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# NAME
bc - arbitrary-precision decimal arithmetic language and calculator
# SYNOPSIS
**bc** [**-ghilPqsvVw**] [**--global-stacks**] [**--help**] [**--interactive**] [**--mathlib**] [**--no-prompt**] [**--quiet**] [**--standard**] [**--warn**] [**--version**] [**-e** *expr*] [**--expression**=*expr*...] [**-f** *file*...] [**-file**=*file*...]
[*file*...]
# DESCRIPTION
bc(1) is an interactive processor for a language first standardized in 1991 by
POSIX. (The current standard is [here][1].) The language provides unlimited
precision decimal arithmetic and is somewhat C-like, but there are differences.
Such differences will be noted in this document.
After parsing and handling options, this bc(1) reads any files given on the
command line and executes them before reading from **stdin**.
This bc(1) is a drop-in replacement for *any* bc(1), including (and
especially) the GNU bc(1). It also has many extensions and extra features beyond
other implementations.
# OPTIONS
The following are the options that bc(1) accepts.
**-g**, **--global-stacks**
: Turns the globals **ibase**, **obase**, **scale**, and **seed** into stacks.
This has the effect that a copy of the current value of all four are pushed
onto a stack for every function call, as well as popped when every function
returns. This means that functions can assign to any and all of those
globals without worrying that the change will affect other functions.
Thus, a hypothetical function named **output(x,b)** that simply printed
**x** in base **b** could be written like this:
define void output(x, b) {
obase=b
x
}
instead of like this:
define void output(x, b) {
auto c
c=obase
obase=b
x
obase=c
}
This makes writing functions much easier.
(**Note**: the function **output(x,b)** exists in the extended math library.
See the **LIBRARY** section.)
However, since using this flag means that functions cannot set **ibase**,
**obase**, **scale**, or **seed** globally, functions that are made to do so
cannot work anymore. There are two possible use cases for that, and each has
a solution.
First, if a function is called on startup to turn bc(1) into a number
converter, it is possible to replace that capability with various shell
aliases. Examples:
alias d2o="bc -e ibase=A -e obase=8"
alias h2b="bc -e ibase=G -e obase=2"
Second, if the purpose of a function is to set **ibase**, **obase**,
**scale**, or **seed** globally for any other purpose, it could be split
into one to four functions (based on how many globals it sets) and each of
those functions could return the desired value for a global.
For functions that set **seed**, the value assigned to **seed** is not
propagated to parent functions. This means that the sequence of
pseudo-random numbers that they see will not be the same sequence of
pseudo-random numbers that any parent sees. This is only the case once
**seed** has been set.
If a function desires to not affect the sequence of pseudo-random numbers
of its parents, but wants to use the same **seed**, it can use the following
line:
seed = seed
If the behavior of this option is desired for every run of bc(1), then users
could make sure to define **BC_ENV_ARGS** and include this option (see the
**ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES** section for more details).
If **-s**, **-w**, or any equivalents are used, this option is ignored.
This is a **non-portable extension**.
**-h**, **--help**
: Prints a usage message and quits.
**-i**, **--interactive**
: Forces interactive mode. (See the **INTERACTIVE MODE** section.)
This is a **non-portable extension**.
**-l**, **--mathlib**
: Sets **scale** (see the **SYNTAX** section) to **20** and loads the included
math library and the extended math library before running any code,
including any expressions or files specified on the command line.
To learn what is in the libraries, see the **LIBRARY** section.
**-P**, **--no-prompt**
: This option is a no-op.
This is a **non-portable extension**.
**-q**, **--quiet**
: This option is for compatibility with the [GNU bc(1)][2]; it is a no-op.
Without this option, GNU bc(1) prints a copyright header. This bc(1) only
prints the copyright header if one or more of the **-v**, **-V**, or
**--version** options are given.
This is a **non-portable extension**.
**-s**, **--standard**
: Process exactly the language defined by the [standard][1] and error if any
extensions are used.
This is a **non-portable extension**.
**-v**, **-V**, **--version**
: Print the version information (copyright header) and exit.
This is a **non-portable extension**.
**-w**, **--warn**
: Like **-s** and **--standard**, except that warnings (and not errors) are
printed for non-standard extensions and execution continues normally.
This is a **non-portable extension**.
**-e** *expr*, **--expression**=*expr*
: Evaluates *expr*. If multiple expressions are given, they are evaluated in
order. If files are given as well (see below), the expressions and files are
evaluated in the order given. This means that if a file is given before an
expression, the file is read in and evaluated first.
If this option is given on the command-line (i.e., not in **BC_ENV_ARGS**,
see the **ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES** section), then after processing all
expressions and files, bc(1) will exit, unless **-** (**stdin**) was given
as an argument at least once to **-f** or **--file**, whether on the
command-line or in **BC_ENV_ARGS**. However, if any other **-e**,
**--expression**, **-f**, or **--file** arguments are given after **-f-** or
equivalent is given, bc(1) will give a fatal error and exit.
This is a **non-portable extension**.
**-f** *file*, **--file**=*file*
: Reads in *file* and evaluates it, line by line, as though it were read
through **stdin**. If expressions are also given (see above), the
expressions are evaluated in the order given.
If this option is given on the command-line (i.e., not in **BC_ENV_ARGS**,
see the **ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES** section), then after processing all
expressions and files, bc(1) will exit, unless **-** (**stdin**) was given
as an argument at least once to **-f** or **--file**. However, if any other
**-e**, **--expression**, **-f**, or **--file** arguments are given after
**-f-** or equivalent is given, bc(1) will give a fatal error and exit.
This is a **non-portable extension**.
All long options are **non-portable extensions**.
# STDOUT
Any non-error output is written to **stdout**. In addition, if history (see the
**HISTORY** section) and the prompt (see the **TTY MODE** section) are enabled,
both are output to **stdout**.
