path: root/ru_RU.KOI8-R/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="KOI8-R" standalone="no"?>
<!--
     The FreeBSD Russian Documentation Project

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     Original revision: r36653
-->

<chapter id="basics">
  <chapterinfo>
    <authorgroup>
      <author>
	<firstname>Chris</firstname>
	<surname>Shumway</surname>
	<contrib>ðÅÒÅÐÉÓÁÌ </contrib>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>

    <!-- 10 Mar 2000 -->
    <authorgroup>
      <author>
	<firstname>áÌÅËÓÅÊ</firstname>
	<surname>úÅÌØËÉÎ</surname>
	<contrib>ðÅÒÅ×ÏÄ ÎÁ ÒÕÓÓËÉÊ ÑÚÙË: </contrib>
      </author>
      <author>
	<firstname>áÌÅËÓÅÊ</firstname>
	<surname>äÏËÕÞÁÅ×</surname>
      </author>
      <author>
	<firstname>äÅÎÉÓ</firstname>
	<surname>ðÅÐÌÉÎ</surname>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>
  </chapterinfo>

  <title>ïÓÎÏ×Ù UNIX</title>

  <sect1 id="basics-synopsis">
    <title>ëÒÁÔËÉÊ ÏÂÚÏÒ</title>

    <para>÷ ÜÔÏÊ ÇÌÁ×Å ÍÙ ÐÏÐÙÔÁÅÍcÑ ÒÁÓËÒÙÔØ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÅ ÐÒÉÎÃÉÐÙ É ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
      ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ FreeBSD.  âÏÌØÛÁÑ ÞÁÓÔØ ÎÉÖÅÉÚÌÏÖÅÎÎÏÇÏ
      ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌÁ × ÂÏÌÅÅ ÉÌÉ ÍÅÎÅÅ ÒÁ×ÎÏÊ ÓÔÅÐÅÎÉ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÉÍÁ Ë ÌÀÂÏÊ
      &unix;-ÐÏÄÏÂÎÏÊ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù Õ×ÅÒÅÎÙ, ÞÔÏ ÎÅ ÎÁÊÄÅÔÅ
      ÚÄÅÓØ ÎÉÞÅÇÏ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÄÌÑ ÓÅÂÑ, ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓÍÅÌÏ ÐÒÏÐÕÓÔÉÔØ ÜÔÕ ÇÌÁ×Õ.
      åÓÌÉ ÖÅ ×Ù ÎÏ×ÉÞÏË, ÍÙ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÔÅÌØÎÏ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÍ ×ÎÉÍÁÔÅÌØÎÏ
      ÐÒÏÞÅÓÔØ ÜÔÏ ÇÌÁ×Õ.</para>

    <para>ðÒÏÞÉÔÁ× ÜÔÕ ÇÌÁ×Õ, ×Ù ÕÚÎÁÅÔÅ:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para>ëÁË ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ <quote>×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÅ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ</quote>
	  FreeBSD.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>ëÁË ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ ÐÒÁ×Á ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌÙ × &unix; É ËÁË ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ
	  ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÌÁÇÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ× × ïó &os;.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>éÅÒÁÒÈÉÑ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ× &os;.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
	<para>ïÒÇÁÎÉÚÁÃÉÑ ÄÉÓËÏ× &os;.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
	<para>ëÁË ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ É ÒÁÚÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
	<para>þÔÏ ÔÁËÏÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÙ, ÄÁÅÍÏÎÙ É ÓÉÇÎÁÌÙ.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
	<para>þÔÏ ÔÁËÏÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÁÑ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÁ (ÉÌÉ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒ ËÏÍÁÎÄ) É
	  ËÁË ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ÌÉÞÎÏÅ ÒÁÂÏÞÅÅ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÅ.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
	<para>ëÁË ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙÍÉ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÙÍÉ
	  ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÁÍÉ.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
	<para>þÔÏ ÔÁËÏÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á É ÆÁÊÌÙ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
	<para>ëÁËÉÅ ÂÉÎÁÒÎÙÅ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ × &os;.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
	<para>ëÁË ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÙÍ ÒÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×ÏÍ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ
	  ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="consoles">
    <title>÷ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÅ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ É ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÙ</title>
    <indexterm><primary>×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÅ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm><primary>ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÙ</primary></indexterm>

    <para>FreeBSD ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÒÁÚÎÙÍÉ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÁÍÉ.  ïÄÉÎ ÉÚ ÎÉÈ &mdash;
      ÎÁÂÏÒ ËÏÍÁÎÄ × ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÏÍ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÅ.  éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÜÔÏÔ ÓÐÏÓÏÂ, É ×ÓÑ
      ÇÉÂËÏÓÔØ É ÍÏÝØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ &unix; ÂÕÄÅÔ × ×ÁÛÉÈ ÒÕËÁÈ.  üÔÏÔ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ
      ÒÁÓÓËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ Ï <quote>ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁÈ</quote>, <quote>ËÏÎÓÏÌÑÈ</quote> É ÉÈ
      ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ × FreeBSD.</para>

    <sect2 id="consoles-intro">
      <title>ëÏÎÓÏÌØ</title>
      <indexterm><primary>ËÏÎÓÏÌØ</primary></indexterm>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ×Ù ÎÅ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÌÉ FreeBSD ÄÌÑ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ
	ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÓÒÅÄÙ ÐÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ, ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÉÔ ××ÏÄ
	ÌÏÇÉÎÁ ÓÒÁÚÕ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÑ ÓÔÁÒÔÏ×ÙÈ ÓËÒÉÐÔÏ×.  ÷Ù Õ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ
	ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:</para>

      <screen>Additional ABI support:.
Local package initialization:.
Additional TCP options:.

Fri Sep 20 13:01:06 EEST 2002

FreeBSD/i386 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0)

login:</screen>

      <para>÷ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÄÒÕÇÉÍ, ÎÏ ÏÞÅÎØ ÐÏÈÏÖÉÍ ÎÁ
	ÜÔÏ.  ÷ ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÎÁÓ ÉÎÔÅÒÅÓÕÀÔ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÅ Ä×Å ÓÔÒÏËÉ.  ÷ÔÏÒÁÑ Ó
	ËÏÎÃÁ ÓÔÒÏËÁ:</para>

      <programlisting>FreeBSD/i386 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0)</programlisting>

      <para>÷ ÜÔÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔÓÑ ÎÅÍÎÏÇÏ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ Ï ÔÏÌØËÏ ÞÔÏ ÚÁÇÒÕÖÅÎÎÏÊ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.  üÔÏ ËÏÎÓÏÌØ <quote>FreeBSD</quote>, ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÅÊ ÎÁ
	Intel ÉÌÉ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÏÍ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÅ x86
	ÁÒÈÉÔÅËÔÕÒÙ<footnote>
	  <para>üÔÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ÉÚ ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ <literal>i386</literal>.  ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅ
	    ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ, ÞÔÏ ÄÁÖÅ ÅÓÌÉ FreeBSD ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÎÅ ÎÁ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÅ
	    Intel 386, ÜÔÏ ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ <literal>i386</literal>.
	    úÄÅÓØ ÐÏËÁÚÁÎ ÎÅ ÔÉÐ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ, Á ÅÇÏ
	    <quote>ÁÒÈÉÔÅËÔÕÒÁ</quote>.</para>
	</footnote>.  éÍÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ (Õ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ &unix; ÅÓÔØ
	ÉÍÑ) <hostid>pc3.example.org</hostid>, É × ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ×Ù ×ÉÄÉÔÅ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÕÀ ËÏÎÓÏÌØ &mdash; ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌ
	<devicename>ttyv0</devicename>.</para>

      <para>îÁËÏÎÅÃ, ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÑÑ ÓÔÒÏËÁ ×ÓÅÇÄÁ:</para>

      <programlisting>login:</programlisting>

      <para>úÄÅÓØ ×ÁÍ ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ ××ÅÓÔÉ <quote>ÉÍÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ</quote>,
	ÞÔÏÂÙ ×ÏÊÔÉ × FreeBSD.  óÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ ÓÐÏÓÏÂ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ×Ù
	ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="consoles-login">
      <title>÷ÈÏÄ × FreeBSD</title>

      <para>FreeBSD ÜÔÏ ÍÎÏÇÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÁÑ, ÍÎÏÇÏÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÎÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ.  üÔÏ
	ÆÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÁ ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×ÏÍ
	ÒÁÚÎÙÈ ÌÀÄÅÊ, ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÀÝÉÈ ÂÏÌØÛÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ ÎÁ
	ÏÄÎÏÍ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÅ.</para>

      <para>ìÀÂÏÊ ÍÎÏÇÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÎÕÖÅÎ ÓÐÏÓÏ ÏÔÌÉÞÁÔØ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ
	<quote>ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ</quote> ÏÔ ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÙÈ.  ÷ FreeBSD (É ×ÓÅÈ
	&unix;-ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÈ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ), ÜÔÁ ÚÁÄÁÞÁ ÒÅÛÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÕÔÅÍ
	<quote>×ÈÏÄÁ</quote> ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÐÅÒÅÄ ÚÁÐÕÓËÏÍ ËÁËÉÈ-ÌÉÂÏ
	ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ.  õ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ ÅÓÔØ ÕÎÉËÁÌØÎÏÅ ÉÍÑ (<quote>ÉÍÑ
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ</quote>) É ÐÅÒÓÏÎÁÌØÎÙÊ, ÓÅËÒÅÔÎÙÊ ËÌÀÞ
	(<quote>ÐÁÒÏÌØ</quote>).  ðÅÒÅÄ ÔÅÍ, ËÁË ÒÁÚÒÅÛÉÔØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ
	×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ËÁËÉÅ-ÌÉÂÏ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ, FreeBSD ÚÁÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÅÔ ÉÈ ÏÂÁ.</para>

      <indexterm><primary>ÓÔÁÒÔÏ×ÙÅ ÓËÒÉÐÔÙ</primary></indexterm>
      <para>óÒÁÚÕ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ FreeBSD É ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÓÔÁÒÔÏ×ÙÈ
	ÓËÒÉÐÔÏ×<footnote>
	  <para>óÔÁÒÔÏ×ÙÅ ÓËÒÉÐÔÙ &mdash; ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ, ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÍÙÅ
	    Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ FreeBSD.  éÈ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ÚÁÄÁÞÁ
	    &mdash; ÐÏÄÇÏÔÏ×ÉÔØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ Ë ÚÁÐÕÓËÕ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ É ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ
	    ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅÎÎÙÅ ÓÅÒ×ÉÓÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÂÕÄÕÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ × ÆÏÎÏ×ÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ,
	    ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÑ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÕÀ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ.</para>
	</footnote>, ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÐÒÅÄÌÏÖÉÔ ×ÁÍ ××ÅÓÔÉ ÉÍÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ:</para>

      <screen>login:</screen>

      <para>÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ, ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÉÍ ÞÔÏ ×ÁÛÅ ÉÍÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ
	<username>john</username>.  ÷×ÅÄÉÔÅ <literal>john</literal> × ÜÔÏÍ
	ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÉ É ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ <keycap>Enter</keycap>.  äÁÌÅÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÐÏÑ×ÉÔØÓÑ
	ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÅ ××ÅÓÔÉ <quote>ÐÁÒÏÌØ</quote>:</para>

      <screen>login: <userinput>john</userinput>
Password:</screen>

      <para>÷×ÅÄÉÔÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ ÉÍÅÎÉ <username>john</username> ÐÁÒÏÌØ É
	ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ <keycap>Enter</keycap>.  ðÁÒÏÌØ <emphasis>ÎÅ ×ÉÄÅÎ</emphasis>!
	îÅ ÂÅÓÐÏËÏÊÔÅÓØ Ï ÜÔÏÍ.  üÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÏ ÐÏ ÓÏÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑÍ
	ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ.</para>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ××ÅÌÉ ÐÁÒÏÌØ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ, ÔÏ ÓÒÁÚÕ ÖÅ ×ÏÊÄÅÔÅ × FreeBSD
	É ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÁÞÁÔØ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ.</para>

      <para>÷Ù Õ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ ÄÎÑ (<acronym>MOTD</acronym>, ÉÌÉ message of
	the day) ÚÁ ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÁÑ ÓÔÒÏËÁ (Ó ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏÍ
	<literal>#</literal>, <literal>$</literal>, ÉÌÉ <literal>%</literal>).
	üÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÕÓÐÅÛÎÏ ×ÏÛÌÉ × FreeBSD.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="consoles-virtual">
      <title>íÎÏÖÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÅ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ</title>

      <para>úÁÐÕÓË ËÏÍÁÎÄ &unix; ÉÚ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ &mdash; ÜÔÏ ËÏÎÅÞÎÏ ÈÏÒÏÛÏ, ÎÏ FreeBSD ÍÏÖÅÔ
	×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Ï ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÎÁÌÉÞÉÅ ÏÄÎÏÊ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ
	ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÎÅÄÏÓÔÁÔËÏÍ.  ÷ ÔÁËÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÏÞÅÎØ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÙ <quote>×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÅ
	ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ</quote>.</para>

      <para>FreeBSD ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅÎÁ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÍÉ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÍÉ
	ËÏÎÓÏÌÑÍÉ.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÅÒÅËÌÀÞÁÔØÓÑ Ó ÏÄÎÏÊ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÏÊ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ ÎÁ
	ÄÒÕÇÕÀ,	ÎÁÖÉÍÁÑ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÅ ÓÏÞÅÔÁÎÉÑ ËÌÁ×ÉÛ ÎÁ ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÅ.  õ
	ËÁÖÄÏÊ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ ÅÓÔØ Ó×ÏÊ ËÁÎÁÌ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ É FreeBSD ÚÁÂÏÔÉÔÓÑ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏÂÙ
	ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ ÐÅÒÅÎÁÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ ××ÏÄ Ó ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÙ É ×Ù×ÏÄ ÎÁ ÍÏÎÉÔÏÒ, ËÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ
	×Ù ÐÅÒÅËÌÀÞÉÔÅÓØ Ó ÏÄÎÏÊ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ ÎÁ ÄÒÕÇÕÀ.</para>

      <para>äÌÑ ÐÅÒÅËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ ÍÅÖÄÕ ËÏÎÓÏÌÑÍÉ ÚÁÒÅÚÅÒ×ÉÒÏ×ÁÎÙ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÅ
	ËÏÍÂÉÎÁÃÉÉ ËÌÁ×ÉÛ<footnote>
	  <para>ðÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÅ ÔÅÈÎÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ ÄÅÔÁÌÅÊ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÏ× ËÏÎÓÏÌÅÊ
	    FreeBSD É ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÙ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ × &man.syscons.4;, &man.atkbd.4;,
	    &man.vidcontrol.1; É &man.kbdcontrol.1;.  úÄÅÓØ ÍÙ ÎÅ ÒÁÓËÒÙ×ÁÅÍ
	    ÄÅÔÁÌÅÊ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÉÎÔÅÒÅÓÕÀÝÉÅÓÑ ÜÔÉÍ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÏÍ ×ÓÅÇÄÁ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔØÓÑ
	    Ë ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁÍ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ  ÚÁ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÙÍ ÏÂßÑÓÎÅÎÉÅÍ ÔÏÇÏ,
	    ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ.</para>
	</footnote>.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÏÞÅÔÁÎÉÑ
	<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo>,
	<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo>, ÄÏ
	<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F8</keycap></keycombo> ÞÔÏÂÙ
	ÐÅÒÅËÌÀÞÁÔØÓÑ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÍÉ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÍÉ ËÏÎÓÏÌÑÍÉ × FreeBSD.</para>

      <para>ðÒÉ ÐÅÒÅËÌÀÞÅÎÉÉ ÏÔ ÏÄÎÏÊ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ Ë ÄÒÕÇÏÊ, FreeBSD ÚÁÂÏÔÉÔÓÑ Ï
	ÓÏÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÉ É ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÉ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎ.  òÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÏÍ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
	<quote>ÉÌÌÀÚÉÑ</quote> ÎÁÌÉÞÉÑ ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Á <quote>×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÈ</quote>
	ÜËÒÁÎÏ× É ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÙ ÄÌÑ ××ÏÄÁ É ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ
	ËÏÍÁÎÄ FreeBSD.  ðÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×Ù ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÅ ÎÁ ÏÄÎÏÊ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÏÊ
	ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ, ÎÅ ÐÒÅËÒÁÝÁÀÔ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ, ËÏÇÄÁ ËÏÎÓÏÌØ ÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÓÑ ÎÅ×ÉÄÉÍÏÊ.
	ïÎÉ ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÁÀÔ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØÓÑ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÐÅÒÅËÌÀÞÁÅÔÅÓØ ÎÁ ÄÒÕÇÕÀ
	×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÕÀ ËÏÎÓÏÌØ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="consoles-ttys">
      <title>æÁÊÌ <filename>/etc/ttys</filename></title>

      <para>÷ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ FreeBSD ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔ ×ÏÓÅÍØ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÈ
	ËÏÎÓÏÌÅÊ. ôÅÍ ÎÅ ÍÅÎÅÅ, ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, É ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
	ÌÅÇËÏ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ  ÄÌÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÂÏÌØÛÅÇÏ ÉÌÉ ÍÅÎØÛÅÇÏ ÞÉÓÌÁ
	×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÈ ËÏÎÓÏÌÅÊ.  þÉÓÌÏ É ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÈ ËÏÎÓÏÌÅÊ ÚÁÄÁÀÔÓÑ
	× ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/ttys</filename>.</para>

      <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÜÔÏ ÆÁÊÌ ÄÌÑ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÈ ËÏÎÓÏÌÅÊ
	FreeBSD.  ìÀÂÁÑ ÎÅ ÚÁËÏÍÍÅÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÁÑ ÓÔÒÏËÁ × ÜÔÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ
	(ÓÔÒÏËÁ, ÎÅ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÝÁÑÓÑ Ó ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁ <literal>#</literal>), ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ
	ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ÄÌÑ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁ ÉÌÉ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÏÊ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ.  ÷ÅÒÓÉÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ
	ÆÁÊÌÁ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ, ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÍÁÑ Ó FreeBSD, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ÄÌÑ
	ÄÅ×ÑÔÉ
	×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÈ ËÏÎÓÏÌÅÊ É ×ËÌÀÞÁÅÔ ×ÏÓÅÍØ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÏ×.  üÔÏ ÓÔÒÏËÉ, ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÝÉÅÓÑ Ó
	<literal>ttyv</literal>:</para>

      <programlisting># name  getty                           type    status          comments
#
ttyv0   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
# Virtual terminals
ttyv1   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv2   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv3   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv4   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv5   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv6   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv7   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv8   "/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm -nodaemon"  xterm   off secure</programlisting>

      <para>úÁ ÄÅÔÁÌØÎÙÍ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅÍ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ËÏÌÏÎËÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ É ×ÓÅÈ ÏÐÃÉÊ,
	ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ÄÌÑ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÈ ËÏÎÓÏÌÅÊ, ÏÂÒÁÝÁÊÔÅÓØ
	Ë &man.ttys.5;.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="consoles-singleuser">
      <title>ëÏÎÓÏÌØ × ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ</title>

      <para>äÅÔÁÌØÎÏÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ <quote>ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÏÇÏ ÒÅÖÉÍÁ</quote>
	ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ × <xref linkend="boot-singleuser"/>.  óÔÏÉÔ ÏÔÍÅÔÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ
	ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ FreeBSD × ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ÅÓÔØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÄÎÁ
	ËÏÎÓÏÌØ.  ÷ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÈ ËÏÎÓÏÌÅÊ ÎÅÔ.  õÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ ×
	ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
	<filename>/etc/ttys</filename>.  ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅ ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ ÎÁ ÓÔÒÏËÕ,
	ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÝÕÀÓÑ Ó <literal>console</literal>:</para>

      <programlisting># name  getty                           type    status          comments
#
# If console is marked "insecure", then init will ask for the root password
# when going to single-user mode.
console none                            unknown off secure</programlisting>

      <note>
	<para>ëÁË ÓËÁÚÁÎÏ × ËÏÍÍÅÎÔÁÒÉÑÈ ×ÙÛÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ <literal>console</literal>,
	  ÍÏÖÎÏ ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÜÔÕ ÓÔÒÏËÕ É ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ <literal>secure</literal>
	  ÎÁ <literal>insecure</literal>.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÓÄÅÌÁÅÔÅ ÜÔÏ, FreeBSD ÄÁÖÅ
	  ÐÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ × ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÔØ ÐÁÒÏÌØ
	  <username>root</username>.</para>

	<para><emphasis>âÕÄØÔÅ ÏÓÔÏÒÏÖÎÙ ÐÒÉ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ
	  <literal>insecure</literal></emphasis>.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÚÁÂÕÄÅÔÅ
	  ÐÁÒÏÌØ <username>root</username>, ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÁ × ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÊ
	  ÒÅÖÉÍ ÓÉÌØÎÏ ÕÓÌÏÖÎÉÔÓÑ.  üÔÏ ×ÓÅ ÅÝÅ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ, ÎÏ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ
	  ÂÏÌÅÅ ÓÌÏÖÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÔÅÈ, ËÔÏ ÅÝÅ ÎÅ ÏÞÅÎØ ÏÓ×ÏÉÌÓÑ Ó ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÍ
	  ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ FreeBSD É ×ÙÚÏ×Á ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ.</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="consoles-vidcontrol">
      <title>éÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ ×ÉÄÅÏÒÅÖÉÍÏ× ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ</title>

      <para>õÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÙÊ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ ÄÌÑ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ FreeBSD
	ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎ ÄÏ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ 1024x768, 1280x1024, ÉÌÉ ÌÀÂÏÇÏ
	ÄÒÕÇÏÇÏ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ×ÁÛÉÍ ÍÏÎÉÔÏÒÏÍ É ×ÉÄÅÏËÁÒÔÏÊ.
	äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÚÁÄÅÊÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ ÉÎÏÊ ×ÉÄÅÏÒÅÖÉÍ, ×ÁÍ ÐÒÅÖÄÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ
	ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÅÒÅÓÏÂÒÁÔØ ÑÄÒÏ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÄÏÂÁ×É× × ÆÁÊÌ
	ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ Ä×Å ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ÏÐÃÉÉ:</para>

