉ ÄÁÖÅ
        ÍÎÏÇÏÍÉÌÌÉÁÒÄÎÏÊ ÁÔÏÍÎÏÊ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÓÔÁÎÃÉÉ, ÎÏ ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ
        ÆÉÎÁÎÓÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á ×ÅÌÏÓÉÐÅÄÎÙÈ ÆÁÒ, ÔÏ ÐÏÇÒÑÚÎÅÔÅ ×
        ÂÅÓËÏÎÅÞÎÙÈ ÏÂÓÕÖÄÅÎÉÑÈ.</para>

      <para>ðÁÒËÉÎÓÏÎ ÏÂßÑÓÎÑÅÔ ÜÔÏ ÔÅÍ, ÞÔÏ ÁÔÏÍÎÁÑ ÓÔÁÎÃÉÑ ÎÁÓÔÏÌØËÏ ÂÏÌØÛÏÊ,
        ÄÏÒÏÇÏÊ É ÓÌÏÖÎÙÊ ÏÂßÅËÔ, ÞÔÏ ÌÀÄÉ ÎÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÅÇÏ ÏÓÏÚÎÁÔØ É ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÔÏÇÏ,
        ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÏ×ÁÔØ ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ, ÏÎÉ ÐÏÌÁÇÁÀÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ËÔÏ-ÔÏ ÕÖÅ
        ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÉÌ ×ÓÅ ÍÅÌÏÞÉ ÄÏ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ×Ó£ ÚÁÛÌÏ ÔÁË ÄÁÌÅËÏ.  ÷ Ó×ÏÅÊ ËÎÉÇÅ
        òÉÞÁÒÄ ð. æÅÊÎÍÁÎÎ (Richard P. Feynmann) ÄÁ£Ô ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÉÎÔÅÒÅÓÎÙÈ É
        ÏÞÅÎØ ÐÏÕÞÉÔÅÌØÎÙÈ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÏ×, Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÙÈ Ó ìÏÓ áÌÁÍÏÓ.</para>

      <para>÷ÅÌÏÓÉÐÅÄÎÁÑ ÆÁÒÁ - ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÐÏÌÏÖÎÙÊ ÓÌÕÞÁÊ.  ìÀÂÏÊ ÍÏÖÅÔ
        ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÆÁÒÕ ÚÁ ÏÄÉÎ ÕÉËÜÎÄ, É Õ ÎÅÇÏ ÅÝ£ ÏÓÔÁÎÅÔÓÑ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ
        ÆÕÔÂÏÌ ÐÏ ÔÅÌÅ×ÉÚÏÒÕ.  ôÁË ÞÔÏ ÎÅ ×ÁÖÎÏ, ÎÁÓËÏÌØËÏ ÈÏÒÏÛÏ ×Ù ÇÏÔÏ×ÉÌÉÓØ
        Ë ÏÂÓÕÖÄÅÎÉÀ, ÎÁÓËÏÌØËÏ ÕÂÅÄÉÔÅÌØÎÙ ÂÕÄÕÔ ×ÁÛÉ ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÙ, ËÔÏ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ
        ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÛÁÎÓÏÍ ÐÏËÁÚÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎ ÎÅ ÚÒÑ ÅÓÔ Ó×ÏÊ ÈÌÅÂ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎ
        ÏÂÒÁÝÁÅÔ ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎ <emphasis>ÚÄÅÓØ</emphasis>.</para>

      <para>÷ äÁÎÉÉ ÜÔÏ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ <quote>ÏÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÏÔÐÅÞÁÔÏË Ó×ÏÅÇÏ
        ÐÁÌØÃÁ</quote>.  üÔÏ ËÁÓÁÅÔÓÑ ÌÉÞÎÏÊ ÇÏÒÄÏÓÔÉ É ÐÒÅÓÔÉÖÁ, ÜÔÏ ÐÏÈÏÖÅ
        ÎÁ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ËÕÄÁ-ÔÏ É ÓËÁÚÁÔØ: <quote> ÷ÏÎ ÔÁÍ! üÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÌ
        <emphasis>Ñ</emphasis>.</quote>  üÔÏ ÓÉÌØÎÏ ×ÙÒÁÖÅÎÏ × ÐÏÌÉÔÉËÁÈ, ÎÏ
        ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ×Ï ÍÎÏÇÉÈ ÌÀÄÑÈ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÀÔ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ
        ÜÔÏ.  ðÒÏÓÔÏ ×ÓÐÏÍÎÉÔÅ Ï ÏÔÐÅÞÁÔËÁÈ ÎÏÇ ×Ï ×ÌÁÖÎÏÍ ÃÅÍÅÎÔÅ.</para>
    </blockquote>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="changing-lightbulbs">
    <para>óËÏÌØËÏ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÏ× FreeBSD, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÍÅÎÉÔØ
      ÜÌÅËÔÒÉÞÅÓËÕÀ ÌÁÍÐÏÞËÕ?</para>
    </question>

  <answer>

  <para>îÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÉÍÅÔØ ÒÏ×ÎÏ ÏÄÎÕ ÔÙÓÑÞÕ ÓÔÏ ÓÅÍØÄÅÓÑÔ Ä×Á
    ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÁ:</para>

  <para>ä×ÁÄÃÁÔØ ÔÒÉ ÓÏÏÂÝÁÔ × -CURRENT Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÎÅ ÇÏÒÉÔ Ó×ÅÔ;</para>

  <para>þÅÔÙÒÅ ÎÁÞÎÕÔ ÕÔ×ÅÒÖÄÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ É ÔÁËÉÅ
    ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÔØ × -questions;</para>

  <para>ôÒÏÅ ÏÆÏÒÍÑÔ PR ÐÏ ÜÔÏÍÕ ÐÏ×ÏÄÕ, ÐÒÉÞ£Í ÏÄÎÏ ÉÈ ÎÉÈ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÏ
    × doc É ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÓÔÒÏÞËÕ "ÚÄÅÓØ ÔÅÍÎÏ";</para>

  <para>ïÄÉÎ ÚÁËÏÍÍÉÔÉÔ ÎÅÏÔÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÕÀ ÌÁÍÐÏÞËÕ, ÞÔÏ ÓÌÏÍÁÅÔ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÅ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÐÑÔØ ÍÉÎÕÔ ×ÅÒÎ£Ô ×ÓÅ ÎÁÚÁÄ;</para>

  <para>÷ÏÓÅÍØ ÐÏÒÕÇÁÀÔÓÑ Ó Á×ÔÏÒÁÍÉ PR ÐÏ ÐÏ×ÏÄÕ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÁÔÞÅÊ × PR;</para>

  <para>ðÑÔØ ÓÏÏÂÝÁÔ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÎÅ ÐÒÏÈÏÄÉÔ ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ;</para>
 
  <para>ôÒÉÄÃÁÔØ ÏÄÉÎ ÞÅÌÏ×ÅË ÏÔ×ÅÔÉÔ, ÞÔÏ Õ ÎÉÈ ×Ó£ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ É ÎÁ×ÅÒÎÏÅ, ÔÅ
    ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÌÉ cvsup × ÎÅÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÝÅÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ;</para>

  <para>ïÄÉÎ ÐÏÛÌ£Ô ÐÁÔÞ ÄÌÑ ÎÏ×ÏÊ ÌÁÍÐÏÞËÉ × -hackers;</para>
 
  <para>ïÄÉÎ ÐÏÖÁÌÕÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ Õ ÎÅÇÏ ÉÍÅÌÉÓØ ÐÁÔÞÉËÉ ÅÝ£ ÔÒÉ ÇÏÄÁ ÎÁÚÁÄ,
    ÎÏ ËÏÇÄÁ ÏÎ ÐÏÓÌÁÌ ÉÈ × -CURRENT, ÏÎÉ ÂÙÌÉ ÐÒÏÉÇÎÏÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÙ É ÏÎ ÉÍÅÌ
    ÎÅÕÄÁÞÎÙÊ ÏÐÙÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ PR; ËÒÏÍÅ ÔÏÇÏ ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÅÍÁÑ ÌÁÍÐÏÞËÁ
    ÎÅ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÏÔÒÁÖÁÔÅÌÑ.</para>

  <para>ôÒÉÄÃÁÔØ ÓÅÍØ ÎÁÞÎÕÔ ËÒÉÞÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÌÁÍÐÏÞËÉ ÎÅ ÏÔÎÏÓÑÔÓÑ Ë ÂÁÚÏ×ÏÊ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ, ÞÔÏ ËÏÍÍÉÔÔÅÒÙ ÎÅ ÉÍÅÀÔ ÐÒÁ×Á ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÔÁËÉÅ ×ÅÝÉ ÂÅÚ ÏÐÒÏÓÁ
    ÏÂÝÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÓÔÉ É þôï ÷ïïâýå -CORE äåìáåô ðï üôïíõ ðï÷ïäõ?</para>

  <para>ä×Å ÓÏÔÎÉ ÎÁÐÉÛÕÔ Ï Ã×ÅÔÅ ×ÅÌÏÓÉÐÅÄÎÙÈ ÆÁÒ;</para>

  <para>ôÒÏÅ ÓËÁÖÕÔ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏÔ ÐÁÔÞ ÎÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ &man.style.9;</para>

  <para>óÅÍÎÁÄÃÁÔØ ×ÏÚÒÁÚÑÔ, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÅÍÁÑ ÎÏ×ÁÑ ÌÁÍÐÁ ÐÏÄÐÁÄÁÅÔ ÐÏÄ
    ÌÉÃÅÎÚÉÀ GPL;</para>

  <para>ðÑÔØÓÏÔ ×ÏÓÅÍØÄÅÓÑÔ ÛÅÓÔØ ÒÁÚÄÕÀÔ ÆÌÅÊÍ ÐÏ ÐÏ×ÏÄÕ ÓÒÁ×ÎÅÎÉÑ
    ÌÉÃÅÎÚÉÊ GPL, BSD, MIT, NPL É ÌÉÞÎÙÈ ÍÎÅÎÉÊ Ï ÎÅÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÙÈ ÏÓÎÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ
    FSF;</para>

