path: root/ru_RU.KOI8-R/books/handbook/users/chapter.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="koi8-r"?>
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     Original revision: r43126
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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="5.0" xml:id="users">
  <info>
    <title>ðÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ É ÏÓÎÏ×Ù ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÍÉ ÚÁÐÉÓÑÍÉ</title>

    <authorgroup>
      <author><personname><firstname>Neil</firstname><surname>Blakey-Milner</surname></personname><contrib>ðÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌ </contrib></author>
    </authorgroup>
    
    <authorgroup>
      <author><personname><firstname>äÅÎÉÓ</firstname><surname>ðÅÐÌÉÎ</surname></personname><contrib>ðÅÒÅ×ÏÄ ÎÁ ÒÕÓÓËÉÊ ÑÚÙË: </contrib></author>
    </authorgroup>
  </info>

  <sect1 xml:id="users-synopsis">
    <title>ëÒÁÔËÉÊ ÏÂÚÏÒ</title>

    <para>&os; ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÕÀ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Á ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÎÁ ÏÄÎÏÍ
      ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÅ.  ÷ ÔÏ ×ÒÅÍÑ, ËÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÄÉÎ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÉÄÅÔØ
      ÚÁ ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÏÊ É ÐÅÒÅÄ ÜËÒÁÎÏÍ × ÏÄÉÎ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ, ÌÀÂÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï
      ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÏÊÔÉ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÓÅÔØ.  äÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ
      ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ Õ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÕÞÅÔÎÁÑ ÚÁÐÉÓØ.</para>

    <para>ðÏÓÌÅ ÐÒÏÞÔÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÊ ÇÌÁ×Ù ×Ù ÂÕÄÅÔÅ ÚÎÁÔØ:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para>òÁÚÌÉÞÉÑ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÒÁÚÎÏÏÂÒÁÚÎÙÍÉ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÍÉ ÚÁÐÉÓÑÍÉ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ
	  &os;.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>ëÁË ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÑÔØ É ÕÄÁÌÑÔØ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>ëÁË ÉÚÍÅÎÑÔØ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÈ ÚÁÐÉÓÅÊ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ, ÔÁËÉÅ
	  ËÁË ÐÏÌÎÏÅ ÉÍÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÉÌÉ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÞÉÔÁÅÍÕÀ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÕ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>ëÁË ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÔØ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÄÌÑ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÈ ÚÁÐÉÓÅÊ ÉÌÉ ÇÒÕÐÐ
	  ÕÞÅÔÎÙÈ ÚÁÐÉÓÅÊ ÎÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÏ×, ÔÁËÉÈ ËÁË ÐÁÍÑÔØ É ×ÒÅÍÑ
	  ãðõ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>ëÁË ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ ÄÌÑ ÕÐÒÏÝÅÎÉÑ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅÍ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÍÉ
	  ÚÁÐÉÓÑÍÉ.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>ðÅÒÅÄ ÐÒÏÞÔÅÎÉÅÍ ÜÔÏÊ ÇÌÁ×Ù ×ÁÍ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para>ðÏÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ <link linkend="basics">ÏÓÎÏ× &unix;
	    É &os;</link>.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 xml:id="users-introduction">
    <title>÷×ÅÄÅÎÉÅ</title>

    <para>ôÁË ËÁË ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ &os; ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ,
      É ×ÓÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÙ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÀÔÓÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍÉ, ÔÏ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍÉ
      É ÕÞÅÔÎÙÍÉ ÚÁÐÉÓÑÍÉ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ×ÁÖÎÙÍ ÁÓÐÅËÔÏÍ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.</para>