      <programlisting>options VESA
options SC_PIXEL_MODE</programlisting>

      <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÐÅÒÅÓÂÏÒËÉ É ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ÑÄÒÁ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÏÊ
	&man.vidcontrol.1; ÄÌÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ×ÉÄÅÏÒÅÖÉÍÏ×, ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÍÙÈ
	×ÁÛÉÍ ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ.  þÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÐÅÒÅÞÅÎØ ×ÉÄÅÏÒÅÖÉÍÏ×,
	×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>vidcontrol -i mode</userinput></screen>

      <para>ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÏÔÏÂÒÁÚÉÔ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÍÙÈ ×ÉÄÅÏÒÅÖÉÍÏ×.  ôÅÐÅÒØ
	×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÙÂÒÁÔØ ÏÄÉÎ ÉÚ ÎÉÈ É ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÅÇÏ ÎÁ ËÏÎÓÏÌÉ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ
	&man.vidcontrol.1;:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>vidcontrol MODE_279</userinput></screen>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ×ÉÄÅÏÒÅÖÉÍ ×ÁÓ ÕÓÔÒÁÉ×ÁÅÔ, ÔÏ ÅÇÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ
	ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÍÙÍ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÓÔÁÒÔÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÄÌÑ ÞÅÇÏ
	ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ × <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ:</para>

      <programlisting>allscreens_flags="MODE_279"</programlisting>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="permissions">
    <title>ðÒÁ×Á ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ</title>
    <indexterm><primary>UNIX</primary></indexterm>

    <para>FreeBSD Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÑÍÙÍ ÐÏÔÏÍËÏÍ BSD &unix; É ÏÓÎÏ×Ù×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ
      ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ËÌÀÞÅ×ÙÈ ËÏÎÃÅÐÃÉÑÈ &unix;.  ÷ ÐÅÒ×ÕÀ ÏÞÅÒÅÄØ ÜÔÏ, ËÏÎÅÞÎÏ,
      ÔÏÔ ÆÁËÔ, ÞÔÏ FreeBSD &ndash; ÍÎÏÇÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÁÑ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ.
      üÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ,
      ÒÅÛÁÑ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÚÁÄÁÞÉ É ÓÏ×ÅÒÛÅÎÎÏ ÎÅ ÍÅÛÁÑ ÄÒÕÇ ÄÒÕÇÕ.  îÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ
      ÌÅÖÉÔ ÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÓÔØ ÚÁ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ É ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÔÁËÉÍÉ
      ÒÅÓÕÒÓÁÍÉ ËÁË ÐÁÍÑÔØ, ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÎÏÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ, ÐÅÒÉÆÅÒÉÊÎÙÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á É
      ÐÒÏÞÅÅ.</para>

    <para>íÎÏÇÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÁÑ ÓÒÅÄÁ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔ ÎÁÌÉÞÉÅ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍÁ
      ÒÅÇÕÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÐÒÁ× ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë ÌÀÂÏÍÕ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÕ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.  óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÔÒÉ
      ÔÉÐÁ ÐÒÁ× ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ: ÎÁ ÞÔÅÎÉÅ, ÚÁÐÉÓØ É ÉÓÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ.  ðÒÁ×Á
      ÓÇÒÕÐÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÙ ÔÒÉ ÐÏ ÔÒÉ, ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ ÞÔÅÎÉÅ/ÚÁÐÉÓØ/×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ
      ×ÌÁÄÅÌØÃÁ/ÇÒÕÐÐÙ/×ÓÅÈ ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÙÈ.  þÉÓÌÅÎÎÏÅ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ:</para>

    <indexterm><primary>ÐÒÁ×Á ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm>
      <primary>ÐÒÁ×Á ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌÙ</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="3">
	<thead>
	  <row>
	    <entry>úÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ</entry>
	    <entry>ðÒÁ×Á ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ</entry>
	    <entry>óÐÉÓÏË ÆÁÊÌÏ× ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁ</entry>
	  </row>
	</thead>

	<tbody>
	  <row>
	    <entry>0</entry>
	    <entry>îÉÞÅÇÏ ÎÅ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÏ</entry>
	    <entry><literal>---</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>1</entry>
	    <entry>îÅÌØÚÑ ÞÉÔÁÔØ É ÐÉÓÁÔØ, ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌÎÑÔØ</entry>
	    <entry><literal>--x</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>2</entry>
	    <entry>îÅÌØÚÑ ÞÉÔÁÔØ É ÉÓÐÏÌÎÑÔØ, ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÏ ÐÉÓÁÔØ</entry>
	    <entry><literal>-w-</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>3</entry>
	    <entry>îÅÌØÚÑ ÞÉÔÁÔØ, ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÏ ÐÉÓÁÔØ É ÉÓÐÏÌÎÑÔØ</entry>
	    <entry><literal>-wx</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>4</entry>
	    <entry>òÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÏ ÞÉÔÁÔØ, ÎÅÌØÚÑ ÐÉÓÁÔØ É ÉÓÐÏÌÎÑÔØ</entry>
	    <entry><literal>r--</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>5</entry>
	    <entry>òÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÏ ÞÉÔÁÔØ É ÉÓÐÏÌÎÑÔØ, ÎÅÌØÚÑ ÐÉÓÁÔØ</entry>
	    <entry><literal>r-x</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>6</entry>
	    <entry>òÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÏ ÞÉÔÁÔØ É ÐÉÓÁÔØ, ÎÅÌØÚÑ ÉÓÐÏÌÎÑÔØ</entry>
	    <entry><literal>rw-</literal></entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>7</entry>
	    <entry>òÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÏ ×ÓÅ</entry>
	    <entry><literal>rwx</literal></entry>
	  </row>
	</tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <indexterm>
      <primary><command>ls</command></primary>
    </indexterm>
    <indexterm><primary>ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ</primary></indexterm>

    <para>÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÏÐÃÉÀ <option>-l</option> ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
      &man.ls.1; ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÇÏ ÌÉÓÔÉÎÇÁ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁ, ×ËÌÀÞÁÀÝÅÇÏ
      ËÏÌÏÎËÕ Ó ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ Ï ÐÒÁ×ÁÈ ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌ ÄÌÑ ×ÌÁÄÅÌØÃÁ, ÇÒÕÐÐÙ É
      ×ÓÅÈ ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÙÈ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ <command>ls -l</command>
      × ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÌØÎÏÍ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ×Ù×ÅÓÔÉ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:</para>

    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>ls -l</userinput>
total 530
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel     512 Sep  5 12:31 myfile
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel     512 Sep  5 12:31 otherfile
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    7680 Sep  5 12:31 email.txt
...</screen>

    <para>÷ÏÔ ËÁË ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ ÐÅÒ×ÁÑ ËÏÌÏÎËÁ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ
      <command>ls -l</command>:</para>

    <screen>-rw-r--r--</screen>

    <para>ðÅÒ×ÙÊ (ÓÞÉÔÁÑ ÓÌÅ×Á) ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ ÇÏ×ÏÒÉÔ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÊ ÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÆÁÊÌ, ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ,
      ÓÉÍ×ÏÌØÎÏÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï, ÓÏËÅÔ ÉÌÉ ÌÀÂÏÅ ÄÒÕÇÏÅ ÐÓÅ×ÄÏ-ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÅ
      ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï.  ÷ ÎÁÛÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ <literal>-</literal> ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÎÁ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÊ
      ÆÁÊÌ.  óÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÔÒÉ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁ (× ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÜÔÏ <literal>rw-</literal>)
      ÚÁÄÁÀÔ ÐÒÁ×Á ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ ×ÌÁÄÅÌØÃÁ ÆÁÊÌÁ.  úÁÔÅÍ ÉÄÕÔ ÐÒÁ×Á ÇÒÕÐÐÙ,
      ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÐÒÉÎÁÄÌÅÖÉÔ ÆÁÊÌ (<literal>r--</literal>).  ðÏÓÌÅÄÎÑÑ ÔÒÏÊËÁ
      (<literal>r--</literal>) ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔ ÐÒÁ×Á ÄÌÑ ×ÓÅÈ ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÙÈ.  íÉÎÕÓ
      ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÉÅ ËÁËÉÈ-ÌÉÂÏ ÐÒÁ× (Ô.Å. ÎÅÌØÚÑ ÎÉ ÞÉÔÁÔØ, ÎÉ ÐÉÓÁÔØ, ÎÉ
      ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ).  ÷ ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÐÒÁ×Á ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÙ ÔÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ, ÞÔÏ
      ×ÌÁÄÅÌÅà ÍÏÖÅÔ ÞÉÔÁÔØ É ÐÉÓÁÔØ × ÆÁÊÌ, Á ÇÒÕÐÐÁ É ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ
      ÞÉÔÁÔØ.  ôÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ, ÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÏÅ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÐÒÁ×
      <literal>644</literal>, ÇÄÅ ËÁÖÄÁÑ ÃÉÆÒÁ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÔÒÉ ÞÁÓÔÉ
      ÐÒÁ× ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌ.</para>

    <para>ðÒÁ×Á ÎÁ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÉÒÕÀÔÓÑ ÁÎÁÌÏÇÉÞÎÙÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ.  ÷
      FreeBSD ×ÓÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÙ × ×ÉÄÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ
      ÏÔËÒÙ×ÁÔØ, ÞÉÔÁÔØ É ÐÉÓÁÔØ × ÎÉÈ.  üÔÉ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔÓÑ ×
      ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ <filename>/dev</filename>.</para>

    <para>ëÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ ÔÁËÖÅ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÆÁÊÌÁÍÉ.  ë ÎÉÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÉÍÙ
      ÔÅ ÖÅ ÐÒÁ×Á ÎÁ ÞÔÅÎÉÅ, ÚÁÐÉÓØ É ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ.  ðÒÁ×ÄÁ, × ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ
      <quote>×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ</quote> ÉÍÅÅÔ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÓÍÙÓÌ.  ëÏÇÄÁ
      ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÐÏÍÅÞÅÎ ËÁË <quote>ÉÓÐÏÌÎÉÍÙÊ</quote>, ÜÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ
      ÍÏÖÎÏ <quote>ÚÁÊÔÉ</quote> × ÎÅÇÏ (Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
      <command>cd</command>, change directory).  üÔÏ ÔÁËÖÅ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ × ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ
      ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ÆÁÊÌÁÍ, ÉÍÅÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÙ (ËÏÎÅÞÎÏ,
      ÅÓÌÉ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÅ ÐÒÁ×Á ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÁÀÔ ÔÁËÏÊ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ).</para>

    <para>åÓÌÉ ÖÅ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÆÁÊÌÏ× × ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÍ
      ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ, ÐÒÁ×Á ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ ÎÁ ÎÅÇÏ ÄÏÌÖÎÙÅ ×ËÌÀÞÁÔØ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ ÎÁ
      ÞÔÅÎÉÅ.  äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÕÄÁÌÉÔØ ÉÚ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁ ËÁËÏÊ-ÌÉÂÏ ÆÁÊÌ,
      ÉÍÑ ËÏÔÏÒÏÇÏ ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÏ, ÎÁ ÜÔÏÔ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ÄÁÎÙ ÐÒÁ×Á
      ÎÁ ÚÁÐÉÓØ <emphasis>É</emphasis> ÎÁ ÉÓÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ.</para>

    <para>óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÔ É ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÐÒÁ×Á ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ, ÎÏ ÏÎÉ ËÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ
      × ÏÓÏÂÙÈ ÓÌÕÞÁÑÈ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, setuid-ÂÉÔ ÎÁ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÍÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ É sticky-ÂÉÔ
      ÎÁ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ.  úÁ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÍÉ Ó×ÅÄÅÎÉÑÍÉ ÐÏ ÜÔÏÍÕ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÕ ÏÂÒÁÝÁÊÔÅÓØ
      Ë &man.chmod.1;.</para>

    <sect2>
      <sect2info>
	<authorgroup>
	  <author>
	    <firstname>Tom</firstname>
	    <surname>Rhodes</surname>
	    <contrib>ðÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌ </contrib>
	  </author>
	</authorgroup>
      </sect2info>

      <title>óÉÍ×ÏÌÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÁ×</title>
      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÐÒÁ×Á ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ</primary><secondary>ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÉÞÅÓËÉÅ</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>óÉÍ×ÏÌÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ, ÉÎÏÇÄÁ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÙÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÉÞÅÓËÉÍÉ
	×ÙÒÁÖÅÎÉÑÍÉ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ ÂÕË×Ù ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ×ÏÓØÍÅÒÉÞÎÙÈ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÊ ÄÌÑ
	ÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÁ× ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌÙ É ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ.  óÉÍ×ÏÌÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ×ÙÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ ÓÉÎÔÁËÓÉÓ (ËÔÏ) (ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÅ) (ÐÒÁ×Á), ÇÄÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÔ
	ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ:</para>

      <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
	<tgroup cols="3">
	  <thead>
	    <row>
	      <entry>ïÐÃÉÑ</entry>
	      <entry>âÕË×Á</entry>
	      <entry>úÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ</entry>
	    </row>
	  </thead>

	<tbody>
	  <row>
	    <entry>(ËÔÏ)</entry>
	    <entry>u</entry>
	    <entry>ðÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ (User)</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>(ËÔÏ)</entry>
	    <entry>g</entry>
	    <entry>çÒÕÐÐÁ (Group)</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>(ËÔÏ)</entry>
	    <entry>o</entry>
	    <entry>äÒÕÇÉÅ (Other)</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>(ËÔÏ)</entry>
	    <entry>a</entry>
	    <entry>÷ÓÅ (All, <quote>world</quote>)</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>(ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÅ)</entry>
	    <entry>+</entry>
	    <entry>äÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÐÒÁ×</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>(ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÅ)</entry>
	    <entry>-</entry>
	    <entry>õÄÁÌÅÎÉÅ ÐÒÁ×</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>(ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÅ)</entry>
	    <entry>=</entry>
	    <entry>ñ×ÎÁÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ ÐÒÁ×</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>(ÐÒÁ×Á)</entry>
	    <entry>r</entry>
	    <entry>þÔÅÎÉÅ (Read)</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>(ÐÒÁ×Á)</entry>
	    <entry>w</entry>
	    <entry>úÁÐÉÓØ (Write)</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>(ÐÒÁ×Á)</entry>
	    <entry>x</entry>
	    <entry>÷ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ (Execute)</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>(ÐÒÁ×Á)</entry>
	    <entry>t</entry>
	    <entry>Sticky ÂÉÔ</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry>(ÐÒÁ×Á)</entry>
	    <entry>s</entry>
	    <entry>SUID ÉÌÉ SGID</entry>
	  </row>
	</tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>

    <para>üÔÉ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ &man.chmod.1; ÔÁË ÖÅ
      ËÁË É ÒÁÎØÛÅ, ÎÏ Ó ÂÕË×ÁÍÉ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
      ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÒÅÔÁ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ Ë
      <replaceable>FILE</replaceable>:</para>

    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>chmod go= FILE</userinput></screen>

    <para>äÌÑ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÞÅÍ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÎÁÂÏÒÁ ÐÒÁ× ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÉÔØ ÓÐÉÓÏË,
      ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÊ ÚÁÐÑÔÙÍÉ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÁÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÕÄÁÌÉÔ ÐÒÁ×Á ÇÒÕÐÐÙ
      É <quote>×ÓÅÈ ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÙÈ</quote> ÎÁ ÚÁÐÉÓØ ×
      <replaceable>FILE</replaceable>, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔ ÐÒÁ×Á ÎÁ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ
      ×ÓÅÈ:</para>

    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>chmod go-w,a+x <replaceable>FILE</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<!--
    <para>âÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÎÅ ÚÎÁÀÔ Ï ÜÔÏÍ, ÎÏ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÏÔÍÅÔÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ
      ÐÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ×ÏÓØÍÅÒÉÞÎÏÇÏ ÍÅÔÏÄÁ ÐÒÁ×Á ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌ ÂÕÄÕÔ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÙ Ñ×ÎÏ,
      Á ÎÅ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÙ ÉÌÉ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÙ.</para>
-->
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <sect2info>
	<authorgroup>
	  <author>
	    <firstname>Tom</firstname>
	    <surname>Rhodes</surname>
	    <contrib>ôÅËÓÔ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌ </contrib>
	  </author>
	</authorgroup>
      </sect2info>

      <title>æÌÁÇÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ× × &os;</title>

      <para>ëÒÏÍÅ ÕÖÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÎÙÈ ÐÒÁ× ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë ÆÁÊÌÁÍ, &os; ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ <quote>ÆÌÁÇÏ× ÆÁÊÌÏ×</quote>.  üÔÉ ÆÌÁÇÉ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÉ×ÁÀÔ
	ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÚÁÝÉÔÙ É ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÑ ÎÁÄ ÆÁÊÌÁÍÉ, ÎÏ ÎÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ
	ÐÒÉÍÅÎÑÔØÓÑ Ë ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁÍ.</para>

      <para>üÔÉ ÆÌÁÇÉ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÑÀÔ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÑ ÎÁÄ
	ÆÁÊÌÁÍÉ, ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÉ×ÁÑ (ÐÒÉ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÕÓÌÏ×ÉÑÈ) ÎÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÉÈ
	ÕÄÁÌÅÎÉÑ ÉÌÉ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÄÁÖÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ <username>root</username>.</para>

      <para>æÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÆÌÁÇÉ ÉÚÍÅÎÑÀÔÓÑ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ &man.chflags.1;
	ÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÏÍ ÐÒÏÓÔÏÇÏ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÁ.  ë ÐÒÉÍÅÒÕ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÊ ÐÒÉÚÎÁË ÎÅÕÄÁÌÑÅÍÏÓÔÉ ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌ <filename>file1</filename>,
	×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>chflags sunlink <filename>file1</filename></userinput></screen>

      <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÏÔËÌÀÞÉÔØ ÆÌÁÇ ÎÅÕÄÁÌÑÅÍÏÓÔÉ, ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÕÀ
	ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ Ó ËÌÀÞÏÍ <quote>no</quote> ÐÅÒÅÄ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏÍ
	<option>sunlink</option>.  ÷ÏÔ ÔÁË:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>chflags nosunlink <filename>file1</filename></userinput></screen>

      <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÐÒÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ ÆÌÁÇÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ, ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ
	&man.ls.1; Ó ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁÍÉ <option>-lo</option>:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ls -lo <filename>file1</filename></userinput></screen>

      <para>òÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÔØ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÔÁË:</para>

      <programlisting>-rw-r--r--  1 trhodes  trhodes  sunlnk 0 Mar  1 05:54 file1</programlisting>

      <para>îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÆÌÁÇÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÙ ÉÌÉ ÓÎÑÔÙ Ó ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÔÏÌØËÏ
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ <username>root</username>.  ÷ ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÙÈ ÓÌÕÞÁÑÈ ÜÔÉ ÆÌÁÇÉ
	ÍÏÖÅÔ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ×ÌÁÄÅÌÅà ÆÁÊÌÁ.  äÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ
	ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ ÍÙ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÍ ÉÚÕÞÉÔØ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÉ ÐÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁÍ
	&man.chflags.1; É &man.chflags.2;.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <sect2info>
	<authorgroup>
	  <author>
	    <firstname>Tom</firstname>
	    <surname>Rhodes</surname>
	    <contrib>ôÅËÓÔ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌ </contrib>
	  </author>
	</authorgroup>
      </sect2info>

      <title>setuid, setgid É sticky-ÂÉÔÙ × ÐÒÁ×ÁÈ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ</title>

      <para>÷ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ Ë ÒÁÓÓÍÏÔÒÅÎÎÙÍ ×ÙÛÅ ÐÒÁ×ÁÍ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ É ÆÌÁÇÁÍ ÆÁÊÌÏ×
	ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÔÁËÖÅ ÕÐÏÍÑÎÕÔØ ÅÝÅ ÔÒÉ ÂÉÔÁ ÐÒÁ× ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ, Ï ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ
	ÚÎÁÔØ ×ÓÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÅ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÙ.  üÔÏ ÔÁËÉÅ ÂÉÔÙ, ËÁË
	<literal>setuid</literal>, <literal>setgid</literal> É
	<literal>sticky</literal>.</para>

      <para>üÔÉ ÂÉÔÙ ÉÇÒÁÀÔ ×ÁÖÎÕÀ ÒÏÌØ × ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌ£ÎÎÙÈ ÍÏÍÅÎÔÁÈ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ
	&unix;, ÔÁË ËÁË ÏÎÉ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÔ ÆÕÎËÃÉÏÎÁÌØÎÏÓÔØ, ÒÁÓÛÉÒÑÀÝÕÀ
	ÐÒÁ×Á ÏÂÙÞÎÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ.  þÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÎÑÔØ ËÁË ÏÎÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ, ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ
	ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÉÅ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÒÅÁÌØÎÙÍ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒÏÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ
	(<acronym>UID</acronym>) É ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÍ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒÏÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ
	(effective UID, <acronym>EUID</acronym>).</para>

      <para>òÅÁÌØÎÙÊ <acronym>UID</acronym> &mdash; ÜÔÏ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒ
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉ×ÛÅÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÎÁ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ.  äÅÊÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ
	UID (<acronym>EUID</acronym>) &mdash; ÜÔÏ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ,
	Ó ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ
	&man.passwd.1; ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÓÍÅÎÙ ÐÁÒÏÌÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÓÑ
	Ó ÒÅÁÌØÎÙÍ ID ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ; ÏÄÎÁËÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ×ÎÅÓÔÉ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ × ÂÁÚÕ
	ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ, ÅÊ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÍ ID
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ <username>root</username>.  üÔÏ ÔÏÔ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ
	ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ ÉÚÍÅÎÑÔØ Ó×ÏÉ ÐÁÒÏÌÉ É ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ
	ÎÅ ÎÁÂÌÀÄÁÔØ ÏÛÉÂËÕ <errorname>Permission Denied</errorname>.</para>