**Note**: Unlike other bc(1) implementations, this bc(1) will issue a fatal
error (see the **EXIT STATUS** section) if it cannot write to **stdout**, so if
**stdout** is closed, as in **bc <file> >&-**, it will quit with an error. This
is done so that bc(1) can report problems when **stdout** is redirected to a
file.
If there are scripts that depend on the behavior of other bc(1) implementations,
it is recommended that those scripts be changed to redirect **stdout** to
**/dev/null**.
# STDERR
Any error output is written to **stderr**.
**Note**: Unlike other bc(1) implementations, this bc(1) will issue a fatal
error (see the **EXIT STATUS** section) if it cannot write to **stderr**, so if
**stderr** is closed, as in **bc <file> 2>&-**, it will quit with an error. This
is done so that bc(1) can exit with an error code when **stderr** is redirected
to a file.
If there are scripts that depend on the behavior of other bc(1) implementations,
it is recommended that those scripts be changed to redirect **stderr** to
**/dev/null**.
# SYNTAX
The syntax for bc(1) programs is mostly C-like, with some differences. This
bc(1) follows the [POSIX standard][1], which is a much more thorough resource
for the language this bc(1) accepts. This section is meant to be a summary and a
listing of all the extensions to the standard.
In the sections below, **E** means expression, **S** means statement, and **I**
means identifier.
Identifiers (**I**) start with a lowercase letter and can be followed by any
number (up to **BC_NAME_MAX-1**) of lowercase letters (**a-z**), digits
(**0-9**), and underscores (**\_**). The regex is **\[a-z\]\[a-z0-9\_\]\***.
Identifiers with more than one character (letter) are a
**non-portable extension**.
**ibase** is a global variable determining how to interpret constant numbers. It
is the "input" base, or the number base used for interpreting input numbers.
**ibase** is initially **10**. If the **-s** (**--standard**) and **-w**
(**--warn**) flags were not given on the command line, the max allowable value
for **ibase** is **36**. Otherwise, it is **16**. The min allowable value for
**ibase** is **2**. The max allowable value for **ibase** can be queried in
bc(1) programs with the **maxibase()** built-in function.
**obase** is a global variable determining how to output results. It is the
"output" base, or the number base used for outputting numbers. **obase** is
initially **10**. The max allowable value for **obase** is **BC_BASE_MAX** and
can be queried in bc(1) programs with the **maxobase()** built-in function. The
min allowable value for **obase** is **0**. If **obase** is **0**, values are
output in scientific notation, and if **obase** is **1**, values are output in
engineering notation. Otherwise, values are output in the specified base.
Outputting in scientific and engineering notations are **non-portable
extensions**.
The *scale* of an expression is the number of digits in the result of the
expression right of the decimal point, and **scale** is a global variable that
sets the precision of any operations, with exceptions. **scale** is initially
**0**. **scale** cannot be negative. The max allowable value for **scale** is
**BC_SCALE_MAX** and can be queried in bc(1) programs with the **maxscale()**
built-in function.
bc(1) has both *global* variables and *local* variables. All *local*
variables are local to the function; they are parameters or are introduced in
the **auto** list of a function (see the **FUNCTIONS** section). If a variable
is accessed which is not a parameter or in the **auto** list, it is assumed to
be *global*. If a parent function has a *local* variable version of a variable
that a child function considers *global*, the value of that *global* variable in
the child function is the value of the variable in the parent function, not the
value of the actual *global* variable.
All of the above applies to arrays as well.
The value of a statement that is an expression (i.e., any of the named
expressions or operands) is printed unless the lowest precedence operator is an
assignment operator *and* the expression is notsurrounded by parentheses.
The value that is printed is also assigned to the special variable **last**. A
single dot (**.**) may also be used as a synonym for **last**. These are
**non-portable extensions**.
Either semicolons or newlines may separate statements.
## Comments
There are two kinds of comments:
1. Block comments are enclosed in **/\*** and **\*/**.
2. Line comments go from **#** until, and not including, the next newline. This
is a **non-portable extension**.
## Named Expressions
The following are named expressions in bc(1):
1. Variables: **I**
2. Array Elements: **I[E]**
3. **ibase**
4. **obase**
5. **scale**
6. **seed**
7. **last** or a single dot (**.**)
Numbers 6 and 7 are **non-portable extensions**.
The meaning of **seed** is dependent on the current pseudo-random number
generator but is guaranteed to not change except for new major versions.
The *scale* and sign of the value may be significant.
If a previously used **seed** value is assigned to **seed** and used again, the
pseudo-random number generator is guaranteed to produce the same sequence of
pseudo-random numbers as it did when the **seed** value was previously used.
The exact value assigned to **seed** is not guaranteed to be returned if
**seed** is queried again immediately. However, if **seed** *does* return a
different value, both values, when assigned to **seed**, are guaranteed to
produce the same sequence of pseudo-random numbers. This means that certain
values assigned to **seed** will *not* produce unique sequences of pseudo-random
numbers. The value of **seed** will change after any use of the **rand()** and
**irand(E)** operands (see the *Operands* subsection below), except if the
parameter passed to **irand(E)** is **0**, **1**, or negative.
There is no limit to the length (number of significant decimal digits) or
*scale* of the value that can be assigned to **seed**.
Variables and arrays do not interfere; users can have arrays named the same as
variables. This also applies to functions (see the **FUNCTIONS** section), so a
user can have a variable, array, and function that all have the same name, and
they will not shadow each other, whether inside of functions or not.
Named expressions are required as the operand of **increment**/**decrement**
operators and as the left side of **assignment** operators (see the *Operators*
subsection).
## Operands
The following are valid operands in bc(1):
1. Numbers (see the *Numbers* subsection below).
2. Array indices (**I[E]**).
3. **(E)**: The value of **E** (used to change precedence).
4. **sqrt(E)**: The square root of **E**. **E** must be non-negative.
5. **length(E)**: The number of significant decimal digits in **E**.
6. **length(I[])**: The number of elements in the array **I**. This is a
**non-portable extension**.
7. **scale(E)**: The *scale* of **E**.