  <para>óÅÍÅÒÏ ÐÏÛÌÀÔ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÞÁÓÔÉ ÜÔÉÈ ÏÂÓÕÖÄÅÎÉÊ × -chat É
    -advocacy;</para>

  <para>ïÄÉÎ ÚÁËÏÍÍÉÔÉÔ ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÅÍÕÀ ÌÁÍÐÕ, ÈÏÔÑ ÏÎÁ Ó×ÅÔÉÔ ÈÕÖÅ, ÞÅÍ
    ÓÔÁÒÁÑ;</para>

  <para>ä×ÏÅ ÏÔËÁÔÑÔ ÜÔÉ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ Ó ÕÖÁÓÎÏÊ ÒÕÇÁÎØÀ × ÖÕÒÎÁÌÅ ËÏÍÍÉÔÁ Ï ÔÏÍ,
    ÞÔÏ ÌÕÞÛÅ FreeBSD ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÉÄÅÔØ × ÔÅÍÎÏÔÅ, ÞÅÍ Ó ÔÕÓËÌÏÊ ÌÁÍÐÏÊ.</para>

  <para>óÏÒÏË ÛÅÓÔØ ÇÒÏÍËÏ ×ÏÓÐÒÏÔÉ×ÑÔÓÑ ÜÔÏÍÕ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÀ É ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÀÔ
    ÏÂßÑÓÎÅÎÉÊ ÏÔ -core;</para>

  <para>ïÄÉÎÎÁÄÃÁÔØ ÐÏÐÒÏÓÑÔ ÕÍÅÎØÛÉÔØ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÌÁÍÐÏÞËÉ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÎÁ ÐÏÄÏÛÌÁ
    Ë ÉÈ ôÁÍÁÇÏÞÉ ÎÁ ÓÌÕÞÁÊ, ÅÓÌÉ ÍÙ ËÏÇÄÁ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ ÓÏÂÅÒ£ÍÓÑ ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÉÔØ
    FreeBSD ÎÁ ÜÔÕ ÐÌÁÔÆÏÒÍÕ;</para>

  <para>óÅÍØÄÅÓÑÔ ÔÒÉ ÚÁÑ×ÑÔ Ï SNR × -hackers É -chat É × ÚÎÁË ÐÒÏÔÅÓÔÁ
    ÏÔÐÉÛÕÔÓÑ;</para>

  <para>ôÒÉÎÁÄÃÁÔØ ÐÏÛÌÀÔ ÐÉÓØÍÁ "unsubscribe", "How do I unsubscribe?",
    É "Please remove me from the list" Ó ÏÂÙÞÎÏÊ ÐÏÄÐÉÓØÀ;</para>

  <para>ïÄÉÎ ÚÁËÏÍÍÉÔÉÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÕÀ ÌÁÍÐÏÞËÕ × ÔÏ ×ÒÅÍÑ, ËÁË ×ÓÅ ÂÕÄÕÔ 
    ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÚÁÎÑÔÙ ÒÕÇÁÎØÀ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÜÔÏ ÚÁÍÅÔÉÔØ;</para>

  <para>ôÒÉÄÃÁÔØ ÏÄÉÎ ÞÅÌÏ×ÅË ÎÁÐÉÛÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÎÏ×ÁÑ ÌÁÍÐÏÞËÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ Ó×ÅÔÉÔØ ÎÁ
    0.364% ÑÒÞÅ, ÅÓÌÉ Å£ ÏÔËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ TenDRA (ÈÏÔÑ ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ
    ÏÎÁ ÐÒÉÏÂÒÅÔ£Ô ÆÏÒÍÕ ËÕÂÁ) É ÞÔÏ FreeBSD ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÐÅÒÅÊÔÉ ÎÁ ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÔÏÒ
    TenDRA, Á ÎÅ ÎÁ EGCS;</para>

  <para>ïÄÉÎ ÚÁÍÅÔÉÔ, ÞÔÏ Õ ÌÁÍÐÏÞËÉ ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÃÏËÏÌØ;</para>

  <para>äÅ×ÑÔØ (×ËÌÀÞÁÑ Á×ÔÏÒÏ× PR) ÓÐÒÏÓÑÔ "ÞÔÏ ÔÁËÏÅ MFC?";</para>

  <para>óÐÕÓÔÑ Ä×Å ÎÅÄÅÌÉ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÓÍÅÎÙ ÌÁÍÐÏÞËÉ ÐÑÔØÄÅÓÑÔ ÓÅÍØ ÞÅÌÏ×ÅË ÓÏÏÂÝÁÔ
    Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ Ó×ÅÔÁ ×Ó£ ÒÁ×ÎÏ ÎÅÔ.</para>

  <para><emphasis>&a.nik; ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÌ:</emphasis></para>

  <para><emphasis>ñ ÓÉÌØÎÏ ÓÍÅÑÌÓÑ ÎÁÄ ×ÓÅÍ ÜÔÉÍ.</emphasis></para>
 
  <para><emphasis>é ÔÏÇÄÁ Ñ ÐÏÄÕÍÁÌ, "ðÏÓÔÏÊÔÅ-ËÁ, ÎÁÊÄ£ÔÓÑ ÌÉ ËÔÏ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ,
    ÞÔÏÂÙ ÚÁÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÜÔÏ ÇÄÅ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ?"</emphasis></para>

  <para><emphasis>é ÎÁ ÍÅÎÑ ÓÎÉÚÏÛÌÏ ÏÚÁÒÅÎÉÅ :-)</emphasis></para>

  <para><emphasis>á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÅ ÐÒÁ×Á ÎÁ ÜÔÏÔ ÐÁÒÁÇÒÁÆ:
    Copyright &copy; 1999 &a.des;.  ðÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÎÅ ×ÏÓÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅ ÜÔÏÔ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌ
    ÂÅÚ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑ Á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÈ ÐÒÁ×.</emphasis></para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>
</qandaset>
</chapter>


<chapter id="advanced">
<title>õÇÌÕÂÌÅÎÎÙÅ ÔÅÍÙ</title>

<qandaset>
<qandaentry>
  <question id="define-snap-release">
    <para>þÔÏ ÔÁËÏÅ SNAP É RELEASE?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>÷ <ulink URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi">òÅÐÏÚÉÔÏÒÉÉ
    CVS</ulink> ÓÅÊÞÁÓ ÎÁÈÏÄÑÔÓÑ ÔÒÉ ÁËÔÉ×ÎÏ/ÐÏÌÕÁËÔÉ×ÎÏ ÒÁÚ×É×ÁÀÝÉÈÓÑ ×ÅÔËÉ
    FreeBSD (×ÅÔ×Ø RELENG_2 ÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ ÏÔ ÓÉÌÙ ÐÁÒÕ ÒÁÚ × ÇÏÄ, ×ÏÔ ÐÏÞÅÍÕ ×
    ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔËÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÔÒÉ ÁËÔÉ×ÎÙÈ ×ÅÔËÉ):</para>
  
  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para><literal>RELENG_2_2</literal>
        AKA <emphasis>2.2-STABLE</emphasis></para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para><literal>RELENG_3</literal>
        AKA <emphasis>3.X-STABLE</emphasis></para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para><literal>RELENG_4</literal>
        AKA <emphasis>4-STABLE</emphasis></para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para><literal>HEAD</literal> AKA <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis>
        AKA <emphasis>5.0-CURRENT</emphasis></para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  <para><literal>HEAD</literal> - ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÒÅÁÌØÎÙÊ ÔÜÇ ×ÅÔËÉ, ËÁË ÄÒÕÇÉÅ Ä×Á;
    ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌØÎÁÑ ËÏÎÓÔÁÎÔÁ ÄÌÑ ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ <quote><emphasis>ÔÅËÕÝÅÇÏ,
    ÎÅ ×ÅÔ×ÑÝÅÇÏÓÑ, ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÅÇÏÓÑ × ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔËÅ ÄÅÒÅ×Á</emphasis></quote>, ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ
    <quote>-CURRENT</quote>.</para>

  <para>îÁ ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ <quote>-CURRENT</quote> Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÉÍÓÑ ×
    ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔËÅ ÄÅÒÅ×ÏÍ 5.0, ×ÅÔËÁ <literal>4-STABLE</literal>,
    <symbol>RELENG_4</symbol>, ÏÔÄÅÌÉÌÁÓØ ÏÔ <quote>-CURRENT</quote> × ÍÁÒÔÅ
    2000 ÇÏÄÁ.</para>

  <para>÷ÅÔ×Ø <literal>2.2-STABLE</literal>,
    <symbol>RELENG_2_2</symbol>, ÏÔÄÅÌÉÌÁÓØ ÏÔ -CURRENT × ÎÏÑÂÒÅ 1996 É
    ÒÁÚ×ÉÔÉÅ ÜÔÏÊ ×ÅÔ×É ÂÙÌÏ ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÐÒÅËÒÁÝÅÎÏ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="custrel">
    <para>ëÁË ÓÁÍÉÍ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÒÅÌÉÚ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÒÅÌÉÚ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÉÍÅÔØ ÔÒÉ ×ÅÝÉ: ÷Ï-ÐÅÒ×ÙÈ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ
    ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ÑÄÒÏÍ, ×ËÌÀÞÁÀÝÉÍ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ &man.vn.4;.  äÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ
    ÅÇÏ × ÆÁÊÌ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ É ÏÔËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÑÄÒÏ:</para>

  <programlisting>
pseudo-device vn         #Vnode driver (turns a file into a device)
  </programlisting>

