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<!-- $Id: misc.sgml,v 1.3 1999-02-16 14:20:18 vanilla Exp $ -->
<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
<!-- Translate into Chinese by zmx@mail.CDPA.nsysu.edu.tw -->
<!-- English Version: 1.8 -->
<sect>
<heading>¨ä¥¦¦U¦¡¦U¼Ëªº°ÝÃD<label id="misc"></heading>
<sect1>
<heading>
¬°¬Æ»ò FreeBSD ¥Îªº swap ªÅ¶¡¤ñ Linux ¦h?
</heading>
<p>¤£¬O³o¼Ëªº. ¦pªG§Aªº·N«ä¬O: ``¬°¬Æ»ò§Úªº swap ¬Ý°_¨Óº¡¤F?''
¨º¬O¦]¬°§âªF¦è©ñ¦b swap ¸Ì«á®³¦^¨Óªº³t«×·|¤ñ pager ¸g¥ÑÀɮרt
²Î®³¦^(¥¼×§ï)ªº°õ¦æ½X§Ö.
<p>¨Æ¹ê¤W, °O¾ÐÅ餤 dirty pages ªº¶q¨Ã¥¼´î¤Ö; clean pages «h¦b»Ý
nªº®ÉÔ²¾¨«.
<sect1>
<heading>
¬°¬Æ»òn¥Î(¬Æ»ò¬O) a.out ©M ELF °õ¦æÀɮ榡?
</heading>
<p>n¤F¸Ñ¬°¬Æ»ò FreeBSD ¨Ï¥Î <tt>a.out</tt> ®æ¦¡, º¥ý§Anª¾¹D¤@¨Ç
¥Ø«e Unix ¤¤¨Ï¥Î³Ì¼sªxªº¤TºØ®æ¦¡:
<itemize>
<item><htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?a.out(5)"
name="a.out">
<p>³Ì¦©M`¥j¨å'ªº unix ¥ØªºÀɮ榡. ¨Ï¥Î¤@ºØµu¦Óºò±KªºÀÉÀY,
¦ñÀH¤@Ó³q±`¥Î¨Ó¿ë»{®æ¦¡ªºÅ]³N¼Æ¦r(°Ñ¦Ò
<htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?a.out(5)"
name="a.out(5)"> ¦³§ó¦h²Ó¸`). ¨ã¦³¤TÓ¸`°Ï: .text, .data, ©M .bss
¥[¤W¤@ӲŸ¹ªí©M¦r¦êªí.
<item><bf>COFF</bf>
<p>SVR3 ¥ØªºÀɮ榡. ÀÉÀY¥]§t¤F¤@Ó¸`°Ïªí, ©Ò¥H¥i¥H¨ã³Æ¤ñ
.text, .data, .bss ÁÙ¦hªº¸`°Ï.</item>
<item><bf>ELF</bf>
<p><tt/COFF/ ªº«áÄ~ªÌ, ¨ã¦³¦hÓ¸`°Ï¥H¤Î 32-bit ©Î 64-bit ªº
possible values. ¥Dnªº¯ÊÂI:<tt/ELF/ ¬O¦b¨CÓ¨t²Î¬[ºc¥u
·|¦³¤@ºØ ABI ªº°²³]¤U³]p¥X¨Óªº. ¨Æ¹ê¤W³oÓ°²³]¿ùªºÂ÷ÃÐ,
§Y¨Ï¬O°Ó·~ªº SYSV ¥@¬É, ¤]¦Ü¤Ö¦³ SVR4, Solaris, SCO ¤TºØ ABI.
<p>FreeBSD ÂǥѤ@Ó¤u¨ã, §âµ{¦¡»Ýn¨ººØ ABI ªº¸ê°T <em>¯O¦L</em>
¦b <tt/ELF/ °õ¦æÀɤW.
°Ñ¦Ò man page
<htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?brandelf"
name="brandelf"> ¨ú±o§ó¦h¸ê°T.