8. **abs(E)**: The absolute value of **E**. This is a **non-portable
extension**.
9. **I()**, **I(E)**, **I(E, E)**, and so on, where **I** is an identifier for
a non-**void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section). The **E** argument(s) may also be arrays of the form
**I[]**, which will automatically be turned into array references (see the
*Array References* subsection of the **FUNCTIONS** section) if the
corresponding parameter in the function definition is an array reference.
10. **read()**: Reads a line from **stdin** and uses that as an expression. The
result of that expression is the result of the **read()** operand. This is a
**non-portable extension**.
11. **maxibase()**: The max allowable **ibase**. This is a **non-portable
extension**.
12. **maxobase()**: The max allowable **obase**. This is a **non-portable
extension**.
13. **maxscale()**: The max allowable **scale**. This is a **non-portable
extension**.
14. **rand()**: A pseudo-random integer between **0** (inclusive) and
**BC_RAND_MAX** (inclusive). Using this operand will change the value of
**seed**. This is a **non-portable extension**.
15. **irand(E)**: A pseudo-random integer between **0** (inclusive) and the
value of **E** (exclusive). If **E** is negative or is a non-integer
(**E**'s *scale* is not **0**), an error is raised, and bc(1) resets (see
the **RESET** section) while **seed** remains unchanged. If **E** is larger
than **BC_RAND_MAX**, the higher bound is honored by generating several
pseudo-random integers, multiplying them by appropriate powers of
**BC_RAND_MAX+1**, and adding them together. Thus, the size of integer that
can be generated with this operand is unbounded. Using this operand will
change the value of **seed**, unless the value of **E** is **0** or **1**.
In that case, **0** is returned, and **seed** is *not* changed. This is a
**non-portable extension**.
16. **maxrand()**: The max integer returned by **rand()**. This is a
**non-portable extension**.
The integers generated by **rand()** and **irand(E)** are guaranteed to be as
unbiased as possible, subject to the limitations of the pseudo-random number
generator.
**Note**: The values returned by the pseudo-random number generator with
**rand()** and **irand(E)** are guaranteed to *NOT* be cryptographically secure.
This is a consequence of using a seeded pseudo-random number generator. However,
they *are* guaranteed to be reproducible with identical **seed** values. This
means that the pseudo-random values from bc(1) should only be used where a
reproducible stream of pseudo-random numbers is *ESSENTIAL*. In any other case,
use a non-seeded pseudo-random number generator.
## Numbers
Numbers are strings made up of digits, uppercase letters, and at most **1**
period for a radix. Numbers can have up to **BC_NUM_MAX** digits. Uppercase
letters are equal to **9** + their position in the alphabet (i.e., **A** equals
**10**, or **9+1**). If a digit or letter makes no sense with the current value
of **ibase**, they are set to the value of the highest valid digit in **ibase**.
Single-character numbers (i.e., **A** alone) take the value that they would have
if they were valid digits, regardless of the value of **ibase**. This means that
**A** alone always equals decimal **10** and **Z** alone always equals decimal
**35**.
In addition, bc(1) accepts numbers in scientific notation. These have the form
**\<number\>e\<integer\>**. The exponent (the portion after the **e**) must be
an integer. An example is **1.89237e9**, which is equal to **1892370000**.
Negative exponents are also allowed, so **4.2890e-3** is equal to **0.0042890**.
Using scientific notation is an error or warning if the **-s** or **-w**,
respectively, command-line options (or equivalents) are given.
**WARNING**: Both the number and the exponent in scientific notation are
interpreted according to the current **ibase**, but the number is still
multiplied by **10\^exponent** regardless of the current **ibase**. For example,
if **ibase** is **16** and bc(1) is given the number string **FFeA**, the
resulting decimal number will be **2550000000000**, and if bc(1) is given the
number string **10e-4**, the resulting decimal number will be **0.0016**.
Accepting input as scientific notation is a **non-portable extension**.
## Operators
The following arithmetic and logical operators can be used. They are listed in
order of decreasing precedence. Operators in the same group have the same
precedence.
**++** **--**
: Type: Prefix and Postfix
Associativity: None
Description: **increment**, **decrement**
**-** **!**
: Type: Prefix
Associativity: None
Description: **negation**, **boolean not**
**\$**
: Type: Postfix
Associativity: None
Description: **truncation**
**\@**
: Type: Binary
Associativity: Right
Description: **set precision**
**\^**
: Type: Binary
Associativity: Right
Description: **power**
**\*** **/** **%**
: Type: Binary
Associativity: Left
Description: **multiply**, **divide**, **modulus**
**+** **-**
: Type: Binary
Associativity: Left
Description: **add**, **subtract**
**\<\<** **\>\>**
: Type: Binary
Associativity: Left
Description: **shift left**, **shift right**
**=** **\<\<=** **\>\>=** **+=** **-=** **\*=** **/=** **%=** **\^=** **\@=**
: Type: Binary
Associativity: Right
Description: **assignment**
**==** **\<=** **\>=** **!=** **\<** **\>**
: Type: Binary
Associativity: Left
Description: **relational**
**&&**
: Type: Binary
Associativity: Left
Description: **boolean and**
**||**
: Type: Binary
Associativity: Left
Description: **boolean or**
The operators will be described in more detail below.
**++** **--**
: The prefix and postfix **increment** and **decrement** operators behave
exactly like they would in C. They require a named expression (see the
*Named Expressions* subsection) as an operand.
The prefix versions of these operators are more efficient; use them where
possible.
**-**
: The **negation** operator returns **0** if a user attempts to negate any
expression with the value **0**. Otherwise, a copy of the expression with
its sign flipped is returned.
**!**
: The **boolean not** operator returns **1** if the expression is **0**, or
**0** otherwise.
This is a **non-portable extension**.
**\$**
: The **truncation** operator returns a copy of the given expression with all
of its *scale* removed.
This is a **non-portable extension**.