  <para>÷Ï-×ÔÏÒÙÈ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÉÍÅÔØ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅ ÐÏÌÎÏÅ ÄÅÒÅ×Ï CVS.  þÔÏÂÙ ÄÏÂÉÔØÓÑ
    ÜÔÏÇÏ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/synching.html#CVSUP">CVSUP</ulink>, ÕËÁÚÁ× × ÆÁÊÌÅ
    supfile × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÉÍÅÎÉ ÒÅÌÉÚÁ cvs É ÕÄÁÌÉ× ×ÓÅ ÐÏÌÑ Ó ÔÅÇÁÍÉ É
    ÄÁÔÁÍÉ:</para>

  <programlisting>
*default prefix=/home/ncvs
*default base=/a
*default host=cvsup.FreeBSD.org
*default release=cvs
*default delete compress use-rel-suffix

## Main Source Tree
src-all
src-eBones
src-secure

# Other stuff
ports-all
www
doc-all
  </programlisting>

  <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ <command>cvsup -g supfile</command> ÄÌÑ ×ÙËÁÞËÉ
    ×ÓÅÈ ÎÕÖÎÙÈ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ× ÎÁ ×ÁÛ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒ...</para>

  <para>îÁËÏÎÅÃ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏÅ ÍÅÓÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  äÏÐÕÓÔÉÍ,
    ÞÔÏ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏÅ ÍÅÓÔÏ ÅÓÔØ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ
    <filename>/some/big/filesystem</filename> É, ËÁË × ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ ×ÙÛÅ, ×Ù
    ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÌÉ ÄÅÒÅ×Ï CVS × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>/home/ncvs</filename>:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>setenv CVSROOT /home/ncvs</userinput> # or export CVSROOT=/home/ncvs
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/src</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make buildworld</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/src/release</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make release BUILDNAME=3.0-MY-SNAP CHROOTDIR=/some/big/filesystem/release</userinput>
  </screen>

    <note>
      <para>ðÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÏÔÍÅÔØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ <emphasis>ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ</emphasis>
        ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÕ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ, ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÕÖÅ
        ÅÓÔØ ÚÁÐÏÌÎÅÎÎÙÊ <filename>/usr/obj</filename>.</para>
    </note>

  <para>ðÏÌÎÙÊ ÒÅÌÉÚ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÔÒÏÉÔØÓÑ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ
    <filename>/some/big/filesystem/release</filename> É ÐÏ ÏËÏÎÞÁÎÉÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ
    ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×, ÇÏÔÏ×ÙÊ Ë ÐÏÍÅÝÅÎÉÀ ÎÁ FTP-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ, ÂÕÄÅÔ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔØÓÑ ×
    ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ <filename>/some/big/filesystem/release/R/ftp</filename>.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù
    ÚÁÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÉÔØ SNAP ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ×ÅÔËÉ, ÎÅ -CURRENT, ÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ
    <literal>RELEASETAG=SOMETAG</literal> × ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ make release ×ÙÛÅ,
    ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÐÒÉ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÉ <literal>RELEASETAG=RELENG_2_2</literal>, ÂÕÄÅÔ
    ÓÔÒÏÉÔØÓÑ ÓÁÍÙÊ Ó×ÅÖÉÊ ÓÎÜÐÛÏÔ ×ÅÔËÉ 2.2-STABLE.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="custom-install-disks">
    <para>ëÁË ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÑÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÄÉÓËÉ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ÅÓØ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÑÃÉÏÎÎÙÈ ÄÉÓËÏ× É ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×Ï× ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ
    ÔÅËÓÔÏ× É ÂÉÎÁÒÎÉËÏ× Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÚÉÒÏ×ÁÎ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
    <filename>/usr/src/release/Makefile</filename>.  éÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ, × Î£Í
    ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÅÊÓÑ, ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÎÁÞÁÔØ.  ïÄÎÁËÏ, ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ×ÁÓ
    ÐÒÅÄÕÐÒÅÄÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏÔ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ×ËÌÀÞÁÅÔ × ÓÅÂÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ
    <command>make world</command> É ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÚÁÎÉÍÁÅÔ ÍÎÏÇÏ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ É ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ
    ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="makeworld-clobbers">
    <para>ðÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ <command>make world</command> ÂÙÌÉ ÐÅÒÅÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÙ ×ÓÅ
      ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÁ, ÔÁË É ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ; ËÁË ÇÏ×ÏÒÉÔ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ ÜÔÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ, <command>make
    world</command> ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÅ ×ÓÅÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ× Ó ÎÕÌÑ, ÔÁË
    ÞÔÏ × ÉÔÏÇÅ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÂÙÔØ Õ×ÅÒÅÎÙ, ÞÔÏ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ ÞÉÓÔÕÀ ÒÁÂÏÞÕÀ
    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ (×ÏÔ ÐÏÞÅÍÕ ÜÔÏ ÚÁÎÉÍÁÅÔ ÓÔÏÌØËÏ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ).</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ × ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄ <command>make world</command> ÉÌÉ
    <command>make install</command> ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÁ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÁÑ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ
    <literal>DESTDIR</literal>, ÔÏ ×ÎÏ×Ø ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÂÕÄÕÔ ÐÏÍÅÝÅÎÙ ×
    ÄÅÒÅ×Ï ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ×.  ÉÄÅÎÔÉÞÎÏÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÍÕ, Ó ËÏÒÎÅÍ, ÒÁÓÐÏÌÁÇÁÀÝÉÍÓÑ ×
    <literal>${DESTDIR}</literal>.  ïÄÎÁËÏ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÙÅ
    ËÏÍÂÉÎÁÃÉÉ ÍÏÄÉÆÉËÁÃÉÊ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÈ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅË É ×ÅÒÓÉÊ
    ËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÕÅÍÙÈ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ ÐÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
    <command>make world</command>, ÍÏÖÅÔ ÜÔÏÍÕ ÐÏÍÅÛÁÔØ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="bus-speed-defaulted">
    <para>ðÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ×ÙÄÁ£ÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ <quote>(bus speed
      defaulted)</quote>.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>áÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ SCSI Adaptec 1542 ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÀÔ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÑÔØ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØ
    ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë ÛÉÎÅ.  ðÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÉÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÁ 1542 ÐÙÔÁÌÉÓØ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ
    ÍÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÏ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÕÀ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ É ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÜÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ.  íÙ
    ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÌÉ, ÞÔÏ Õ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÌÏ Ë ÎÁÒÕÛÅÎÉÀ
    ÒÁÂÏÔÏÓÐÏÓÏÂÎÏÓÔÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÜÔÁ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ ×ÙÎÅÓÅÎÁ
    × ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ <symbol>TUNE_1542</symbol>.  éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
    ÜÔÏÊ ÏÐÃÉÉ ÎÁ ÔÅÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ, ÇÄÅ ÏÎÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ, ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÒÉ×ÅÓÔÉ Ë
    ÕÓËÏÒÅÎÉÀ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë ÄÉÓËÁÍ, Á ÔÁÍ, ÇÄÅ ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ, ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÒÉ×ÅÓÔÉ
    Ë ÐÏÔÅÒÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="ctm">
    <para>íÏÖÎÏ ÌÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó current ÐÒÉ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÎÏÍ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÅ ×
      Internet?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>äÁ, ÜÔÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÄÅÌÁÔØ <literal>ÂÅÚ</literal> ÓËÁÞÉ×ÁÎÉÑ
    ÐÏÌÎÏÇÏ ÄÅÒÅ×Á ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ
    ÔÅËÓÔÏ× Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/synching.html#CTM">ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ CTM</ulink>.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="split-240k">
    <para>ëÁË ×Ù ÒÁÚÄÅÌÑÅÔÅ ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ× ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÐÏ 240ë?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ split × ÓÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ BSD-ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÏÐÃÉÀ
    <option>-b</option>, ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÀÝÕÀ ÒÁÚÒÅÚÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÎÁ ÞÁÓÔÉ Ó ÔÏÞÎÏÓÔØÀ ÄÏ
    ÂÁÊÔÁ.</para>

  <para>÷ÏÔ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ ÉÚ ÆÁÊÌÁ <filename>/usr/src/Makefile</filename>.</para>

  <programlisting>
bin-tarball:
(cd ${DISTDIR}; \
tar cf - . \
gzip --no-name -9 -c | \
split -b 240640 - \
${RELEASEDIR}/tarballs/bindist/bin_tgz.)
  </programlisting>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="submitting-kernel-extensions">
    <para>ñ ÎÁÐÉÓÁÌ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ Ë ÑÄÒÕ, ËÏÍÕ ÅÇÏ ÐÏÓÌÁÔØ?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÍÕ <ulink
    URL="/ru/handbook/contrib.html">ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ</ulink> òÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×Á, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ
    ÏÐÉÓÁÎÏ, ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ.</para>