</itemize>
<p>FreeBSD ¨Ó¦Û "¥j¨å" °}Àç, ¶Ç²Î¤W³£¨Ï¥Î
<htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?a.out(5)"
name="a.out"> ®æ¦¡, ³o¬O¦b¦n´X¥Nªº BSD ¤¤ÃÒ©ú¥i¾aªºp³N.
ÁöµM¥i¥H¦b FreeBSD ¤W¥i¥H«Ø¥ß¥H¤Î°õ¦æì¥Íªº <tt/ELF/ °õ¦æÀÉ(
¥H¤Î®Ö¤ß), è¶}©l FreeBSD ¤Ï¹ïÂà´«¨ì¥H <tt/ELF/ °µ¬°¹w³]ªº
®æ¦¡. ¬°¬Æ»ò? ¶â. ·í Linux ¶}©lµhW¦aÂà´«¦Ü <tt/ELF/, ¨Ã«D¦]¬°
n°kÂ÷ <tt/a.out/ ®æ¦¡, ¦Ó¬O¦]¬°¥L̨S¦³¼u©Êªº, ¥H¸õÅDªí¬°°ò¦
ªº¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w¾÷¨î. ¨º¬O¤@ºØ«D±`Ãø¥H¨Ï¥Î, µo®iªÌ¤£³ßÅwªºªF¦è. ¬J
µM¤w¸g¦s¦bªº <tt/ELF/ ¤u¨ã´£¨Ñ¤F¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®wªº¸Ñ¨M¤è®×, ¦Ó¥B¬Ý¨Ó
¬O "«e½Ãªº¤èªk", ©Ò»Ýªº¥N»ù´N¥i±µ¨ü¦]¦ÓÂà´«.
<p>¦b FreeBSD ªºª¬ªp¤¤, §Ú̪º¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w¾÷¨î§ó±µªñ <tt>SunOS</tt> ªº
«¬¦¡, ¤]´N¬O, ©ö©ó¨Ï¥Î.
µM¦Ó, ±q 3.0 ¶}©l, FreeBSD ¥¿¦¡¤ä´© <tt/ELF/ ¬°¹w³]®æ¦¡. §Y¨Ï
<tt/a.out/ ®æ¦¡¤´µM«D±`¦n, §Ú̽sĶ¤u¨ãªº¼¶¼gªÌ, GNU ªº¦¨û,
¤w¤¤¤î¤F¹ï, <tt/a.out/ ®æ¦¡ªº¤ä´©. ³o¢¨Ï§Ú̺ûÅ@¥t¤@¥÷ª©¥»ªº
compiler ©M linker, ¤]¨Ï±o§Ṳ́£¯à±q³Ì·sªº GNU µo®i¦¨ªG¤¤Àò±o
¦n³B. ¦¹¥~¹ï ISO-C++ ªº»Ý¨D, ¤×¨ä¬O«ØºcªÌ©M¸ÑºcªÌ, ¤]±a°Ê¥¼¨Ó
ª©¥»¤¤¹ï <tt/ELF/ ªºì¥Í¤ä´©.
<sect1>
<heading>¦n§a, ¦ý¬°¬Æ»ò·|¦³³o»ò¦hºØ¤£¦Pªº®æ¦¡?</heading>
<p>¦b¶Â·tªº¹L¥h, ¥u¦³Â²³æªºµwÅé. ²³æªºµwÅé¤ä´©¤p«¬¡B²³æªº¨t²Î.
a.out ¦b²³æªº¨t²Î¤W³Ó¥ô´r§Ö (PDP-11). ·í unix ²¾´Ó¨ì¨ä¥L¥¥x®É,
a.out «O¯d¤F¤U¨Ó, ¦]¬°¹ï¦´Áªº Motorola 68K, VAX ¤§Ãþªº¬[ºc¤w¸g
°÷¥Î¤F.