    <para>ó ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÕÞÅÔÎÏÊ ÚÁÐÉÓØÀ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ &os; Ó×ÑÚÁÎÁ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÁÑ
      ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÃÉÏÎÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ.</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
	<term>éÍÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>éÍÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ ××ÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ÐÒÉÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÅ
	    <prompt>login:</prompt>.  éÍÅÎÁ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ÕÎÉËÁÌØÎÙ
	    × ÐÒÅÄÅÌÁÈ ÏÄÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Ï ÐÒÁ×ÉÌ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ
	    ÄÏÐÕÓÔÉÍÙÈ ÉÍÅÎ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ, ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÈ × &man.passwd.5;.
	    ïÂÙÞÎÏ ÉÍÅÎÁ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÓÏÓÔÏÑÔ ÉÚ ×ÏÓØÍÉ ÉÌÉ ÍÅÎØÛÅÇÏ
	    ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Á ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏ× × ÎÉÖÎÅÍ ÒÅÇÉÓÔÒÅ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÔØ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÕÀ
	    ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÏÓÔØ Ó ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÑÍÉ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>ðÁÒÏÌØ</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ó ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÕÞÅÔÎÏÊ ÚÁÐÉÓØÀ Ó×ÑÚÁÎ ÐÁÒÏÌØ.  ðÁÒÏÌØ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ
	    ÐÕÓÔÙÍ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÜÔÏ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÔÅÌØÎÏ ÎÅ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÔÓÑ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>ID ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ (User ID, <acronym>UID</acronym>)</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>éÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ (<acronym>UID</acronym>) &mdash;
	    ÜÔÏ ÎÏÍÅÒ, ÔÒÁÄÉÃÉÏÎÎÏ ÏÔ 0 ÄÏ
	    65535<footnote xml:id="users-largeuidgid">
	      <para>÷ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
		<acronym>UID</acronym>/<acronym>GID</acronym> ×ÐÌÏÔØ ÄÏ
		4294967295, ÎÏ ÜÔÉ ID ÍÏÇÕÔ ×ÙÚ×ÁÔØ ÓÅÒØÅÚÎÙÅ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ Ó
		ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁÍÉ, ÄÅÌÁÀÝÉÍÉ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ Ï ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑÈ
		ID.</para>
	    </footnote>, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÊ ÄÌÑ ÏÄÎÏÚÎÁÞÎÏÊ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÃÉÉ
	    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.  óÁÍÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ &os; ÄÌÑ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÃÉÉ
	    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ <acronym>UID</acronym>.  ìÀÂÁÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ
	    &os;, ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÀÝÁÑ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÁ ÉÍÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÐÅÒ×ÙÍ
	    ÄÅÌÏÍ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÕÅÔ ÅÇÏ Ë <acronym>UID</acronym>.  íÁÌÏ×ÅÒÏÑÔÎÏ,
	    ÎÏ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÍÅÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÈ ÚÁÐÉÓÅÊ Ó ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÍÉ ÉÍÅÎÁÍÉ
	    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ É Ó ÏÄÎÉÍ <acronym>UID</acronym>.  &os; ÂÕÄÅÔ
	    ×ÏÓÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÔØ ÜÔÉ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ËÁË ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>éÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ (Group ID, <acronym>GID</acronym>)</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>éÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ (<acronym>GID</acronym>) &mdash;
	    ÜÔÏ ÎÏÍÅÒ, ÔÒÁÄÉÃÉÏÎÎÏ ÏÔ 0 ÄÏ
	    65535<footnoteref linkend="users-largeuidgid"/>, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÊ
	    ÄÌÑ ÏÄÎÏÚÎÁÞÎÏÊ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÃÉÉ ÇÌÁ×ÎÏÊ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ, Ë ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ
	    ÐÒÉÎÁÄÌÅÖÉÔ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ.  çÒÕÐÐÙ ÜÔÏ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍ ÄÌÑ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÑ
	    ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë ÒÅÓÕÒÓÁÍ ÎÁ ÏÓÎÏ×Å <acronym>GID</acronym> ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ
	    ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÅÇÏ <acronym>UID</acronym>.  üÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÕÍÅÎØÛÉÔØ
	    ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ.  ëÒÏÍÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÍÏÖÅÔ
	    ÂÙÔØ ×ËÌÀÞÅÎ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÞÅÍ × ÏÄÎÕ ÇÒÕÐÐÕ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>ëÌÁÓÓ ÌÏÇÉÎÁ</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ëÌÁÓÓÙ ÌÏÇÉÎÏ× ÜÔÏ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÅ Ë ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍÕ ÇÒÕÐÐ,
	    ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÀÝÅÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÇÉÂËÏ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÑÔØ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÍÉ
	    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍÉ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>÷ÒÅÍÑ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÐÁÒÏÌÑ</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ &os; ÎÅ ÐÒÉÎÕÖÄÁÅÔ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÍÅÎÑÔØ ÐÁÒÏÌÉ.
	    ïÄÎÁËÏ, ÅÓÔØ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉÔØ ÓÒÏË ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑ ÔÅËÕÝÅÇÏ ÐÁÒÏÌÑ
	    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, É ÔÅÍ ÓÁÍÙÍ ÏÂÑÚÁÔØ ÅÇÏ ÏÂÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÐÁÒÏÌØ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>÷ÒÅÍÑ ÉÓÔÅÞÅÎÉÑ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑ ÕÞÅÔÎÏÊ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ×Ï &os; ×ÒÅÍÑ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÈ ÚÁÐÉÓÅÊ ÎÅ
	    ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÏ.  ðÒÉ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÉ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÈ ÚÁÐÉÓÅÊ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÓÒÏËÁ
	    ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ ÄÌÑ ÓÔÕÄÅÎÔÏ× × ÕÞÅÂÎÏÍ ÚÁ×ÅÄÅÎÉÉ,
	    ÕËÁÖÉÔÅ ÄÁÔÕ ÉÓÔÅÞÅÎÉÑ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑ ÕÞÅÔÎÏÊ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ.  ðÏÓÌÅ ÎÁÓÔÕÐÌÅÎÉÑ
	    ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÏÊ ÄÁÔÙ ÕÞÅÔÎÁÑ ÚÁÐÉÓØ ÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÓÑ ÎÅÐÒÉÇÏÄÎÏÊ ÄÌÑ ×ÈÏÄÁ
	    × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ, ÈÏÔÑ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ É ÆÁÊÌÙ ÜÔÏÊ ÕÞÅÔÎÏÊ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÏÓÔÁÎÕÔÓÑ
	    ÎÅÔÒÏÎÕÔÙÍÉ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>ðÏÌÎÏÅ ÉÍÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>éÍÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÕÎÉËÁÌØÎÙÍ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒÏÍ
	    ÕÞÅÔÎÏÊ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ × &os;, ÎÏ ÎÅÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ
	    Ó ÒÅÁÌØÎÙÍ ÉÍÅÎÅÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ.  üÔÁ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ
	    ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÁ × ÕÞÅÔÎÕÀ ÚÁÐÉÓØ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>äÏÍÁÛÎÉÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>äÏÍÁÛÎÉÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÏÌÎÙÍ ÐÕÔÅÍ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.
	    ó ÎÅÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÎÁÞÎÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ ÐÏÓÌÅ ×ÈÏÄÁ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ.  ðÏ
	    ÏÂÝÅÐÒÉÎÑÔÏÍÕ ÓÏÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÀ ×ÓÅ ÄÏÍÁÛÎÉÅ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ
	    ÐÏÍÅÝÁÀÔÓÑ × <filename>/home/username</filename> ÉÌÉ
	    <filename>/usr/home/username</filename>.  ðÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ ÈÒÁÎÑÔ
	    ÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ É ÐÏÄËÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ × Ó×ÏÉÈ ÄÏÍÁÛÎÉÈ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÁÈ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>ïÂÏÌÏÞËÁ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ïÂÏÌÏÞËÁ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÁ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ ËÁË ÓÒÅÄÓÔ×Ï ×ÚÁÉÍÏÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑ
	    Ó ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ.  óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Ï ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÈ ×ÉÄÏ×
	    ÏÂÏÌÏÞÅË, ÏÐÙÔÎÙÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ Ó ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÍÉ
	    ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁÍÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÏÔÒÁÖÅÎÙ × ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁÈ ÉÈ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÈ
	    ÚÁÐÉÓÅÊ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <para>óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÔÒÉ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÈ ÔÉÐÁ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÈ ÚÁÐÉÓÅÊ:
      <link linkend="users-superuser">ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ</link>,
      <link linkend="users-system">ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÅ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ</link>, É
      <link linkend="users-user">ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ</link>.
      õÞÅÔÎÁÑ ÚÁÐÉÓØ ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÁÑ
      <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ
      ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ ÂÅÚ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÉ×ÉÌÅÇÉÊ.  óÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÅ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ
      ÓÏÚÄÁÀÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÓÅÒ×ÉÓÏ×.  îÁËÏÎÅÃ, ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ
      ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÙ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÍ ÌÀÄÑÍ ÄÌÑ ×ÈÏÄÁ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ, ÞÔÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÞÔÙ, É ÔÁË
      ÄÁÌÅÅ.</para>

    <sect2 xml:id="users-superuser">
    <title>õÞÅÔÎÁÑ ÚÁÐÉÓØ ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ</title>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ</primary>
      <secondary>ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ (root)</secondary>
    </indexterm>
    <para>õÞÅÔÎÁÑ ÚÁÐÉÓØ ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÁÑ
      <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ
      ÄÌÑ ÃÅÌÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÇÏ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, É ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ
      ÄÌÑ ÐÏ×ÓÅÄÎÅ×ÎÙÈ ÚÁÄÁÞ, ÔÁËÉÈ ËÁË ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÅ É ÏÔÐÒÁ×ËÁ ÐÏÞÔÙ,
      ÏÂÝÅÅ ÉÓÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÉÌÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ.</para>

    <para>ðÒÉÞÉÎÁ × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ, × ÏÔÌÉÞÉÅ ÏÔ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÈ
      ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ, ÍÏÖÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ ÂÅÚ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ É ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏÅ
	ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÕÞÅÔÎÏÊ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÒÉ×ÅÓÔÉ Ë ÐÏÌÎÏÍÕ
	ÕÎÉÞÔÏÖÅÎÉÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  õÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÎÅ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÎÙ
	ÕÎÉÞÔÏÖÉÔØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ×ÓÌÅÄÓÔ×ÉÅ ÏÛÉÂËÉ, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÅÓÌÉ ÎÅÔ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏÓÔÉ
	× ÐÒÉ×ÉÌÅÇÉÑÈ ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÔÏ ÌÕÞÛÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ
	ÏÂÙÞÎÙÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ ×ÅÚÄÅ, ÇÄÅ ÜÔÏ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ.</para>