**\@**
: The **set precision** operator takes two expressions and returns a copy of
the first with its *scale* equal to the value of the second expression. That
could either mean that the number is returned without change (if the
*scale* of the first expression matches the value of the second
expression), extended (if it is less), or truncated (if it is more).
The second expression must be an integer (no *scale*) and non-negative.
This is a **non-portable extension**.
**\^**
: The **power** operator (not the **exclusive or** operator, as it would be in
C) takes two expressions and raises the first to the power of the value of
the second. The *scale* of the result is equal to **scale**.
The second expression must be an integer (no *scale*), and if it is
negative, the first value must be non-zero.
**\***
: The **multiply** operator takes two expressions, multiplies them, and
returns the product. If **a** is the *scale* of the first expression and
**b** is the *scale* of the second expression, the *scale* of the result is
equal to **min(a+b,max(scale,a,b))** where **min()** and **max()** return
the obvious values.
**/**
: The **divide** operator takes two expressions, divides them, and returns the
quotient. The *scale* of the result shall be the value of **scale**.
The second expression must be non-zero.
**%**
: The **modulus** operator takes two expressions, **a** and **b**, and
evaluates them by 1) Computing **a/b** to current **scale** and 2) Using the
result of step 1 to calculate **a-(a/b)\*b** to *scale*
**max(scale+scale(b),scale(a))**.
The second expression must be non-zero.
**+**
: The **add** operator takes two expressions, **a** and **b**, and returns the
sum, with a *scale* equal to the max of the *scale*s of **a** and **b**.
**-**
: The **subtract** operator takes two expressions, **a** and **b**, and
returns the difference, with a *scale* equal to the max of the *scale*s of
**a** and **b**.
**\<\<**
: The **left shift** operator takes two expressions, **a** and **b**, and
returns a copy of the value of **a** with its decimal point moved **b**
places to the right.
The second expression must be an integer (no *scale*) and non-negative.
This is a **non-portable extension**.
**\>\>**
: The **right shift** operator takes two expressions, **a** and **b**, and
returns a copy of the value of **a** with its decimal point moved **b**
places to the left.
The second expression must be an integer (no *scale*) and non-negative.
This is a **non-portable extension**.
**=** **\<\<=** **\>\>=** **+=** **-=** **\*=** **/=** **%=** **\^=** **\@=**
: The **assignment** operators take two expressions, **a** and **b** where
**a** is a named expression (see the *Named Expressions* subsection).
For **=**, **b** is copied and the result is assigned to **a**. For all
others, **a** and **b** are applied as operands to the corresponding
arithmetic operator and the result is assigned to **a**.
The **assignment** operators that correspond to operators that are
extensions are themselves **non-portable extensions**.
**==** **\<=** **\>=** **!=** **\<** **\>**
: The **relational** operators compare two expressions, **a** and **b**, and
if the relation holds, according to C language semantics, the result is
**1**. Otherwise, it is **0**.
Note that unlike in C, these operators have a lower precedence than the
**assignment** operators, which means that **a=b\>c** is interpreted as
**(a=b)\>c**.
Also, unlike the [standard][1] requires, these operators can appear anywhere
any other expressions can be used. This allowance is a
**non-portable extension**.
**&&**
: The **boolean and** operator takes two expressions and returns **1** if both
expressions are non-zero, **0** otherwise.
This is *not* a short-circuit operator.
This is a **non-portable extension**.
**||**
: The **boolean or** operator takes two expressions and returns **1** if one
of the expressions is non-zero, **0** otherwise.
This is *not* a short-circuit operator.
This is a **non-portable extension**.
## Statements
The following items are statements:
1. **E**
2. **{** **S** **;** ... **;** **S** **}**
3. **if** **(** **E** **)** **S**
4. **if** **(** **E** **)** **S** **else** **S**
5. **while** **(** **E** **)** **S**
6. **for** **(** **E** **;** **E** **;** **E** **)** **S**
7. An empty statement
8. **break**
9. **continue**
10. **quit**
11. **halt**
12. **limits**
13. A string of characters, enclosed in double quotes
14. **print** **E** **,** ... **,** **E**
15. **I()**, **I(E)**, **I(E, E)**, and so on, where **I** is an identifier for
a **void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section). The **E** argument(s) may also be arrays of the form
**I[]**, which will automatically be turned into array references (see the
*Array References* subsection of the **FUNCTIONS** section) if the
corresponding parameter in the function definition is an array reference.
Numbers 4, 9, 11, 12, 14, and 15 are **non-portable extensions**.
Also, as a **non-portable extension**, any or all of the expressions in the
header of a for loop may be omitted. If the condition (second expression) is
omitted, it is assumed to be a constant **1**.
The **break** statement causes a loop to stop iterating and resume execution
immediately following a loop. This is only allowed in loops.
The **continue** statement causes a loop iteration to stop early and returns to
the start of the loop, including testing the loop condition. This is only
allowed in loops.
The **if** **else** statement does the same thing as in C.
The **quit** statement causes bc(1) to quit, even if it is on a branch that will
not be executed (it is a compile-time command).
The **halt** statement causes bc(1) to quit, if it is executed. (Unlike **quit**
if it is on a branch of an **if** statement that is not executed, bc(1) does not
quit.)
The **limits** statement prints the limits that this bc(1) is subject to. This
is like the **quit** statement in that it is a compile-time command.
An expression by itself is evaluated and printed, followed by a newline.
Both scientific notation and engineering notation are available for printing the
results of expressions. Scientific notation is activated by assigning **0** to
**obase**, and engineering notation is activated by assigning **1** to
**obase**. To deactivate them, just assign a different value to **obase**.
Scientific notation and engineering notation are disabled if bc(1) is run with
either the **-s** or **-w** command-line options (or equivalents).
Printing numbers in scientific notation and/or engineering notation is a
**non-portable extension**.
## Print Statement
The "expressions" in a **print** statement may also be strings. If they are, there
are backslash escape sequences that are interpreted specially. What those
sequences are, and what they cause to be printed, are shown below:
-------- -------
**\\a** **\\a**
**\\b** **\\b**
**\\\\** **\\**
**\\e** **\\**
**\\f** **\\f**
**\\n** **\\n**
**\\q** **"**
**\\r** **\\r**
**\\t** **\\t**
-------- -------
Any other character following a backslash causes the backslash and character to
be printed as-is.