<p>µM«á¦³¨ÇµwÅé¤uµ{®vı±oÅý³nÅé¦h°µÂI¨Æ, ¨º CPU ªº¹q´¹Åé´N¯à¤Ö
¤@ÂI¦Ó¶]ªº§ó§Ö. n¦b³oºØ·s¦¡µwÅé¤W¤u§@(²{¦bºÙ¬°RISC), <tt/a.out/ ´N
¤£¾A¦X¤F, ©Ò¥H»Ý¦hªº®æ¦¡´Nµo®i¥X¨Ó¥H´£¨Ñ¤ñ¨ü¡B²³æªº<tt/a.out/ §ó
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³£¦³¨îª½¨ì <tt/ELF/.
<p>¦¹¥~, ·íµ{¦¡¶V¨Ó¶V¤j¨àºÏºÐ(¥H¤Î¥D°O¾ÐÅé)¬Û¹ï¨Ó»¡¸û¤p®É, ¦@¨É
µ{¦¡®wªº·§©À´Nµo®i¥X¨Ó¤F. µêÀÀ°O¾ÐÅé¨t²Î¤]Åܱo¶V¨Ó¶Vºë¥©. ·í¨C¤@
ºØ¶i¨B³£¦b <tt/a.out/ ¤W§¹¦¨®É, ¥¦ªº¥i¥Î©Ê¤]¶V¨Ó¶V§C. ¥t¥~, ¤HÌ
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Åé. µ{¦¡»y¨¥¤]Åܱo§óºë¥©¦Ó¥B¤HÌ·Qn¦b¦b main ¤§«e°õ¦æ§Oªºµ{¦¡½X
. ³\¦hÁcÂøªº§Þ¥©¥Î¦b <tt/a.out/ ¤W¥H¸Ñ¨M³o¨Ç°ÝÃD. <tt/a.out/ n
¸Ñ¨M³o¨Ç°ÝÃD»Ýn¶V¨Ó¶V¦hÃB¥~ªºt¾á©M½ÆÂø«×. ·í <tt/ELF/ »´©öªº¸Ñ
¨M³o¨Ç°ÝÃD, ±q°ò¥»¤W¥i¥H¤u§@ªº¨t²ÎÂà´««o«ÜµhW. ©Ò¥H<tt/ELF/ n
µ¥¨ìºûÅ@ <tt/a.out/ ¤ñÂà´«¨ì <tt/ELF/ ÁÙµhW.
<p>µM¦Ó, ÀHµÛ®É¶¡¹L¥h, FreeBSD ªº build tools §Î¦¨¤F¥¦æªº¨â¤ä
(¤×¨ä¬O²ÕĶ¾¹©M loader). FreeBSD ³o¤ä¥[¶i¤F¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w¥H¤Î×¥¿
¤F¤@¨Ç¿ù»~. GNU ì¨Ó¼¶¼g³o¨Çµ{¦¡ªº¤H«h«¼g¤F³o¨Çµ{¦¡, ¨Ã¥[¤J¤F
¹ï©ó¸ó¥¥x½sĶ, ¤£¦P®æ¦¡¼Ò²Õ¤§ÃþªºªF¦è§ó²³æªº¤ä´©. ³\¦h¤H·Qn
°µ¥X¥H FreeBSD ¬°¥Øªº¥¥xªº¸ó¥¥x½sĶ¾¹, ¤£©¯ªº¬O FreeBSD ªº as
©M ld ¤£¯à°µ³o¶µ¤u§@. ·sªº GNU ¤u¨ã(binutils) ¥[¤J¤F¸ó¥¥x½sĶ¡B
<tt/ELF/¡B¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w¡BC++ ÂX¥R, µ¥µ¥. ¦¹¥~, ³\¦h¼t°Ó¥H <tt/ELF/ ®æ
¦¡µo¦æ²£«~, ¦Ó¯à°÷¦b FreeBSD ¤W¶]ªº¸Ü·íµM«Ü¦n. ¦Ó¥B¦pªG¯à¶] <tt/ELF/
®æ¦¡ªº°õ¦æÀÉ, ¬°¬Æ»òÁÙn²z <tt/a.out/ ? ¨e¬O¤@¤Ç¤S²Ö¤S¦Ñªº°¨, ¹L
¥h«D±`¦³¥Î, ¦ý¬O®É«áÅý¨e°h¥ð¤F.