  <para>é ÓÐÁÓÉÂÏ ×ÁÍ ÚÁ ×ÁÛÉ ÕÓÉÌÉÑ!</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="pnp-initialize">
    <para>ëÁË ÒÁÓÐÏÚÎÁÀÔÓÑ É ÉÎÉÃÉÁÌÉÚÉÒÕÀÔÓÑ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ ISA Plug N Play?</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ïÔ: æÒÜÎËÁ äÕÒÄÙ IV (Frank Durda IV)
    <email>uhclem@nemesis.lonestar.org</email></para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ÒÁÓÓÍÁÔÒÉ×ÁÔØ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÎÉÚËÏÍ ÕÒÏ×ÎÅ, ÔÏ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ
    ÐÏÒÔÏ× ××ÏÄÁ/×Ù×ÏÄÁ, × ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ×Ù×ÏÄÉÔØ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ ×ÓÅ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ
    PnP, ËÏÇÄÁ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒ ÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÚÁÐÒÏÓ Ï ÎÁÌÉÞÉÉ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÙÈ
    ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ×.  ôÁË ÞÔÏ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÁ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ×
    PnP, ÏÎÁ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔ ÚÁÐÒÏÓ Ï ÎÁÌÉÞÉÉ ËÁËÉÈ-ÌÉÂÏ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ× PnP, Á ×ÓÅ
    ÔÁËÉÅ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ ×ÙÄÁÀÔ Ó×ÏÊ ÎÏÍÅÒ ÍÏÄÅÌÉ ÐÒÉ ÞÔÅÎÉÉ ÔÏÇÏ ÖÅ ÐÏÒÔÁ 
    ××ÏÄÁ/×Ù×ÏÄÁ, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÁ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔ ÏÔ×ÅÔ ÎÁ Ó×ÏÊ
    ÚÁÐÒÏÓ, ÓÏÓÔÏÑÝÉÊ ÉÚ ÌÏÇÉÞÅÓËÉ ÎÁÌÏÖÅÎÎÙÈ ÎÏÍÅÒÏ× ÍÏÄÅÌÅÊ, 
    ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÉÒÕÅÍÙÊ ËÁË <quote>ÄÁ</quote>.  ÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÏÔ×ÅÔÅ ÐÏ ËÒÁÊÎÅÊ ÍÅÒÅ
    ÏÄÉÎ ÂÉÔ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ × ÅÄÉÎÉÃÕ.  úÁÔÅÍ ËÏÄ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ× ÍÏÖÅÔ
    <quote>×ÙËÌÀÞÁÔØ</quote> ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ Ó ID (ÎÁÚÎÁÞÁÅÍÙÍÉ Microsoft/Intel),
    ÂÏÌØÛÉÍÉ, ÞÅÍ X.  ðÏÔÏÍ ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ÐÏÐÙÔËÁ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ, ÏÓÔÁÌÉÓØ ÌÉ ÅÝ£
    ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ, ÏÔ×ÅÞÁÀÝÉÅ ÎÁ ÚÁÐÒÏÓ.  åÓÌÉ ÏÔ×ÅÔ <literal>0</literal>, ÔÏ
    ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ× Ó ID, ÂÏÌØÛÉÍÉ ÞÅÍ X, ÎÅÔ.  ðÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÏÐÙÔËÁ
    ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ ÎÁÌÉÞÉÅ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ× Ó ÎÏÍÅÒÁÍÉ, ÍÅÎØÛÉÍÉ ÞÅÍ <literal>X</literal>.
    åÓÌÉ ÏÎÉ ÅÓÔØ, ÔÏ ÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÓÑ ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÏ, ÞÔÏ ÅÓÔØ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ Ó ÎÏÍÅÒÁÍÉ,
    ÍÅÎØÛÉÍÉ, ÞÅÍ X.  ôÏÇÄÁ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ ÚÁÐÒÏÓ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁÍ, ÂÏÌØÛÉÍ ÞÅÍ
    X-(limit-4), ÎÁ ×ÙËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ.  úÁÐÒÏÓ ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÑÅÔÓÑ. ðÒÉÍÅÎÉ× ÜÔÏÔ ÍÅÔÏÄ
    ÐÏÌÕÄ×ÏÉÞÎÏÇÏ ÐÏÉÓËÁ ÇÒÁÎÉà ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ ID ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÒÁÚ, ËÏÄ 
    ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÃÉÉ ÎÁÊÄ£Ô ×ÓÅ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ PnP, ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÙÅ × ÄÁÎÎÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ
    ÚÁ ÞÉÓÌÏ ÉÔÅÒÁÃÉÊ, ÇÏÒÁÚÄÏ ÍÅÎØÛÅÅ, ÞÅÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÚÁÎÑÔØ ÐÅÒÅÂÏÒ 2^64
    ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÈ ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔÏ× ID.</para>

  <para>ID ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÓÏÂÏÊ Ä×Á 32-ÒÁÚÒÑÄÎÙÅ ÞÉÓÌÁ (×ÓÅÇÏ ÉÈ 2^64)
    + 8 ÂÉÔ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌØÎÏÊ ÓÕÍÍÙ.  ðÅÒ×ÙÅ 32 ÂÉÔÁ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒÏÍ
    ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÑ.  ïÎÉ ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÁÀÔÓÑ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÂÙ×ÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ
    ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÔÉÐÙ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ× ÏÔ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ É ÔÏÇÏ ÖÅ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÑ ÉÍÅÀÔ
    ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ 32-ÂÉÔÎÙÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒÁ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÑ.  
    îÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏÓÔØ × 32 ÒÁÚÒÑÄÁÈ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÄÁÎÉÑ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÑ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁ
    ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÉÚÌÉÛÎÉÍ.</para>

  <para>ïÓÔÁ×ÛÉÅÓÑ 32 ÂÉÔÁ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÓÅÒÉÊÎÙÍ ÎÏÍÅÒÏÍ, Ethernet-ÁÄÒÅÓÏÍ,
    ÞÅÍ-ÌÉÂÏ, ÄÅÌÁÀÝÉÍ ÜÔÏÔ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ ÕÎÉËÁÌØÎÙÍ.  ðÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌØ ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ
    ×ÙÐÕÓËÁÔØ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ×, ÉÍÅÀÝÉÈ ÔÏ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÏÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÜÔÉÈ ÂÉÔÏ×,
    ÅÓÌÉ, ËÏÎÅÞÎÏ, Õ ÎÉÈ ÎÅ ÒÁÚÎÙÅ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒÙ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌÑ.  ôÁËÉÍ
    ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÍÅÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ× ÏÄÉÎÁËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÔÉÐÁ, ÎÏ Ó
    ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÍÉ 64-ÒÁÚÒÑÄÎÙÍÉ ÎÏÍÅÒÁÍÉ.</para>

  <para>çÒÕÐÐÙ ÐÏ 32 ÂÉÔÁ ÎÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÎÕÌÅ×ÙÍÉ.  üÔÏ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÐÒÉ
    ÌÏÇÉÞÅÓËÏÍ ÏÂßÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÉ OR ÉÈ ÎÏÍÅÒÏ× ÐÏÌÕÞÁÔØ ÎÅÎÕÌÅ×ÏÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ×Ï
    ×ÒÅÍÑ ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÐÏÉÓËÁ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ×.</para>

  <para>ëÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÌÁ ID ×ÓÅÈ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ×, ÏÎÁ ÁËÔÉ×ÉÚÉÒÕÅÔ
    ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ, ÐÏ ÏÄÎÏÍÕ ÚÁ ÒÁÚ (ÞÅÒÅÚ ÔÅ ÖÅ ÐÏÒÔÙ ××ÏÄÁ/×Ù×ÏÄÁ), É
    ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔ, ËÁËÉÅ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÙ ÔÒÅÂÕÀÔÓÑ ÄÁÎÎÏÍÕ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÕ, ËÁËÉÅ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÅ
    ÐÒÅÒÙ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙ É ÔÄ.  óËÁÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ É ÓÂÏÒ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ
    ÐÏ ×ÓÅÍ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÁÍ.</para>

  <para>üÔÁ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ ÓÏÏÔÎÏÓÉÔÓÑ Ó ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÅÊÓÑ × ÆÁÊÌÁÈ ECU ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅ
    ÉÌÉ × MLB BIOS.  ðÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ PnP ÉÚ ECU É BIOS ÄÌÑ ÁÐÐÁÒÁÔÕÒÙ ÎÁ
    MLB ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÓÉÎÔÅÔÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒ, É ÐÅÒÉÆÅÒÉÑ ÎÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔ
    ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÕ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÅÇÏ PnP.  ïÄÎÁËÏ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ BIOS É
    ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ ÉÚ ECU, ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÁ ÉÎÉÃÉÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔØ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á
    PnP, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÎÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÎÁÊÄÅÎÙ ÄÒÕÇÉÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ.</para>

  <para>úÁÔÅÍ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á PnP ÏÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÅÝ£ ÒÁÚ ÄÌÑ ÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÉÍ ÐÏÒÔÏ×
    ××ÏÄÁ/×Ù×ÏÄÁ, DMA, IRQ É ÁÄÒÅÓÏ× ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÅÍÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ.  ôÅÐÅÒØ 
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÉÍÅÔØ ÉÍÅÎÎÏ ÔÁËÉÅ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ É ÏÎÉ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÏÓÔÁ×ÁÔØÓÑ
    ÔÁËÉÍÉ ÄÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ, ÈÏÔÑ ÎÉÇÄÅ ÎÅ ÓËÁÚÁÎÏ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÎÅ
    ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÈ ÍÅÎÑÔØ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÚÁÈÏÔÉÔÅ.</para>

  <para>úÄÅÓØ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÏ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÕÐÒÏÝÅÎÉÊ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÏÂÝÕÀ ÉÄÅÀ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ
    ÕÌÏ×ÉÔØ.</para>