Any non-string expression in a print statement shall be assigned to **last**,
like any other expression that is printed.
## Order of Evaluation
All expressions in a statment are evaluated left to right, except as necessary
to maintain order of operations. This means, for example, assuming that **i** is
equal to **0**, in the expression
a[i++] = i++
the first (or 0th) element of **a** is set to **1**, and **i** is equal to **2**
at the end of the expression.
This includes function arguments. Thus, assuming **i** is equal to **0**, this
means that in the expression
x(i++, i++)
the first argument passed to **x()** is **0**, and the second argument is **1**,
while **i** is equal to **2** before the function starts executing.
# FUNCTIONS
Function definitions are as follows:
```
define I(I,...,I){
auto I,...,I
S;...;S
return(E)
}
```
Any **I** in the parameter list or **auto** list may be replaced with **I[]** to
make a parameter or **auto** var an array, and any **I** in the parameter list
may be replaced with **\*I[]** to make a parameter an array reference. Callers
of functions that take array references should not put an asterisk in the call;
they must be called with just **I[]** like normal array parameters and will be
automatically converted into references.
As a **non-portable extension**, the opening brace of a **define** statement may
appear on the next line.
As a **non-portable extension**, the return statement may also be in one of the
following forms:
1. **return**
2. **return** **(** **)**
3. **return** **E**
The first two, or not specifying a **return** statement, is equivalent to
**return (0)**, unless the function is a **void** function (see the *Void
Functions* subsection below).
## Void Functions
Functions can also be **void** functions, defined as follows:
```
define void I(I,...,I){
auto I,...,I
S;...;S
return
}
```
They can only be used as standalone expressions, where such an expression would
be printed alone, except in a print statement.
Void functions can only use the first two **return** statements listed above.
They can also omit the return statement entirely.
The word "void" is not treated as a keyword; it is still possible to have
variables, arrays, and functions named **void**. The word "void" is only
treated specially right after the **define** keyword.
This is a **non-portable extension**.
## Array References
For any array in the parameter list, if the array is declared in the form
```
*I[]
```
it is a **reference**. Any changes to the array in the function are reflected,
when the function returns, to the array that was passed in.
Other than this, all function arguments are passed by value.
This is a **non-portable extension**.
# LIBRARY
All of the functions below, including the functions in the extended math
library (see the *Extended Library* subsection below), are available when the
**-l** or **--mathlib** command-line flags are given, except that the extended
math library is not available when the **-s** option, the **-w** option, or
equivalents are given.
## Standard Library
The [standard][1] defines the following functions for the math library:
**s(x)**
: Returns the sine of **x**, which is assumed to be in radians.
This is a transcendental function (see the *Transcendental Functions*
subsection below).
**c(x)**
: Returns the cosine of **x**, which is assumed to be in radians.
This is a transcendental function (see the *Transcendental Functions*
subsection below).
**a(x)**
: Returns the arctangent of **x**, in radians.
This is a transcendental function (see the *Transcendental Functions*
subsection below).
**l(x)**
: Returns the natural logarithm of **x**.
This is a transcendental function (see the *Transcendental Functions*
subsection below).
**e(x)**
: Returns the mathematical constant **e** raised to the power of **x**.
This is a transcendental function (see the *Transcendental Functions*
subsection below).
**j(x, n)**
: Returns the bessel integer order **n** (truncated) of **x**.
This is a transcendental function (see the *Transcendental Functions*
subsection below).
## Extended Library
The extended library is *not* loaded when the **-s**/**--standard** or
**-w**/**--warn** options are given since they are not part of the library
defined by the [standard][1].
The extended library is a **non-portable extension**.
**p(x, y)**
: Calculates **x** to the power of **y**, even if **y** is not an integer, and
returns the result to the current **scale**.
It is an error if **y** is negative and **x** is **0**.
This is a transcendental function (see the *Transcendental Functions*
subsection below).
**r(x, p)**
: Returns **x** rounded to **p** decimal places according to the rounding mode
[round half away from **0**][3].
**ceil(x, p)**
: Returns **x** rounded to **p** decimal places according to the rounding mode
[round away from **0**][6].
**f(x)**
: Returns the factorial of the truncated absolute value of **x**.
**perm(n, k)**
: Returns the permutation of the truncated absolute value of **n** of the
truncated absolute value of **k**, if **k \<= n**. If not, it returns **0**.
**comb(n, k)**
: Returns the combination of the truncated absolute value of **n** of the
truncated absolute value of **k**, if **k \<= n**. If not, it returns **0**.
**l2(x)**
: Returns the logarithm base **2** of **x**.
This is a transcendental function (see the *Transcendental Functions*
subsection below).
**l10(x)**
: Returns the logarithm base **10** of **x**.
This is a transcendental function (see the *Transcendental Functions*
subsection below).
**log(x, b)**
: Returns the logarithm base **b** of **x**.
This is a transcendental function (see the *Transcendental Functions*
subsection below).
**cbrt(x)**
: Returns the cube root of **x**.
**root(x, n)**
: Calculates the truncated value of **n**, **r**, and returns the **r**th root
of **x** to the current **scale**.
If **r** is **0** or negative, this raises an error and causes bc(1) to
reset (see the **RESET** section). It also raises an error and causes bc(1)
to reset if **r** is even and **x** is negative.
**pi(p)**
: Returns **pi** to **p** decimal places.
This is a transcendental function (see the *Transcendental Functions*
subsection below).
**t(x)**
: Returns the tangent of **x**, which is assumed to be in radians.
This is a transcendental function (see the *Transcendental Functions*
subsection below).