<p><tt/ELF/ ¤ñ a.out §óÀ³¦³ªí¹F¤O(expressive?)¦Ó¥B¨ã¦³§ó¦hªº
ÂX¥R©Ê. <tt/ELF/ ¤u¨ãºûÅ@ªº¤ñ¸û¦n, ¦Ó¥B´£¨Ñ¸ó¥¥x½sĶªº¤ä´©,
³o¹ï³\¦h¤H¨Ó»¡¬O«Ü«nªº. <tt/ELF/ ¥i¯à¤ñ a.out ºC¤@ÂI, ¦ý®t²§
«D±`Ãø´ú¶q¥X¨Ó. ³o¨âªÌ¤§¶¡ÁÙ¦³³\¦h²Ó¸`¤Wªº¤£¦P, ¨Ò¦p¤À¶ªº¹ïÀ³
¤è¦¡, ªì©l¤Æµ{¦¡½Xªº§@ªkµ¥µ¥. ³o¨Ç¨Ã¤£¬O«Ü«n, ¦ý´N¬O¤£¦P. ¦b
¥H«á GENERIC ®Ö¤ß¤£·|¤ä´D <tt/a.out/ , ·í¤£¦b¦³°õ¦æ¶Ç²Î <tt/a.out/
µ{¦¡ªº»Ýn®É, ·|±q®Ö¤ß²¾°£.
<sect1>
<heading>¬°¬Æ»ò chmod ¤£·|§ïÅܲŸ¹³sµ²(symlink)ªº¦s¨úÅv?</heading>
<p>§A¥²¶·§â ``<tt/-H/'' ©Î¬O ``<tt/-L/'' »P ``<tt/-R/'' ¿ï¶µ¤@°_¨Ï¥Î.
°Ñ¦Ò<htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?chmod"
name="chmod">
¤Î<htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?symlink"
name="symlink"> man pages ¥H¨ú±o§ó¦h¸ê°T.
<p><bf/ĵ§i/ ``<tt/-R/'' ¿ï¶µ·|Åý <tt/chmod/ °µ<bf/»¼°j/. «ü©w¥Ø¿ý
©Î¬O³sµ²¨ì¥Ø¿ýªº symlink ®Én¤p¤ß. ¦pªG§An§ïÅܤ@ӲŸ¹³sµ²°Ñ¦Ò¨ì
ªº¥Ø¿ýªº¦s¨úÅv, ¨Ï¥Î <htmlurl
url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?chmod" name="chmod"> ¥B¤£n
¥[¥ô¦ó¿ï¶µ, ¨Ã¥B¦b symlink ªºµ²§À¥[¤W±×½u(``<tt>/</tt>''). Á|¨Ò¨Ó»¡
, ¦pªG ``<tt/foo/'' ³sµ²¨ì ``<tt/bar/'', ¦Ó§An§ó§ï ``<tt/foo/'' ªº
Åv (¨Æ¹ê¤W¬O ``<tt/bar/''), ¨º´N¥Î:
<verb>
chmod 555 foo/
</verb>
<p>¨Ì·Óµ²§Àªº±×½u, <htmlurl
url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?chmod" name="chmod"> ·|
¸g¹L³sµ² ``<tt/foo/'', ¦Ó§ïÅÜ ``<tt/bar/'' ¥Ø¿ýªºÅv.
<sect1>
<heading>
¬°¬Æ»ò±b¸¹ <bf/¤´µM/ ¨î¬°¤KÓ¦r¤¸?
</heading>
<p>§A·|»{¬°×§ï <bf/UT_NAMESIZE/ µM«á««Ø¨t²Î¬O«Ü²³æªº¨Æ±¡, ¦Ó¥B
¨C¥ó¨Æ³£¥i¥H¹B°µ¦a«Ü¦n. ¤£¨¯ªº¬O¦³³\¦hªºµ{¦¡©M¤u¨ã(¥]§t¨t²Î¤u¨ã)
§â¼Æ¦r¼g¦º¦bµ{¦¡¸Ì(¨Ã«DÁ`¬O 8 ©Î 9, ¦³®É¬O¥j©Çªº¦p 15 ©M 20).