      <para>÷ÓÅÇÄÁ ÐÅÒÅÐÒÏ×ÅÒÑÊÔÅ É ÐÅÒÅÐÅÒÅÐÒÏ×ÅÒÑÊÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÍÙÅ ÐÏÄ
	ÕÞÅÔÎÏÊ ÚÁÐÉÓØÀ ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÄÁÖÅ ÏÄÉÎ ÌÉÛÎÉÊ ÐÒÏÂÅÌ
	ÉÌÉ ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÒÉ×ÅÓÔÉ Ë ÂÅÚ×ÏÚ×ÒÁÔÎÏÊ ÐÏÔÅÒÅ
	ÄÁÎÎÙÈ.</para>

      <para>÷ÓÅÇÄÁ ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÊÔÅ ÕÞÅÔÎÕÀ ÚÁÐÉÓØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ ÄÌÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÇÏ
	ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÁ É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÅÅ ÄÌÑ ÐÏ×ÓÅÄÎÅ×ÎÏÊ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ.
	üÔÏ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ ÏÄÉÎÁËÏ×Ï ÐÒÉÍÅÎÉÍÏ ËÁË Ë ÍÎÏÇÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÏÊ, ÔÁË É
	Ë ÏÄÎÏÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.  ÷ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÈ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁÈ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÏ
	ËÁË ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ, É ËÁË ÍÅÎÑÔØ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ
	ÐÒÉ×ÉÌÅÇÉÊ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÙÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ É ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 xml:id="users-system">
    <title>óÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÅ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ</title>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ</primary>
      <secondary>ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÅ</secondary>
    </indexterm>
      <para>óÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÅ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÙ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ ÓÅÒ×ÉÓÏ×, ÔÁËÉÈ
	ËÁË DNS, ÐÏÞÔÁ, ×Å ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÙ.  üÔÏ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÐÏ ÓÏÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑÍ
	ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ; ÅÓÌÉ ÂÙ ×ÓÅ ÓÅÒ×ÉÓÙ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÌÉ ÏÔ ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÏÎÉ
	ÍÏÇÌÉ ÂÙ ÄÅÊÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ ÂÅÚ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ.</para>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ</primary>
      <secondary><systemitem class="username">daemon</systemitem></secondary>
    </indexterm>
    <indexterm>
      <primary>ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ</primary>
      <secondary><systemitem class="username">operator</systemitem></secondary>
    </indexterm>
      <para>ðÒÉÍÅÒÙ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÈ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÈ ÚÁÐÉÓÅÊ:
	<systemitem class="username">daemon</systemitem>,
	<systemitem class="username">operator</systemitem>,
	<systemitem class="username">bind</systemitem>,
	<systemitem class="username">news</systemitem> É
	<systemitem class="username">www</systemitem>.</para>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ</primary>
      <secondary><systemitem class="username">nobody</systemitem></secondary>
    </indexterm>
    <para><systemitem class="username">nobody</systemitem> ÜÔÏ ÏÂÝÅÐÒÉÎÑÔÁÑ
	ÎÅÐÒÉ×ÉÌÅÇÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÁÑ ÕÞÅÔÎÁÑ ÚÁÐÉÓØ.  ïÄÎÁËÏ, ÞÅÍ ÂÏÌØÛÅ
	ÓÅÒ×ÉÓÏ× ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ
	<systemitem class="username">nobody</systemitem>, ÔÅÍ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÆÁÊÌÏ×
	É ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏ× Ó×ÑÚÁÎÏ Ó ÜÔÉÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ, É ÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏ
	ÔÅÍ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÐÒÁ× ÐÏÑ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ Õ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 xml:id="users-user">
    <title>õÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ</title>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ</primary>
      <secondary>ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ</secondary>
    </indexterm>
      <para>õÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÓÌÕÖÁÔ ÄÌÑ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ
	Ë ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÍ ÌÀÄÑÍ.  üÔÉ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÉÚÏÌÉÒÕÀÔ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ É
	ÉÈ ÒÁÂÏÞÕÀ ÓÒÅÄÕ, ÐÒÅÄÏÔ×ÒÁÝÁÑ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÐÏ×ÒÅÖÄÅÎÉÑ ÉÍÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÉÌÉ
	ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ, É ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ ÎÁÓÔÒÁÉ×ÁÔØ Ó×ÏÀ
	ÒÁÂÏÞÕÀ ÓÒÅÄÕ ÂÅÚ ×ÌÉÑÎÉÑ ÎÁ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ.</para>

      <para>ëÁÖÄÁÑ ÐÅÒÓÏÎÁ, ÐÏÌÕÞÁÀÝÁÑ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ Ë ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ, ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÉÍÅÔØ
	ÕÎÉËÁÌØÎÕÀ ÕÞÅÔÎÕÀ ÚÁÐÉÓØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ.  üÔÏ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÕ
	×ÙÑÓÎÉÔØ ËÔÏ ÞÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔ, ÐÒÅÄÏÔ×ÒÁÝÁÑ ÓÂÉ×ÁÎÉÅ ÏÄÎÉÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ
	ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅË ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ, ÞÔÅÎÉÅ ÞÕÖÏÊ ÐÏÞÔÙ É ÔÁË ÄÁÌÅÅ.</para>

    <para>ëÁÖÄÙÊ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÎÁÓÔÒÁÉ×ÁÔØ Ó×ÏÀ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÕÀ ÒÁÂÏÞÕÀ
	ÓÒÅÄÕ ÄÌÑ ÐÒÉÓÐÏÓÏÂÌÅÎÉÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÏÄ Ó×ÏÉ ÎÕÖÄÙ ×ÙÂÉÒÁÑ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÉ,
	ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÙ, ÐÒÉ×ÑÚËÉ ËÌÁ×ÉÛ É ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ÑÚÙËÁ.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 xml:id="users-modifying">
    <title>éÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÈ ÚÁÐÉÓÅÊ</title>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ</primary>
      <secondary>ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>&os; ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó ÕÞÅÔÎÙÍÉ
      ÚÁÐÉÓÑÍÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ.  îÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÙ
      × ÔÁÂÌÉÃÅ, ÎÉÖÅ ÎÁÈÏÄÑÔÓÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÄÅÔÁÌØÎÙÅ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÙ ÉÈ
      ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.</para>

    <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="2">
	<colspec colwidth="1*"/>
	<colspec colwidth="2*"/>
	<thead>
	  <row>
	    <entry>ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ</entry>
	    <entry>ëÒÁÔËÏÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ</entry>
	  </row>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
	  <row>
	    <entry>&man.adduser.8;</entry>
	    <entry>òÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÍÏÅ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÉ ÄÌÑ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ
	      ÎÏ×ÙÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ.</entry>
	  </row>
	  <row>
	    <entry>&man.rmuser.8;</entry>
	    <entry>òÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÍÏÅ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÉ ÄÌÑ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÉÑ
	      ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ.</entry>
	  </row>
	  <row>
	    <entry>&man.chpass.1;</entry>
	    <entry>çÉÂËÉÊ ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔ ÄÌÑ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ × ÂÁÚÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ
	      ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ.</entry>
	  </row>
	  <row>
	    <entry>&man.passwd.1;</entry>
	    <entry>ðÒÏÓÔÏÊ ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÉ ÄÌÑ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÐÁÒÏÌÅÊ
	      ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ.</entry>
	  </row>
	  <row>
	    <entry>&man.pw.8;</entry>
	    <entry>íÏÝÎÙÊ É ÇÉÂËÉÊ ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔ ÄÌÑ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÌÀÂÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ,
	      Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÏÊ Ó ÕÞÅÔÎÙÍÉ ÚÁÐÉÓÑÍÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ.</entry>
	  </row>
	</tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>