**a2(y, x)**
: Returns the arctangent of **y/x**, in radians. If both **y** and **x** are
equal to **0**, it raises an error and causes bc(1) to reset (see the
**RESET** section). Otherwise, if **x** is greater than **0**, it returns
**a(y/x)**. If **x** is less than **0**, and **y** is greater than or equal
to **0**, it returns **a(y/x)+pi**. If **x** is less than **0**, and **y**
is less than **0**, it returns **a(y/x)-pi**. If **x** is equal to **0**,
and **y** is greater than **0**, it returns **pi/2**. If **x** is equal to
**0**, and **y** is less than **0**, it returns **-pi/2**.
This function is the same as the **atan2()** function in many programming
languages.
This is a transcendental function (see the *Transcendental Functions*
subsection below).
**sin(x)**
: Returns the sine of **x**, which is assumed to be in radians.
This is an alias of **s(x)**.
This is a transcendental function (see the *Transcendental Functions*
subsection below).
**cos(x)**
: Returns the cosine of **x**, which is assumed to be in radians.
This is an alias of **c(x)**.
This is a transcendental function (see the *Transcendental Functions*
subsection below).
**tan(x)**
: Returns the tangent of **x**, which is assumed to be in radians.
If **x** is equal to **1** or **-1**, this raises an error and causes bc(1)
to reset (see the **RESET** section).
This is an alias of **t(x)**.
This is a transcendental function (see the *Transcendental Functions*
subsection below).
**atan(x)**
: Returns the arctangent of **x**, in radians.
This is an alias of **a(x)**.
This is a transcendental function (see the *Transcendental Functions*
subsection below).
**atan2(y, x)**
: Returns the arctangent of **y/x**, in radians. If both **y** and **x** are
equal to **0**, it raises an error and causes bc(1) to reset (see the
**RESET** section). Otherwise, if **x** is greater than **0**, it returns
**a(y/x)**. If **x** is less than **0**, and **y** is greater than or equal
to **0**, it returns **a(y/x)+pi**. If **x** is less than **0**, and **y**
is less than **0**, it returns **a(y/x)-pi**. If **x** is equal to **0**,
and **y** is greater than **0**, it returns **pi/2**. If **x** is equal to
**0**, and **y** is less than **0**, it returns **-pi/2**.
This function is the same as the **atan2()** function in many programming
languages.
This is an alias of **a2(y, x)**.
This is a transcendental function (see the *Transcendental Functions*
subsection below).
**r2d(x)**
: Converts **x** from radians to degrees and returns the result.
This is a transcendental function (see the *Transcendental Functions*
subsection below).
**d2r(x)**
: Converts **x** from degrees to radians and returns the result.
This is a transcendental function (see the *Transcendental Functions*
subsection below).
**frand(p)**
: Generates a pseudo-random number between **0** (inclusive) and **1**
(exclusive) with the number of decimal digits after the decimal point equal
to the truncated absolute value of **p**. If **p** is not **0**, then
calling this function will change the value of **seed**. If **p** is **0**,
then **0** is returned, and **seed** is *not* changed.
**ifrand(i, p)**
: Generates a pseudo-random number that is between **0** (inclusive) and the
truncated absolute value of **i** (exclusive) with the number of decimal
digits after the decimal point equal to the truncated absolute value of
**p**. If the absolute value of **i** is greater than or equal to **2**, and
**p** is not **0**, then calling this function will change the value of
**seed**; otherwise, **0** is returned and **seed** is not changed.
**srand(x)**
: Returns **x** with its sign flipped with probability **0.5**. In other
words, it randomizes the sign of **x**.
**brand()**
: Returns a random boolean value (either **0** or **1**).
**ubytes(x)**
: Returns the numbers of unsigned integer bytes required to hold the truncated
absolute value of **x**.
**sbytes(x)**
: Returns the numbers of signed, two's-complement integer bytes required to
hold the truncated value of **x**.
**hex(x)**
: Outputs the hexadecimal (base **16**) representation of **x**.
This is a **void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section).
**binary(x)**
: Outputs the binary (base **2**) representation of **x**.
This is a **void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section).
**output(x, b)**
: Outputs the base **b** representation of **x**.
This is a **void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section).
**uint(x)**
: Outputs the representation, in binary and hexadecimal, of **x** as an
unsigned integer in as few power of two bytes as possible. Both outputs are
split into bytes separated by spaces.
If **x** is not an integer or is negative, an error message is printed
instead, but bc(1) is not reset (see the **RESET** section).
This is a **void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section).
**int(x)**
: Outputs the representation, in binary and hexadecimal, of **x** as a signed,
two's-complement integer in as few power of two bytes as possible. Both
outputs are split into bytes separated by spaces.
If **x** is not an integer, an error message is printed instead, but bc(1)
is not reset (see the **RESET** section).
This is a **void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section).
**uintn(x, n)**
: Outputs the representation, in binary and hexadecimal, of **x** as an
unsigned integer in **n** bytes. Both outputs are split into bytes separated
by spaces.
If **x** is not an integer, is negative, or cannot fit into **n** bytes, an
error message is printed instead, but bc(1) is not reset (see the **RESET**
section).
This is a **void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section).
**intn(x, n)**
: Outputs the representation, in binary and hexadecimal, of **x** as a signed,
two's-complement integer in **n** bytes. Both outputs are split into bytes
separated by spaces.
If **x** is not an integer or cannot fit into **n** bytes, an error message
is printed instead, but bc(1) is not reset (see the **RESET** section).
This is a **void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section).
**uint8(x)**
: Outputs the representation, in binary and hexadecimal, of **x** as an
unsigned integer in **1** byte. Both outputs are split into bytes separated
by spaces.
If **x** is not an integer, is negative, or cannot fit into **1** byte, an
error message is printed instead, but bc(1) is not reset (see the **RESET**
section).
This is a **void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section).
**int8(x)**
: Outputs the representation, in binary and hexadecimal, of **x** as a signed,
two's-complement integer in **1** byte. Both outputs are split into bytes
separated by spaces.
If **x** is not an integer or cannot fit into **1** byte, an error message
is printed instead, but bc(1) is not reset (see the **RESET** section).