  <para>Microsoft ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÁ ÄÌÑ PnP ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÐÏÒÔÙ ÓÔÁÔÕÓÁ ÐÅÒ×ÏÇÏ
    ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒÁ, ÐÏ ÉÈ ÌÏÇÉËÅ, ÎÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÏ×, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÝÉÈ ÜÔÉ
    ÁÄÒÅÓÁ ÄÌÑ ××ÏÄÁ/×Ù×ÏÄÁ.  ñ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÌ ÏÄÉÎ ÔÁËÏÊ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒ ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒÁ ÏÔ
    IBM, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÄÅËÏÄÉÒÕÅÔ ÚÁÐÉÓØ × ÐÏÒÔ ÓÔÁÔÕÓÁ × ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏÇÏ
    ÏÐÒÏÓÁ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× PnP, ÎÁ ÞÔÏ MS ÏÔ×ÅÔÉÌ <quote>ÈÕÌÉÇÁÎ</quote>. ôÁË ÞÔÏ ÏÎÉ
    ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÀÔ ÚÁÐÉÓØ × ÐÏÒÔ ÓÔÁÔÕÓÁ ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒÁ ÄÌÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ÁÄÒÅÓÏ×,
    ×ÄÏÂÁ×ÏË ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ ÜÔÏÔ ÁÄÒÅÓ + <literal>0x800</literal>, É ÅÝ£ ÏÄÉÎ ÐÏÒÔ
    ××ÏÄÁ/×Ù×ÏÄÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÁÇÁÔØÓÑ ÇÄÅ ÕÇÏÄÎÏ × ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎÅ ÍÅÖÄÕ
    <literal>0x200</literal> É <literal>0x3ff</literal>, ÄÌÑ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ.</para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="major-numbers">
    <para>íÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÓÔÁÒÛÅÅ ÞÉÓÌÏ ÄÌÑ ÎÁÐÉÓÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÍÎÏÀ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÁ
      ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á.</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>÷Ó£ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÔ ÏÔ ÔÏÇÏ, ÐÌÁÎÉÒÕÅÔÅ ×Ù ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏÔ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒ
    ÏÂÝÅÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÍ ÉÌÉ ÎÅÔ.  åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÔÁË, ÔÏ, ÐÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÐÏÛÌÉÔÅ ÎÁÍ
    ËÏÐÉÀ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ× ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÁ ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÍÉ
    ÍÏÄÉÆÉËÁÃÉÑÍÉ × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>files.i386</filename>, ÐÒÉÍÅÒ
    ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÑ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á × ÆÁÊÌÅ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ É ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ ËÏÄ
    &man.MAKEDEV.8; ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ
    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ×ÁÛÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï.  åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÔÁË. ÉÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÎÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ
    ÉÚ-ÚÁ ÌÉÃÅÎÚÉÏÎÎÙÈ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ, ÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÓÔÁÒÛÅÇÏ ÞÉÓÌÁ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌØÎÏÇÏ
    ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á É ÓÔÁÒÛÅÇÏ ÞÉÓÌÁ ÂÌÏÞÎÏÇÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÄÌÑ ÜÔÉÈ ÃÅÌÅÊ ÂÙÌÉ
    ÚÁÒÅÚÅÒ×ÉÒÏ×ÁÎÙ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ 32 É 8 ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ; ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÉÈ.  ÷
    ÌÀÂÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ.  ÍÙ ÂÕÄÅÍ ÒÁÄÙ ÕÓÌÙÛÁÔØ Ï ×ÁÛÅÍ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÅ × &a.hackers;
  </para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="alternate-directory-layout">
    <para>áÌØÔÅÒÎÁÔÉ×ÎÙÊ ÍÅÔÏÄ ÒÁÚÍÅÝÅÎÉÑ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ×</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>÷ ÏÔ×ÅÔ ÎÁ ×ÏÐÒÏÓ Ï ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÍÅÔÏÄÁÈ ÒÁÚÍÅÝÅÎÉÑ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ× ÍÏÇÕ
    ÓËÁÚÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÁÑ × ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÅÅ ÓÈÅÍÁ ÎÅ ÐÒÅÔÅÒÐÅÌÁ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÊ
    Ó 1983 ÇÏÄÁ.  üÔÉ ÓÏÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÑ ÂÙÌÉ ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÙ ÄÌÑ ÏÒÉÇÉÎÁÌØÎÏÊ
    ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ FFS, Ñ ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÉÈ ÎÅ ÐÅÒÅÓÍÁÔÒÉ×ÁÌ.  üÔÁ ÓÈÅÍÁ
    ÐÒÅËÒÁÓÎÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ, ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÑ ÉÚÂÅÖÁÔØ ÐÅÒÅÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ÇÒÕÐÐ ÄÏÒÏÖÅË.
    ëÁË ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÚ ×ÁÓ ÚÁÍÅÞÁÌÉ, ÏÎÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÐÌÏÈÏ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÉÓËÅ.  
    âÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ ÓÏÚÄÁÀÔÓÑ ÉÚ ÁÒÈÉ×Ï×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÂÙÌÉ
    ÓÏÚÄÁÎÙ Ó ÇÌÕÂÉÎÏÊ ÐÅÒ×ÏÇÏ ÐÏÉÓËÁ (aka ftw). üÔÏ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔ Ë ÔÏÍÕ, ÞÔÏ
    ÉÈ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ ÒÁÚÍÅÝÁÀÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ ÇÒÕÐÐÁÈ ÄÏÒÏÖÅË, ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÑ
    ÎÁÉÈÕÄÛÉÊ ÓÌÕÞÁÊ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÐÏÉÓËÁ ÇÌÕÂÉÎÏÊ ÏÄÉÎ.  åÓÌÉ ÂÙ
    ÂÙÌÏ ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÏ ÏÂÝÅÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÙ,
    ×ÙÈÏÄÏÍ ÂÙÌÏ ÂÙ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ (ÏÂÝÅÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï / ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÇÒÕÐÐ ÄÏÒÏÖÅË)
    ÎÁ ÄÏÒÏÖËÕ ÇÒÕÐÐÕ ÐÅÒÅÄ ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÏÍ.  ïÂÙÞÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÞÉÓÌÏ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÞÉÓÔÏ
    Ü×ÒÉÓÔÉÞÅÓËÉ.  äÁÖÅ ÐÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÍÁÌÅÎØËÏÇÏ ÆÉËÓÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÅ ÞÉÓÌÁ,
    ÓËÁÖÅÍ 10, ÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÕÌÕÞÛÁÅÔ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÀ.  þÔÏÂÙ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÁÔØ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÉ
    ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÏÔ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÈ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÊ (ÇÄÅ ÔÅËÕÝÉÊ ÁÌÇÏÒÉÔÍ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÉÔ),
    ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÏÂßÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ × ËÌÁÓÔÅÒÙ ÏÂߣÍÏÍ ÄÏ 10, ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎÉ
    ÄÅÌÁÀÔÓÑ × ÏËÎÅ, ÒÁ×ÎÙÍ 10 ÓÅËÕÎÄÁÍ.  ÷Ï ×ÓÑËÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ, Ñ ÄÕÍÁÀ, ÞÔÏ
    ÜÔÏ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÜËÓÐÅÒÉÍÅÎÔÏ×.</para>

  <para>ëÉÒË íÁËëÕÚÉË (Kirk McKusick), óÅÎÔÑÂÒØ 1998</para>
 
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="kernel-panic-troubleshooting">
    <para>þÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÐÒÉ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÏÍ ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×ÁÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para><emphasis>[üÔÏÔ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÂÙÌ ×ÙÒÅÚÁÎ ÉÚ ÐÉÓØÍÁ, ÎÁÐÉÓÁÎÎÏÇÏ &a.wpaul; ×
    <link linkend="mailing">ÓÐÉÓÏË ÒÁÓÓÙÌËÉ</link> freebsd-current
    &a.des;, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÉÌ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÏÐÅÞÁÔÏË É ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÌ ËÏÍÍÅÎÔÁÒÉÉ ×
    Ë×ÁÄÒÁÔÎÙÈ ÓËÏÂËÁÈ]</emphasis></para>

  <programlisting>
From: Bill Paul &lt;wpaul@skynet.ctr.columbia.edu&gt;
Subject: Re: the fs fun never stops
To: ben@rosengart.com
Date: Sun, 20 Sep 1998 15:22:50 -0400 (EDT)
Cc: current@FreeBSD.org
  </programlisting>
 
  <para><emphasis>[&lt;ben@rosengart.com&gt; ÏÔÐÒÁ×ÉÌ ÐÉÓØÍÏ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÅÅ
    ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÏÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ]</emphasis></para>

  <programlisting>
&gt; Fatal trap 12: page fault while in kernel mode
&gt; fault virtual address   = 0x40
&gt; fault code              = supervisor read, page not present
&gt; instruction pointer     = 0x8:0xf014a7e5
                                ^^^^^^^^^^
&gt; stack pointer           = 0x10:0xf4ed6f24
&gt; frame pointer           = 0x10:0xf4ed6f28
&gt; code segment            = base 0x0, limit 0xfffff, type 0x1b
&gt;                         = DPL 0, pres 1, def32 1, gran 1
&gt; processor eflags        = interrupt enabled, resume, IOPL = 0
&gt; current process         = 80 (mount)
&gt; interrupt mask          =
&gt; trap number             = 12
&gt; panic: page fault
  </programlisting>

  <para>[åÓÌÉ] ×Ù Õ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÔÁËÏÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ, ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÅÇÏ ×ÏÓÐÒÏÉÚ×ÅÓÔÉ É
    ÐÏÓÌÁÔØ ÎÁÍ ÎÅ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ.  õËÁÚÁÔÅÌØ ÉÎÓÔÒÕËÃÉÊ, ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÊ ÍÎÏÀ,
    ×ÁÖÅÎ, Ë ÓÏÖÁÌÅÎÉÀ, ÅÇÏ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÔ ÏÔ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ.
    äÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÓÌÏ×ÁÍÉ, ÅÇÏ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ × ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ËÏÎËÒÅÔÎÏÇÏ
    ÑÄÒÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ÑÄÒÏ GENERIC
    ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÉÚ ÓÎÜÐÛÏÔÏ×, ÔÏ ËÔÏ-ÔÏ ÅÝ£ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÏÔÓÌÅÄÉÔØ ÆÕÎËÃÉÀ, ×ÙÚ×Á×ÛÕÀ
    ÏÛÉÂËÕ, ÎÏ ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔÅ ÓÏ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÏ ÏÔËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÍ ÑÄÒÏÍ,
    ÔÏ ÔÏÌØËÏ <emphasis>×Ù</emphasis> ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓËÁÚÁÔØ ÎÁÍ, ÇÄÅ ÓÌÕÞÉÌÁÓØ
    ÏÛÉÂËÁ.</para>

  <para>÷ÏÔ ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ:</para>

  <procedure>
    <step>
      <para>úÁÐÉÛÉÔÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÕËÁÚÁÔÅÌÑ ÉÎÓÔÒÕËÃÉÊ.  úÁÍÅÔØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ
        ÞÁÓÔØ <literal>0x8:</literal> × ÜÔÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÎÅ ×ÁÖÎÁ: ÎÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÁ ÞÁÓÔØ
        <literal>0xf0xxxxxx</literal>.</para>
    </step>