    <sect2 xml:id="users-adduser">
      <title><command>adduser</command></title>

      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ</primary>
	<secondary>ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ</secondary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
	<primary><command>adduser</command></primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
	<primary><filename>/usr/share/skel</filename></primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary>ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÛÁÂÌÏÎÏ×</primary></indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary>skeleton directory</primary></indexterm>
      <para>&man.adduser.8; ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÁÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÄÌÑ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÎÏ×ÙÈ
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ.  ÷Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ
	Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÅÔ <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> É
	<filename>/etc/group</filename>.  ïÎÁ ÔÁËÖÅ ÓÏÚÄÁÅÔ ÄÏÍÁÛÎÉÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ
	ÄÌÑ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ËÏÐÉÒÕÑ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÉÚ
	<filename>/usr/share/skel</filename>, É ÍÏÖÅÔ ÏÔÐÒÁ×ÌÑÔØ ÎÏ×ÏÍÕ
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ ÐÒÉ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏÊ ÐÏÞÔÏÊ.</para>

      <example>
	<title>äÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ × &os;</title>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>adduser</userinput>
Username: <userinput>jru</userinput>
Full name: <userinput>J. Random User</userinput>
Uid (Leave empty for default):
Login group [jru]:
Login group is jru. Invite jru into other groups? []: <userinput>wheel</userinput>
Login class [default]:
Shell (sh csh tcsh zsh nologin) [sh]: <userinput>zsh</userinput>
Home directory [/home/jru]:
Home directory permissions (Leave empty for default):
Use password-based authentication? [yes]:
Use an empty password? (yes/no) [no]:
Use a random password? (yes/no) [no]:
Enter password:
Enter password again:
Lock out the account after creation? [no]:
Username   : jru
Password   : ****
Full Name  : J. Random User
Uid        : 1001
Class      :
Groups     : jru wheel
Home       : /home/jru
Shell      : /usr/local/bin/zsh
Locked     : no
OK? (yes/no): <userinput>yes</userinput>
adduser: INFO: Successfully added (jru) to the user database.
Add another user? (yes/no): <userinput>no</userinput>
Goodbye!
&prompt.root;</screen>
      </example>

      <note>
	<para>ôÁË ËÁË ××ÏÄÉÍÙÊ ÔÅËÓÔ ÎÅ ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÅÔÓÑ, ÕÂÅÄÉÔÅÓØ, ÞÔÏ ÎÅ ÂÙÌÏ
	  ÄÏÐÕÝÅÎÏ ÏÐÅÞÁÔÏË × ÐÁÒÏÌÅ ÐÒÉ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÉ ÕÞÅÔÎÏÊ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ.</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 xml:id="users-rmuser">
      <title><command>rmuser</command></title>

      <indexterm><primary><command>rmuser</command></primary></indexterm>
      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ</primary>
	<secondary>ÕÄÁÌÅÎÉÅ</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>äÌÑ ÐÏÌÎÏÇÏ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ ÉÚ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ
	&man.rmuser.8;.  üÔÁ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑ:</para>

      <procedure>
	<step>
	  <para>åÓÌÉ × &man.crontab.1; ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÔ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÔÏ ÏÎÉ
	    ÕÄÁÌÑÀÔÓÑ.</para>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <para>õÄÁÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÐÒÉÎÁÄÌÅÖÁÝÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ ÚÁÄÁÞÉ &man.at.1;.</para>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <para>õÎÉÞÔÏÖÁÀÔÓÑ ×ÓÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÙ, ÐÒÉÎÁÄÌÅÖÁÝÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ.</para>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <para>õÄÁÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÚÁÐÉÓØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ ÉÚ ÌÏËÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ
	    ÐÁÒÏÌÅÊ.</para>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <para>åÓÌÉ ÄÏÍÁÛÎÉÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÐÒÉÎÁÄÌÅÖÉÔ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ, ÔÏ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ
	    ÕÄÁÌÑÅÔÓÑ.</para>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <para>õÄÁÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÉÎÁÄÌÅÖÁÝÁÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ ×ÈÏÄÑÝÁÑ ÐÏÞÔÁ ÉÚ
	    <filename>/var/mail</filename>.</para>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <para>õÄÁÌÑÀÔÓÑ ×ÓÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ, ÐÒÉÎÁÄÌÅÖÁÝÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ, ÉÚ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ×
	    Ó ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÍÉ ÆÁÊÌÁÍÉ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ
	    <filename>/tmp</filename>.</para>
	</step>

	<step>
	  <para>îÁËÏÎÅÃ, × <filename>/etc/group</filename> ÉÚ ×ÓÅÈ ÇÒÕÐÐ
	    ÕÄÁÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÉÍÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ.</para>

	    <note>
	      <para>åÓÌÉ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÉÑ ÇÒÕÐÐÁ ÏÓÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÕÓÔÏÊ É
		ÉÍÑ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ ÓÏ×ÐÁÄÁÅÔ Ó ÉÍÅÎÅÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÏÎÁ ÕÄÁÌÑÅÔÓÑ.
		üÔÏ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÄÌÑ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÈ ÕÎÉËÁÌØÎÙÈ
		ÇÒÕÐÐ, ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÈ &man.adduser.8;.</para>
	    </note>
	</step>
      </procedure>

      <para>&man.rmuser.8; ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÉÑ ÕÞÅÔÎÏÊ
	ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÜÔÏ ÐÏÞÔÉ ×ÓÅÇÄÁ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ
	ÒÁÚÒÕÛÅÎÉÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.</para>

      <para>ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÉÎÔÅÒÁËÔÉ×ÎÙÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ, ÜÔÏ ÐÏËÁÚÁÎÏ
	× ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ.</para>

      <example>
	<title>éÎÔÅÒÁËÔÉ×ÎÏÅ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÉÅ ÕÞÅÔÎÏÊ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ
	  <command>rmuser</command></title>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>rmuser jru</userinput>
Matching password entry:
jru:*:1001:1001::0:0:J. Random User:/home/jru:/usr/local/bin/zsh
Is this the entry you wish to remove? <userinput>y</userinput>
Remove user's home directory (/home/jru)? <userinput>y</userinput>
Updating password file, updating databases, done.
Updating group file: trusted (removing group jru -- personal group is empty) done.
Removing user's incoming mail file /var/mail/jru: done.
Removing files belonging to jru from /tmp: done.
Removing files belonging to jru from /var/tmp: done.
Removing files belonging to jru from /var/tmp/vi.recover: done.
&prompt.root;</screen>
      </example>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 xml:id="users-chpass">
      <title><command>chpass</command></title>

      <indexterm><primary><command>chpass</command></primary></indexterm>
      <para>&man.chpass.1; ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÁ ÄÌÑ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ
	× ÂÁÚÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ: ÐÁÒÏÌÉ, ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÉ, ÐÅÒÓÏÎÁÌØÎÙÅ
	ÄÁÎÎÙÅ.</para>

      <para>ôÏÌØËÏ ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÉÚÍÅÎÑÔØ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ É ÐÁÒÏÌÉ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ &man.chpass.1;.</para>