      <note>
	<para>ïÐÃÉÑ <literal>nosuid</literal>, ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÁÑ ÐÒÉ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ
	  ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÏÔÍÅÎÑÅÔ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÅ ÂÉÔÏ×
	  <literal>setuid</literal> É <literal>setgid</literal>.
	  ôÏ ÅÓÔØ, ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÝÉÅ ÜÔÉ ÂÉÔÙ ÐÒÁ×, ÏÔËÁÖÕÔÓÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØÓÑ,
	  ÄÁÖÅ ÎÅ ×ÙÄÁ× ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ ÎÉËÁËÏÇÏ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÅÒÅÖÅÎÉÑ.  ë ÔÏÍÕ ÖÅ,
	  (Ó ÔÏÞËÉ ÚÒÅÎÉÑ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÑ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ) ÜÔÁ ÏÐÃÉÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ
	  ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÁÂÓÏÌÀÔÎÏ ÎÁÄÅÖÎÏÊ, ÔÁË ËÁË, ÓÏÇÌÁÓÎÏ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ
	  ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ &man.mount.8;, ÎÁËÌÁÄÙ×ÁÅÍÙÅ ÅÀ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ
	  ÏÂÏÊÄÅÎÙ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ <quote>ÏÂÅÒÔËÉ</quote> <literal>nosuid</literal>
	  (<literal>nosuid</literal> wrapper).</para>
      </note>

      <para>âÉÔ setuid ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅÍ ÃÉÆÒÙ ÞÅÔÙÒÅ (4) ÐÅÒÅÄ
	ÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÍ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅÍ ÐÒÁ× ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>chmod 4755 suidexample.sh</userinput></screen>

      <para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ÐÒÁ×Á ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌ
	<filename><replaceable>suidexample.sh</replaceable></filename>
	×ÙÇÌÑÄÑÔ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍÕ:</para>

      <programlisting>-rwsr-xr-x   1 trhodes  trhodes    63 Aug 29 06:36 suidexample.sh</programlisting>

      <para>÷ ×ÙÛÅÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ ÐÒÉÍÅÔÎÏ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ × ÐÅÒÅÞÎÅ ÐÒÁ× ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ
	ÄÌÑ ×ÌÁÄÅÌØÃÁ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ <literal>s</literal>,
	ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÚÁÍÅÎÉÌ ÓÏÂÏÊ ÂÉÔ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ.
	<!-- "This allows utilities which need elevated permissions,
	such as <command>passwd</command>." - - something's missing here,
	isn't it? --></para>

      <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ <literal>setuid</literal> × ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÉ,
	ÏÔËÒÏÊÔÅ Ä×Á ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁ.  îÁ ÏÄÎÏÍ ÉÚ ÎÉÈ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ
	<command>passwd</command> Ó ÐÒÁ×ÁÍÉ ÏÂÙÞÎÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ.  ðÏËÁ
	ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ ÖÄÅÔ ××ÏÄÁ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÁÒÏÌÑ, ÐÒÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÕ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏ×
	É ÎÁÊÄÉÔÅ × ÎÅÊ ÚÁÐÉÓØ Ï ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ <command>passwd</command>.</para>

      <para>÷ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÅ á:</para>

      <screen>Changing local password for trhodes
Old Password:</screen>

      <para>÷ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÅ â:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ps aux | grep passwd</userinput></screen>

      <screen>trhodes  5232  0.0  0.2  3420  1608   0  R+    2:10AM   0:00.00 grep passwd
root     5211  0.0  0.2  3620  1724   2  I+    2:09AM   0:00.01 passwd</screen>

      <para>ëÁË ÕÖÅ ÂÙÌÏ ÓËÁÚÁÎÏ, ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ <command>passwd</command> ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÁ
	Ó ÐÒÁ×ÁÍÉ ÏÂÙÞÎÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÎÏ ÅÅ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ
	<acronym>UID</acronym> &mdash; <username>root</username>.</para>

      <para>äÅÊÓÔ×ÉÅ ÂÉÔÁ <literal>setgid</literal> ÐÏÄÏÂÎÏ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÀ
	<literal>setuid</literal>; ÏÔÌÉÞÉÅ ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÑÀÔÓÑ
	ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ÐÒÁ× ÄÌÑ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ.  ëÏÇÄÁ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ (ÉÌÉ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ)
	Ó ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÙÍ ÂÉÔÏÍ <literal>setgid</literal>, ÔÏ ÅÍÕ (ÅÊ)
	ÂÕÄÕÔ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÙ ÐÒÁ×Á × ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÉ Ó ÇÒÕÐÐÏÊ ×ÌÁÄÅÌØÃÁ ÆÁÊÌÁ,
	Á ÎÅ Ó ÇÒÕÐÐÏÊ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉ×ÛÅÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ.</para>

      <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌ ÂÉÔ <literal>setgid</literal>,
	×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>chmod</command>, ÄÏÂÁ×É× ÃÉÆÒÕ Ä×Á (2)
	ÐÅÒÅÄ ÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÍ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅÍ ÐÒÁ× ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>chmod 2755 sgidexample.sh</userinput></screen>

      <para>îÏ×ÙÊ ÂÉÔ ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÏ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÅÍÕ ÓÌÕÞÁÀ: ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅ
	×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ ÎÁ ÎÁÌÉÞÉÅ <literal>s</literal> × ÐÅÒÅÞÎÅ ÐÒÁ× ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ
	ÄÌÑ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ:</para>

      <screen>-rwxr-sr-x   1 trhodes  trhodes    44 Aug 31 01:49 sgidexample.sh</screen>

      <note>
	<para>÷ ÜÔÉÈ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÁÈ, ÎÅÓÍÏÔÒÑ ÎÁ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÓÃÅÎÁÒÉÊ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÉ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
	  ÉÓÐÏÌÎÑÅÍÙÍ ÆÁÊÌÏÍ, ÏÎ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØÓÑ Ó ÄÒÕÇÉÍ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÍ
	  ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒÏÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ (<acronym>EUID</acronym>).  ôÁË
	  ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ ÐÏÔÏÍÕ, ÞÔÏ ÓÃÅÎÁÒÉÑÍ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÇÏ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒÁ ÎÅÄÏÓÔÕÐÅÎ
	  ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÊ ×ÙÚÏ× &man.setuid.2;.</para>
      </note>

      <para>ðÏÚ×ÏÌÑÑ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÑÔØ ÐÒÁ×Á ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÏÂÁ ÂÉÔÁ ÐÒÁ× ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ
	(<literal>setuid</literal> É <literal>setgid</literal>) ÍÏÇÕÔ ÐÒÉ×ÅÓÔÉ
	Ë ÓÎÉÖÅÎÉÀ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  ôÒÅÔÉÊ ÏÂÓÕÖÄÁÅÍÙÊ ÚÄÅÓØ ÂÉÔ
	&mdash; <literal>sticky</literal> &mdash; ÓÐÏÓÏÂÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÐÏ×ÙÛÅÎÉÀ
	ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>

      <para>âÉÔ <literal>sticky</literal>, ÂÕÄÕÞÉ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÙÍ ÎÁ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ,
	ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔØ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÔÏÌØËÏ ×ÌÁÄÅÌØÃÕ ÆÁÊÌÁ.  üÔÏÔ
	ÂÉÔ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÐÒÅÄÏÔ×ÒÁÝÅÎÉÑ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ× × ÐÕÂÌÉÞÎÙÈ
	ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁÈ, ÔÁËÉÈ ËÁË <filename class="directory">/tmp</filename>,
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍÉ, ÎÅ ×ÌÁÄÅÀÝÉÍÉ ÆÁÊÌÏÍ.  þÔÏÂÙ ÚÁÄÅÊÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ ÜÔÏÔ
	ÂÉÔ, ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÅÄÉÎÉÃÕ (1) ÐÅÒÅÄ ÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÍ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅÍ ÐÒÁ×
	ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>chmod 1777 /tmp</userinput></screen>

      <para>ðÒÏ×ÅÒÉÔØ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
	<command>ls</command>:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ls -al / | grep tmp</userinput></screen>

      <screen>drwxrwxrwt  10 root  wheel         512 Aug 31 01:49 tmp</screen>

      <para>ïÔÌÉÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔØÀ ÂÉÔÁ <literal>sticky</literal>
	Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÁÌÉÞÉÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁ <literal>t</literal> × ÓÁÍÏÍ ËÏÎÃÅ ÐÅÒÅÞÎÑ
	ÐÒÁ×.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="dirstructure">
    <title>óÔÒÕËÔÕÒÁ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ×</title>
    <indexterm><primary>ÉÅÒÁÒÈÉÑ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ×</primary></indexterm>

    <para>æÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ FreeBSD Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ËÌÀÞÅ×ÙÍ ÍÏÍÅÎÔÏÍ × ÐÏÎÉÍÁÎÉÉ
      ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ×ÓÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  óÁÍÙÍ ×ÁÖÎÙÍ ÐÏÎÑÔÉÅÍ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ, ÎÅÓÏÍÎÅÎÎÏ,
      ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ, ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÍÙÊ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏÍ <quote>/</quote>.
      ëÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ÓÁÍÙÍ ÐÅÒ×ÙÍ ÎÁ ÜÔÁÐÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ É ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ
      ×ÓÅ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏÅ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÄÇÏÔÏ×ÉÔØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ Ë ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ ×
      ÍÎÏÇÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ.  ëÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÔÁËÖÅ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÔÏÞËÉ
      ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÌÑ ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÀÔÓÑ
      ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÁ × ÍÎÏÇÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ.</para>

    <para>ôÏÞËÏÊ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ, ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÉÊÓÑ
      × ÒÏÄÉÔÅÌØÓËÏÊ (ÏÂÙÞÎÏ &mdash; ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ) ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ, Ë ËÏÔÏÒÏÍÕ
      ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÏÄÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÁ ÄÒÕÇÁÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ.
      âÏÌÅÅ ÄÅÔÁÌØÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ × <xref linkend="disk-organization"/>.
      óÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙÅ ÔÏÞËÉ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ×ËÌÀÞÁÀÔ <filename>/usr</filename>,
      <filename>/var</filename>, <filename>/tmp</filename>,
      <filename>/mnt</filename> É
      <filename>/cdrom</filename>.  üÔÉ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÙ ×
      ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÕËÁÚÁÎÙ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ
      ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ É ÉÈ ÔÏÞËÉ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.  âÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ,
      ÏÐÉÓÁÎÎÙÈ × <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> ÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÀÔÓÑ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ
      ÉÚ ÓËÒÉÐÔÁ &man.rc.8;, ÅÓÌÉ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÄÌÑ ÎÉÈ ÎÅ ÕËÁÚÁÎÁ ÏÐÃÉÑ
      <option>noauto</option>.  âÏÌÅÅ ÄÅÔÁÌØÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ×
      <xref linkend="disks-fstab"/>.</para>

    <para>ðÏÌÎÏÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ ÉÅÒÁÒÈÉÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÅÓÔØ × &man.hier.7;.
      úÄÅÓØ ÖÅ ÍÙ ÕÐÏÍÑÎÅÍ ÌÉÛØ ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ×ÁÖÎÙÅ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ.</para>

    <para>
      <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
	<tgroup cols="2">
	  <thead>
	    <row>
	      <entry>ëÁÔÁÌÏÇ</entry>
	      <entry>ïÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ</entry>
	    </row>
	  </thead>
	  <tbody valign="top">
	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ëÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/bin/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ïÓÎÏ×ÎÙÅ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ, ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÙÅ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ËÁË ×
		ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÏÍ, ÔÁË É × ÍÎÏÇÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÏÍ
		ÒÅÖÉÍÁÈ.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/boot/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ðÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ É ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ, ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÙÅ ÄÌÑ
		ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏÊ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/boot/defaults/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ëÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ Ó ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁÍÉ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ,
		ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ × ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ
		(ÓÍ. &man.loader.conf.5;).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/dev/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>æÁÊÌÙ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× (ÓÍ. &man.intro.4;).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/etc/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ïÓÎÏ×ÎÙÅ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ É
		ÓËÒÉÐÔÙ.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/etc/defaults/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ïÓÎÏ×ÎÙÅ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ
		Ó ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁÍÉ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ (ÓÍ. &man.rc.8;).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/etc/mail/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ëÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÄÌÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÉ
		ÐÏÞÔÙ (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, &man.sendmail.8;).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/etc/namedb/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ëÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÄÌÑ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ
		<command>named</command> (ÓÍ. &man.named.8;).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/etc/periodic/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>æÁÊÌÙ ÓÃÅÎÁÒÉÅ×, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÍÙÅ ÅÖÅÄÎÅ×ÎÏ,
		ÅÖÅÎÅÄÅÌØÎÏ É ÅÖÅÍÅÓÑÞÎÏ (ÓÍ. &man.cron.8; É
		&man.periodic.8;).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/etc/ppp/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ëÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÄÌÑ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ
		<command>ppp</command> (ÓÍ. &man.ppp.8;).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/mnt/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ðÕÓÔÏÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ, ÞÁÓÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÍÉ
		ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÁÍÉ ËÁË ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÁÑ ÔÏÞËÁ
		ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/proc/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>÷ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÁÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ, ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÀÝÁÑ
		ÔÅËÕÝÉÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÙ (ÓÍ. &man.procfs.5;,
		&man.mount.procfs.8;).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/rescue/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>óÔÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÓÏÂÒÁÎÎÙÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÄÌÑ ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ
		ÐÏÓÌÅ ÓÂÏÅ×.  ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë &man.rescue.8;.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/root/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>äÏÍÁÛÎÉÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ
		<username>root</username>.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/sbin/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>óÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÅ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ É ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ,
		ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÙÅ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ËÁË × ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÏÍ,
		ÔÁË É × ÍÎÏÇÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÁÈ.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/tmp/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>÷ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ.  óÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÅ
		<filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> ÏÂÙÞÎÏ
		ÔÅÒÑÅÔÓÑ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  æÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ
		ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ × ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ×
		<filename class="directory">/tmp</filename>.  üÔÏ
		ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÚÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ
		ÏÔÎÏÓÉÔÅÌØÎÏ tmpmfs ÉÚ &man.rc.conf.5; (ÉÌÉ ÖÅ Ó
		ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ × <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>;
		ÏÂÒÁÝÁÊÔÅÓØ Ë &man.mdmfs.8;).</entry>
	    </row>


	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>âÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÈ ÕÔÉÌÉÔ É ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÊ.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/bin/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ðÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÅ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ É ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ ÏÂÝÅÇÏ
		ÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/include/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>óÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ÏÞÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÄÌÑ ÑÚÙËÁ C.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/lib/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>æÁÊÌÙ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙÈ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅË.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/libdata/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>æÁÊÌÙ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÈ ÕÔÉÌÉÔ.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/libexec/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>óÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÅ ÄÁÅÍÏÎÙ É ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ (×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÍÙÅ ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ
		ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁÍÉ).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/local/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ìÏËÁÌØÎÙÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÅ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ,
		ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÉ, É Ô.Ä.  ôÁËÖÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ËÏÌÌÅËÃÉÅÊ
		ÐÏÒÔÏ×.  ÷ÎÕÔÒÉ <filename>/usr/local</filename>
		ÉÅÒÁÒÈÉÑ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ× ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔØ &man.hier.7; ÄÌÑ
		<filename>/usr</filename>.  éÓËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ ÓÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÔ
		ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>man</filename>, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎ
		ÎÅÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ × <filename>/usr/local</filename>, Á ÎÅ
		× <filename>/usr/local/share</filename>, É ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÑ ÐÏÒÔÏ×,
		ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÁ ×
		<filename>share/doc/<replaceable>port</replaceable></filename>.
	      </entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/obj/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>áÒÈÉÔÅËÔÕÒÎÏ-ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ É ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ,
		ÏÂÒÁÚÕÀÝÉÅÓÑ × ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ ÓÂÏÒËÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÉÚ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ
		ÔÅËÓÔÏ× × <filename>/usr/src</filename>.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/ports/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ëÏÌÌÅËÃÉÑ ÐÏÒÔÏ× FreeBSD (ÏÐÃÉÏÎÁÌØÎÏ).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/sbin/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>óÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÅ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ É ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ
		(ÉÓÐÏÌÎÑÅÍÙÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/share/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>áÒÈÉÔÅËÔÕÒÎÏ-ÎÅÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/src/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>éÓÈÏÄÎÙÅ ÔÅËÓÔÙ BSD É/ÉÌÉ
		ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/X11R6/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>õÔÉÌÉÔÙ, ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ É ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÉ X11R6 (X Window
		System; ÎÅÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÏ).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/var/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>æÁÊÌÙ ÖÕÒÎÁÌÏ× ÏÂÝÅÇÏ ÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ, ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÅ,
		ÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÁÅÍÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ É ÆÁÊÌÙ ÏÞÅÒÅÄÅÊ.  æÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ
		ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ × ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ÉÎÏÇÄÁ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ×
		<filename class="directory">/var</filename>.  üÔÏ
		ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÚÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ
		ÏÔÎÏÓÉÔÅÌØÎÏ varmfs ÉÚ &man.rc.conf.5; (ÉÌÉ ÖÅ Ó
		ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ × <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>;
		ÏÂÒÁÝÁÊÔÅÓØ Ë &man.mdmfs.8;).</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/var/log/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>òÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÈ ÖÕÒÎÁÌÏ×.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/var/mail/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ðÏÞÔÏ×ÙÅ ÑÝÉËÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/var/spool/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>æÁÊÌÙ ÏÞÅÒÅÄÅÊ ÐÅÞÁÔÉ, ÐÏÞÔÙ, É ÐÒ.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/var/tmp/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>÷ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÑÀÔÓÑ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ
		ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÅÓÌÉ ÔÏÌØËÏ
		<filename class="directory">/var</filename> ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
		ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ × ÐÁÍÑÔÉ.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><filename class="directory">/var/yp/</filename></entry>
	      <entry>ëÁÒÔÙ (maps) NIS.</entry>
	    </row>

	  </tbody>
	</tgroup>
      </informaltable>
    </para>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="disk-organization">
      <title>ïÒÇÁÎÉÚÁÃÉÑ ÄÉÓËÏ×</title>

      <para>îÁÉÍÅÎØÛÁÑ ÅÄÉÎÉÃÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ FreeBSD ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÄÌÑ ÏÂÒÁÝÅÎÉÑ
	Ë ÆÁÊÌÁÍ, ÜÔÏ ÉÍÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ.  éÍÅÎÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÞÕ×ÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÙ Ë ÒÅÇÉÓÔÒÕ,
	ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ <filename>readme.txt</filename> É <filename>README.TXT
	</filename> &mdash; Ä×Á ÒÁÚÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÁ.  FreeBSD ÎÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ
	ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÁ (<filename>.txt</filename>) ÄÌÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ
	ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÜÔÏ, ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ ÉÌÉ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÔÉÐ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ.</para>

      <para>æÁÊÌÙ ÈÒÁÎÑÔÓÑ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁÈ.  ëÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÎÅ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÏ×,
	ÉÌÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÓÏÔÅÎ ÆÁÊÌÏ×.  ëÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ ÔÁËÖÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ
	ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ, ÞÔÏ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÉÅÒÁÒÈÉÀ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ×
	ÏÄÉÎ × ÄÒÕÇÏÍ.  üÔÏ ÕÐÒÏÝÁÅÔ ÏÒÇÁÎÉÚÁÃÉÀ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ.</para>

      <para>ïÂÒÁÝÅÎÉÅ Ë ÆÁÊÌÁÍ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ ÐÕÔÅÍ ÚÁÄÁÎÉÑ ÉÍÅÎÉ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÉÌÉ
	ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁ, ÄÏÐÏÌÎÑÅÍÏÇÏ ÐÒÑÍÙÍ ÓÌÜÛÅÍ <literal>/</literal>, ÚÁ ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ
	ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÍÑ ÄÒÕÇÏÇÏ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁ.  åÓÌÉ ÅÓÔØ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ
	<filename>foo</filename>, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ
	<filename>bar</filename>, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÆÁÊÌ
	<filename>readme.txt</filename>, ÐÏÌÎÏÅ ÉÍÑ, ÉÌÉ
	<firstterm>ÐÕÔØ</firstterm> Ë ÆÁÊÌÕ ÂÕÄÅÔ
	<filename>foo/bar/readme.txt</filename>.</para>

      <para>ëÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ É ÆÁÊÌÙ ÈÒÁÎÑÔÓÑ × ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.  ëÁÖÄÁÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ
	ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÏÄÉÎ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÎÁ ×ÅÒÈÎÅÍ ÕÒÏ×ÎÅ, ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÙÊ
	<firstterm>ËÏÒÎÅ×ÙÍ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏÍ</firstterm> ÜÔÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.
	üÔÏÔ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ.</para>

      <para>÷ÎÅÛÎÅ ÜÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÏÈÏÖÅ ÎÁ ÔÅ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ,
	ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×Ù ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÉ.  åÓÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÏÔÌÉÞÉÊ:
	ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, &ms-dos; ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ <literal>\</literal> ÄÌÑ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÉÍÅÎ
	ÆÁÊÌÏ× É ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ×, Á &macos; ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ <literal>:</literal>.</para>

      <para>FreeBSD ÎÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÂÕË× ÄÉÓËÏ×, ÉÌÉ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÉÍÅÎ ÄÉÓËÏ× ×
	ÐÕÔÉ.  ÷ÁÍ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÉÓÁÔØ <filename>c:/foo/bar/readme.txt</filename>
	× FreeBSD.</para>

      <para>÷ÍÅÓÔÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ, ÏÄÎÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÎÁÚÎÁÞÁÅÔÓÑ <firstterm>ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ
	ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ</firstterm>.  ïÂÒÁÝÅÎÉÅ Ë ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÍÕ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÕ
	ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ ÞÅÒÅÚ <literal>/</literal>.
	ìÀÂÁÑ ÄÒÕÇÁÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ <firstterm>ÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ</firstterm>
	Ë ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.  îÅ×ÁÖÎÏ ËÁË ÍÎÏÇÏ ÄÉÓËÏ× ÅÓÔØ × ×ÁÛÅÊ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ FreeBSD, ËÁÖÄÙÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÔØ ËÁË ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÎÙÊ
	ÎÁ ÔÏÍ ÖÅ ÄÉÓËÅ.</para>