    <step>
      <para>ëÏÇÄÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚÉÔÓÑ, ÓÄÅÌÁÊÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:

        <screen>
&prompt.user; <userinput>nm -n /kernel.that.caused.the.panic | grep f0xxxxxx</userinput>
        </screen>

        ÇÄÅ <literal>f0xxxxxx</literal> - ÜÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÕËÁÚÁÔÅÌÑ ÉÎÓÔÒÕËÃÉÊ.
        ïÄÎÁËÏ ÎÅÐÒÉÑÔÎÏÓÔØ ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÎÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ ÔÏÞÎÏÇÏ
        ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÑ, ÔÁË ËÁË × ÔÁÂÌÉÃÅ ÉÍÅÎ ÑÄÒÁ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÞÅË ×ÈÏÄÁ × ÆÕÎËÃÉÉ
        ÄÁÎÙ ÁÄÒÅÓÁ ÎÁ ÎÁÞÁÌÏ ÆÕÎËÃÉÊ, Á ÕËÁÚÁÔÅÌØ ÉÎÓÔÒÕËÃÉÊ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÔØ
        ËÕÄÁ-ÔÏ ×ÎÕÔÒØ Å£ ÔÅÌÁ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÌÉ ÔÏÞÎÏÇÏ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÑ,
        ÏÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÀÀ ÃÉÆÒÕ × ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÉ ÕËÁÚÁÔÅÌÑ ÉÎÓÔÒÕËÃÉÊ É ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ
        ÓÎÏ×Á, ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ:

        <screen>
&prompt.user; <userinput>nm -n /kernel.that.caused.the.panic | grep f0xxxxx</userinput>
        </screen>

        åÓÌÉ É ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÐÒÉ×ÅÌÏ ÎÉ Ë ËÁËÉÍ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÁÍ, ÏÔÒÅÖØÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ
        ÃÉÆÒÕ.  ðÏ×ÔÏÒÑÊÔÅ, ÐÏËÁ ÎÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ ÈÏÔØ ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ.  òÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÏÍ ÂÕÄÅÔ
        ÓÐÉÓÏË ÆÕÎËÃÉÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ, ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ, ÐÒÉ×ÅÌÉ Ë Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÏÍÕ ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×Õ.
        üÔÏÔ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ ÏÛÉÂÏÞÎÏÇÏ ÍÅÓÔÁ ÄÏ×ÏÌØÎÏ ÎÅÔÏÞÅÎ, ÎÏ ÜÔÏ
        ×Ó£ ÖÅ ÌÕÞÛÅ, ÞÅÍ ÎÉÞÅÇÏ.</para>
    </step>
  </procedure>

  <para>úÁÞÁÓÔÕÀ ÌÀÄÉ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÑÔ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÅ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÙÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ, ÎÁ ÒÅÄËÏ ËÔÏ
    ÕÔÒÕÖÄÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÉ×ÅÓÔÉ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÅ ÕËÁÚÁÔÅÌÑ ÉÎÓÔÒÕËÃÉÊ Ó ÆÕÎËÃÉÅÊ ×
    ÔÁÂÌÉÃÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏ× ÑÄÒÁ.</para>

  <para>ìÕÞÛÉÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ ×ÙÑÓÎÉÔØ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÕ, ×ÙÚ×Á×ÛÕÀ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÙÊ ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×, Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
    ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÅ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÏÇÏ ÄÁÍÐÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
    &man.gdb.1; ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÔÒÁÓÓÉÒÏ×ËÉ ×ÙÚÏ×Ï× × ÜÔÏÍ
    ÄÁÍÐÅ.</para>

  <para>÷Ï ×ÓÑËÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ, ÏÂÙÞÎÏ Ñ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀ ÔÁËÏÊ ÓÐÏÓÏÂ:</para>

  <procedure>
    <step>
      <para>ïÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÑÄÒÁ, ÄÏÂÁ×É× ÓÔÒÏËÕ
        <literal>options DDB</literal>, ÅÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÚÁÞÅÍ-ÔÏ ÐÏÎÁÄÏÂÉÌÓÑ
        ×ÓÔÒÏÅÎÎÙÊ ÏÔÌÁÄÞÉË.  (ñ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀ ÅÇÏ × ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÍ ÄÌÑ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑ ÔÏÞÅË
        ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×Á, ÅÓÌÉ ÐÏÄÏÚÒÅ×ÁÀ ×ÏÚÎÉËÎÏ×ÅÎÉÅ ÂÅÓËÏÎÅÞÎÙÈ ÃÉËÌÏ×.)</para>
    </step>

    <step>
      <para>÷ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ
        <command>config -g <replaceable>KERNELCONFIG</replaceable></command>
        ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÑ ÑÄÒÁ.</para>
    </step>

    <step>
      <para>
        <command>cd /sys/compile/<replaceable>KERNELCONFIG</replaceable>;
        make</command></para>
    </step>

    <step>
      <para>äÏÖÄÉÔÅÓØ ÏËÏÎÞÁÎÉÑ ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ.</para>
    </step>

    <step>
      <para><command>make install</command></para>
    </step>

    <step>
      <para>reboot</para>
    </step>
  </procedure>

  <para>÷ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ &man.make.1; ÂÕÄÕÔ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÙ Ä×Á ÑÄÒÁ,
    <filename>kernel</filename> É <filename>kernel.debug</filename>.
    <filename>kernel</filename> ÂÕÄÅÔ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ ËÁË
    <filename>/kernel</filename>, ÔÏÇÄÁ ËÁË <filename>kernel.debug</filename>
    ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÁ ÏÔÌÁÄÏÞÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ ÄÌÑ
    &man.gdb.1;.</para>

  <para>þÔÏÂÙ ×ËÌÀÞÉÔØ ÓÂÒÏÓ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÏÇÏ ÄÁÍÐÁ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ
    <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> ÔÁË, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï
    <literal>dumpdev</literal> ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÌÏ ÎÁ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ. ÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ
    ÓËÒÉÐÔÙ &man.rc.8; ÂÕÄÕÔ ×ÙÚÙ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ &man.dumpon.8; ÄÌÑ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ
    ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÙÈ ÄÁÍÐÏ×. ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ &man.dumpon.8;
    ×ÒÕÞÎÕÀ. ðÏÓÌÅ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÏÊ ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÙÊ ÄÁÍÐ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎ Ó
    ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ &man.savecore.8; ÅÓÌÉ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ
    <literal>dumpdev</literal> ÂÙÌÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÏ ×
    <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>, ÓËÒÉÐÔÙ &man.rc.8; ÚÁÐÕÓÔÑÔ
    &man.savecore.8; Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ É ÐÏÍÅÓÔÑÔ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÙÊ ÄÁÍÐ ×
    ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>/var/crash</filename>.</para>

    <note>
      <para>á×ÁÒÉÊÎÙÅ ÄÁÍÐÙ FreeBSD ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÉÍÅÀÔ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ, ÒÁ×ÎÙÊ ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÏÍÕ
        ÏÂߣÍÕ ÏÐÅÒÁÔÉ×ÎÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ.  ôÁË ÞÔÏ ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ 64íâ
        ïúõ, ×Ù ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ ÄÁÍÐ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏÍ 64íâ.  ðÏÜÔÏÍÕ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÕÄÏÓÔÏ×ÅÒÉÔØÓÑ,
        ÞÔÏ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ <filename>/var/crash</filename> ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÍÅÓÔÁ ÄÌÑ
        ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ ÄÁÍÐÁ.  ìÉÂÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÒÕÞÎÕÀ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ
        &man.savecore.8; É ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÙÊ ÄÁÍÐ × ÄÒÕÇÏÍ
        ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ, ÇÄÅ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÍÅÓÔÁ.  òÁÚÍÅÒ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÏÇÏ ÄÁÍÐÁ ÍÏÖÎÏ
        ÕÍÅÎØÛÉÔØ, ÕËÁÚÁ× × ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÑÄÒÁ
        <literal>options MAXMEM=(ÒÁÚÍÅÒ)</literal> ÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÝÅÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ
        ÏÂߣÍÁ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÑÄÒÏÍ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ
        128 íâ ïúõ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ÑÄÒÏÍ 16
        ÍÅÇÁÂÁÊÔÁÍÉ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÏÇÏ ÄÁÍÐÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁ×ÅÎ 16íâ, Á ÎÅ
        128.</para>
    </note>

  <para>ëÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ ×Ù ÐÏÌÕÞÉÌÉ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÙÊ ÄÁÍÐ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÔÒÁÓÓÉÒÏ×ËÕ
    ×ÙÚÏ×Ï× Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ &man.gdb.1; ÔÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ:</para>

  <screen>
&prompt.user; <userinput>gdb -k /sys/compile/KERNELCONFIG/kernel.debug /var/crash/vmcore.0</userinput>
<prompt>(gdb)</prompt> <userinput>where</userinput>
  </screen>

  <para>úÁÍÅÔØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ×Ù×ÅÄÅÎÏ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÜËÒÁÎÏ×
    ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ; × ÉÄÅÁÌÅ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ &man.script.1; ÄÌÑ ÉÈ
    ÐÅÒÅÈ×ÁÔÁ.  ðÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÎÅÏÂÒÁÂÏÔÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÏÂÒÁÚÁ ÑÄÒÁ ÓÏ ×ÓÅÊ
    ÏÔÌÁÄÏÞÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÎÁÊÄÅÎÁ ËÏÎËÒÅÔÎÁÑ ÓÔÒÏËÁ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÏÇÏ
    ÔÅËÓÔÁ ÑÄÒÁ, ÐÒÉ ÄÏÓÔÉÖÅÎÉÉ ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÓÌÕÞÉÌÁÓØ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÁÑ ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ.
    äÌÑ ×ÙÑÓÎÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÓÏÂÙÔÉÊ, ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÛÉÈ Ë Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÏÍÕ
    ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×Õ, ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÞÉÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÔÒÁÓÓÉÒÏ×ËÁ ÓÔÅËÁ ÓÎÉÚÕ ××ÅÒÈ.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
    ÔÁËÖÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ &man.gdb.1; ÄÌÑ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÊ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÈ
    ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ ÉÌÉ ÓÔÒÕËÔÕÒ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ×ÙÑÓÎÉÔØ ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ
    Á×ÁÒÉÉ.</para>