      <para>ðÒÉ ÚÁÐÕÓËÅ ÂÅÚ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× (ËÒÏÍÅ ÏÐÃÉÏÎÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÉÍÅÎÉ
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ), &man.chpass.1; ×ÙÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÊ
	ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅ.  ëÏÇÄÁ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ×ÙÈÏÄÉÔ ÉÚ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÁ,
	ÂÁÚÁ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÏ×ÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ.</para>

      <note>
	<para>åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ, ÔÏ ÐÏÓÌÅ ×ÙÈÏÄÁ ÉÚ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ
	  ÚÁÐÒÏÛÅÎ ÐÁÒÏÌØ.</para>
      </note>

      <example>
	<title>éÎÔÅÒÁËÔÉ×ÎÁÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÁ Ó <command>chpass</command>
	  ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ</title>

	<screen>#Changing user database information for jru.
Login: jru
Password: *
Uid [#]: 1001
Gid [# or name]: 1001
Change [month day year]:
Expire [month day year]:
Class:
Home directory: /home/jru
Shell: /usr/local/bin/zsh
Full Name: J. Random User
Office Location:
Office Phone:
Home Phone:
Other information:</screen>
      </example>

      <para>ðÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÉÚÍÅÎÑÔØ ÌÉÛØ ÎÅÂÏÌØÛÕÀ ÞÁÓÔØ ÜÔÏÊ
	ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ, É ÔÏÌØËÏ ÄÌÑ Ó×ÏÅÊ ÕÞÅÔÎÏÊ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ.</para>

      <example>
	<title>éÎÔÅÒÁËÔÉ×ÎÁÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÁ Ó <command>chpass</command> ÏÂÙÞÎÏÇÏ
	  ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ</title>

	<screen>#Changing user database information for jru.
Shell: /usr/local/bin/zsh
Full Name: J. Random User
Office Location:
Office Phone:
Home Phone:
Other information:</screen>
      </example>

      <note>
	<para>&man.chfn.1; É &man.chsh.1; ÜÔÏ ÓÓÙÌËÉ ÎÁ
	  &man.chpass.1;, ËÁË É &man.ypchpass.1;, &man.ypchfn.1; É
	  &man.ypchsh.1;.  <acronym>NIS</acronym> ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ,
	  ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÅ <literal>yp</literal> ÐÅÒÅÄ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ ÎÅ ÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÏ.
	  îÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁ <acronym>NIS</acronym> ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÓÓÍÏÔÒÅÎÁ ×
	  <xref linkend="network-servers"/>.</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>
    <sect2 xml:id="users-passwd">
      <title><command>passwd</command></title>

      <indexterm><primary><command>passwd</command></primary></indexterm>
      <indexterm>
	<primary>ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ</primary>
	<secondary>ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ ÐÁÒÏÌÑ</secondary>
      </indexterm>
      <para>&man.passwd.1; ÜÔÏ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÊ ÓÐÏÓÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÐÁÒÏÌÑ
	ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÉÌÉ ÐÁÒÏÌÑ ÄÒÕÇÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ
	ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ.</para>

      <note>
	<para>äÌÑ ÐÒÅÄÏÔ×ÒÁÝÅÎÉÑ ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÏÇÏ ÉÌÉ ÎÅÁ×ÔÏÒÉÚÏ×ÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ,
	  ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÏÂÑÚÁÎ ××ÅÓÔÉ ÔÅËÕÝÉÊ ÐÁÒÏÌØ ÐÅÒÅÄ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÏÊ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ
	  ÐÁÒÏÌÑ.  ôÅËÕÝÉÊ ÐÁÒÏÌØ ÎÅ ÓÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ, ÅÓÌÉ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔ
	  ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ.</para>
      </note>

      <example>
	<title>éÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ ÐÁÒÏÌÑ</title>

	<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>passwd</userinput>
Changing local password for jru.
Old password:
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: updating the database...
passwd: done</screen>
      </example>

      <example>
	<title>éÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ ÐÁÒÏÌÑ ÄÒÕÇÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ
	  ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ</title>

	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>passwd jru</userinput>
Changing local password for jru.
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: updating the database...
passwd: done</screen>
      </example>

      <note>
	<para>ëÁË É × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ Ó &man.chpass.1;, &man.yppasswd.1; ÜÔÏ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÌÉÛØ
	  ÓÓÙÌËÁ ÎÁ &man.passwd.1;, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ NIS ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ Ó ÏÂÅÉÍÉ
	  ËÏÍÁÎÄÁÍÉ.</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 xml:id="users-pw">
      <title><command>pw</command></title>
      <indexterm><primary><command>pw</command></primary></indexterm>

      <para>&man.pw.8; ÜÔÏ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÉ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ, ÕÄÁÌÅÎÉÑ,
	ÍÏÄÉÆÉÃÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ É ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ É ÇÒÕÐÐ.  ïÎÁ
	ÆÕÎËÃÉÏÎÉÒÕÅÔ ËÁË ×ÎÅÛÎÉÊ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓ Ë ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÍ ÆÁÊÌÁÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ
	É ÇÒÕÐÐ.  õ &man.pw.8; ÏÞÅÎØ ÍÏÝÎÙÊ ÎÁÂÏÒ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÉ,
	ÞÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÝÅÊ ÄÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ × shell
	ÓËÒÉÐÔÁÈ, ÎÏ ÎÏ×ÙÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍ ÏÎÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏËÁÚÁÔØÓÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÓÌÏÖÎÏÊ,
	ÞÅÍ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÎÙÅ ÚÄÅÓØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 xml:id="users-limiting">
    <title>ïÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ</title>

    <indexterm><primary>ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm>
      <primary>ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ</primary>
      <secondary>ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ</secondary>
    </indexterm>
    <para>&os; ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÕ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏ× ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ
      ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Á ÚÁÎÉÍÁÅÍÙÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÈ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÏ×.  óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ Ä×Á
      ×ÉÄÁ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ: ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÅ Ë×ÏÔÙ É ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÏ×.</para>

    <indexterm><primary>Ë×ÏÔÙ</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm>
      <primary>ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ</primary>
      <secondary>Ë×ÏÔÙ</secondary>
    </indexterm>
    <indexterm><primary>ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÅ Ë×ÏÔÙ</primary></indexterm>
    <para>äÉÓËÏ×ÙÅ Ë×ÏÔÙ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉ×ÁÀÔ ÏÂßÅÍ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á, ÚÁÎÉÍÁÅÍÏÇÏ
      ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍÉ, Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÀÔ ÓÐÏÓÏ ÂÙÓÔÒÏÊ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÉ ÚÁÎÉÍÁÅÍÏÇÏ
      ÏÂßÅÍÁ ÂÅÚ ÐÅÒÅÓÞÅÔÁ ÅÇÏ ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÒÁÚ.  ë×ÏÔÙ ÏÂÓÕÖÄÁÀÔÓÑ ×
      <xref linkend="quotas"/>.</para>

    <para>äÒÕÇÉÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÏ× ×ËÌÀÞÁÀÔ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÙ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ
      ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ CPU, ÐÁÍÑÔÉ É ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÌÑÔØÓÑ
      ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ.  ïÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÎÁËÌÁÄÙ×ÁÀÔÓÑ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ËÌÁÓÓÏ× ÕÞÅÔÎÙÈ
      ÚÁÐÉÓÅÊ É ÏÂÓÕÖÄÁÀÔÓÑ × ÜÔÏÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ.</para>