      <para>ðÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÉÍ, Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ ÔÒÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ: <literal>A</literal>,
	<literal>B</literal>, É <literal>C</literal>.  ëÁÖÄÁÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÏÄÉÎ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔÓÑ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ
	ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ, ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÙÅ
	<literal>A1</literal>, <literal>A2</literal> (É ÁÎÁÌÏÇÉÞÎÏ
	<literal>B1</literal>, <literal>B2</literal> É
	<literal>C1</literal>, <literal>C2</literal>).</para>

      <para>îÁÚÏ×ÅÍ <literal>A</literal> ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ.
	åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ <command>ls</command> ÄÌÑ ÐÒÏÓÍÏÔÒÁ
	ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÇÏ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁ, ×Ù Õ×ÉÄÉÔÅ Ä×Á ÐÏÄËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁ, <literal>A1</literal>
	É <literal>A2</literal>.  äÅÒÅ×Ï ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ× ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ ÔÁË:</para>

      <mediaobject>
	<imageobject>
	  <imagedata fileref="install/example-dir1" format="EPS"/>
	</imageobject>

	<textobject>
	  <literallayout class="monospaced"> /
 |
 +--- A1
 |
 `--- A2</literallayout>
	</textobject>
      </mediaobject>

      <para>æÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÐÏÄÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÁ Ë ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÕ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ
	ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  ðÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÅÔÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ
	<literal>B</literal> ÎÁ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <literal>A1</literal>.  ëÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ
	ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <literal>B</literal> ÚÁÍÅÝÁÅÔÓÑ <literal>A1</literal>,
	Á ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ × <literal>B</literal> ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÀÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ:</para>

      <mediaobject>
	<imageobject>
	  <imagedata fileref="install/example-dir2" format="EPS"/>
	</imageobject>

	<textobject>
	  <literallayout class="monospaced"> /
 |
 +--- A1
 |     |
 |     +--- B1
 |     |
 |     `--- B2
 |
 `--- A2</literallayout>
	</textobject>
      </mediaobject>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ, ÌÀÂÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÉÚ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ× <literal>B1</literal> ÉÌÉ
	<literal>B2</literal> ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÙ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÐÕÔØ
	<filename>/A1/B1</filename> ÉÌÉ <filename>/A1/B2</filename>.
	÷ÓÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ, ÂÙ×ÛÉÅ × <filename>/A1</filename>, ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ ÓËÒÙÔÙ.
	ïÎÉ ÐÏÑ×ÑÔÓÑ, ÅÓÌÉ <literal>B</literal> ÂÕÄÅÔ
	<firstterm>ÒÁÚÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÁ</firstterm> Ó A.</para>

      <para>åÓÌÉ <literal>B</literal> ÂÙÌÁ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÁ ÎÁ <literal>A2,
	</literal> ÄÉÁÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÔØ ÔÁË:</para>

      <mediaobject>
	<imageobject>
	  <imagedata fileref="install/example-dir3" format="EPS"/>
	</imageobject>

	<textobject>
	  <literallayout class="monospaced"> /
 |
 +--- A1
 |
 `--- A2
       |
       +--- B1
       |
       `--- B2</literallayout>
	</textobject>
      </mediaobject>

      <para>Á ÐÕÔÉ ÂÕÄÕÔ <filename>/A2/B1</filename> É
	<filename>/A2/B2</filename> ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ.</para>

      <para>æÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÙ ÏÄÎÁ ÎÁ ÄÒÕÇÕÀ.
	ðÒÏÄÏÌÖÁÑ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÉÊ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ <literal>C</literal>
	ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÁ ÎÁ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <literal>B1</literal> ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ <literal>B</literal> × ÔÁËÏÍ ÐÏÒÑÄËÅ:</para>

      <mediaobject>
	<imageobject>
	  <imagedata fileref="install/example-dir4" format="EPS"/>
	</imageobject>

	<textobject>
	  <literallayout class="monospaced"> /
 |
 +--- A1
 |
 `--- A2
       |
       +--- B1
       |     |
       |     +--- C1
       |     |
       |     `--- C2
       |
       `--- B2</literallayout>
	</textobject>
      </mediaobject>

      <para>éÌÉ <literal>C</literal> ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÁ ÐÒÑÍÏ ÎÁ
	ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ <literal>A</literal>, ÎÁ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <literal>A1
	</literal>:</para>

      <mediaobject>
	<imageobject>
	  <imagedata fileref="install/example-dir5" format="EPS"/>
	</imageobject>

	<textobject>
	  <literallayout class="monospaced"> /
 |
 +--- A1
 |     |
 |     +--- C1
 |     |
 |     `--- C2
 |
 `--- A2
       |
       +--- B1
       |
       `--- B2</literallayout>
	</textobject>
      </mediaobject>

      <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÚÎÁËÏÍÙ Ó &ms-dos;, ÜÔÏ ÐÏÈÏÖÅ, ÈÏÔÑ É ÎÅ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÞÎÏ,
	ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ <command>join</command>.</para>

      <para>ëÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ×ÁÓ ÉÎÔÅÒÅÓÏ×ÁÔØ.  ïÂÙÞÎÏ ×Ù ÓÏÚÄÁÅÔÅ
	ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ FreeBSD, ÒÅÛÁÅÔÅ ËÕÄÁ ÉÈ
	ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ, É ÎÉÞÅÇÏ ÎÅ ÍÅÎÑÅÔÅ, ÐÏËÁ ÎÅ ÐÏÎÁÄÏÂÉÔÓÑ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÎÏ×ÙÊ
	ÄÉÓË.</para>

      <para>íÏÖÎÏ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÏÄÎÕ ÂÏÌØÛÕÀ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÕÀ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ É ÎÅ
	ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ.  õ ÔÁËÏÇÏ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÁ ÅÓÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ
	ÎÅÄÏÓÔÁÔËÏ× É ÏÄÎÏ ÐÒÅÉÍÕÝÅÓÔ×Ï.</para>

      <itemizedlist>
	<title>ðÒÅÉÍÕÝÅÓÔ×Á ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ</title>

	<listitem>
	  <para>òÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÉÍÅÔØ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ
	    <firstterm>ÏÐÃÉÉ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ</firstterm>.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ,
	    × ÃÅÌÑÈ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÁÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ
	    ÂÙÔØ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÁ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÄÌÑ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ, ÞÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔ
	    ÎÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÏÅ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÉÅ ÉÌÉ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
	    ËÒÉÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ×ÁÖÎÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ.  ïÔÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ,
	    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍÉ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ, ÔÁËÉÈ ËÁË
	    <filename>/home</filename>, ÏÔ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ
	    ÓÉÓÔÅÍ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÔÁËÖÅ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÈ Ó ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏÍ
	    <firstterm>nosuid</firstterm>; ÜÔÏÔ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ ÏÔÍÅÎÑÅÔ
	    ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÅ ÂÉÔÏ× <firstterm>suid</firstterm>/
	    <firstterm>guid</firstterm> ÎÁ ÉÓÐÏÌÎÑÅÍÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÁÈ,
	    × ÜÔÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ, ÞÔÏ ÐÏÔÅÎÃÉÁÌØÎÏ ÐÏ×ÙÛÁÅÔ
	    ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔØ.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>FreeBSD Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÏÐÔÉÍÉÚÉÒÕÅÔ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÎÁ
	    ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ × ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ
	    ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ.  æÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÁÑ ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Ï ÍÅÌËÉÈ ÞÁÓÔÏ
	    ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÍÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÍÅÔØ ÏÐÔÉÍÉÚÁÃÉÀ, ÏÔÌÉÞÎÕÀ ÏÔ ÔÁËÏ×ÏÊ
	    ÄÌÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÅÊ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÂÏÌØÛÉÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×.
	    îÁ ÏÄÎÏÊ ÂÏÌØÛÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÜÔÁ ÏÐÔÉÍÉÚÁÃÉÑ ÎÅ
	    ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>æÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ FreeBSD ÏÞÅÎØ ÕÓÔÏÊÞÉ×Ù Ë ×ÎÅÚÁÐÎÏÍÕ
	    ÏÔËÌÀÞÅÎÉÀ.  ôÅÍ ÎÅ ÍÅÎÅÅ, ÐÏÔÅÒÑ ÐÉÔÁÎÉÑ × ËÒÉÔÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ
	    ×ÓÅ ÖÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏ×ÒÅÄÉÔØ ÓÔÒÕËÔÕÒÕ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  òÁÚÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ
	    ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÎÁ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ ÐÏ×ÙÛÁÅÔ ÛÁÎÓÙ, ÞÔÏ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ
	    ×ÓÅ-ÔÁËÉ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ É ÄÅÌÁÅÔ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÌÅÇËÉÍ ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ Ó
	    ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÊ ËÏÐÉÉ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <itemizedlist>
	<title>ðÒÅÉÍÕÝÅÓÔ×Ï ÏÄÎÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ</title>

	<listitem>
	  <para>òÁÚÍÅÒ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ ÆÉËÓÉÒÏ×ÁÎ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÓÏÚÄÁÅÔÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ
	    ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÐÒÉ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÅ FreeBSD É ÚÁÄÁÅÔÅ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ,
	    ÐÏÚÄÎÅÅ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔØ ÞÔÏ ÎÕÖÅÎ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÂÏÌØÛÅÇÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ.
	    üÔÏ ÎÅ ÔÁË ÌÅÇËÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÂÅÚ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÏÇÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ
	    ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ É ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÇÏ ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ
	    ÓÏÈÒÁÎÅÎÎÙÈ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ.</para>

	  <important>
	    <para>÷ FreeBSD ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ
	      &man.growfs.8;, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉ×ÁÔØ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ
	      ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÎÁ ÌÅÔÕ, ÕÓÔÒÁÎÑÑ ÜÔÏ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ.</para>
	  </important>
	</listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <para>æÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔÓÑ × ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁÈ.  üÔÏÔ ÔÅÒÍÉÎ ÎÅ ÉÍÅÅÔ
	ÔÏÇÏ ÖÅ ÓÍÙÓÌÁ, ÞÔÏ É ÐÒÉ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÒÁÎÎÅÍ ÅÇÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ × ÜÔÏÊ ÇÌÁ×Å,
	ÉÚ-ÚÁ ÎÁÓÌÅÄÉÑ &unix; × &os;.  ëÁÖÄÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔÓÑ ÂÕË×ÏÊ
	ÏÔ <literal>a</literal> ÄÏ <literal>h</literal>.  ëÁÖÄÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÍÏÖÅÔ
	ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÄÎÕ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ, ÜÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÉÔ ÞÔÏ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ
	ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÁ ÅÅ ÔÏÞËÏÊ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ × ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÉÅÒÁÒÈÉÉ,
	ÉÌÉ ÂÕË×ÏÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÏÎÁ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔÓÑ.</para>

      <para>FreeBSD ÔÁËÖÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Ï ÐÏÄ
	<firstterm>ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ (swap space)</firstterm>.  ðÏÄËÁÞËÁ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ
	FreeBSD	ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó <firstterm>×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔØÀ</firstterm>.
	÷ÁÛ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÔÁË, ËÁË ÅÓÌÉ ÂÙ Õ ÎÅÇÏ ÂÙÌÏ ÂÏÌØÛÅ
	ÐÁÍÑÔÉ,	ÞÅÍ ÅÓÔØ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ.  ëÏÇÄÁ Õ FreeBSD ËÏÎÞÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÁÍÑÔØ, ÏÎÁ
	ÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÁÅÔ ÞÁÓÔØ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ, ÎÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÈ × ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ, × ÒÁÚÄÅÌ
	ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ É ×ÏÚ×ÒÁÝÁÅÔ ÉÈ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏ (ÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÁÑ × ÐÏÄËÁÞËÕ ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ÄÒÕÇÏÅ),
	ËÏÇÄÁ ÏÎÉ ÎÕÖÎÙ.</para>

      <para>ðÏ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁÍ ÅÓÔØ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÅ ÓÏÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÑ.</para>

      <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
	<tgroup cols="2">
	  <colspec colwidth="1*"/>
	  <colspec colwidth="5*"/>

	  <thead>
	    <row>
	      <entry>òÁÚÄÅÌ</entry>

	      <entry>óÏÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÅ</entry>
	    </row>
	  </thead>

	  <tbody valign="top">
	    <row>
	      <entry><literal>a</literal></entry>

	      <entry>ëÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÕÀ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><literal>b</literal></entry>

	      <entry>ëÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><literal>c</literal></entry>

	      <entry>ëÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÔÁËÏÇÏ ÖÅ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ, ÞÔÏ É ×ÅÓØ ÓÌÁÊÓ (slice).
		üÔÏ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁÍ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÎÁÄ ×ÓÅÍ
		ÓÌÁÊÓÏÍ (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÓËÁÎÅÒ ÐÌÏÈÉÈ ÂÌÏËÏ×), ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó
		ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏÍ <literal>c</literal>.  ÷ ÏÂÙÞÎÏÊ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÉ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ
		ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÎÁ ÜÔÏÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ.</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><literal>d</literal></entry>

	      <entry>òÁÚÄÅÌ <literal>d</literal> ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÌÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÈ
		ÃÅÌÅÊ, ÈÏÔÑ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ ÏÎÉ ÎÅ ÁËÔÕÁÌØÎÙ É <literal>d</literal>
		ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÄÅÊÓÔ×Ï×ÁÎ ËÁË ÏÂÙÞÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ.</entry>
	    </row>
	  </tbody>
	</tgroup>
      </informaltable>

      <para>ëÁÖÄÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ-ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÊ-ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ-ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÈÒÁÎÉÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ
	×Ï FreeBSD ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ <firstterm>ÓÌÁÊÓ (slice)</firstterm>.  óÌÁÊÓ
	&mdash; ÜÔÏ ÔÅÒÍÉÎ FreeBSD, ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÀÔ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏÍ,
	É ÏÐÑÔØ ÖÅ ÜÔÏ ÉÚ-ÚÁ &unix; ÏÓÎÏ×Ù FreeBSD.  óÌÁÊÓÙ ÎÕÍÅÒÕÀÔÓÑ Ó 1 ÐÏ
	4.</para>

	<indexterm><primary>ÓÌÁÊÓÙ</primary></indexterm>
	<indexterm><primary>ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ</primary></indexterm>
	<indexterm><primary>dangerously dedicated</primary></indexterm>

      <para>îÏÍÅÒÁ ÓÌÁÊÓÏ× ÓÌÅÄÕÀÔ ÚÁ ÉÍÅÎÅÍ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á, ÐÒÅÄ×ÁÒÑÅÍÙÅ
	ÓÔÒÏÞÎÏÊ <literal>s</literal>, ÎÁÞÉÎÁÑ Ó 1.  ôÁË
	<quote>da0<emphasis>s1</emphasis></quote> ÜÔÏ ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ÓÌÁÊÓ ÐÅÒ×ÏÇÏ
	SCSI ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á.  íÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÞÅÔÙÒÅ ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÓÌÁÊÓÁ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅ,
	ÎÏ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÌÏÇÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÓÌÁÊÓÙ ÎÕÖÎÏÇÏ ÔÉÐÁ ×ÎÕÔÒÉ ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉÈ
	ÓÌÁÊÓÏ×.  üÔÉ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÅ
	ÓÌÁÊÓÙ ÎÕÍÅÒÕÀÔÓÑ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÑ Ó 5, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ
	<quote>ad0<emphasis>s5</emphasis></quote> ÜÔÏ ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ
	ÓÌÁÊÓ ÎÁ ÐÅÒ×ÏÍ IDE ÄÉÓËÅ.  üÔÉ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÍÉ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÍÉ, ÚÁÎÉÍÁÀÝÉÍÉ ×ÅÓØ ÓÌÁÊÓ.</para>

      <para>óÌÁÊÓÙ, <quote>ÜËÓËÌÀÚÉ×ÎÏ ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÅ (dangerously dedicated)</quote> ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á
	É ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔ <firstterm>ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ</firstterm>,
	ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÍÙÅ ÂÕË×ÁÍÉ ÏÔ <literal>a</literal> ÄÏ <literal>h</literal>.
	üÔÉ ÂÕË×Ù ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ Ë ÉÍÅÎÉ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á.
	<quote>da0<emphasis>a</emphasis></quote> ÜÔÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ a ÎÁ ÐÅÒ×ÏÍ
	ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Å da, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ <quote>ÜËÓËÌÀÚÉ×ÎÏ ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎ</quote>.
	<quote>ad1s3<emphasis>e</emphasis></quote> ÜÔÏ ÐÑÔÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ
	× ÔÒÅÔØÅÍ ÓÌÁÊÓÅ ×ÔÏÒÏÇÏ IDE ÄÉÓËÁ.</para>

      <para>îÁËÏÎÅÃ, ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÄÉÓË ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉÃÉÒÏ×ÁÎ.  éÍÑ ÄÉÓËÁ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÅÔÓÑ Ó
	ËÏÄÁ, ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÁÀÝÅÇÏ ÔÉÐ ÄÉÓËÁ, ÚÁÔÅÍ ÉÄÅÔ ÎÏÍÅÒ ÄÉÓËÁ.
	÷ ÏÔÌÉÞÉÅ ÏÔ ÓÌÁÊÓÏ×, ÎÕÍÅÒÁÃÉÑ ÄÉÓËÏ× ÎÁÞÉÎÁÅÔÓÑ
	Ó 0.  ïÓÎÏ×ÎÙÅ ËÏÄÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×ÁÍ ÍÏÇÕÔ ×ÓÔÒÅÔÉÔØÓÑ, ÅÓÔØ ×
	<xref linkend="basics-dev-codes"/>.</para>

      <para>÷ ÔÏ ×ÒÅÍÑ, ËÁË ÓÓÙÌËÁ ÎÁ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ FreeBSD ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔ ÔÁËÖÅ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑ
	ÓÌÁÊÓÁ É ÄÉÓËÁ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÅÇÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ, ÓÓÙÌËÁ ÎÁ ÓÌÁÊÓ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔ ÔÁËÖÅ
	ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑ ÉÍÅÎÉ ÄÉÓËÁ.  äÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÓÌÏ×ÁÍÉ, ÓÓÙÌÁÑÓØ ÎÁ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ,
	ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÊÔÅ ÉÍÑ ÄÉÓËÁ, <literal>s</literal>, ÎÏÍÅÒ ÓÌÁÊÓÁ, É ÚÁÔÅÍ
	ÂÕË×Õ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ.  ðÒÉÍÅÒÙ ÐÏËÁÚÁÎÙ ×
	<xref linkend="basics-disk-slice-part"/>.</para>

      <para><xref linkend="basics-concept-disk-model"/> ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ
	ËÏÎÃÅÐÔÕÁÌØÎÕÀ ÍÏÄÅÌØ ÄÉÓËÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÐÏÍÏÞØ ÐÒÏÑÓÎÉÔØ
	ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÀ.</para>

      <para>äÌÑ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ FreeBSD ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ÓÌÁÊÓÙ
	ÄÉÓËÏ×, ÚÁÔÅÍ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ ×ÎÕÔÒÉ ÓÌÁÊÓÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÂÕÄÕÔ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÙ ÄÌÑ FreeBSD, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ
	(ÉÌÉ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÕ) × ËÁÖÄÏÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ É ÒÅÛÉÔØ, ËÕÄÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ
	ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÁ.</para>

      <table frame="none" pgwide="1" id="basics-dev-codes">
	<title>ëÏÄÙ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÈ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×</title>

	<tgroup cols="2">
	  <colspec colwidth="1*"/>
	  <colspec colwidth="5*"/>

	  <thead>
	    <row>
	      <entry>ëÏÄ</entry>

	      <entry>úÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ</entry>
	    </row>
	  </thead>

	  <tbody>
	    <row>
	      <entry><devicename>ad</devicename></entry>

	      <entry>ATAPI (IDE) ÄÉÓË</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><devicename>da</devicename></entry>

	      <entry>SCSI direct access ÄÉÓË</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><devicename>acd</devicename></entry>

	      <entry>ATAPI (IDE) CDROM</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><devicename>cd</devicename></entry>

	      <entry>SCSI CDROM</entry>
	    </row>

	    <row>
	      <entry><devicename>fd</devicename></entry>

	      <entry>Floppy disk</entry>
	    </row>
	  </tbody>
	</tgroup>
      </table>

      <example id="basics-disk-slice-part">
	<title>ðÒÉÍÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ ÄÉÓËÁ, ÓÌÁÊÓÁ, É ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ</title>

	<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
	  <tgroup cols="2">
	    <colspec colwidth="1*"/>
	    <colspec colwidth="5*"/>

	    <thead>
	      <row>
		<entry>éÍÑ</entry>

		<entry>úÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ</entry>
	      </row>
	    </thead>

	    <tbody>
	      <row>
		<entry><literal>ad0s1a</literal></entry>

		<entry>ðÅÒ×ÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ (<literal>a</literal>) ÎÁ ÐÅÒ×ÏÍ ÓÌÁÊÓÅ
		  (<literal>s1</literal>) ÐÅÒ×ÏÇÏ IDE ÄÉÓËÁ
		  (<literal>ad0</literal>).</entry>
	      </row>

	      <row>
		<entry><literal>da1s2e</literal></entry>

		<entry>ðÑÔÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ (<literal>e</literal>) ÎÁ
		  ×ÔÏÒÏÍ ÓÌÁÊÓÅ (<literal>s2</literal>) ×ÔÏÒÏÇÏ SCSI ÄÉÓËÁ
		  (<literal>da1</literal>).</entry>
	      </row>
	    </tbody>
	  </tgroup>
	</informaltable>
      </example>

      <example id="basics-concept-disk-model">
	<title>ëÏÎÃÅÐÔÕÁÌØÎÁÑ ÍÏÄÅÌØ ÄÉÓËÁ</title>