  <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù × ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ÄÕÛÅ×ÎÏÂÏÌØÎÏÊ É Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ ×ÔÏÒÏÊ
    ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒ, ÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ &man.gdb.1; ÄÌÑ ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÏÊ
    ÏÔÌÁÄËÉ, ÔÁË, ÞÔÏ ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ &man.gdb.1; ÎÁ ÏÄÎÏÍ
    ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÅ, ÞÔÏÂÙ
    ÏÔÌÁÄÉÔØ ÑÄÒÏ ÎÁ ÄÒÕÇÏÍ, ×ËÌÀÞÁÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÔÏÞÅË ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×Á,
    ÐÏÛÁÇÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÈÏÄÁ ÐÏ ËÏÄÕ ÑÄÒÁ, ×Ó£ ËÁË Ó ÏÂÙÞÎÏÊ ÐÒÉËÌÁÄÎÏÊ
    ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ.  ñ ÐÏËÁ Ó ÜÔÉÍ ÎÅ ÉÇÒÁÌÓÑ, ÔÁË ËÁË ÎÅ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÉÍÅÀ
    ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ Ä×Å ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ÏÄÎÕ ÎÁÐÒÏÔÉ× ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÄÌÑ ÏÔÌÁÄËÉ.</para>

  <para><emphasis>[âÉÌÌ (Bill) ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÌ: "ñ ÚÁÂÙÌ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔØ ×ÁÛÅ ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ
    ÎÁ ÏÄÎÕ ×ÅÝØ: ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÁ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ DDB É ÑÄÒÏ ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÉÔ
    × ÒÅÖÉÍ ÏÔÌÁÄËÉ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÁÍÅÒÅÎÎÏ ×ÙÚ×ÁÔØ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÙÊ ÏÓÔÁÎÏ× 
    (É ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÏÇÏ ÄÁÍÐÁ), ÎÁÂÒÁ× 'panic' × ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ
    ddb.  üÔÏÔ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÎÏ×Á ×ÙÚ×ÁÔØ ÏÔÌÁÄÞÉË.  ÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ
    ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ 'continue' É ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁ×ÅÒۣΠÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÅÍ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÏÇÏ
    ÄÁÍÐÁ." -ed]</emphasis></para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="dlsym-failure">
    <para>ðÅÒÅÓÔÁÌÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÆÕÎËÃÉÑ dlsym() ÄÌÑ ELF!</para>
  </question>

  <answer>
  <para>ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ Ó ÆÏÒÍÁÔÏÍ ELF ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÙ, ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌ£ÎÎÙÅ ×
    ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÍÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ, ÎÅ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙ ÄÉÎÁÍÉÞÅÓËÏÍÕ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉËÕ.  ðÏÜÔÏÍÕ
    ÐÒÉ ×ÙÚÏ×Å ÆÕÎËÃÉÉ <function>dlsym()</function>, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÌÑÅÔ
    ÐÏÉÓË ÐÏ ÄÅÓËÒÉÐÔÏÒÕ, ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÎÏÍÕ ÐÏÓÌÅ ×ÙÚÏ×Á <function>dlopen(NULL,
    flags)</function>, ÖÅÌÁÅÍÙÊ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔ ÄÏÓÔÉÇÎÕÔ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ.</para>

  <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÉÔØ ÐÏÉÓË × ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÍÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ
    ÆÕÎËÃÉÉ <function>dlsym()</function>, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ËÏÍÐÏÎÏ×ÁÔØ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÍÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ
    Ó ÏÐÃÉÅÊ <option>-export-dynamic</option> ËÏÍÐÏÎÏ×ÝÉËÁ ELF
    (&man.ld.1;).</para>
  </answer>
</qandaentry>


<qandaentry>
  <question id="change-kernel-address-space">
    <para>õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÉÅ É ÕÍÅÎØÛÅÎÉÅ ÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á ÑÄÒÁ</para>
  </question>

  <answer>

  <para>ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á ÑÄÒÁ ÒÁ×ÅÎ 256 íâ ×Ï
    FreeBSD 3.x É 1 çâ ×Ï FreeBSD 4.x.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ FreeBSD
    × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ Ó ÉÎÔÅÎÓÉ×ÎÏÊ ÓÅÔÅ×ÏÊ ÎÁÇÒÕÚËÏÊ (ÓËÁÖÅÍ,
    ÂÏÌØÛÏÊ FTP ÉÌÉ HTTP ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ), ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ 256 íâ
    ÎÅÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ.</para>

  <para>ëÁËÉÍ ÖÅ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ ÍÏÖÎÏ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉÔØ ÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Ï? úÄÅÓØ
    ÅÓÔØ Ä×Á ÍÏÍÅÎÔÁ.  ÷Ï-ÐÅÒ×ÙÈ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ÑÄÒÕ ×ÙÄÅÌÉÔØ
    ÂÏÌØÛÅÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á ÄÌÑ ÓÁÍÏÇÏ ÑÄÒÁ.  ÷Ï-×ÔÏÒÙÈ,
    ÔÁË ËÁË ÑÄÒÏ ÚÁÇÒÕÖÁÅÔÓÑ × ×ÅÒÈÎÀÀ ÞÁÓÔØ ÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á, ×ÁÍ
    ÎÕÖÎÏ ÕÍÅÎØÛÉÔØ ÁÄÒÅÓ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÔÁË, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÎ ÎÅ ×ÙÛÅÌ ÚÁ ×ÅÒÈÎÀÀ
    ÇÒÁÎÉÃÕ. </para>

  <para>ðÅÒ×ÁÑ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ÒÅÛÁÅÔÓÑ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÉÅÍ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ËÏÎÓÔÁÎÔÙ
    <literal>NKPDE</literal> ×
    ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>src/sys/i386/include/pmap.h</filename>.  ÷ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ 1 çâ
    ÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á ÏÎ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÔØ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÔÁË:</para>

  <programlisting>
#ifndef NKPDE
#ifdef SMP
#define NKPDE                   254     /* addressable number of page tables/pde's */
#else
#define NKPDE                   255     /* addressable number of page tables/pde's */
#endif  /* SMP */
#endif
  </programlisting>

  <para>äÌÑ ×ÙÞÉÓÌÅÎÉÑ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ <literal>NKPDE</literal> ÒÁÚÄÅÌÉÔÅ ÖÅÌÁÅÍÙÊ
    ÏÂß£Í ÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á (× ÍÅÇÁÂÁÊÔÁÈ) ÎÁ ÞÅÔÙÒÅ É ×ÙÞÔÉÔÅ ÉÚ 
    ÐÏÌÕÞÉ×ÛÅÇÏÓÑ ÞÉÓÌÁ ÅÄÉÎÉÞËÕ × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÏÄÎÏÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÎÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ É
    Ä×ÏÅÞËÕ × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÍÎÏÇÏÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÎÏÇÏ ÑÄÒÁ.</para>

  <para>äÌÑ ÄÏÓÔÉÖÅÎÉÑ ×ÔÏÒÏÊ ÃÅÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÊ ÁÄÒÅÓ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ
    ÑÄÒÁ: ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÏÔÎÉÍÉÔÅ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á (× ÂÁÊÔÁÈ) ÏÔ
    0x100100000; ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁ×ÎÙÍ 0xc0100000 ÄÌÑ ÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á
    × 1 çâ.  õÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ËÏÎÓÔÁÎÔÙ <symbol>LOAD_ADDRESS</symbol>
    × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>src/sys/i386/conf/Makefile.i386</filename> × ÜÔÏ
    ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ; ÚÁÔÅÍ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÓÞ£ÔÞÉËÁ × ÎÁÞÁÌÅ ÓÐÉÓËÁ ÓÅËÃÉÊ ×
    ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>src/sys/i386/conf/kernel.script</filename> × ÔÏ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÏÅ
    ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ, ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÏ ÚÄÅÓØ:</para>

  <programlisting>
OUTPUT_FORMAT("elf32-i386", "elf32-i386", "elf32-i386")
OUTPUT_ARCH(i386)
ENTRY(btext)
SEARCH_DIR(/usr/lib); SEARCH_DIR(/usr/obj/elf/home/src/tmp/usr/i386-unknown-freebsdelf/lib);
SECTIONS
{
  /* Read-only sections, merged into text segment: */
  . = 0xc0100000 + SIZEOF_HEADERS;
  .interp     : { *(.interp)    }
  </programlisting>

  <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÅÒÅËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÉÒÕÊÔÅ É ÐÅÒÅÓÔÒÏÊÔÅ ÑÄÒÏ.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
    ÓÔÏÌËÎÕÔØÓÑ Ó ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁÍÉ ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ ÕÔÉÌÉÔ &man.ps.1;,
    &man.top.1; É ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÈ ÉÍ; ÒÅÛÉÔØ ÉÈ ÍÏÖÅÔ
    <command>make world</command> (ÉÌÉ ÒÕÞÎÁÑ ÐÅÒÅËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÑ
    <filename>libkvm</filename>, &man.ps.1; É
    &man.top.1; ÐÏÓÌÅ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÎÏÇÏ
    <filename>pmap.h</filename> × <filename>/usr/include/vm/</filename>).</para>

  <para>úáíåþáîéå: òÁÚÍÅÒ ÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á ÑÄÒÁ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ
    ËÒÁÔÅÎ ÞÅÔÙÒ£Í ÍÅÇÁÂÁÊÔÁÍ.</para>
 