    <indexterm>
      <primary><filename>/etc/login.conf</filename></primary>
    </indexterm>
    <para>ëÌÁÓÓÙ ÕÞÅÔÎÙÈ ÚÁÐÉÓÅÊ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÀÔÓÑ ×
      <filename>/etc/login.conf</filename>, ÏÎÉ ÄÅÔÁÌØÎÏ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÙ ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ
      ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÉËÁ &man.login.conf.5;.  ëÁÖÄÏÊ ÕÞÅÔÎÏÊ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÐÒÉÓ×ÏÅÎ ËÌÁÓÓ
      (<literal>default</literal> ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ), É ËÁÖÄÏÍÕ ËÌÁÓÓÕ ÐÒÉÓ×ÏÅÎ
      ÎÁÂÏÒ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉË.  èÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉËÁ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔÓÑ × ×ÉÄÅ ÐÁÒÙ
      <literal>ÉÍÑ=ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ</literal>,
      ÇÄÅ <replaceable>ÉÍÑ</replaceable> ÜÔÏ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÊ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉËÁÔÏÒ,
      Á <replaceable>ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ</replaceable> ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÌØÎÁÑ ÓÔÒÏËÁ,
      ÏÂÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÅÍÁÑ × ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ <replaceable>ÉÍÅÎÉ</replaceable>.
      îÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁ ËÌÁÓÓÏ× É ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉË ÄÏ×ÏÌØÎÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÁ, É ÔÁËÖÅ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÁ ×
      &man.login.conf.5;.</para>

    <note>
      <para>&os;, ËÁË ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÏ, ÎÅ ÞÉÔÁÅÔ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ×
	<filename>/etc/login.conf</filename> ÎÅÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ,
	×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÏÎÁ ÏÂÒÁÝÁÅÔÓÑ Ë ÆÁÊÌÕ ÂÁÚÙ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ
	<filename>/etc/login.conf.db</filename> ÄÌÑ ÕÓËÏÒÅÎÉÑ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë ÄÁÎÎÙÍ.
	÷ÓÑËÉÊ ÒÁÚ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ <filename>/etc/login.conf</filename>
	ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÏÂÎÏ×ÉÔØ <filename>/etc/login.conf.db</filename> ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ
	ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cap_mkdb /etc/login.conf</userinput></screen>
    </note>

    <para>ïÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÙ ÏÔÌÉÞÁÀÔÓÑ ÏÔ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÈ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉË:
      ×Ï-ÐÅÒ×ÙÈ, ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ <quote>ÍÑÇËÏÅ</quote>
      (ÔÅËÕÝÅÅ) É <quote>ÖÅÓÔËÏÅ</quote> ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ.  íÑÇËÏÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ
      ÍÏÖÅÔ ÎÁÓÔÒÁÉ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ ÉÌÉ ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÅÍ, ÎÏ ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ
      ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÁÔØ ÖÅÓÔËÏÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ.  ðÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÕÍÅÎØÛÅÎÏ
      ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ, Á Õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÏ &mdash; ÌÉÛØ ÓÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ.  ÷Ï-×ÔÏÒÙÈ,
      ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÏ× ÎÁËÌÁÄÙ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÎÁ ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ
      ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, Á ÎÅ Ë ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ ×ÏÏÂÝÅ.  üÔÉ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÉÑ
      ÄÉËÔÕÀÔÓÑ ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔÑÍÉ ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÉ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ, Á ÎÅ ÒÅÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÅÊ
      ÓÔÒÕËÔÕÒÙ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉË ÕÞÅÔÎÙÈ ÚÁÐÉÓÅÊ.</para>

    <para>îÉÖÅ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÈ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ
      ÎÁ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÙ.  ïÓÔÁÌØÎÙÅ, ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉËÁÍÉ,
      ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ × &man.login.conf.5;.</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
	<term><literal>coredumpsize</literal></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>ïÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÎÁ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÄÁÍÐÁ
	    ÐÁÍÑÔÉ<indexterm><primary>coredumpsize</primary></indexterm>,
	    ÇÅÎÅÒÉÒÕÅÍÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ, ÐÏÄÞÉÎÑÀÝÅÅÓÑ ÄÒÕÇÉÍ
	    ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑÍ<indexterm><primary>ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ</primary><secondary>coredumpsize</secondary></indexterm>
	    ÎÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÅ
	    ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Ï, ÔÁËÉÍ ËÁË <literal>filesize</literal>, ÉÌÉ
	    ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÍ Ë×ÏÔÁÍ.  üÔÏ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ËÁË ÍÅÎÅÅ
	    ÓÔÒÏÇÉÊ ÍÅÔÏÄ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÌÅÎÉÑ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á.
	    ðÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÎÅ ÓÏÚÄÁÅÔ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÄÁÍÐÏ× ÐÁÍÑÔÉ
	    ÓÁÍÏÓÔÏÑÔÅÌØÎÏ, É ÚÁÞÁÓÔÕÀ ÎÅ ÕÄÁÌÑÅÔ ÉÈ, ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁ
	    ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÒÅÄÏÈÒÁÎÉÔØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ ÏÔ ×ÙÈÏÄÁ ÚÁ ÐÒÅÄÅÌÙ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ
	    ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Ï, × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÅÓÌÉ ÂÏÌØÛÁÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÓÏÚÄÁÓÔ
	    ÆÁÊÌ Á×ÁÒÉÊÎÏÇÏ ÄÁÍÐÁ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><literal>cputime</literal></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>üÔÏ ÍÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï
	    ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ<indexterm><primary>cputime</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ</primary><secondary>cputime</secondary></indexterm>
	    ãðõ, ÐÏÔÒÅÂÌÑÅÍÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ.  ðÒÅ×ÙÓÉ×ÛÉÅ ÜÔÏ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÙ
	    ÂÕÄÕÔ ÕÎÉÞÔÏÖÅÎÙ ÑÄÒÏÍ.</para>