	<para>üÔÁ ÄÉÁÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÊ Ë ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ IDE ÄÉÓË
	  Ó ÔÏÞËÉ ÚÒÅÎÉÑ FreeBSD.  ðÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÄÉÓËÁ 4&nbsp;GB, É ÏÎ
	  ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ Ä×Á 2&nbsp;GB ÓÌÁÊÓÁ (&ms-dos; ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ).  ðÅÒ×ÙÊ ÓÌÁÊÓ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ
	  &ms-dos; ÄÉÓË, <devicename>C:</devicename>, Á ×ÔÏÒÏÊ ÓÌÁÊÓ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ
	  ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÕÀ FreeBSD.  ÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ Õ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÏÊ FreeBSD
	  ÅÓÔØ ÔÒÉ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ Ó ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ É ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ.</para>

	<para>÷ ËÁÖÄÏÍ ÉÚ ÔÒÅÈ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ× ÅÓÔØ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ.  òÁÚÄÅÌ
	  <literal>a</literal> ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ,
	  <literal>e</literal> ÄÌÑ ÉÅÒÁÒÈÉÉ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ×
	  <filename>/var</filename>, Á <literal>f</literal> ÄÌÑ ÉÅÒÁÒÈÉÉ
	  ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ× <filename>/usr</filename>.</para>

	<mediaobject>
	  <imageobject>
	    <imagedata fileref="install/disk-layout" format="EPS"/>
	  </imageobject>

	  <textobject>
	    <literallayout class="monospaced">.-----------------.  --.
|                 |    |
|  DOS / Windows  |    |
:                 :     &gt;  First slice, ad0s1
:                 :    |
|                 |    |
:=================:  ==:                               --.
|                 |    |  Partition a, mounted as /      |
|                 |     &gt; referred to as ad0s2a          |
|                 |    |                                 |
:-----------------:  ==:                                 |
|                 |    |  Partition b, used as swap      |
|                 |     &gt; referred to as ad0s2b          |
|                 |    |                                 |
:-----------------:  ==:                                 |  Partition c, no
|                 |    |  Partition e, used as /var       &gt; filesystem, all
|                 |     &gt; referred to as ad0s2e          |  of FreeBSD slice,
|                 |    |                                 |  ad0s2c
:-----------------:  ==:                                 |
|                 |    |                                 |
:                 :    |  Partition f, used as /usr      |
:                 :     &gt; referred to as ad0s2f          |
:                 :    |                                 |
|                 |    |                                 |
|                 |  --'                                 |
`-----------------'                                    --'</literallayout>
	  </textobject>
	</mediaobject>
      </example>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="mount-unmount">
    <title>íÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ É ÒÁÚÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ</title>

    <para>æÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÌÕÞÛÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÉÍÁ × ×ÉÄÅ ÄÅÒÅ×Á, Ó
      ËÏÒÎÅÍ × <filename>/</filename>.  ëÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ,
      <filename>/dev</filename>, <filename>/usr</filename> É ÐÒÏÞÉÅ
      &ndash; ÜÔÏ ×ÅÔ×É ÄÅÒÅ×Á, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ, × Ó×ÏÀ ÏÞÅÒÅÄØ, Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ
      ËÏÒÎÑÍÉ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÅ×ØÅ×, ÔÁËÖÅ ÉÍÅÀÝÉÈ ×ÅÔ×É
      (<filename>/usr/local</filename>), É Ô.Ä.</para>

    <indexterm><primary>ËÏÒÎÅ×ÁÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ</primary></indexterm>
    <para>èÏÒÏÛÅÊ ÐÒÁËÔÉËÏÊ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÒÁÚÎÅÓÅÎÉÅ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÏÓÏÂÏ ×ÁÖÎÙÈ
      ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ× ÎÁ ÒÁÚÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ,
      <filename>/var</filename>, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ
      <filename>log/</filename>, <filename>spool/</filename>, Á ÔÁËÖÅ
      ×ÓÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÅ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ É ÎÅÒÅÄËÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÚÁÎÑÔØ ×ÓÅ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏÅ
      ÍÅÓÔÏ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅ.  ðÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÌÕÞÛÅ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ
      <filename>/var</filename> ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÉÚÂÅÖÁÔØ ÐÅÒÅÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ
      <filename>/</filename>.</para>

    <para>þÁÓÔÏ ÂÙ×ÁÅÔ ÔÁË, ÞÔÏ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ
      ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÙ ÎÁ ÒÁÚÎÙÈ ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÎÏÓÉÔÅÌÑÈ (ÄÉÓËÁÈ, CDROM),
      ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÙÈ ÉÌÉ ÓÅÔÅ×ÙÈ (ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, <link linkend="network-nfs">ÓÅÔÅ×ÁÑ
      ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ (Network File System, NFS)</link>).  ÷ ÜÔÏÍ
      ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÕÚÌÙ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÉÅÒÁÒÈÉÉ ÂÕÄÕÔ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÙ ÎÁ ÒÁÚÎÙÈ
      ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ.</para>

    <sect2 id="disks-fstab">
      <title>æÁÊÌ <filename>fstab</filename></title>
	<indexterm>
	  <primary>filesystems</primary>
	  <secondary>mounted with fstab</secondary>
	</indexterm>

      <para>æÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÅ ×
	<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, ÍÏÎÔÉÒÕÀÔÓÑ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ×
	<link linkend="boot">ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ</link>
	(ÅÓÌÉ, ËÏÎÅÞÎÏ, ÄÌÑ ÎÉÈ ÎÅ
	ÕËÁÚÁÎÁ ÏÐÃÉÑ <option>noauto</option>).</para>

      <para>æÏÒÍÁÔ ÆÁÊÌÁ <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>
	ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ (ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÞÎÏ):</para>

      <programlisting>
	<replaceable>ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï</replaceable>	<replaceable>/ÔÏÞËÁ-ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ</replaceable>	<replaceable>ÔÉÐ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ</replaceable>	<replaceable>ÏÐÃÉÉ</replaceable>	<replaceable>ÞÁÓÔÏÔÁ ÄÁÍÐÏ×</replaceable>	<replaceable>ÐÏÒÑÄÏË ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÉ</replaceable></programlisting>

      <variablelist>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term><literal>ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï</literal></term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>éÍÑ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á (ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ), ËÁË ÏÐÉÓÁÎÏ ×
	      <xref linkend="disks-naming"/>.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><literal>ÔÏÞËÁ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ</literal></term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>ëÁÔÁÌÏÇ (ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ), ËÕÄÁ ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ
	      ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><literal>ÔÉÐ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ</literal></term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>ôÉÐ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÐÅÒÅÄÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÅ
	      &man.mount.8;.  ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ FreeBSD ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ
	      <literal>ufs</literal>.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><literal>ÏÐÃÉÉ</literal></term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, <option>rw</option>, ÄÌÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ
	      ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ <quote>ÞÔÅÎÉÅ-ÚÁÐÉÓØ</quote>,
	      ÉÌÉ <option>ro</option>, ÄÌÑ ÒÅÖÉÍÁ <quote>ÔÏÌØËÏ
	      ÞÔÅÎÉÅ</quote>, ÚÁ ËÏÔÏÒÙÍÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔØ É ÄÒÕÇÉÅ
	      ÏÐÃÉÉ.  äÏ×ÏÌØÎÏ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ
	      ÏÐÃÉÑ <option>noauto</option>, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÎÅ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ
	      Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ × ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ.
	      ï ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÙÈ ÏÐÃÉÑÈ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÒÏÞÉÔÁÔØ ×
	      &man.mount.8;.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><literal>ÞÁÓÔÏÔÁ ÄÁÍÐÏ×</literal></term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÏÊ &man.dump.8; ÄÌÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ
	      ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ, Ó ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÐÅÒÉÏÄÉÞÅÓËÉ
	      ÓÎÉÍÁÔØ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÅ ÁÒÈÉ×ÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ.  ðÒÉ ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÉÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ
	      ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁ ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÅÔÓÑ ÒÁ×ÎÙÍ ÎÕÌÀ.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><literal>ÐÏÒÑÄÏË ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÉ</literal></term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>ïÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔ ÐÏÒÑÄÏË, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÑÔØ
	      ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ (ÞÁÝÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ, × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÎÅËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÏÇÏ
	      ÒÁÚÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÉÌÉ ×ÎÅÚÁÐÎÏÊ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ).  åÓÌÉ
	      ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÑÔØ, ÜÔÏÔ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ
	      ÂÙÔØ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ × ÎÏÌØ.  äÌÑ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ
	      (ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÅÎÁ × ÐÅÒ×ÕÀ ÏÞÅÒÅÄØ)
	      ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÅÇÏ × 1.  äÌÑ ×ÓÅÈ ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÙÈ &ndash; 2 ÉÌÉ
	      ÂÏÌØÛÅ.  åÓÌÉ Ä×Å ÉÌÉ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÉÍÅÀÔ
	      ÏÄÉÎÁËÏ×ÏÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ <literal>passno</literal>,
	      &man.fsck.8; ÐÏÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÑÔØ ÉÈ ÐÁÒÁÌÌÅÌØÎÏ (ÅÓÌÉ,
	      ËÏÎÅÞÎÏ, ÜÔÏ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉ).</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
      </variablelist>

      <para>ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë &man.fstab.5; ÚÁ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ
	Ï ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ ÆÁÊÌÁ <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> É ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÈ
	ÏÐÃÉÑÈ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="disks-mount">
      <title>ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ <command>mount</command></title>
      <indexterm>
	<primary>filesystems</primary>
	<secondary>mounting</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ &man.mount.8; ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ, ËÁË ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ÉÚ ÅÅ ÉÍÅÎÉ,
	ÄÌÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ.</para>

      <para>ðÒÉÍÅÒ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ (ÐÒÏÓÔÅÊÛÉÊ ÓÌÕÞÁÊ):</para>

      <informalexample>
	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount <replaceable>ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï</replaceable> <replaceable>ÔÏÞËÁ-ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ</replaceable></userinput></screen>
      </informalexample>

      <para>ðÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÉÍ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÅ ÏÐÃÉÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ
	&man.mount.8; (ÐÏÌÎÙÊ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ
	ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ):</para>

      <variablelist>
	<title>ïÐÃÉÉ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ</title>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-a</option></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>óÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ×ÓÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÅ ×
	      ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>.  éÓËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ
	      ÓÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÔ ÐÏÍÅÞÅÎÎÙÅ ËÁË <quote>noauto</quote>,
	      ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÅ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÏÐÃÉÉ <option>-t</option> É ÕÖÅ
	      ÓÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÅ.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-d</option></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>óÄÅÌÁÔØ ×ÓÅ, ËÒÏÍÅ ÓÁÍÏÇÏ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÇÏ ×ÙÚÏ×Á mount.
	      üÔÁ ÏÐÃÉÑ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÁ ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó ÆÌÁÇÏÍ <option>-v</option>
	      ÄÌÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ
	      &man.mount.8;.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-f</option></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>íÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÏ×ÒÅÖÄÅÎÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ (ÏÐÁÓÎÏ!),
	      ÉÌÉ ÆÏÒÓÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÏÔÍÅÎÕ ×ÓÅÈ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÏ× ÎÁ ÚÁÐÉÓØ ÐÒÉ
	      ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÉ ÒÅÖÉÍÁ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ Ó
	      <quote>ÞÔÅÎÉÅ-ÚÁÐÉÓØ</quote> ÎÁ <quote>ÔÏÌØËÏ
	      ÞÔÅÎÉÅ</quote>.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-r</option></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>íÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ <quote>ÔÏÌØËÏ
	      ÄÌÑ ÞÔÅÎÉÑ</quote>.  ôÏ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÏÅ, ÞÔÏ É ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÅ
	      ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÁ <option>ro</option> ÄÌÑ ÏÐÃÉÉ
	      <option>-o</option>.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-t</option>
	    <replaceable>fstype</replaceable></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>íÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ËÁË ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÏÇÏ
	      ÔÉÐÁ, ÉÌÉ, × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÏÐÃÉÉ <option>-a</option>, ÔÏÌØËÏ
	      ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÄÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÔÉÐÁ.</para>

	    <para>ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ, ÔÉÐ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ &ndash;
	      <quote>ufs</quote>.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-u</option></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>ïÂÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÏÐÃÉÉ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÌÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ
	      ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-v</option></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>÷ÙÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÕÀ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term><option>-w</option></term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>íÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ
	      <quote>ÞÔÅÎÉÅ-ÚÁÐÉÓØ</quote>.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
      </variablelist>

      <para>ïÐÃÉÑ <option>-o</option> ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÅÔ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÑÔÙÍÉ
	ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÙ, ×ËÌÀÞÁÑ ÎÉÖÅÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÅ:</para>

      <variablelist>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>noexec</term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>úÁÐÒÅÔ ÎÁ ÉÓÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ ÂÉÎÁÒÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ
	      ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ (ÔÏÖÅ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÁÑ ÏÐÃÉÑ ÄÌÑ ÐÏ×ÙÛÅÎÉÑ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ
	      ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ).</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
	  <term>nosuid</term>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>éÇÎÏÒÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ setuid É setgid ÂÉÔÙ ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ
	      (ÅÝÅ ÏÄÎÁ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÁÑ ÏÐÃÉÑ ÄÌÑ ÐÏ×ÙÛÅÎÉÑ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ
	      ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ).</para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="disks-umount">
      <title>ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ <command>umount</command></title>
      <indexterm>
	<primary>filesystems</primary>
	<secondary>unmounting</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ &man.umount.8; ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÅÔ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁ ÔÏÞËÕ
	ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ËÁËÏÊ-ÌÉÂÏ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÉÍÑ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á, ÏÐÃÉÀ
	<option>-a</option> ÉÌÉ <option>-A</option>.</para>

      <para>ëÒÏÍÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ÏÐÃÉÀ
	<option>-f</option> ÄÌÑ ÆÏÒÓÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, É <option>-v</option> ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÊ
	ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ.  éÍÅÊÔÅ ××ÉÄÕ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ × ÏÂÝÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÏÐÁÓÎÏ É
	ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÎÅ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÔÓÑ, ÔÁË ËÁË ÔÅÍ ÓÁÍÙÍ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÁÒÕÛÉÔØ
	ÒÁÂÏÔÕ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ ÉÌÉ ÐÏ×ÒÅÄÉÔØ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.</para>

      <para>ïÐÃÉÉ <option>-a</option> É <option>-A</option>
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÚÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ×ÓÅÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ (ÒÁÚ×Å
	ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÕËÁÖÅÔÅ ÏÐÃÉÀ <option>-t</option>).  òÁÚÎÉÃÁ ÓÏÓÔÏÉÔ ×
	ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ <option>-A</option> ÎÅ ÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÒÁÚÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ
	ËÏÒÎÅ×ÕÀ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="basics-processes">
    <title>ðÒÏÃÅÓÓÙ</title>

    <para>FreeBSD Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÍÎÏÇÏÚÁÄÁÞÎÏÊ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ.
      üÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÁ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÞÅÍ ÏÄÎÁ
      ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ.  ëÁÖÄÁÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ, ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÁÑ × ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ,
      ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ <firstterm>ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÍ</firstterm>.  ëÁÖÄÁÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ,
      ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ×Ù ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÅ, ÐÏÒÏÖÄÁÅÔ ÈÏÔÑ ÂÙ ÏÄÉÎ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ.  åÓÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ
      ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÈ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏ×, ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÎÙÈ ×ÓÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ É ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÝÉÈ
      ÆÕÎËÃÉÏÎÁÌØÎÏÓÔØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>

    <para>õ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ ÅÓÔØ ÕÎÉËÁÌØÎÙÊ ÎÏÍÅÒ, ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÙÊ
      <firstterm>process ID</firstterm>, ÉÌÉ <firstterm>PID</firstterm>, É,
      ËÁË É Õ ÆÁÊÌÏ×, Õ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ ÅÓÔØ ×ÌÁÄÅÌÅÃ É ÇÒÕÐÐÁ.  éÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ
      Ï ×ÌÁÄÅÌØÃÅ É ÇÒÕÐÐÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁËÉÅ
      ÆÁÊÌÙ É ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÏÔËÒÙÔÙ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÍ Ó ÕÞÅÔÏÍ ÐÒÁ× ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌÙ,
      Ï ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÇÏ×ÏÒÉÌÏÓØ ÒÁÎÅÅ.  ôÁËÖÅ Õ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Á ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏ× ÅÓÔØ
      ÒÏÄÉÔÅÌØÓËÉÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÐÒÉ ÚÁÐÕÓËÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄ ÉÚ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÉ,
      ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÁ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÍ É ÌÀÂÁÑ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÎÁÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÔÁËÖÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
      ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÍ.  äÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÔÁËÉÍ ÐÕÔÅÍ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ
      Ñ×ÌÑÔØÓÑ ÒÏÄÉÔÅÌØÓËÉÍ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÍ.  éÓËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅÍ ÉÚ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÁ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
      ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ, ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÙÊ &man.init.8;.
      <command>init</command> ×ÓÅÇÄÁ ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ, ÅÇÏ PID ×ÓÅÇÄÁ 1.
      <command>init</command> ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÓÑ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÑÄÒÏÍ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ
      ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ FreeBSD.</para>

    <para>ä×Å ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÏÞÅÎØ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÙ ÄÌÑ ÐÒÏÓÍÏÔÒÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÉÈ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ
      ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏ×, ÜÔÏ &man.ps.1; É &man.top.1;.  ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ <command>ps</command> ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ
      ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÓÐÉÓËÁ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÎÙÈ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏ× É ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏËÁÚÁÔØ ÉÈ PID,
      ÓËÏÌØËÏ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ÏÎÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ, ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÏÎÉ ÂÙÌÉ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÙ É Ô.Ä.
      ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ <command>top</command> ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÎÙÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÙ É ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÅÔ ÜËÒÁÎ
      ËÁÖÄÙÅ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÓÅËÕÎÄ, ÞÔÏ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÎÁÂÌÀÄÁÔØ ÚÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÏÊ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ
      × ÒÅÁÌØÎÏÍ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ.</para>

    <para>ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ, <command>ps</command> ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÒÉÎÁÄÌÅÖÁÝÉÅ ×ÁÍ
      ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÙ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ:</para>

    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>ps</userinput>
  PID  TT  STAT      TIME COMMAND
  298  p0  Ss     0:01.10 tcsh
 7078  p0  S      2:40.88 xemacs mdoc.xsl (xemacs-21.1.14)
37393  p0  I      0:03.11 xemacs freebsd.dsl (xemacs-21.1.14)
48630  p0  S      2:50.89 /usr/local/lib/netscape-linux/navigator-linux-4.77.bi
48730  p0  IW     0:00.00 (dns helper) (navigator-linux-)
72210  p0  R+     0:00.00 ps
  390  p1  Is     0:01.14 tcsh
 7059  p2  Is+    1:36.18 /usr/local/bin/mutt -y
 6688  p3  IWs    0:00.00 tcsh
10735  p4  IWs    0:00.00 tcsh
20256  p5  IWs    0:00.00 tcsh
  262  v0  IWs    0:00.00 -tcsh (tcsh)
  270  v0  IW+    0:00.00 /bin/sh /usr/X11R6/bin/startx -- -bpp 16
  280  v0  IW+    0:00.00 xinit /home/nik/.xinitrc -- -bpp 16
  284  v0  IW     0:00.00 /bin/sh /home/nik/.xinitrc
  285  v0  S      0:38.45 /usr/X11R6/bin/sawfish</screen>

    <para>ëÁË ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÉÄÅÔØ × ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ, ×Ù×ÏÄ &man.ps.1; ÏÒÇÁÎÉÚÏ×ÁÎ
      × ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ËÏÌÏÎÏË.  éÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ <literal>PID</literal>
      ÏÂÓÕÖÄÁÌÓÑ ÒÁÎÅÅ.  PID ÎÁÚÎÁÞÁÀÔÓÑ Ó 1 ÄÏ 99999 É ÏÐÑÔØ Ó ÎÁÞÁÌÁ, ÅÓÌÉ
      ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÅ ÞÉÓÌÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÅÎÏ (ÏÄÎÁÖÄÙ ×ÙÄÁÎÎÙÊ É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÊ PID
      ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎ ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÎÏ).
      ëÏÌÏÎËÁ <literal>TT</literal> ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ
      ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌ (tty), ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÁ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ (ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏËÁ ÚÁÂÙÔØ ÐÒÏ
      ÜÔÏ).  <literal>STAT</literal> ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ É ÏÐÑÔØ
      ÖÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÏËÁ ÐÒÏÉÇÎÏÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎ.  <literal>TIME</literal> ÜÔÏ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï
      ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ ÃÅÎÔÒÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÎÏÅ
      ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ &mdash; ÜÔÏ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÎÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ, ÐÒÏÛÅÄÛÅÅ Ó ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ
      ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ, ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÐÒÏ×ÏÄÑÔ ÍÎÏÇÏ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ
      × ÏÖÉÄÁÎÉÉ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÇÏ ÓÏÂÙÔÉÑ ÐÅÒÅÄ ÔÅÍ, ËÁË ÚÁÎÑÔØ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ.
      îÁËÏÎÅÃ, <literal>COMMAND</literal> ÜÔÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ
      ÂÙÌÁ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÁ.</para>

    <para>õ &man.ps.1; ÅÓÔØ ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Ï ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÈ ÏÐÃÉÊ, ×ÌÉÑÀÝÉÈ ÎÁ ×Ù×ÏÄÉÍÕÀ
      ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ.  ïÄÉÎ ÉÚ ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÙÈ ÎÁÂÏÒÏ× ÏÐÃÉÊ ÜÔÏ
      <literal>auxww</literal>.  <option>a</option> ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÐÏËÁÚÁÔØ
      ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ×ÓÅÈ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÎÙÈ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁÈ, Á ÎÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÔÅÈ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÍÉ ×Ù
      ×ÌÁÄÅÅÔÅ.  <option>u</option> ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÉÍÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ,
      ×ÌÁÄÅÀÝÅÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÍ, É ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ.
      <option>x</option> ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁÈ-ÄÁÅÍÏÎÁÈ É
      <option>ww</option> ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ &man.ps.1; ÐÏËÁÚÁÔØ ×ÓÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ
      ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ,
      ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÏÂÒÅÚÁÎÉÑ ÅÅ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÏÎÁ ÓÔÁÎÅÔ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÄÌÉÎÎÏÊ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÕÍÅÓÔÉÔØÓÑ
      ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎ.</para>