This is a **void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section).
**uint16(x)**
: Outputs the representation, in binary and hexadecimal, of **x** as an
unsigned integer in **2** bytes. Both outputs are split into bytes separated
by spaces.
If **x** is not an integer, is negative, or cannot fit into **2** bytes, an
error message is printed instead, but bc(1) is not reset (see the **RESET**
section).
This is a **void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section).
**int16(x)**
: Outputs the representation, in binary and hexadecimal, of **x** as a signed,
two's-complement integer in **2** bytes. Both outputs are split into bytes
separated by spaces.
If **x** is not an integer or cannot fit into **2** bytes, an error message
is printed instead, but bc(1) is not reset (see the **RESET** section).
This is a **void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section).
**uint32(x)**
: Outputs the representation, in binary and hexadecimal, of **x** as an
unsigned integer in **4** bytes. Both outputs are split into bytes separated
by spaces.
If **x** is not an integer, is negative, or cannot fit into **4** bytes, an
error message is printed instead, but bc(1) is not reset (see the **RESET**
section).
This is a **void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section).
**int32(x)**
: Outputs the representation, in binary and hexadecimal, of **x** as a signed,
two's-complement integer in **4** bytes. Both outputs are split into bytes
separated by spaces.
If **x** is not an integer or cannot fit into **4** bytes, an error message
is printed instead, but bc(1) is not reset (see the **RESET** section).
This is a **void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section).
**uint64(x)**
: Outputs the representation, in binary and hexadecimal, of **x** as an
unsigned integer in **8** bytes. Both outputs are split into bytes separated
by spaces.
If **x** is not an integer, is negative, or cannot fit into **8** bytes, an
error message is printed instead, but bc(1) is not reset (see the **RESET**
section).
This is a **void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section).
**int64(x)**
: Outputs the representation, in binary and hexadecimal, of **x** as a signed,
two's-complement integer in **8** bytes. Both outputs are split into bytes
separated by spaces.
If **x** is not an integer or cannot fit into **8** bytes, an error message
is printed instead, but bc(1) is not reset (see the **RESET** section).
This is a **void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section).
**hex_uint(x, n)**
: Outputs the representation of the truncated absolute value of **x** as an
unsigned integer in hexadecimal using **n** bytes. Not all of the value will
be output if **n** is too small.
This is a **void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section).
**binary_uint(x, n)**
: Outputs the representation of the truncated absolute value of **x** as an
unsigned integer in binary using **n** bytes. Not all of the value will be
output if **n** is too small.
This is a **void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section).
**output_uint(x, n)**
: Outputs the representation of the truncated absolute value of **x** as an
unsigned integer in the current **obase** (see the **SYNTAX** section) using
**n** bytes. Not all of the value will be output if **n** is too small.
This is a **void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section).
**output_byte(x, i)**
: Outputs byte **i** of the truncated absolute value of **x**, where **0** is
the least significant byte and **number_of_bytes - 1** is the most
significant byte.
This is a **void** function (see the *Void Functions* subsection of the
**FUNCTIONS** section).
## Transcendental Functions
All transcendental functions can return slightly inaccurate results (up to 1
[ULP][4]). This is unavoidable, and [this article][5] explains why it is
impossible and unnecessary to calculate exact results for the transcendental
functions.
Because of the possible inaccuracy, I recommend that users call those functions
with the precision (**scale**) set to at least 1 higher than is necessary. If
exact results are *absolutely* required, users can double the precision
(**scale**) and then truncate.
The transcendental functions in the standard math library are:
* **s(x)**
* **c(x)**
* **a(x)**
* **l(x)**
* **e(x)**
* **j(x, n)**
The transcendental functions in the extended math library are:
* **l2(x)**
* **l10(x)**
* **log(x, b)**
* **pi(p)**
* **t(x)**
* **a2(y, x)**
* **sin(x)**
* **cos(x)**
* **tan(x)**
* **atan(x)**
* **atan2(y, x)**
* **r2d(x)**
* **d2r(x)**
# RESET
When bc(1) encounters an error or a signal that it has a non-default handler
for, it resets. This means that several things happen.
First, any functions that are executing are stopped and popped off the stack.
The behavior is not unlike that of exceptions in programming languages. Then
the execution point is set so that any code waiting to execute (after all
functions returned) is skipped.
Thus, when bc(1) resets, it skips any remaining code waiting to be executed.
Then, if it is interactive mode, and the error was not a fatal error (see the
**EXIT STATUS** section), it asks for more input; otherwise, it exits with the
appropriate return code.
Note that this reset behavior is different from the GNU bc(1), which attempts to
start executing the statement right after the one that caused an error.
# PERFORMANCE
Most bc(1) implementations use **char** types to calculate the value of **1**
decimal digit at a time, but that can be slow. This bc(1) does something
different.
It uses large integers to calculate more than **1** decimal digit at a time. If
built in a environment where **BC_LONG_BIT** (see the **LIMITS** section) is
**64**, then each integer has **9** decimal digits. If built in an environment
where **BC_LONG_BIT** is **32** then each integer has **4** decimal digits. This
value (the number of decimal digits per large integer) is called
**BC_BASE_DIGS**.
The actual values of **BC_LONG_BIT** and **BC_BASE_DIGS** can be queried with
the **limits** statement.
In addition, this bc(1) uses an even larger integer for overflow checking. This
integer type depends on the value of **BC_LONG_BIT**, but is always at least
twice as large as the integer type used to store digits.
# LIMITS
The following are the limits on bc(1):
**BC_LONG_BIT**
: The number of bits in the **long** type in the environment where bc(1) was
built. This determines how many decimal digits can be stored in a single
large integer (see the **PERFORMANCE** section).
**BC_BASE_DIGS**
: The number of decimal digits per large integer (see the **PERFORMANCE**
section). Depends on **BC_LONG_BIT**.