³o¤£¥u·|§â§Aªº°O¿ýÀɧËÃa(¨Ó¦Û©óÅܰʪø«×©M©T©wªø«×°O¿ýªº®t²§), ¤]
·|¯}Ãa Sun ªº NIS «È¤áºÝªº¹B°µ, ©M¨ä¥¦ UNIX ¨t²Îªº¤¬¬Û¼vÅT¤]¥i¯à
¦³¼ç¦bªº°ÝÃD.
<p>¦b FreeBSD 3.0 ¥H¤Î¤§«áªºª©¥», ±b¸¹ªº³Ì¤jªø«×¼W¥[¨ì16Ó¦r¤¸,
¦Ó¨º¨Ç¼g¦ºªø«×ªºµ{¦¡¤]§ä¥X¨Ó×¥¿. ¼vÅT¨ì¨t²Î¦p¦¹¦h³¡¥÷¥¿¬Oª½¨ì
3.0 ¤~°µ×§ïªºì¦].</p>
<p>¦pªG§A¦³¦Û«H¦b¥X°ÝÃDªº®É«á¯à¦Û¦æ¸Ñ¨M, §A¥i¥H¥Î¤U±ªº¤èªkÅý¸û¦ªº
ª©¥»¤ä´©¸ûªøªº±b¸¹. קï /usr/include/utmp.h ¤¤ªº UT_NAMESIZE. §A¤]
¥²¶·§â /usr/include/sys/param.h ¤¤ªº MAXLOGNAME §ï¦¨¸ò UT_NAMESIZE
¬Û²Å. ³Ì«á, ¦pªG§A¬O±qì©lµ{¦¡«Ø¥ß¨t²Î, §O§Ñ¤F /usr/include ¨C¦¸³£
·|§ó·s! קï /usr/src/.. ¤¤¾A·íªºÀÉ®×. </p>
<sect1>
<heading>§Ú¯à¦b FreeBSD ¤U¶] DOS µ{¦¡¶Ü?</heading>
<p>¬Oªº, ±q 3.0 ª©¶}©l¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¤w¸g¾ã¦X¨Ã¥[±jªº BSDI <tt/rundos/
DOS ¼ÒÀÀ¾¹. ¦pªG§A³Ì³oÓªF¦è¦³¿³½ì, °e«Ê«H¨ì
<url url="mailto:freebsd-emulation@freebsd.org"
name="The FreeBSD emulation discussion list">
<p>¹ï 3.0 ¤§«eªº¨t²Î, ¦b port ¤¤¦³¤@Ó·¥¨Îªº¤u¨ãµ{¦¡
<htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/ports.cgi?^pcemu" name="pcemu">
¥i¥H¼ÒÀÀ 8088 ©M¨¬°÷ªº BIOS ªA°È¥H°õ¦æ DOS ¤å¦r¼Ò¦¡µ{¦¡. ¥¦¶·n X Window
System (¥Ñ XFree86 ´£¨Ñ).
<sect1>
<heading>
¬Æ»ò¬O ``<tt/sup/'', ¦p¦ó¨Ï¥Î?
</heading>
<p><htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/ports.cgi?^sup" name="SUP">
·N«ä¬O Software Update Protocol, ¥Ñ CMU µo®i¥Hºû«ùµo®iªº¦P¨B.
§Ú̧Q¥Î¥L¨Ó«O«ù»·ºÝªº¯¸¥x©Mì©l¯¸¥x¦P¨B.
<p>SUP ¹ïÀW¼eªº¨Ï¥Î¤£¤Íµ½, ¦Ó¥B¤w©ñ±ó¤F. ¥Ø«e«Øijºû«ùì©l½X§ó·sªº¤èªk¬O
<url url="../handbook/cvsup.html" name="Handbook entry on CVSup">
<sect1>
<heading>How cool is FreeBSD?</heading>
<p>°Ý: ¦³¤H°µ¹L FreeBSD °õ¦æ®Éªº·Å«×´ú¸Õ¶Ü? §Úª¾¹D Linux ¤ñ DOS ²D,
¦ý¨SÅ¥¤H´£¹L FreeBSD. ¦ü¥G«Ü¼ö.