    <para>÷Ù×ÏÄ &man.top.1; ÐÏÈÏÖ ÎÁ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÞÔÏ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÎÙÊ.
      ïÂÙÞÎÏ ÏÎ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ ÔÁË:</para>

    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>top</userinput>
last pid: 72257;  load averages:  0.13,  0.09,  0.03    up 0+13:38:33  22:39:10
47 processes:  1 running, 46 sleeping
CPU states: 12.6% user,  0.0% nice,  7.8% system,  0.0% interrupt, 79.7% idle
Mem: 36M Active, 5256K Inact, 13M Wired, 6312K Cache, 15M Buf, 408K Free
Swap: 256M Total, 38M Used, 217M Free, 15% Inuse

  PID USERNAME PRI NICE  SIZE    RES STATE    TIME   WCPU    CPU COMMAND
72257 nik       28   0  1960K  1044K RUN      0:00 14.86%  1.42% top
 7078 nik        2   0 15280K 10960K select   2:54  0.88%  0.88% xemacs-21.1.14
  281 nik        2   0 18636K  7112K select   5:36  0.73%  0.73% XF86_SVGA
  296 nik        2   0  3240K  1644K select   0:12  0.05%  0.05% xterm
48630 nik        2   0 29816K  9148K select   3:18  0.00%  0.00% navigator-linu
  175 root       2   0   924K   252K select   1:41  0.00%  0.00% syslogd
 7059 nik        2   0  7260K  4644K poll     1:38  0.00%  0.00% mutt
...</screen>

    <para>÷Ù×ÏÄ ÒÁÚÂÉÔ ÎÁ Ä×Á ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ.  úÁÇÏÌÏ×ÏË (ÐÅÒ×ÙÅ ÐÑÔØ ÓÔÒÏË)
      ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ PID ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÇÏ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ, ÓÒÅÄÎÅÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ
      ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ (ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÎÁÓËÏÌØËÏ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÚÁÎÑÔÁ),
      ×ÒÅÍÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ Ó ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÊ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ É ÔÅËÕÝÅÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ.
      äÒÕÇÉÅ ÃÉÆÒÙ ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ËÁ ÏÔÎÏÓÑÔÓÑ Ë ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Õ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÎÙÈ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏ×
      (× ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ 47), ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Õ ÚÁÎÑÔÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ É ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ É ×ÒÅÍÑ,
      ÚÁÎÉÍÁÅÍÏÅ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÍÉ ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÑÍÉ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ.</para>

    <para>îÉÖÅ ÉÄÕÔ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ËÏÌÏÎÏË, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÈ ÐÏÈÏÖÕÀ ÎÁ ×Ù×ÏÄ &man.ps.1;
      ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ.  ëÁË É ÒÁÎØÛÅ, ÜÔÏ PID, ×ÒÅÍÑ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ, ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÁÑ ÓÔÒÏËÁ.
      &man.top.1; ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÔÁËÖÅ ×ÅÌÉÞÉÎÕ ÚÁÎÑÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÍ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ.
      üÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÒÁÚÂÉÔÏ ÎÁ Ä×Å ËÏÌÏÎËÉ, ÏÄÎÁ ÄÌÑ ÏÂÝÅÇÏ ÏÂßÅÍÁ, Á ÄÒÕÇÁÑ
      ÄÌÑ ÒÅÚÉÄÅÎÔÎÏÇÏ &mdash; ÏÂÝÉÊ ÏÂßÅÍ ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÓËÏÌØËÏ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ
      ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÀ, Á ÒÅÚÉÄÅÎÔÎÙÊ ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÐÁÍÑÔÉ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÊ
      × ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ.  éÚ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÁ ×ÉÄÎÏ, ÞÔÏ
      <application>&netscape;</application> ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔ ÐÏÞÔÉ 30&nbsp;MB ÐÁÍÑÔÉ,
      ÎÏ × ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ 9&nbsp;MB.</para>

    <para>&man.top.1; Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÅÔ ÜËÒÁÎ ËÁÖÄÙÅ Ä×Å ÓÅËÕÎÄÙ;
      ÜÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÏÐÃÉÅÊ <option>s</option>.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="basics-daemons">
    <title>äÁÅÍÏÎÙ, ÓÉÇÎÁÌÙ, ÕÎÉÞÔÏÖÅÎÉÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏ×</title>

    <para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÅ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ, ÉÍ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÌÅÇËÏ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÑÔØ, ÏÔËÒÙ×ÁÔØ ×
      ÎÅÍ ÆÁÊÌÙ É Ô.Ä.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ, ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ
      ÔÁËÉÅ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ É ÐÏÔÏÍÕ, ÞÔÏ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ ÐÒÉÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎ Ë
      <firstterm>ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÕ</firstterm>.  îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÁÎÙ
      ÂÅÚ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÉ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÁ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÏÎÉ ÏÔÓÏÅÄÉÎÑÀÔÓÑ ÏÔ
      ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁ ÐÒÉ ÐÅÒ×ÏÊ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ×ÅÂ-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÃÅÌÙÊ ÄÅÎØ
      ÏÔ×ÅÞÁÅÔ ÎÁ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÙ ÉÚ ÓÅÔÉ, É ÅÍÕ ËÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ ÎÅ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ×ÁÛÅ ×ÍÅÛÁÔÅÌØÓÔ×Ï.
      ðÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ, ÐÅÒÅÄÁÀÝÉÅ ÐÏÞÔÕ ÏÔ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ Ë ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÕ &mdash; ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ
      ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÊ ÜÔÏÇÏ ËÌÁÓÓÁ.</para>

    <para>íÙ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍ ÜÔÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ <firstterm>ÄÁÅÍÏÎÁÍÉ</firstterm>.  äÁÅÍÏÎÙ ÜÔÏ
      ÐÅÒÓÏÎÁÖÉ ÇÒÅÞÅÓËÏÊ ÍÉÆÏÌÏÇÉÉ: ÈÏÒÏÛÉÅ ÉÌÉ ÐÌÏÈÉÅ, ÏÎÉ ÂÙÌÉ ÓÐÕÔÎÉËÁÍÉ
      ÞÅÌÏ×ÅËÁ É, ×ÏÏÂÝÅ ÇÏ×ÏÒÑ, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÌÉ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÕÀ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ ÄÌÑ ÌÀÄÅÊ, ÐÏÞÔÉ ËÁË
      ×ÅÂ- É ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÙÅ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÙ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÀÔ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÕÀ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ ÓÅÇÏÄÎÑ.  üÔÏ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÁ,
      ÐÏ ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÔÁÌÉÓÍÁÎÏÍ BSD ÄÏÌÇÏÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ×ÅÓÅÌÙÊ ÄÁÅÍÏÎ × ËÅÄÁÈ É Ó
      ×ÉÌÁÍÉ.</para>

    <para>åÓÔØ ÓÏÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÅ, ÐÏ ËÏÔÏÒÏÍÕ ÉÍÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÓÑ
      ËÁË ÄÁÅÍÏÎ, ÚÁËÁÎÞÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ <quote>d</quote>.  <application>BIND</application>
      ÜÔÏ Berkeley Internet Name Domain, Á ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÍÁÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ
      <command>named</command>; ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ×Å ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ
      <application>Apache</application> ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ <command>httpd</command>;
      ÄÁÅÍÏÎ ÏÞÅÒÅÄÉ ÐÅÞÁÔÉ ÜÔÏ <command>lpd</command> É ÔÁË ÄÁÌÅÅ.  üÔÏ ÓÏÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÅ,
      Á ÎÅ ÖÅÓÔËÏÅ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ; ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÇÌÁ×ÎÙÊ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÄÁÅÍÏÎ ÄÌÑ
      <application>Sendmail</application> ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ
      <command>sendmail</command>, Á ÎÅ <command>maild</command>, ËÁË ×Ù ÍÏÇÌÉ ÂÙ
      ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÉÔØ.</para>

    <para>éÎÏÇÄÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ×ÚÁÉÍÏÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÅ Ó ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÍ ÄÁÅÍÏÎÁ.
      ïÄÉÎ ÉÚ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏ× ×ÚÁÉÍÏÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑ Ó ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÍ ÄÁÅÍÏÎÁ (ÉÌÉ Ó ÌÀÂÙÍ ÄÒÕÇÉÍ
      ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÎÙÍ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÍ) &mdash; ÜÔÏ ÐÏÓÙÌËÁ ÅÍÕ ÔÁË ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÏÇÏ
      <firstterm>ÓÉÇÎÁÌÁ</firstterm>.
      åÓÔØ ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Ï ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÈ ÓÉÇÎÁÌÏ× &mdash; ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ
      ÉÚ ÎÉÈ ÉÍÅÀÔ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÏÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ, ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÏÂÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÅÍ,
      ÒÅÁËÃÉÑ ËÏÔÏÒÏÇÏ ÎÁ ÜÔÉ ÓÉÇÎÁÌÙ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÁ × ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÉ.
      ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÔØ ÓÉÇÎÁÌÙ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÔÅÍ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁÍ,
      ×ÌÁÄÅÌØÃÅÍ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÅÓØ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÏÔÐÒÁ×ÉÔÅ ÓÉÇÎÁÌ ËÁËÏÍÕ-ÔÏ ÄÒÕÇÏÍÕ
      ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÕ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ &man.kill.1; ÉÌÉ &man.kill.2;, ÄÏÓÔÕÐ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁÐÒÅÝÅÎ.
      éÓËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅÍ ÉÚ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ <username>root</username>,
      ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÏÔÐÒÁ×ÌÑÔØ ÓÉÇÎÁÌÙ ÌÀÂÏÍÕ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÕ.</para>

    <para>÷ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÓÌÕÞÁÑÈ FreeBSD ÔÏÖÅ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÅÔ ÓÉÇÎÁÌÙ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑÍ.  åÓÌÉ
      ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ ÐÌÏÈÏ ÎÁÐÉÓÁÎÏ É ÐÒÏÂÕÅÔ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔØÓÑ Ë ÏÂÌÁÓÔÉ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ, Ë
      ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÏÎÏ ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÏÂÒÁÝÁÔØÓÑ, FreeBSD ÐÏÓÙÌÁÅÔ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÕ ÓÉÇÎÁÌ
      <firstterm>ÎÁÒÕÛÅÎÉÅ ÓÅÇÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÉ</firstterm> (<literal>SIGSEGV</literal>).
      åÓÌÉ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÊ ×ÙÚÏ× &man.alarm.3;, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ
      Õ×ÅÄÏÍÌÅÎÉÅ ÐÏ ÉÓÔÅÞÅÎÉÉ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÐÅÒÉÏÄÁ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ, ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÔÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎ
      ÓÉÇÎÁÌ Alarm (<literal>SIGALRM</literal>) É Ô.Ä.</para>

    <para>ä×Á ÓÉÇÎÁÌÁ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÙ ÄÌÑ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ,
      <literal>SIGTERM</literal> É <literal>SIGKILL</literal>.
      <literal>SIGTERM</literal> ÜÔÏ ËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÙÊ ÓÐÏÓÏ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÉÔØ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ;
      ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÍÏÖÅÔ <emphasis>ÐÏÊÍÁÔØ</emphasis> ÓÉÇÎÁÌ, ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÅÇÏ
      ÈÏÔÑÔ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÉÔØ, ÚÁËÒÙÔØ ÌÀÂÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÏÎ ÍÏÇ ÏÔËÒÙÔØ,
      É ÚÁËÏÎÞÉÔØ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎ ÄÅÌÁÌ × ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÐÅÒÅÄ ÚÁËÒÙÔÉÅÍ.  ÷ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ
      ÓÌÕÞÁÑÈ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÄÁÖÅ ÉÇÎÏÒÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ <literal>SIGTERM</literal>,
      ÅÓÌÉ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔ ÚÁÄÁÞÕ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÒÅÒ×ÁÎÁ.</para>

    <para><literal>SIGKILL</literal> ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÒÏÉÇÎÏÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÍ.
      üÔÏÔ ÓÉÇÎÁÌ ÇÏ×ÏÒÉÔ <quote>íÅÎÑ ÎÅ ×ÏÌÎÕÅÔ ÞÔÏ ÔÙ ÄÅÌÁÅÛØ &mdash;
      ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÓØ ÎÅÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÏ</quote>.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÏÓÙÌÁÅÔÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÕ
      <literal>SIGKILL</literal>, FreeBSD ÓÒÁÚÕ ÖÅ ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔ ÜÔÏÔ
	ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ<footnote>
	<para>îÅ ÓÏ×ÓÅÍ ×ÅÒÎÏ &mdash; ÅÓÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÎÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ
	  ÂÙÔØ ÐÒÅÒ×ÁÎÙ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÞÉÔÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ ÎÁ
	  ÄÒÕÇÏÍ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÅ × ÓÅÔÉ, É ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒ ÐÏ ËÁËÏÊ-ÔÏ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÅ ÎÅ
	  ÏÔ×ÅÞÁÅÔ (ÂÙÌ ×ÙËÌÀÞÅÎ, ÉÌÉ × ÓÅÔÉ ÐÒÏÉÚÏÛÌÁ ÏÛÉÂËÁ), ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ
	  ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ÔÁË ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÏÍ <quote>ÎÅÐÒÅÒÙ×ÁÅÍÏÍ ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÉ</quote>.
	  ÷ ËÏÎÃÅ ËÏÎÃÏ× ×ÒÅÍÑ ÏÖÉÄÁÎÉÑ ÚÁËÏÎÞÉÔÓÑ, ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ ÞÅÒÅÚ
	  Ä×Å ÍÉÎÕÔÙ.  ëÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁËÏÎÞÉÔÓÑ, ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÂÕÄÅÔ
	  ÕÎÉÞÔÏÖÅÎ.</para>
      </footnote>.</para>

    <para>äÒÕÇÉÅ ÓÉÇÎÁÌÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ×ÁÍ ÐÏÎÁÄÏÂÑÔÓÑ,
      <literal>SIGHUP</literal>, <literal>SIGUSR1</literal>, É
      <literal>SIGUSR2</literal>.  üÔÏ ÓÉÇÎÁÌÙ ÏÂÝÅÇÏ ÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ,
      ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÐÏ-ÒÁÚÎÏÍÕ ÒÅÁÇÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÁ ÎÉÈ.</para>

    <para>ðÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÉÚÍÅÎÉÌÉ ÆÁÊÌ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ×Å ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ &mdash;
      ÔÅÐÅÒØ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ÅÍÕ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÔÁÔØ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÀ.  íÏÖÎÏ ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ
      É ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ <command>httpd</command>, ÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÔ Ë ËÒÁÔËÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ
      ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÅ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÎÅÖÅÌÁÔÅÌØÎÁ.  âÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÄÁÅÍÏÎÏ×
      ÎÁÐÉÓÁÎÙ ÔÁË, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÉ ÓÉÇÎÁÌÁ <literal>SIGHUP</literal>
      ÐÅÒÅÞÉÔÙ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÙ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ.  ðÏÜÔÏÍÕ ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÕÎÉÞÔÏÖÅÎÉÑ É ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ
      <command>httpd</command> ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÏÓÌÁÔØ ÓÉÇÎÁÌ <literal>SIGHUP</literal>.
      ðÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÎÅÔ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÏÇÏ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÁ ÒÅÁÇÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÎÁ ÜÔÏÔ ÓÉÇÎÁÌ, ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ
      ÄÁÅÍÏÎÙ ÂÕÄÕÔ ×ÅÓÔÉ ÓÅÂÑ ÐÏ ÒÁÚÎÏÍÕ; ÐÒÏÞÉÔÁÊÔÅ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÀ ÎÁ ÄÁÅÍÏÎ
      ÐÏ ÜÔÏÍÕ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÕ.</para>

    <para>óÉÇÎÁÌÙ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÀÔÓÑ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ &man.kill.1;, ËÁË ÐÏËÁÚÁÎÏ × ÜÔÏÍ
      ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ.</para>

    <procedure>
      <title>ïÔÐÒÁ×ËÁ ÓÉÇÎÁÌÁ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÕ</title>

      <para>üÔÏÔ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ËÁË ÐÏÓÌÁÔØ ÓÉÇÎÁÌ &man.inetd.8;.  æÁÊÌ
	ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ <command>inetd</command>
	<filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename>, <command>inetd</command> ÐÅÒÅÞÉÔÁÅÔ
	ÜÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ, ÅÓÌÉ ÅÍÕ ÏÔÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ ÓÉÇÎÁÌ <literal>SIGHUP</literal>.</para>

      <step>
	<para>îÕÖÎÏ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ PID ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÍÕ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÏÔÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ ÓÉÇÎÁÌ.
	  óÄÅÌÁÊÔÅ ÜÔÏ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ &man.ps.1; É &man.grep.1;.  ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ &man.grep.1;
	  ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÉÓËÁ ÐÏ ÚÁÄÁÎÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ × ×ÙÈÏÄÎÏÍ ÐÏÔÏËÅ.  üÔÁ
	  ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÏÄ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ, Á &man.inetd.8; ÐÏÄ
	  <username>root</username>, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ &man.ps.1; ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÁ Ó
	  ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏÍ <option>ax</option>.</para>

	<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>ps -ax | grep inetd</userinput>
  198  ??  IWs    0:00.00 inetd -wW</screen>

	<para>éÔÁË, PID &man.inetd.8; 198.  ÷ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÓÌÕÞÁÑÈ × ×Ù×ÏÄÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
	  ÍÏÖÅÔ ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÏÑ×ÉÔØÓÑ <literal>grep inetd</literal>.  üÔÏ ÉÚ-ÚÁ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÁ,
	  ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ &man.ps.1; ÐÏÌÕÞÁÅÔ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÎÙÈ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏ×.</para>
      </step>

      <step>
	<para>éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ &man.kill.1; ÄÌÑ ÏÔÐÒÁ×ËÉ ÓÉÇÎÁÌÁ.  ðÏÓËÏÌØËÕ
	  &man.inetd.8; ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÓÑ ÉÚ ÐÏÄ <username>root</username>,
	  ÎÕÖÎÏ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ &man.su.1; ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÁ×
	  <username>root</username>.</para>

	<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>su</userinput>
<prompt>Password:</prompt>
&prompt.root; <userinput>/bin/kill -s HUP 198</userinput></screen>

	<para>ëÁË É ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ËÏÍÁÎÄ &unix;, &man.kill.1; ÎÉÞÅÇÏ ÎÅ ×Ù×ÅÄÅÔ,
	  ÅÓÌÉ ÏÔÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏ.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÏÓÙÌÁÅÔÅ ÓÉÇÎÁÌ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÕ,
	  ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÎÅ ×ÌÁÄÅÅÔÅ, ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎÅ ÐÏÑ×ÉÔÓÑ <errorname>kill:
	  <replaceable>PID</replaceable>: Operation not
	  permitted</errorname>.  ðÒÉ ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ ÎÁÂÒÁÎÎÏÍ PID ×Ù ÉÌÉ ÏÔÐÒÁ×ÉÔÅ
	  ÓÉÇÎÁÌ ÄÒÕÇÏÍÕ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÕ, ÞÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÒÉ×ÅÓÔÉ Ë ÎÅÐÒÉÑÔÎÏÓÔÑÍ, ÉÌÉ, ÅÓÌÉ
	  ÐÏ×ÅÚÅÔ, ÓÉÇÎÁÌ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÔÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎ ÎÁ PID, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ × ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÎÅ
	  ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ &mdash; ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎÅ ÐÏÑ×ÉÔÓÑ <errorname>kill:
	  <replaceable>PID</replaceable>: No such process</errorname>.</para>

	<note>
	  <title>úÁÞÅÍ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ <command>/bin/kill</command>?</title>

	  <para>÷Ï ÍÎÏÇÉÈ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÁÈ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ <command>kill</command> ×ÓÔÒÏÅÎÁ;
	    ÔÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ, ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÁ ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ×ÙÚÏ×Á <filename>/bin/kill</filename>
	    ÓÁÍÁ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÅÔ ÓÉÇÎÁÌ.  üÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÏÞÅÎØ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÏ, ÎÏ × ÒÁÚÎÙÈ
	    ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÁÈ ÉÍÑ ÓÉÇÎÁÌÁ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÏ-ÒÁÚÎÏÍÕ.  þÅÍ
	    ÐÙÔÁÔØÓÑ ×ÙÕÞÉÔØ ÉÈ ×ÓÅ, ÇÏÒÁÚÄÏ ÐÒÏÝÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
	    <command>/bin/kill <replaceable>...</replaceable></command>
	    ÎÅÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ.</para>
	</note>
      </step>
    </procedure>

    <para>ïÔÐÒÁ×ËÁ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÓÉÇÎÁÌÏ× ÏÞÅÎØ ÐÏÈÏÖÁ, ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÚÁÍÅÎÉÔÅ
      <literal>TERM</literal> ÉÌÉ <literal>KILL</literal> × ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ
      ÓÔÒÏËÅ ÎÁ ÉÍÑ ÄÒÕÇÏÇÏ ÓÉÇÎÁÌÁ.</para>

    <important>
      <para>õÎÉÞÔÏÖÅÎÉÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏ× ÎÁÕÇÁÄ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÌÏÈÏÊ ÉÄÅÅÊ.  ÷ ÞÁÓÔÎÏÓÔÉ,
	&man.init.8;, ÞÅÊ PID 1, ÉÍÅÅÔ ÏÓÏÂÏÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ.  ÷ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ
	<command>/bin/kill -s KILL 1</command> &mdash; ÂÙÓÔÒÙÊ ÓÐÏÓÏÂ ÐÅÒÅÇÒÕÚÉÔØ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ.  <emphasis>÷ÓÅÇÄÁ</emphasis> Ä×ÁÖÄÙ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÑÊÔÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ
	ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ &man.kill.1; <emphasis>ÐÅÒÅÄ</emphasis> ÔÅÍ, ËÁË ÎÁÖÁÔØ
	<keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
    </important>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="shells">
    <title>éÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒ ËÏÍÁÎÄ</title>
    <indexterm><primary>ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÁ</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm><primary>ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÁÑ ÓÔÒÏËÁ</primary></indexterm>