	    <note>
	      <para>üÔÏ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÌÑÅÍÏÇÏ <emphasis>×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ</emphasis>
		ãðõ, Á ÎÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÎÔÏ× ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ãðõ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÀÔÓÑ
		× ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÐÏÌÑÈ &man.top.1; É &man.ps.1;.</para>
	    </note>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><literal>filesize</literal></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>üÔÏ ÍÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ
	    ÆÁÊÌÁ<indexterm><primary>filesize</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ</primary><secondary>filesize</secondary></indexterm>,
	    ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÌÁÄÅÔØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ.  ÷ ÏÔÌÉÞÉÅ ÏÔ
	    <link linkend="quotas">ÄÉÓËÏ×ÙÈ Ë×ÏÔ</link>, ÜÔÏ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ
	    ÐÒÉÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ Ë ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÙÍ ÆÁÊÌÁÍ, Á ÎÅ ËÏ ×ÓÅÍÕ ÎÁÂÏÒÕ ÐÒÉÎÁÄÌÅÖÁÝÉÈ
	    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ ÆÁÊÌÏ×.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><literal>maxproc</literal></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>üÔÏ ÍÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÏÅ ÞÉÓÌÏ
	    ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏ×<indexterm><primary>maxproc</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ</primary><secondary>maxproc</secondary></indexterm>,
	    ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÙ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ.  ÷ ÜÔÏ ÞÉÓÌÏ ×ËÌÀÞÁÀÔÓÑ
	    É ËÏÎÓÏÌØÎÙÅ, É ÆÏÎÏ×ÙÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÙ.  üÔÏ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ
	    ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÁÔØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÊ ÌÉÍÉÔ, ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÙÊ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÕÀ
	    &man.sysctl.8; <varname>kern.maxproc</varname>.  þÔÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ
	    ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÖÅÓÔËÉÈ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÔÁÔØ ÐÏÍÅÈÏÊ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ
	    ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ: ÚÁÞÁÓÔÕÀ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ ÕÄÏÂÎÏ ×ÈÏÄÉÔØ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ
	    Ó ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ ËÏÎÓÏÌÅÊ ÉÌÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ËÁÎÁÌÙ.  îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÚÁÄÁÞÉ,
	    ÔÁËÉÅ ËÁË ËÏÍÐÉÌÑÃÉÑ ÂÏÌØÛÏÊ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ, ÐÏÒÏÖÄÁÀÔ ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Ï
	    ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏ×.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><literal>memorylocked</literal></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>üÔÏ ÍÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÙÊ ÏÂßÅÍ
	    ÐÁÍÑÔÉ<indexterm><primary>memorylocked</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ</primary><secondary>memorylocked</secondary></indexterm>,
	    ÂÌÏËÉÒÏ×ËÁ ËÏÔÏÒÏÇÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÐÒÏÛÅÎÁ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÍ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ
	    &man.mlock.2;.  îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ËÒÉÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ×ÁÖÎÙÅ ÄÌÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ,
	    ÔÁËÉÅ ËÁË &man.amd.8;, ÂÌÏËÉÒÕÀÔ ÏÔ×ÅÄÅÎÎÕÀ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÕ ÐÁÍÑÔØ ÔÁË,
	    ÞÔÏ × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ <quote>ÐÒÏÂÕËÓÏ×Ù×ÁÎÉÑ</quote> ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ (system
	    thrashing) ÏÎÉ ÎÅ ÕÓÕÇÕÂÌÑÀÔ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÕ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><literal>memoryuse</literal></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>üÔÏ ÍÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÙÊ ÏÂßÅÍ
	    ÐÁÍÑÔÉ<indexterm><primary>memoryuse</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ</primary><secondary>memoryuse</secondary></indexterm>,
	    ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÎÑÔÁ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÍ × ÌÀÂÏÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ.  óÀÄÁ
	    ×ÈÏÄÉÔ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ÐÁÍÑÔØ É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÐÏÄËÁÞËÉ.  üÔÏ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ
	    ÎÅ ÓÎÉÍÁÅÔ ×ÓÅ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÙ, Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÙÅ Ó ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ, ÎÏ ÄÌÑ
	    ÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÜÔÏ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÝÅÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><literal>openfiles</literal></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>üÔÏ ÍÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ
	    ÏÔËÒÙÔÙ<indexterm><primary>openfiles</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ</primary><secondary>openfiles</secondary></indexterm>
	    ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁÍÉ.  ÷ &os; ÆÁÊÌÙ ÔÁËÖÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ
	    ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÓÏËÅÔÏ× É ËÁÎÁÌÏ× IPC, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÎÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÊÔÅ
	    ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÍÁÌÅÎØËÏÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ.  ïÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁ,
	    ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÍÏÅ ÄÌÑ ×ÓÅÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ
	    &man.sysctl.8; <varname>kern.maxfiles</varname>.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><literal>sbsize</literal></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>üÔÏ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÎÁ ÏÂßÅÍ ÓÅÔÅ×ÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ, Ô.Å.
	    mbufs<indexterm><primary>sbsize</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ</primary><secondary>sbsize</secondary></indexterm>,
	    ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÚÁÎÑÔØ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ.  ÷ ÏÂÝÅÍ, ÜÔÏ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ
	    ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÓÅÔÅ×ÙÈ ×ÚÁÉÍÏÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÊ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><literal>stacksize</literal></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>üÔÏ ÍÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÓÅÇÍÅÎÔÁ
	    ÓÔÅËÁ<indexterm><primary>stacksize</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ</primary><secondary>stacksize</secondary></indexterm>
	    ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ.  óÁÍ ÐÏ ÓÅÂÅ ÜÔÏÔ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉÔØ
	    ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÊ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ ÐÁÍÑÔÉ, ÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏ,
	    ÅÇÏ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑÍÉ.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <para>óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÔ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÁÓÐÅËÔÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÕÞÉÔÙ×ÁÔØ
      ÐÒÉ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÏ×.  îÉÖÅ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÙ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÏÂÝÉÅ
      ÐÏÄÓËÁÚËÉ, ÓÏ×ÅÔÙ É ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ËÏÍÍÅÎÔÁÒÉÉ.</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para>ðÒÏÃÅÓÓÁÍ, ÚÁÇÒÕÖÁÅÍÙÍ ÐÒÉ ÓÔÁÒÔÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ÓËÒÉÐÔÁÍÉ
	  <filename>/etc/rc</filename> ÐÒÉÓ×ÁÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ËÌÁÓÓ
	  <literal>daemon</literal>.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>èÏÔÑ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÍÙÊ Ó ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ <filename>/etc/login.conf</filename>
	  &mdash; ÜÔÏ ÈÏÒÏÛÉÊ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉË ËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÙÈ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÊ ÄÌÑ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Á
	  ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ, ÓÁÍÉ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÎÅ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÉÔØ ÄÌÑ ËÏÎËÒÅÔÎÏÊ
	  ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.  õÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÓÌÁÂÙÈ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ
	  ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏ×ÌÅÞØ ÚÌÏÕÐÏÔÒÅÂÌÅÎÉÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ, Á ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ
	  ÓÉÌØÎÙÈ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÔÁÔØ ÐÏÍÅÈÏÊ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>ðÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ <application>&xorg;</application> ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ
	  ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÏ×, ÞÅÍ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ.
	  <application>&xorg;</application> ÓÁÍÁ ÐÏ ÓÅÂÅ
	  ÐÏÔÒÅÂÌÑÅÔ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÏ×, Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÒÏ×ÏÃÉÒÕÅÔ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ
	  ÎÁ ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÊ ÚÁÐÕÓË ÂÏÌØÛÅÇÏ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Á ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>íÎÏÇÉÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÑÀÔÓÑ Ë ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÙÍ
	  ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁÍ, Á ÎÅ Ë ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÀ ×ÏÏÂÝÅ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ
	  <varname>openfiles</varname> × 50 ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ËÁÖÄÙÊ
	  ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ, ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÎÙÊ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ, ÍÏÖÅÔ ÏÔËÒÙ×ÁÔØ ÄÏ 50
	  ÆÁÊÌÏ×.  ïÂÝÅÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ
	  ÂÙÔØ ÏÔËÒÙÔÙ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÍ, ×ÙÞÉÓÌÑÅÔÓÑ ËÁË
	  <literal>openfiles</literal>, ÕÍÎÏÖÅÎÎÏÅ ÎÁ
	  <literal>maxproc</literal>.  üÔÏ ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÉÍÏ Ë ÐÏÔÒÅÂÌÑÅÍÏÊ
	  ÐÁÍÑÔÉ.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>úÁ ÄÁÌØÎÅÊÛÅÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ ÐÏ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑÍ ÎÁ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÙ, ËÌÁÓÓÁÍ
      ÕÞÅÔÎÙÈ ÚÁÐÉÓÅÊ É ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉËÁÍ, ÏÂÒÁÝÁÊÔÅÓØ Ë &man.cap.mkdb.1;,
      &man.getrlimit.2;, É &man.login.conf.5;.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 xml:id="users-groups">
    <title>çÒÕÐÐÙ</title>