  <para>[&a.dg; ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÌ: <emphasis> ñ ÄÕÍÁÀ, ÞÔÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á
    ÑÄÒÁ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ ÓÔÅÐÅÎØÀ Ä×ÏÊËÉ, ÎÏ Ñ × ÜÔÏÍ ÎÅ Õ×ÅÒÅÎ.  äÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó
    ×ÅÒÈÎÉÍÉ ÁÄÒÅÓÁÍÉ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÓÑ ËÏÄ ÓÔÁÒÏÇÏ ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉËÁ, É Ñ ÏÖÉÄÁÀ
    ÐÏ ËÒÁÊÎÅÊ ÍÅÒÅ ÔÏÞÎÏÓÔØ × 256 íâ.]</emphasis></para>

  </answer>
</qandaentry>
</qandaset>
</chapter>


<chapter id="acknowledgments">
  <title>îÁÛÉ ÂÌÁÇÏÄÁÒÎÏÓÔÉ</title>

  <blockquote>
    <attribution>FreeBSD Core Team</attribution>

    <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÌÉ ÎÅÔÏÞÎÏÓÔÉ × ÜÔÏÍ FAQ ÉÌÉ ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ
      × ÎÅÇÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ, ÐÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÎÁÐÉÛÉÔÅ ÎÁÍ ÐÏ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ &a.faq;.
      íÙ ÖÄ£Í ×ÁÛÉ ÏÔÚÙ×Ù É ÐÏÖÅÌÁÎÉÑ, ÞÔÏÂÙ Ó ×ÁÛÅÊ ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏÔ
      ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ ÅÝ£ ÌÕÞÛÅ!</para>
  </blockquote>

  <variablelist>
    <varlistentry><term>&a.jkh;</term>
      <listitem>
        <para>òÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÕÐÏÒÑÄÏÞÅÎÉÑ É ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ × FAQ.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry><term>&a.dwhite;</term>
      <listitem>
        <para>òÁÂÏÔÁ Ó &a.questions;</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry><term>&a.joerg;</term>
      <listitem>
        <para>òÁÂÏÔÁ Ó ÔÅÌÅËÏÎÆÅÒÅÎÃÉÑÍÉ Usenet</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry><term>&a.wollman;</term>
      <listitem>
        <para>òÁÚÄÅÌ Ï ÓÅÔÉ É ÆÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry><term>Jim Lowe</term>
      <listitem>
        <para>éÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÅ ÍÎÏÇÏÁÄÒÅÓÎÏÊ ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÉ</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry><term>&a.pds;</term>
      <listitem>
        <para>òÁÂ-ÎÁÂÏÒÝÉË</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry><term>Andrey Zakhvatov</term>
      <listitem>
        <para>ðÅÒÅ×ÏÄ ÎÁ ÒÕÓÓËÉÊ ÑÚÙË</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry><term>The FreeBSD Team</term>
      <listitem>
        <para>ïÈÉ, ×ÚÄÏÈÉ, ÓÔÏÎÙ, ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
  </variablelist>

  <para>é ×ÓÅÍ ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÙÍ, ÏÓÔÁ×ÛÉÍÓÑ ÎÅÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÙÍÉ, ÎÁÛÉ ÇÌÕÂÏÞÁÊÛÉÅ
    ÉÚ×ÉÎÅÎÉÑ É ÓÅÒÄÅÞÎÙÅ ÂÌÁÇÏÄÁÒÎÏÓÔÉ!</para>

</chapter>

<bibliography id="bibliography">
<title>âÉÂÌÉÏÇÒÁÆÉÑ</title>

    <biblioentry id="biblio-44sysman">
      <biblioset relation="book">
        <title>4.4BSD System Manager's Manual</title>

        <corpauthor>Computer Systems Research Group, University of
          California, Berkeley</corpauthor>

        <publisher>
          <publishername>O'Reilly and Associates</publishername>
        </publisher>

        <edition>1st Edition</edition>

        <pubdate>June 1994</pubdate>

        <pagenums>804 pages</pagenums>

        <isbn>ISBN 1-56592-080-5</isbn>
      </biblioset>
    </biblioentry>

    <biblioentry id="biblio-44userman">
      <biblioset relation="book">
        <title>4.4BSD User's Reference Manual</title>

        <corpauthor>Computer Systems Research Group, University of
          California, Berkeley</corpauthor>

        <publisher>
          <publishername>O'Reilly and Associates</publishername>
        </publisher>

        <edition>1st Edition</edition>

        <pubdate>June 1994</pubdate>

        <pagenums>905 pages</pagenums>

        <isbn>ISBN 1-56592-075-9</isbn>
      </biblioset>
    </biblioentry>

    <biblioentry id="biblio-44suppman">
      <biblioset relation="book">
        <title>4.4BSD User's Supplementary Documents</title>

        <corpauthor>Computer Systems Research Group, University of
          California, Berkeley</corpauthor>

        <publisher>
          <publishername>O'Reilly and Associates</publishername>
        </publisher>

        <edition>1st Edition</edition>

        <pubdate>June 1994</pubdate>

        <pagenums>712 pages</pagenums>

        <isbn>ISBN 1-56592-076-7</isbn>
      </biblioset>
    </biblioentry>

    <biblioentry id="biblio-44progman">
      <biblioset relation="book">
        <title>4.4BSD Programmer's Reference Manual</title>

        <corpauthor>Computer Systems Research Group, University of
          California, Berkeley</corpauthor>

        <publisher>
          <publishername>O'Reilly and Associates</publishername>
        </publisher>

        <edition>1st Edition</edition>

        <pubdate>June 1994</pubdate>

        <pagenums>866 pages</pagenums>

        <isbn>ISBN 1-56592-078-3</isbn>
      </biblioset>
    </biblioentry>

    <biblioentry id="biblio-44progsupp">
      <biblioset relation="book">
        <title>4.4BSD Programmer's Supplementary Documents</title>

        <corpauthor>Computer Systems Research Group, University of
          California, Berkeley</corpauthor>

        <publisher>
          <publishername>O'Reilly and Associates</publishername>
        </publisher>

        <edition>1st Edition</edition>

        <pubdate>June 1994</pubdate>

        <pagenums>596 pages</pagenums>

        <isbn>ISBN 1-56592-079-1</isbn>
      </biblioset>
    </biblioentry>

    <biblioentry id="biblio-44kernel">
      <biblioset relation="book">
        <title>The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating System</title>

        <authorgroup>
          <author>
            <firstname>M. K.</firstname>

            <surname>McKusick</surname>
          </author>

          <author>
            <firstname>Kirk</firstname>

            <surname>Marshall</surname>
          </author>

          <author>
            <firstname>Keith</firstname>

            <surname>Bostic</surname>
          </author>

          <author>
            <firstname>Michael J</firstname>

            <surname>Karels</surname>
          </author>

          <author>
            <firstname>John</firstname>

            <surname>Quarterman</surname>
          </author>
        </authorgroup>

        <publisher>
          <publishername>Addison-Wesley</publishername>

          <address>
            <city>Reading</city>
            <state>MA</state>
          </address>
        </publisher>

        <pubdate>1996</pubdate>

        <isbn>ISBN 0-201-54979-4</isbn>
      </biblioset>
    </biblioentry>

    <biblioentry id="biblio-nemeth3rd">
      <biblioset relation="book">
        <title>Unix System Administration Handbook</title>

        <authorgroup>
          <author>
            <firstname>Evi</firstname>

            <surname>Nemeth</surname>
          </author>

          <author>
            <firstname>Garth</firstname>

            <surname>Snyder</surname>
          </author>

          <author>
            <firstname>Scott</firstname>

            <surname>Seebass</surname>
          </author>

          <author>
            <firstname>Trent R.</firstname>

            <surname>Hein</surname>
          </author>

          <author>
            <firstname>John</firstname>

            <surname>Quarterman</surname>
          </author>
        </authorgroup>

        <publisher>
          <publishername>Prentice-Hall</publishername>
        </publisher>

        <edition>3rd edition</edition>

        <pubdate>2000</pubdate>

        <isbn>ISBN 0-13-020601-6</isbn>
      </biblioset>
    </biblioentry>

    <biblioentry id="lehey3rd">
      <biblioset relation="book">
        <title>The Complete FreeBSD</title>

        <author>
          <firstname>Greg</firstname>

          <surname>Lehey</surname>
        </author>

        <publisher>
          <publishername>Walnut Creek</publishername>
        </publisher>

        <edition>3rd edition</edition>

        <pubdate>June 1999</pubdate>

        <pagenums>773 pages</pagenums>

        <isbn>ISBN 1-57176-246-9</isbn>
      </biblioset>
    </biblioentry>

    <biblioentry id="biblio-handbook">
      <biblioset relation="book">
        <title>The FreeBSD Handbook</title>

        <corpauthor>FreeBSD Documentation Project</corpauthor>

        <publisher>
          <publishername>BSDi</publishername>
        </publisher>

        <edition>1st Edition</edition>

        <pubdate>November 1999</pubdate>

        <pagenums>489 pages</pagenums>

        <isbn>ISBN 1-57176-241-8</isbn>
      </biblioset>
    </biblioentry>

    <biblioentry id="biblio-mckusick-1">
      <abbrev>McKusick et al, 1994</abbrev>

      <biblioset relation="manual">
        <title>Berkeley Software Architecture Manual, 4.4BSD
          Edition</title>

        <authorgroup>
          <author>
            <firstname>M. K.</firstname>

            <surname>McKusick</surname>
          </author>

          <author>
            <firstname>M. J.</firstname>

            <surname>Karels</surname>
          </author>

          <author>
            <firstname>S. J.</firstname>

            <surname>Leffler</surname>
          </author>

          <author>
            <firstname>W. N.</firstname>

            <surname>Joy</surname>
          </author>

          <author>
            <firstname>R. S.</firstname>

            <surname>Faber</surname>
          </author>
        </authorgroup>

        <pagenums>5:1-42</pagenums>
      </biblioset>
    </biblioentry>
  </bibliography>
</book>