    <para>ðÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ Ó FreeBSD, × ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Å ÓÌÕÞÁÅ× ÄÌÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ
      ÐÏ×ÓÅÄÎÅ×ÎÙÈ ÚÁÄÁÞ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓ (ÔÁË ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÁÑ
      <quote>ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÁ</quote>, <quote>shell</quote>).  ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ÚÁÄÁÞÁ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒÁ &mdash; ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÔØ
      ××ÏÄÉÍÙÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ É ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ÉÈ.  íÎÏÇÉÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÅ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒÙ ÉÍÅÀÔ
      ×ÓÔÒÏÅÎÎÙÅ ÓÒÅÄÓÔ×Á ÄÌÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ÐÏ×ÓÅÄÎÅ×ÎÏÊ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ,
      ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÉ ÎÁÄ ÆÁÊÌÁÍÉ É ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁÍÉ, ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÉ,
      ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÅ ÍÁËÒÏÓÙ É ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÅ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ.  ÷ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó FreeBSD
      ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÈ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒÏ×, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ,
      <command>sh</command>, ÉÌÉ Bourne Shell, É <command>tcsh</command>,
      ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÎÁÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ C-shell.  íÎÏÇÉÅ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒÙ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙ ÉÚ
      ËÏÌÌÅËÃÉÉ ÐÏÒÔÏ× FreeBSD, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ <command>zsh</command> É
      <command>bash</command>.</para>

    <para>ëÁËÏÊ ÉÚ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÈ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒÏ× ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ?  üÔÏ ÄÅÌÏ ×ËÕÓÁ.
      åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÉÒÕÅÔÅ ÎÁ C, ÔÏ ×ÁÍ, ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ, ÐÏÎÒÁ×ÉÔÓÑ
      <command>tcsh</command>.  åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÒÁÂÏÔÁÌÉ Ó Linux, ÉÌÉ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÅÔÅ
      ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÏÍ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÉ &unix;, ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ
      <command>bash</command>.  ëÁÖÄÙÊ ÉÚ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÙÈ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒÏ× ÉÍÅÅÔ Ó×ÏÉ
      ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÏÔÌÉÞÁÔ ÅÇÏ ÏÔ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ, É, ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ, ÐÏ×ÌÉÑÀÔ ÎÁ ×ÁÛ
      ×ÙÂÏÒ.</para>

    <para>ïÄÎÁ ÉÚ ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÈ ÆÕÎËÃÉÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÇÏ
      ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒÁ &ndash; ÄÏÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ ÞÁÓÔÉÞÎÏÇÏ ÉÍÅÎÉ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÄÏ ÐÏÌÎÏÇÏ.  ÷Ù
      ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÁÂÒÁÔØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÅÒ×ÙÅ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏ× ÉÍÅÎÉ ÆÁÊÌÁ, ÎÁÖÁÔØ
      ËÌÁ×ÉÛÕ ÔÁÂÕÌÑÃÉÉ (TAB), É ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÉÔ
      ÉÍÑ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, Õ ÎÁÓ ÅÓÔØ Ä×Á ÆÁÊÌÁ, ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÙÅ <filename>foobar</filename> É
      <filename>foo.bar</filename>.  äÏÐÕÓÔÉÍ, ÍÙ ÈÏÔÉÍ ÕÄÁÌÉÔØ ÆÁÊÌ
      <filename>foo.bar</filename>.  äÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ, ÎÁÂÅÒÅÍ ÎÁ ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÅ
      <command>rm fo[<keycap>Tab</keycap>].[<keycap>Tab</keycap>]</command>.</para>

    <para>÷Ù Õ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ: <command>rm foo[BEEP].bar</command>.</para>

    <para>úÄÅÓØ [BEEP] &ndash; ÜÔÏ ÔÁË ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÙÊ ËÏÎÓÏÌØÎÙÊ ÓÉÇÎÁÌ,
      ÏÐÏ×ÅÝÁÀÝÉÊ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒ ÎÅ × ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÉ ÚÁËÏÎÞÉÔØ ÉÍÑ
      ÆÁÊÌÁ, ÔÁË ËÁË ÐÏ ××ÅÄÅÎÎÙÍ ×ÁÍÉ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁÍ ÎÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ÏÄÎÏÚÎÁÞÎÏ
      ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉÃÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÉÍÅÎÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ×
      <filename>foobar</filename> É <filename>foo.bar</filename> ÏÂÁ
      ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÔÓÑ Ó <literal>fo</literal>, ÎÏ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÎÁÖÁÔÉÑ TAB ÍÏÖÎÏ
      ÏÄÎÏÚÎÁÞÎÏ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÄÏ <literal>foo</literal>.  åÓÌÉ ÖÅ ÔÅÐÅÒØ
      ××ÅÓÔÉ ÔÏÞËÕ (<literal>.</literal>) É ×ÎÏ×Ø ÎÁÖÁÔØ TAB, ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒ
      ÄÏÓÔÒÏÉÔ ÉÍÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÃÅÌÉËÏÍ.</para>
    <indexterm><primary>ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÅ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ</primary></indexterm>

    <para>äÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ Ó ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒÏÍ ÄÁÅÔ
      ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ.  ðÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÅ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÏ ÐÁÒÙ
      ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÁÑ/ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ, ÈÒÁÎÑÝÉÅÓÑ × ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒÁ.
      úÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÒÏÞÉÔÁÎÏ ÌÀÂÏÊ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ,
      ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÎÏÊ ÉÚ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÇÏ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒÁ, É ÞÁÓÔÏ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ
      ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ÄÌÑ ÍÎÏÇÉÈ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÊ É ÕÔÉÌÉÔ.  îÉÖÅ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÙ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ
      ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÞÁÓÔÏ ×ÓÔÒÅÞÁÀÝÉÅÓÑ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÅ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ É ÉÈ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ:</para>
    <indexterm><primary>ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÅ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ</primary></indexterm>

    <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="2">
	<thead>
	  <row>
	    <entry>ðÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÁÑ</entry>
	    <entry>ïÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ</entry>
	  </row>
	</thead>

	<tbody>
	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>USER</envar></entry>
	    <entry>éÍÑ ÔÅËÕÝÅÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ.</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>PATH</envar></entry>
	    <entry>ëÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ, ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÅ Ä×ÏÅÔÏÞÉÅÍ, ÄÌÑ
	      ÐÏÉÓËÁ ÉÓÐÏÌÎÑÅÍÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×.</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>DISPLAY</envar></entry>
	    <entry>óÅÔÅ×ÏÅ ÉÍÑ ×ÉÒÔÕÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÄÉÓÐÌÅÑ X11, ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÏÇÏ ÄÌÑ
	      ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ.</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>SHELL</envar></entry>
	    <entry>ôÅËÕÝÉÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒ.</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>TERM</envar></entry>
	    <entry>ôÉÐ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ.  éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÕÚÎÁÔØ
	      ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁ.</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>TERMCAP</envar></entry>
	    <entry>óÐÉÓÏË escape-ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÅÊ ÄÌÑ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ
	      ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÍÉ ÆÕÎËÃÉÑÍÉ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁ.</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>OSTYPE</envar></entry>
	    <entry>îÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ (ÔÉÐ) ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ,
	      FreeBSD.</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>MACHTYPE</envar></entry>
	    <entry>áÒÈÉÔÅËÔÕÒÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ (ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ).</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>EDITOR</envar></entry>
	    <entry>÷ÙÂÒÁÎÎÙÊ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÙÊ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ.</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>PAGER</envar></entry>
	    <entry>÷ÙÂÒÁÎÎÁÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ ÐÒÏÓÍÏÔÒÁ
	      ÆÁÊÌÏ×.</entry>
	  </row>

	  <row>
	    <entry><envar>MANPATH</envar></entry>
	    <entry>ëÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ, ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÅ Ä×ÏÅÔÏÞÉÅÍ, ÄÌÑ
	      ÐÏÉÓËÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÇÏ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ.</entry>
	  </row>
	</tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>

    <indexterm><primary>ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÉ Bourne</primary></indexterm>
    <para>õÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÊ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÁ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÚÎÙÈ
      ÏÂÏÌÏÞÅË. îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, × ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒÁÈ C-ÓÔÉÌÑ, ÔÁËÉÈ ËÁË
      <command>tcsh</command> É <command>csh</command>, ÜÔÏ
      <command>setenv</command>.  ÷ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒÁÈ Bourne, ÔÁËÉÈ ËÁË
      <command>sh</command> É <command>bash</command>, ÜÔÏ
      <command>export</command>.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÉÌÉ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ
      ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ <envar>EDITOR</envar> Ë ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÀ
      <filename>/usr/local/bin/emacs</filename> × <command>csh</command> ÉÌÉ
      <command>tcsh</command>, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:</para>

    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>setenv EDITOR /usr/local/bin/emacs</userinput></screen>

    <para>÷ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÁÈ Bourne:</para>

    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>export EDITOR="/usr/local/bin/emacs"</userinput></screen>

    <para>þÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, × ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ,
      ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ <literal>$</literal> ÐÅÒÅÄ ÉÍÅÎÅÍ
      ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ <command>echo $TERM</command> ×Ù×ÅÄÅÔ
      ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ <envar>$TERM</envar>.</para>

    <para>ëÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒ ×ÏÓÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÅÔ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÙ, ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÙÅ
      ÍÅÔÁÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁÍÉ, × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÑÀÝÉÈ.
      ïÄÉÎ ÉÚ ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÈ &ndash; ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ <literal>*</literal>,
      ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÚÁÍÅÎÑÅÔ ÌÀÂÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏ× × ÉÍÅÎÉ ÆÁÊÌÁ.
      íÅÔÁÓÉÍ×ÏÌÙ
      ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÉÓËÁ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÐÏ ÍÁÓËÅ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ
      <command>echo *</command> ÄÅÌÁÅÔ ÐÒÁËÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÔÏÖÅ ÓÁÍÏÅ, ÞÔÏ É
      ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ <command>ls</command>, ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒ ×ÙÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ
      <command>echo</command>, ÐÅÒÅÄÁ×ÁÑ ÅÊ ÉÍÅÎÁ ×ÓÅÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ÐÏÐÁÄÁÀÝÉÈ ÐÏÄ ÍÁÓËÕ
      <literal>*</literal>.</para>

    <para>÷ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÑÈ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒ ×ÏÓÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÌ
      ÍÅÔÁÓÉÍ×ÏÌÙ ËÁË ÏÂÙÞÎÙÅ, ÎÅ ÎÅÓÕÝÉÅ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÏÊ ÓÍÙÓÌÏ×ÏÊ ÎÁÇÒÕÚËÉ.
      üÔÏÇÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÄÏÓÔÉÞØ, ÐÏÓÔÁ×É× ÐÅÒÅÄ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏÍ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÕÀ ËÏÓÕÀ ÞÅÒÔÕ
      (<literal>\</literal>).  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ <command>echo
      $TERM</command> ×Ù×ÅÄÅÔ ÔÉÐ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁ, × ÔÏ ÖÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ
      <command>echo \$TERM</command> ×Ù×ÅÄÅÔ ÉÍÅÎÎÏ ÓÌÏ×Ï
      <literal>$TERM</literal>, Á ÎÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ
      <envar>$TERM</envar>.</para>

    <sect2 id="changing-shells">
      <title>ëÁË ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ</title>

      <para>óÁÍÙÍ ÐÒÏÓÔÙÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ, ÐÏÖÁÌÕÊ, ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ
	<command>chsh</command>.  åÓÌÉ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÁÑ <envar>EDITOR</envar>
	ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÁ, ÔÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁÇÒÕÖÅÎ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÙÊ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ, ÉÎÁÞÅ vi.
	÷ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ
	ÐÏÌÑ <quote>Shell:</quote> É ×ÙÊÔÉ ÉÚ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÁ Ó ÓÏÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÅÍ
	ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÏ×.</para>

      <para>íÏÖÎÏ ÔÁËÖÅ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÏÐÃÉÅÊ <option>-s</option> ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
	<command>chsh</command>.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ
	ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒ ÎÁ <command>bash</command>, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash</userinput></screen>

      <note>
	<para>éÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ×Ù ÂÕÄÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ,
	  <emphasis>ÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÏ</emphasis> ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
	  <filename>/etc/shells</filename>.  ïÂÙÞÎÏ, ÐÒÉ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÅ
	  ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒÏ× ÉÚ <link linkend="ports">ËÏÌÌÅËÃÉÉ ÐÏÒÔÏ×</link>,
	  ÜÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ.  åÓÌÉ ÖÅ ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÔÁË, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ
	  ÓÁÍÏÓÔÏÑÔÅÌØÎÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÕÀ ÓÔÒÏÞËÕ × ÜÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ.</para>

	<para>îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÌÉ <command>bash</command>
	  ×ÒÕÞÎÕÀ É ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÌÉ ÅÇÏ ×
	  ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ <filename>/usr/local/bin</filename>, ÎÕÖÎÏ ÎÁÂÒÁÔØ:</para>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo &quot;/usr/local/bin/bash&quot; &gt;&gt; /etc/shells</userinput></screen>

	<para>ôÅÐÅÒØ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÓÍÅÌÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ
	  <command>chsh</command>.</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="editors">
    <title>ôÅËÓÔÏ×ÙÅ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÙ</title>
    <indexterm><primary>ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÙÅ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÙ</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm><primary>ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÙ</primary></indexterm>

    <para>âÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅË × FreeBSD ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÐÕÔÅÍ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ
      ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×.  óÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ, ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÓ×ÏÉÔØÓÑ Ó
      ËÁËÉÍ-ÌÉÂÏ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÙÍ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÏÍ.  ÷ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó FreeBSD ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÌÉÛØ
      ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÚ ÎÉÈ, ÇÏÒÁÚÄÏ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÏ× ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÏ ÉÚ ëÏÌÌÅËÃÉÉ
      ÐÏÒÔÏ×.</para>

    <indexterm>
      <primary><command>ee</command></primary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÙ</primary>
      <secondary><command>ee</command></secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>óÁÍÙÍ ÐÒÏÓÔÙÍ × ÉÚÕÞÅÎÉÉ É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ, ÐÏ-×ÉÄÉÍÏÍÕ, ÍÏÖÎÏ
      ÎÁÚ×ÁÔØ <application>ee</application>, ÞÔÏ ÒÁÓÛÉÆÒÏ×Ù×ÁÅÔÓÑ ËÁË
      <quote>easy editor</quote>, Ô.Å. <quote>ÐÒÏÓÔÏÊ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ</quote>.  þÔÏÂÙ
      ÎÁÞÁÔØ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ËÁËÏÊ-ÌÉÂÏ ÆÁÊÌ, ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ × ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ
      <command>ee <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command>, ÇÄÅ
      <replaceable>filename</replaceable> ÉÍÑ
      ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÕÅÍÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÄÌÑ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ
      <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>, ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ <command>ee
      /etc/rc.conf</command>.  ÷ ×ÅÒÈÎÅÊ ÞÁÓÔÉ ÜËÒÁÎÁ ×Ù Õ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÓÐÉÓÏË
      ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÈ ËÏÍÁÎÄ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÁ.  óÉÍ×ÏÌ ËÁÒÅÔËÉ (<literal>^</literal>)
      ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÕ <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>, ÔÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ,
      <literal>^e</literal> ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ ËÏÍÂÉÎÁÃÉÀ ËÌÁ×ÉÛ
      <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>e</keycap>
      </keycombo>.  þÔÏÂÙ ×ÙÊÔÉ ÉÚ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÁ, ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ
      ËÌÁ×ÉÛÕ <keycap>Esc</keycap>, ÚÁÔÅÍ <keycap>Enter</keycap>.
      åÓÌÉ ÏÓÔÁÌÉÓØ ËÁËÉÅ-ÌÉÂÏ ÎÅ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÅÎÎÙÅ
      ÄÁÎÎÙÅ, ×ÁÍ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÐÏÄÔ×ÅÒÄÉÔØ ×ÙÈÏÄ, ÓÏÈÒÁÎÉ× ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔ
      ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÉÌÉ ÏÓÔÁ×É× ÆÁÊÌ ÂÅÚ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ.</para>

    <indexterm>
      <primary><command>vi</command></primary>
    </indexterm>
    <indexterm>
      <primary>editors</primary>
      <secondary><command>vi</command></secondary>
    </indexterm>
    <indexterm>
      <primary><command>emacs</command></primary>
    </indexterm>
    <indexterm>
      <primary>editors</primary>
      <secondary><command>emacs</command></secondary>
    </indexterm>
    <para>÷ FreeBSD ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÔÁËÖÅ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÍÏÝÎÙÊ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÙÊ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ
      <application>vi</application>, Á ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÙ
      <application>emacs</application> É <application>vim</application>
      ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ × ËÏÌÌÅËÃÉÉ ÐÏÒÔÏ× (<filename
      role="package">editors/emacs</filename> É <filename
      role="package">editors/vim</filename>).  üÔÉ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÙ ÏÂÌÁÄÁÀÔ ÅÝÅ
      ÂÏÌØÛÅÊ ÆÕÎËÃÉÏÎÁÌØÎÏÓÔØÀ É ÍÏÝØÀ, ÎÏ ÏÎÉ ÔÁËÖÅ É ÂÏÌÅÅ ÓÌÏÖÎÙ
      × ÉÚÕÞÅÎÉÉ.  ïÄÎÁËÏ, ÅÓÌÉ × ÂÕÄÕÝÅÍ ×ÁÍ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ
      ÂÏÌØÛÉÅ ÏÂßÅÍÙ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×, ÔÏ ×ÒÅÍÑ, ÐÏÔÒÁÞÅÎÎÏÅ ÎÁ ÉÚÕÞÅÎÉÅ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÍÏÝÎÏÇÏ
      ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÁ, ÔÁËÏÇÏ ËÁË <application>vim</application>
      ÉÌÉ <application>Emacs</application>, ÏËÕÐÉÔÓÑ Ó ÌÉÈ×ÏÊ.</para>

    <para>íÎÏÇÉÅ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ, ÍÏÄÉÆÉÃÉÒÕÀÝÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÉÌÉ ÔÒÅÂÕÀÝÉÅ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÏÇÏ
      ××ÏÄÁ, Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÏÔËÒÙ×ÁÀÔ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÙÊ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ.  þÔÏÂÙ ÓÍÅÎÉÔØ
      ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÊ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ, ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÕÀ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ
      <envar>EDITOR</envar>.  úÁ ÄÅÔÁÌÑÍÉ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÒÁÚÄÅÌÕ <link
      linkend="shells">ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒ ËÏÍÁÎÄ</link>.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="basics-devices">
    <title>õÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á É ÆÁÊÌÙ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×</title>

    <para>ôÅÒÍÉÎ <quote>ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Ï</quote> ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ × ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÍ ÐÏ
      ÏÔÎÏÛÅÎÉÀ Ë ÁÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÏÍÕ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÔÁËÏÍÕ ËÁË ÄÉÓËÉ,
      ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒÙ, ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÁÄÁÐÔÅÒÙ, ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á ××ÏÄÁ ÔÅËÓÔÁ.
      ðÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÅ FreeBSD ÇÌÁ×ÎÙÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ ×Ù×ÏÄÉÔ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ ÏÂ
      ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÅÎÎÙÈ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×ÁÈ.  ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÜÔÉ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ
      × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/var/run/dmesg.boot</filename>.</para>

    <para>îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, <devicename>acd0</devicename> ÜÔÏ ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ÄÉÓË
      IDE CDROM, Á <devicename>kbd0</devicename> &mdash; ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÁ.</para>

    <para>÷ &unix; ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Õ ÜÔÉÈ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÞÅÒÅÚ
      ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×, ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÎÙÅ × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ
      <filename>/dev</filename>.</para>

    <sect2>
      <title>óÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×</title>
      <para>ðÒÉ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÉ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á, ÉÌÉ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÉ
	ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÉ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÈ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×, ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÏÄÉÎ
	ÉÌÉ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× ÄÌÑ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.</para>

      <sect3>
	<title><literal>DEVFS</literal> (DEVice File System)</title>

	<para>Device filesystem, ÉÌÉ <literal>DEVFS</literal>, ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ
	  ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Õ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× ÑÄÒÁ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÏÂÝÕÀ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ.
	  ÷ÍÅÓÔÏ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ É ÍÏÄÉÆÉËÁÃÉÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×,
	  <literal>DEVFS</literal> ÓÏÚÄÁÅÔ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÕÀ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ.</para>

	<para>ïÂÒÁÝÁÊÔÅÓØ Ë &man.devfs.5; ÚÁ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ.</para>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="binary-formats">
    <title>âÉÎÁÒÎÙÅ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÙ</title>

    <para>äÌÑ ÐÏÎÉÍÁÎÉÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÐÏÞÅÍÕ &os; ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ
      &man.elf.5;, ×ÁÍ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÎÅÍÎÏÇÏ ÕÚÎÁÔØ
      Ï ÔÒÅÈ <quote>ÄÏÍÉÎÉÒÕÀÝÉÈ</quote> ÉÓÐÏÌÎÑÅÍÙÈ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁÈ ÄÌÑ
      &unix;:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para>&man.a.out.5;</para>

	<para>óÔÁÒÅÊÛÉÊ É <quote>ËÌÁÓÓÉÞÅÓËÉÊ</quote> ÏÂßÅËÔÎÙÊ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ
	  &unix;.  ïÎ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ËÏÒÏÔËÉÊ É ËÏÍÐÁËÔÎÙÊ ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ÏË Ó
	  ÍÁÇÉÞÅÓËÉÍ ÞÉÓÌÏÍ × ÎÁÞÁÌÅ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ
	  ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÑ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ (ÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ &man.a.out.5; Ó ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÊ
	  ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ).  ïÎ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÔÒÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÖÁÅÍÙÈ ÓÅÇÍÅÎÔÁ: .text,
	  .data É .bss ÐÌÀÓ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÕ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏ× É ÔÁÂÌÉÃÕ ÓÔÒÏË.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para><acronym>COFF</acronym></para>

	<para>ïÂßÅËÔÎÙÊ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ SVR3.  úÁÇÏÌÏ×ÏË ×ËÌÀÞÁÅÔ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÕ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×,
	  ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÓÅÇÍÅÎÔÙ ËÒÏÍÅ .text, .data É .bss.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>&man.elf.5;</para>