    <indexterm><primary>ÇÒÕÐÐÙ</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm>
      <primary><filename>/etc/groups</filename></primary>
    </indexterm>
    <indexterm>
      <primary>ÕÞÅÔÎÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ</primary>
      <secondary>ÇÒÕÐÐÙ</secondary>
    </indexterm>
    <para>çÒÕÐÐÁ ÜÔÏ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ.  çÒÕÐÐÁ ÉÄÅÎÔÉÆÉÃÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ÐÏ ÉÍÅÎÉ É
      <acronym>GID</acronym> (Group ID).  ÷ &os; ÄÌÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÁ× ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ
      ÑÄÒÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ <acronym>UID</acronym> ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ, Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÇÒÕÐÐ,
      ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÏÎ ÐÒÉÎÁÄÌÅÖÉÔ.  ÷ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Å ÓÌÕÞÁÅ×, <acronym>GID</acronym>
      ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ ÐÅÒ×ÕÀ ÇÒÕÐÐÕ ÉÚ ÓÐÉÓËÁ.</para>

    <para>éÍÅÎÁ ÇÒÕÐÐ Ó×ÑÚÙ×ÁÀÔÓÑ Ó <acronym>GID</acronym> × ÆÁÊÌÅ
      <filename>/etc/group</filename>.  üÔÏ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ Ó ÞÅÔÙÒØÍÑ
      ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÍÉ Ä×ÏÅÔÏÞÉÅÍ ÐÏÌÑÍÉ.  ðÅÒ×ÏÅ ÐÏÌÅ ÜÔÏ ÉÍÑ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ, ×ÔÏÒÏÅ ÜÔÏ
      ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ÐÁÒÏÌØ, ÔÒÅÔØÅ ÜÔÏ <acronym>GID</acronym>, Á ÞÅÔ×ÅÒÔÏÅ
      ÜÔÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÊ ÚÁÐÑÔÙÍÉ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÞÌÅÎÏ× ÇÒÕÐÐÙ.  úÁ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÌÎÙÍ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅÍ
      ÓÉÎÔÁËÓÉÓÁ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë &man.group.5;.</para>

    <para>óÕÐÅÒÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ <filename>/etc/group</filename>
      ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÏÇÏ ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÁ.  ëÁË ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔ, ÍÏÖÎÏ ÚÁÄÅÊÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ
      &man.pw.8; ÄÌÑ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ É ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÇÒÕÐÐ.  îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÄÌÑ
      ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ, ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÏÊ <systemitem
      class="groupname">teamtwo</systemitem>, É ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÉ ÅÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×Ï×ÁÎÉÑ
      ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ:</para>

    <example>
      <title>äÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ Ó ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ &man.pw.8;</title>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pw groupadd teamtwo</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>pw groupshow teamtwo</userinput>
teamtwo:*:1100:</screen>
    </example>

    <para>÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ ÞÉÓÌÏ <literal>1100</literal> ÜÔÏ
      <acronym>GID</acronym> ÇÒÕÐÐÙ <systemitem
      class="groupname">teamtwo</systemitem>.  îÁ ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ×
      <systemitem class="groupname">teamtwo</systemitem> ÎÅÔ ÞÌÅÎÏ×.  óÌÅÄÕÀÝÁÑ
      ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔ <systemitem class="username">jru</systemitem> × ÇÒÕÐÐÕ
      <systemitem class="groupname">teamtwo</systemitem>.</para>

    <example>
      <title>äÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ × ÎÏ×ÕÀ ÇÒÕÐÐÕ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ
	&man.pw.8;</title>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pw groupmod teamtwo -M jru</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>pw groupshow teamtwo</userinput>
teamtwo:*:1100:jru</screen>
    </example>

    <para>áÒÇÕÍÅÎÔ Ë ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÕ <option>-M</option> ÜÔÏ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÊ
      ÚÁÐÑÔÙÍÉ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ × ÎÏ×ÕÀ (ÐÕÓÔÕÀ)
      ÇÒÕÐÐÕ ÉÌÉ ÚÁÍÅÎÑÀÔ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÈ ÞÌÅÎÏ× ÇÒÕÐÐÙ.  þÔÏ ËÁÓÁÅÔÓÑ
      ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ &mdash; ÜÔÏ ÞÌÅÎÓÔ×Ï × ÇÒÕÐÐÅ ÏÔÌÉÞÁÅÔÓÑ ÏÔ ÐÅÒ×ÉÞÎÏÊ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ
      ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ, ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÏÇÏ × ÆÁÊÌÅ ÐÁÒÏÌÅÊ.  üÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÉÔ, ÞÔÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ
      ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÏËÁÚÁÎ ËÁË ÞÌÅÎ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ ÐÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ &man.pw.8;
      <option>groupshow</option>, ÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÅÎ ÐÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ
      &man.id.1; ÉÌÉ ÐÏÈÏÖÅÇÏ ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔÁ.  ëÏÇÄÁ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ &man.pw.8;
      ÚÁÄÅÊÓÔ×Ï×ÁÎÁ ÄÌÑ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ × ÇÒÕÐÐÕ, ÔÏ ÏÎÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ
      ÔÏÌØËÏ Ó ÆÁÊÌÏÍ <filename>/etc/group</filename> É ÎÅ ÉÝÅÔ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÕÀ
      ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ × ÆÁÊÌÅ <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>.</para>

    <example>
      <title>äÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÞÌÅÎÁ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ Ó ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ &man.pw.8;</title>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pw groupmod teamtwo -m db</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>pw groupshow teamtwo</userinput>
teamtwo:*:1100:jru,db</screen>
    </example>

    <para>÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÏÍ Ë ÏÐÃÉÉ <option>-m</option> Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
      ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÊ ÚÁÐÑÔÙÍÉ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ, ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÑÅÍÙÈ × ÇÒÕÐÐÕ.  ÷
      ÏÔÌÉÞÉÅ ÏÔ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÅÇÏ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÁ, ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ × ÇÒÕÐÐÕ, Á ÎÅ
      ÚÁÍÅÝÁÀÔ ÉÍÅÀÝÉÊÓÑ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ.</para>

    <example>
      <title>éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ &man.id.1; ÄÌÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÉÎÁÄÌÅÖÎÏÓÔÉ Ë
	ÇÒÕÐÐÁÍ</title>

      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>id jru</userinput>
uid=1001(jru) gid=1001(jru) groups=1001(jru), 1100(teamtwo)</screen>
    </example>

    <para>÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ <systemitem class="username">jru</systemitem> Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
      ÞÌÅÎÏÍ ÇÒÕÐÐ <systemitem class="groupname">jru</systemitem> É
      <systemitem class="groupname">teamtwo</systemitem>.</para>

    <para>úÁ ÄÁÌØÎÅÊÛÅÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ ÏÂ ÜÔÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ É Ï ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ ÆÁÊÌÁ
      <filename>/etc/group</filename> ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë &man.pw.8; É
      &man.group.5;.</para>
  </sect1>
</chapter>