<p>A. No, but we have done numerous taste tests on blindfolded
volunteers who have also had 250 micrograms of LSD-25
administered beforehand. 35% of the volunteers said that FreeBSD
tasted sort of orange, whereas Linux tasted like purple haze.
Neither group mentioned any particular variances in temperature
that I can remember. We eventually had to throw the results of
this survey out entirely anyway when we found that too many
volunteers were wandering out of the room during the tests, thus
skewing the results. I think most of the volunteers are at Apple
now, working on their new ``scratch and sniff'' GUI. It's a
funny old business we're in!
<p>¤£¶}ª±¯º¤F, FreeBSD ©M Linux ³£¨Ï¥Î ``<tt/HLT/'' (halt) «ü¥O
¥H¦b¨t²Î¶¢¸m®É°§C¹q¤Oªº¨Ï¥Î¤]´î¤Ö¤F¼öªº²£¥Í. ¦pªG¦³³]©w APM
(automatic power management), FreeBSD ¤]¥i¥HÅý CPU ¶i¤J§C¹q¤O
¼Ò¦¡.
<sect1>
<heading>½Ö¦b§Úªº°O¾ÐÅé´¡¼Ñ¤¤¨F¨F§@ÅT??</heading>
<p>°Ý: FreeBSD ½sĶ®Ö¤ß®É¦³°µ¬Æ»ò "©_¯S" ªº¨ÆÅý°O¾ÐÅé¨F¨F§@ÅT¶Ü?
·í½sĶ®É(ÁÙ¦³¶}¾÷®É½T»{³nºÐ«áªºµu¼È®É¶¡), ¤]ºØ¦ü¥G¨Ó¦Û°O¾ÐÅé´¡¼Ñ
ªº©_©ÇÁnµ.
<p>µª; ¬Oªº! ¦b BSD ªº¤å¥ó¤¤§A·|±`±`¬Ý¨ì ``I«áÆF'', ¤j³¡¥÷ªº¤H
³£¤£ª¾¹D¨º¬O¤@ºØ¹ê»Ú¦s¦bªººë¯«Åé --- ´x±±µÛ§Aªº¹q¸£. §AÅ¥¨ìªºÁnµ
¬O³o¨ÇI«áÆF¥H°ªµ¤fï¦b·¾³q«ç¼Ë°µ³\¦hªº¨t²ÎºÞ²z¤u§@.
<p>¦pªG³o¨ÇÁnµ«Ü§xÂZ§A, ¨Ó¦Û DOS ªº ``<tt>fdisk /mbr</tt>'' ´N
¯àÂ\²æ, ¦ý¦pªG¦³¬Û¤Ïªº®ÄªG¤]¤£nÅå³Y. ¨Æ¹ê¤W, ¦pªG¦b»ö¦¡¤¤Å¥¨ì
Bill Gates ®£©ÆªºÁnµ±q¤º«Øªº³â¥z¶Ç¨Ó, °¨¤W°k¦Ó¥B¤£n¦^ÀY!
±q BSD I«áÆF¤£¥¿Åªº¼vÅT¤¤¸Ñ©ñ, DOS ©M Windows I«áÆF³q±`³£¯à
«·s±±¨î¾ã¥x¾÷¾¹¨Ã¹ï§AªºÆF»î¶A©G. ¦pªG¦³¿ï¾Ü, §Ú·Q§Ú¹çÄ@²ßºD©_
©ÇªºÁnµ.
<sect1>
<heading>MFC ¬O¬Æ»ò·N«ä?</heading>
<p>MFC ¬O 'Merged From -CURRENT' ªºÁY¼g. ¨Ï¥Î¦b CVS °O¿ý¤¤¥H
ªí¥Ü±q CURRENT ¤¤¾ã¦X¶i STABLE ¤À¤äªº§ïÅÜ.
</sect>
|