	<para>îÁÓÌÅÄÎÉË ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ <acronym>COFF</acronym>, ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÀÝÉÊ
	  ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÅ ÓÅÇÍÅÎÔÙ É 32-ÂÉÔÎÙÅ ÉÌÉ 64-ÂÉÔÎÙÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ.  ïÄÎÏ
	  ×ÁÖÎÏÅ ÚÁÍÅÞÁÎÉÅ: <acronym>ELF</acronym> ÂÙÌ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÁÎ ×
	  ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÉ ÞÔÏ ÅÓÔØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÏ ÏÄÎÏÍÕ ABI ÎÁ ÏÄÎÕ ÁÒÈÉÔÅËÔÕÒÕ.
	  üÔÏ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ ÓÏ×ÅÒÛÅÎÎÏ ÎÅ×ÅÒÎÏ, É ÎÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ × ÍÉÒÅ
	  ËÏÍÍÅÒÞÅÓËÉÈ SYSV (× ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÅÓÔØ ËÁË ÍÉÎÉÍÕÍ ÔÒÉ ABI: SVR4,
	  Solaris, SCO).</para>
	  <!-- translation issue: ... SCO) does it hold true. -->

	<para>FreeBSD ÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÏÂÏÊÔÉ ÜÔÕ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÕ, × ÞÁÓÔÎÏÓÔÉ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÑ
	  ÕÔÉÌÉÔÕ ÄÌÑ <emphasis>ÏÇÌÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ</emphasis> ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÏÇÏ
	  ÉÓÐÏÌÎÑÅÍÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ <acronym>ELF</acronym> ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ
	  Ï ABI Ó ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÏÎ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍ.  ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ
	  &man.brandelf.1; ÚÁ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>FreeBSD ÉÍÅÅÔ ÐÒÏÉÚÏÛÌÁ ÉÚ <quote>ËÌÁÓÓÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ</quote> ÌÁÇÅÒÑ É
      ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÁ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ &man.a.out.5;, ÔÅÈÎÏÌÏÇÉÀ ÏÐÒÏÂÏ×ÁÎÎÕÀ É
      ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÅÎÎÕÀ ÎÁ ÍÎÏÇÉÈ ÐÏËÏÌÅÎÉÑÈ ÒÅÌÉÚÏ× BSD, ÄÏ ÎÁÞÁÌÁ ×ÅÔËÉ
      3.X.  èÏÔÑ ÓÏÂÉÒÁÔØ É ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÔØ ÒÏÄÎÙÅ ÂÉÎÁÒÎÙÅ
      ÆÁÊÌÙ <acronym>ELF</acronym> (É ÑÄÒÏ) × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ FreeBSD
      ÍÏÖÎÏ ÂÙÌÏ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÒÁÎØÛÅ, FreeBSD ×ÎÁÞÁÌÅ ÓÏÐÒÏÔÉ×ÌÑÌÁÓØ
      <quote>ÐÒÏÔÁÌËÉ×ÁÎÉÀ</quote> <acronym>ELF</acronym> ËÁË ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ
      ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ.  ðÏÞÅÍÕ?  ëÏÇÄÁ ÌÁÇÅÒØ Linux ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÌ ÂÏÌÅÚÎÅÎÎÙÊ
      ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄ Ë <acronym>ELF</acronym>, Õ ÎÅÇÏ ÎÅ ÂÙÌÏ ÂÏÌØÛÏÇÏ
      ÐÒÅÉÍÕÝÅÓÔ×Á ÐÅÒÅÄ ÉÓÐÏÌÎÑÅÍÙÍ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÏÍ <filename>a.out</filename>,
      ÉÚ-ÚÁ ÎÅÇÉÂËÏÇÏ, ÏÓÎÏ×ÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÎÁ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÅ ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÏ× ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍÁ
      ÒÁÚÄÅÌÑÅÍÙÈ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅË, ÞÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÌÏ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÑÅÍÙÈ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅË
      ÏÞÅÎØ ÔÒÕÄÎÙÍ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÝÉËÏ× É ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÏ×.  ëÏÇÄÁ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÅ
      ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔÙ <acronym>ELF</acronym> ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌÉ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ
      ÒÁÚÄÅÌÑÅÍÙÈ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅË, É ÐÏÑ×ÉÌÁÓØ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÐÅÒÓÐÅËÔÉ×Á,
      ÃÅÎÁ ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÁ ÂÙÌÁ ÐÒÉÚÎÁÎÁ ÄÏÐÕÓÔÉÍÏÊ É ÏÎ ÂÙÌ ÓÄÅÌÁÎ.
      íÅÈÁÎÉÚÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÑÅÍÙÈ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅË FreeBSD ÂÌÉÚÏË ÐÏ ÓÔÉÌÀ Ë ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍÕ
      ÒÁÚÄÅÌÑÅÍÙÈ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅË &sunos; ÏÔ Sun, É ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÏÞÅÎØ ÐÒÏÓÔ ×
      ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ.</para>

    <para>éÔÁË, ÐÏÞÅÍÕ ÔÁË ÍÎÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÎÙÈ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÏ×?</para>

    <para>äÁ×ÎÏ, × ÔÅÍÎÏÍ ÄÁÌÅËÏÍ ÐÒÏÛÌÏÍ, ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÂÙÌÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÙÍ.
      üÔÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÏÅ ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÌÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÙÅ, ÍÁÌÅÎØËÉÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.
      <filename>a.out</filename> ÂÙÌ ÓÏ×ÅÒÛÅÎÎÏ ÁÄÅË×ÁÔÅÎ ÚÁÄÁÞÅ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ
      ÂÉÎÁÒÎÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÎÁ ÔÁËÉÈ ÐÒÏÓÔÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ (PDP-11).  ìÀÄÉ, ÐÏÒÔÉÒÏ×Á×ÛÉÅ
      &unix; Ó ÜÔÉÈ ÐÒÏÓÔÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ, ÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌÉ <filename>a.out</filename>
      ÆÏÒÍÁÔ ÐÏÔÏÍÕ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎ ÂÙÌ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÅÎ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÎÎÉÈ ÐÏÒÔÏ× &unix; ÎÁ
      ÁÒÈÉÔÅËÔÕÒÙ, ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÅ Motorola 68k, VAXen, etc.</para>

    <para>úÁÔÅÍ ËÁËÏÊ-ÔÏ ÓÍÙÛÌÅÎÙÊ ÉÎÖÅÎÅÒ ÐÏ ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÀ ÒÅÛÉÌ, ÞÔÏ ÅÓÌÉ
      ÏÎ ÓÍÏÖÅÔ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÉÓÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÔÒÀËÉ, ÔÏ ÓÍÏÖÅÔ
      ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÕÐÒÏÓÔÉÔØ ÄÉÚÁÊÎ É ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÑÄÒÏ CPU ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÂÙÓÔÒÅÅ.
      èÏÔÑ ÜÔÏ ÂÙÌÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÏ Ó ÎÏ×ÙÍ ÔÉÐÏÍ ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÑ (ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÏÇÏ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ
      ËÁË <acronym>RISC</acronym>), ÆÏÒÍÁÔ <filename>a.out</filename> ÎÅ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÉÌ ÄÌÑ ÎÅÇÏ,
      É ÂÙÌÏ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÁÎÏ ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Ï ÆÏÒÍÁÔÏ×, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ
      ÌÕÞÛÕÀ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ ÎÁ ÔÁËÏÍ ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÐÏ ÓÒÁ×ÎÅÎÉÀ Ó
      ÔÏÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ÍÏÇ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÐÒÏÓÔÏÊ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ <filename>a.out</filename>.
      âÙÌÉ ÉÚÏÂÒÅÔÅÎÙ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÙ <acronym>COFF</acronym>, <acronym>ECOFF</acronym>
      É ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÍÁÌÏÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÙÅ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÙ, É ÉÈ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÂÙÌÉ ÕÞÔÅÎÙ,
      ËÏÇÄÁ ×ÓÅ ÐÏÈÏÖÅ ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÌÉÓØ ÎÁ <acronym>ELF</acronym>.</para>

    <para>ëÒÏÍÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ÒÁÚÍÅÒÙ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ ÓÔÁÌÉ ÏÇÒÏÍÎÙ, Á ÄÉÓËÉ (É ÏÐÅÒÁÔÉ×ÎÁÑ
      ÐÁÍÑÔØ) ÏÓÔÁÌÉÓØ ÏÔÎÏÓÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÍÁÌÙ, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÐÏÑ×ÉÌÁÓØ ËÏÎÃÅÐÃÉÑ
      ÒÁÚÄÅÌÑÅÍÙÈ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅË.  óÉÓÔÅÍÁ VM ÔÁËÖÅ ÓÔÁÌÁ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÓÌÏÖÎÏÊ.
      èÏÔÑ ×ÓÅ ÜÔÉ ÕÓÏ×ÅÒÛÅÎÓÔ×Ï×ÁÎÉÑ ÂÙÌÉ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÙ Ó ÆÏÒÍÁÔÏÍ
      <filename>a.out</filename>, ÅÇÏ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÏÓÔØ ×ÓÅ ÂÏÌØÛÅ É ÂÏÌØÛÅ
      ÕÍÅÎØÛÁÌÁÓØ Ó ËÁÖÄÙÍ ÎÏ×Ï××ÅÄÅÎÉÅÍ.  ë ÔÏÍÕ ÖÅ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÌÁÓØ
      ÄÉÎÁÍÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÁ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ, ÉÌÉ ×ÙÇÒÕÚËÁ ÞÁÓÔÅÊ
      ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÐÏÓÌÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ÓÔÁÒÔÏ×ÏÇÏ ËÏÄÁ ÄÌÑ ÜËÏÎÏÍÉÉ
      ÐÁÍÑÔÉ ÉÌÉ ÍÅÓÔÁ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅ.  ñÚÙËÉ ÕÓÌÏÖÎÑÌÉÓØ, É ÐÏÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÌÓÑ
      Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ×ÙÚÏ× ËÏÄÁ ÐÅÒÅÄ ÇÌÁ×ÎÏÊ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ.  íÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Ï
      ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÊ ÂÙÌÏ ×ÎÅÓÅÎÏ × ÆÏÒÍÁÔ <filename>a.out</filename>, ÞÔÏÂÙ
      ×ÓÅ ÜÔÏ ÐÏÑ×ÉÌÏÓØ, É × ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÍ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÌÏ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ.  îÁÓÔÁÌ
      ÍÏÍÅÎÔ, ËÏÇÄÁ <filename>a.out</filename> ÎÅ ÓÍÏÇ ÒÅÛÉÔØ ×ÓÅ ÜÔÉ
      ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ ÂÅÚ ÞÒÅÚÍÅÒÎÏÇÏ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ É ÓÌÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ.
      ÷ ÔÏ ×ÒÅÍÑ, ËÁË <acronym>ELF</acronym> ÒÅÛÉÌ ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ÉÚ ÜÔÉÈ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ,
      ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÄ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ Ó ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÎÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÂÏÌÅÚÎÅÎ. ðÏÜÔÏÍÕ
      ÆÏÒÍÁÔÕ <acronym>ELF</acronym> ÐÒÉÛÌÏÓØ ÐÏÄÏÖÄÁÔØ, ÐÏËÁ ÎÅ ÓÔÁÌÏ
      ÂÏÌÅÅ ÂÏÌÅÚÎÅÎÎÙÍ ÏÓÔÁ×ÁÔØÓÑ Ó <filename>a.out</filename>, ÞÅÍ
      ÐÅÒÅÊÔÉ ÎÁ <acronym>ELF</acronym>.</para>

    <para>ôÅÍ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÅÍ, ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔÙ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔËÉ, ÏÔ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ
      ÐÒÏÉÚÏÛÌÉ  ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔÙ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔËÉ FreeBSD (ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏ ÁÓÓÅÍÂÌÅÒ É
      ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉË), ÒÁÚ×É×ÁÌÉÓØ × Ä×ÕÈ ÐÁÒÁÌÌÅÌØÎÙÈ ÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑÈ.
      îÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ FreeBSD ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÌÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÑÅÍÙÅ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÉ É ÕÓÔÒÁÎÉÌÏ
      ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÏÛÉÂËÉ.  ìÀÄÉ ÉÚ GNU, ÎÁÐÉÓÁ×ÛÉÅ ÜÔÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ,
      ÐÅÒÅÐÉÓÁÌÉ ÉÈ É ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÌÉ ÐÒÏÓÔÕÀ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ ÓÂÏÒËÉ
      ËÒÏÓÓ-ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÔÏÒÏ×, ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÈ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÏ× × ÂÕÄÕÝÅÍ
      É ÔÁË ÄÁÌÅÅ.  íÎÏÇÉÍ ÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÌÏÓØ ÓÏÂÒÁÔØ ËÒÏÓÓ-ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÔÏÒÙ
      ÄÌÑ FreeBSD, É ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÕÄÁÌÏÓØ, ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÕÓÔÁÒÅ×ÛÉÅ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÅ
      ÔÅËÓÔÙ FreeBSD ÄÌÑ <application>as</application> É
      <application>ld</application> ÎÅ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÉÌÉ ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÊ ÚÁÄÁÞÉ.
      îÏ×ÙÊ ÎÁÂÏÒ ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔÏ× GNU (<application>binutils</application>)
      ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ËÒÏÓÓ-ËÏÍÐÉÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ, <acronym>ELF</acronym>,
      ÒÁÚÄÅÌÑÅÍÙÅ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÉ, C++, ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÑ É Ô.Ä.  ÷ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ,
      ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÝÉËÉ ×ÙÐÕÓÔÉÌÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ × ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ
      <acronym>ELF</acronym> É ÏÎÉ ÈÏÒÏÛÏ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÔ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ ×
      FreeBSD.</para>

    <para><acronym>ELF</acronym> ÂÏÌÅÅ ×ÙÒÁÚÉÔÅÌÅÎ, ÞÅÍ
      <filename>a.out</filename>, ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÂÁÚÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÂÙÔØ ÂÏÌÅÅ
      ÇÉÂËÏÊ.  <acronym>ELF</acronym> ÌÕÞÛÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ, É
      ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ ËÒÏÓÓ-ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÔÏÒÏ×, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÖÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÍÎÏÇÉÈ
      ÌÀÄÅÊ.  <acronym>ELF</acronym> ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÎÅÍÎÏÇÏ ÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÅÅ,
      ÞÅÍ <filename>a.out</filename>, ÎÏ ÚÁÍÅÒÉÔØ ÜÔÏ ÓÌÏÖÎÏ.
      åÓÔØ ÔÁËÖÅ ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Ï ÄÅÔÁÌÅÊ, ÏÔÌÉÞÁÀÝÉÈÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÜÔÉÈ Ä×ÕÈ
      ÆÏÒÍÁÔÏ×, × ÔÏÍ ËÁË ÏÎÉ ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÀÔ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ, ÏÂÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÀÔ
      ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÙÊ ËÏÄ, É Ô.Ä.  ÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÎÅÔ ÎÉÞÅÇÏ ÏÞÅÎØ ×ÁÖÎÏÇÏ,
      ÎÏ ÏÎÉ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÁÀÔÓÑ.  ÷ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÅÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÁ
      <filename>a.out</filename> ÕÂÒÁÎÁ ÉÚ ÑÄÒÁ <filename>GENERIC</filename>, É ÓÏ
      ×ÒÅÍÅÎÅÍ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÕÂÒÁÎÁ ÉÚ ÑÄÒÁ, ËÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÎÏÓÔØ × ÚÁÐÕÓËÅ
      ÓÔÁÒÙÈ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ <filename>a.out</filename> ÏÓÔÁÎÅÔÓÑ × ÐÒÏÛÌÏÍ.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="basics-more-information">
    <title>äÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ</title>

    <sect2 id="basics-man">
      <title>óÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÊ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉË (man)</title>
      <indexterm><primary>ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ</primary></indexterm>

      <para>ðÏÖÁÌÕÊ, ÓÁÍÙÍ ÐÏÌÎÙÍ ÒÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ×ÏÍ ÐÏ FreeBSD Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÊ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉË (man).  ðÒÁËÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ËÁÖÄÏÅ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ ÉÌÉ
	ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ ÉÍÅÀÔ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÕÀ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÕ (ÞÁÓÔÏ ÎÅ ÏÄÎÕ), ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÝÕÀ
	ÔÏÔ ÉÌÉ ÉÎÏÊ ÁÓÐÅËÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ, ×ÓÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÅ ÏÐÃÉÉ É
	ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ.  äÌÑ ÐÒÏÓÍÏÔÒÁ ÜÔÉÈ ÓÔÒÁÎÉà ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ
	<command>man</command>:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man <replaceable>command</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>úÄÅÓØ <literal>command</literal> &ndash; ÜÔÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ, Ï ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ×Ù
	ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÕÚÎÁÔØ ÐÏÂÏÌØÛÅ Ï ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ
	<command>ls</command>, ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man ls</userinput></screen>

      <para>óÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÇÏ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ ÄÌÑ ÕÄÏÂÓÔ×Á ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅÎÏ ÎÁ
	ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÏ×:</para>

      <orderedlist>
	<listitem>
	  <para>ðÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>óÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÅ ×ÙÚÏ×Ù É ËÏÄÙ ÏÛÉÂÏË.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>æÕÎËÃÉÉ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙÈ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅË.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>äÒÁÊ×ÅÒÙ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>æÏÒÍÁÔÙ ÆÁÊÌÏ×.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>òÁÚ×ÌÅÞÅÎÉÑ É ÉÇÒÙ.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>äÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ëÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÇÏ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.</para>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para>äÌÑ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÏ× ÑÄÒÁ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <para>÷ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÓÌÕÞÁÑÈ (ÎÅ ÔÁË ÕÖ ÒÅÄËÏ), ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ, ÏÔÎÏÓÑÝÉÅÓÑ Ë
	ÏÄÎÏÊ É ÔÏÊ ÖÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ, ÎÁÈÏÄÑÔÓÑ × ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÈ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁÈ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ.
	îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÅÓÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ <command>chmod</command> É ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÊ ×ÙÚÏ×
	<function>chmod()</function>.  ÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ, ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ Ñ×ÎÏ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ
	ÒÁÚÄÅÌ <command>man</command>, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÉÓËÁÔØ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÕÀ
	ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÕ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man 1 chmod</userinput></screen>

      <para>üÔÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ×Ù×ÅÄÅÔ ÓÐÒÁ×ËÕ Ï ÕÔÉÌÉÔÅ <command>chmod</command>.
	ðÏ ÔÒÁÄÉÃÉÉ, ËÏÎËÒÅÔÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ × ÓËÏÂËÁÈ
	ÐÏÓÌÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, &man.chmod.1; ÏÔÎÏÓÉÔÓÑ Ë ÕÔÉÌÉÔÅ
	<command>chmod</command>, Á &man.chmod.2; &ndash; Ë ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÍÕ
	ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÍÕ ×ÙÚÏ×Õ.</para>

      <para>þÁÓÔÏ ÂÙ×ÁÅÔ ÔÁË, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÎÅ ÚÎÁÅÔÅ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ, ÎÏ ÉÍÅÅÔÅ
	ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÄÅÌÁÔØ.  ÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ
	ÐÏÐÙÔÁÔØÓÑ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÎÕÖÎÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ ÐÏ ËÌÀÞÅ×ÙÍ ÓÌÏ×ÁÍ, ×ÓÔÒÅÞÁÀÝÉÍÓÑ ×
	ÅÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÉ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ ÏÐÃÉÀ <option>-k</option> ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ
	<command>man</command>:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man -k mail</userinput></screen>

      <para>÷Ù ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ ÓÐÉÓÏË ËÏÍÁÎÄ, ÉÍÅÀÝÉÈ ÓÌÏ×Ï <quote>mail</quote> ×
	Ó×ÏÉÈ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÑÈ.  üÔÏ ÜË×É×ÁÌÅÎÔÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
	<command>apropos</command>.</para>

      <para>éÌÉ ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ×Ù ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÆÁÊÌÏ× × ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÅ
	<filename>/usr/bin</filename>, ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÎÅ ÉÍÅÑ ÎÉ ÍÁÌÅÊÛÅÇÏ
	ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ Ï ÔÏÍ, ËÁËÉÅ ÆÕÎËÃÉÉ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔ ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÉÈ ÎÉÈ?  ðÒÏÓÔÏ
	ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ:</para>

	<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/bin</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>man -f *</userinput></screen>

	<para>ÉÌÉ</para>

	<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/bin</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>whatis *</userinput></screen>

	<para>ÞÔÏ ÆÁËÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÏÄÎÏ É ÔÏ ÖÅ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="basics-info">
      <title>æÁÊÌÙ GNU Info</title>

      <para>FreeBSD ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ Ó ÍÎÏÇÏÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÍÉ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑÍÉ É ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁÍÉ ÏÔ
	æÏÎÄÁ ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏÇÏ ðÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÇÏ ïÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÑ, Free Software Foundation
	(FSF).  ÷ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ Ë ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁÍ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ, Ó ÜÔÉÍÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁÍÉ
	ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÏÂÛÉÒÎÁÑ ÇÉÐÅÒÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÁÑ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÑ × ×ÉÄÅ ÔÁË ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÙÈ
	<literal>info</literal> ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÒÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÎÙ Ó
	ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ <command>info</command>, ÉÌÉ, ÅÓÌÉ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ
	<application>emacs</application>, × info ÒÅÖÉÍÅ	ÜÔÏÇÏ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÁ.</para>

      <para>þÔÏÂÙ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ &man.info.1;, ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ ×
	ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>info</userinput></screen>

      <para>÷ÙÚ×ÁÔØ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎ ËÒÁÔËÏÅ ××ÅÄÅÎÉÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÂÒÁ×
	<literal>h</literal>.  ëÒÁÔËÉÊ ÓÐÉÓÏË ËÏÍÁÎÄ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÎÁÂÒÁ×
	<literal>?</literal>.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>
</chapter>