**BC_BASE_POW**
: The max decimal number that each large integer can store (see
**BC_BASE_DIGS**) plus **1**. Depends on **BC_BASE_DIGS**.
**BC_OVERFLOW_MAX**
: The max number that the overflow type (see the **PERFORMANCE** section) can
hold. Depends on **BC_LONG_BIT**.
**BC_BASE_MAX**
: The maximum output base. Set at **BC_BASE_POW**.
**BC_DIM_MAX**
: The maximum size of arrays. Set at **SIZE_MAX-1**.
**BC_SCALE_MAX**
: The maximum **scale**. Set at **BC_OVERFLOW_MAX-1**.
**BC_STRING_MAX**
: The maximum length of strings. Set at **BC_OVERFLOW_MAX-1**.
**BC_NAME_MAX**
: The maximum length of identifiers. Set at **BC_OVERFLOW_MAX-1**.
**BC_NUM_MAX**
: The maximum length of a number (in decimal digits), which includes digits
after the decimal point. Set at **BC_OVERFLOW_MAX-1**.
**BC_RAND_MAX**
: The maximum integer (inclusive) returned by the **rand()** operand. Set at
**2\^BC_LONG_BIT-1**.
Exponent
: The maximum allowable exponent (positive or negative). Set at
**BC_OVERFLOW_MAX**.
Number of vars
: The maximum number of vars/arrays. Set at **SIZE_MAX-1**.
The actual values can be queried with the **limits** statement.
These limits are meant to be effectively non-existent; the limits are so large
(at least on 64-bit machines) that there should not be any point at which they
become a problem. In fact, memory should be exhausted before these limits should
be hit.
# ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
bc(1) recognizes the following environment variables:
**POSIXLY_CORRECT**
: If this variable exists (no matter the contents), bc(1) behaves as if
the **-s** option was given.
**BC_ENV_ARGS**
: This is another way to give command-line arguments to bc(1). They should be
in the same format as all other command-line arguments. These are always
processed first, so any files given in **BC_ENV_ARGS** will be processed
before arguments and files given on the command-line. This gives the user
the ability to set up "standard" options and files to be used at every
invocation. The most useful thing for such files to contain would be useful
functions that the user might want every time bc(1) runs.
The code that parses **BC_ENV_ARGS** will correctly handle quoted arguments,
but it does not understand escape sequences. For example, the string
**"/home/gavin/some bc file.bc"** will be correctly parsed, but the string
**"/home/gavin/some \"bc\" file.bc"** will include the backslashes.
The quote parsing will handle either kind of quotes, **'** or **"**. Thus,
if you have a file with any number of single quotes in the name, you can use
double quotes as the outside quotes, as in **"some 'bc' file.bc"**, and vice
versa if you have a file with double quotes. However, handling a file with
both kinds of quotes in **BC_ENV_ARGS** is not supported due to the
complexity of the parsing, though such files are still supported on the
command-line where the parsing is done by the shell.
**BC_LINE_LENGTH**
: If this environment variable exists and contains an integer that is greater
than **1** and is less than **UINT16_MAX** (**2\^16-1**), bc(1) will output
lines to that length, including the backslash (**\\**). The default line
length is **70**.
# EXIT STATUS
bc(1) returns the following exit statuses:
**0**
: No error.
**1**
: A math error occurred. This follows standard practice of using **1** for
expected errors, since math errors will happen in the process of normal
execution.
Math errors include divide by **0**, taking the square root of a negative
number, using a negative number as a bound for the pseudo-random number
generator, attempting to convert a negative number to a hardware integer,
overflow when converting a number to a hardware integer, and attempting to
use a non-integer where an integer is required.
Converting to a hardware integer happens for the second operand of the power
(**\^**), places (**\@**), left shift (**\<\<**), and right shift (**\>\>**)
operators and their corresponding assignment operators.
**2**
: A parse error occurred.
Parse errors include unexpected **EOF**, using an invalid character, failing
to find the end of a string or comment, using a token where it is invalid,
giving an invalid expression, giving an invalid print statement, giving an
invalid function definition, attempting to assign to an expression that is
not a named expression (see the *Named Expressions* subsection of the
**SYNTAX** section), giving an invalid **auto** list, having a duplicate
**auto**/function parameter, failing to find the end of a code block,
attempting to return a value from a **void** function, attempting to use a
variable as a reference, and using any extensions when the option **-s** or
any equivalents were given.
**3**
: A runtime error occurred.
Runtime errors include assigning an invalid number to **ibase**, **obase**,
or **scale**; give a bad expression to a **read()** call, calling **read()**
inside of a **read()** call, type errors, passing the wrong number of
arguments to functions, attempting to call an undefined function, and
attempting to use a **void** function call as a value in an expression.
**4**
: A fatal error occurred.
Fatal errors include memory allocation errors, I/O errors, failing to open
files, attempting to use files that do not have only ASCII characters (bc(1)
only accepts ASCII characters), attempting to open a directory as a file,
and giving invalid command-line options.
The exit status **4** is special; when a fatal error occurs, bc(1) always exits
and returns **4**, no matter what mode bc(1) is in.
The other statuses will only be returned when bc(1) is not in interactive mode
(see the **INTERACTIVE MODE** section), since bc(1) resets its state (see the
**RESET** section) and accepts more input when one of those errors occurs in
interactive mode. This is also the case when interactive mode is forced by the
**-i** flag or **--interactive** option.
These exit statuses allow bc(1) to be used in shell scripting with error
checking, and its normal behavior can be forced by using the **-i** flag or
**--interactive** option.
# INTERACTIVE MODE
Per the [standard][1], bc(1) has an interactive mode and a non-interactive mode.
Interactive mode is turned on automatically when both **stdin** and **stdout**
are hooked to a terminal, but the **-i** flag and **--interactive** option can
turn it on in other cases.
In interactive mode, bc(1) attempts to recover from errors (see the **RESET**
section), and in normal execution, flushes **stdout** as soon as execution is
done for the current input.
# TTY MODE
If **stdin**, **stdout**, and **stderr** are all connected to a TTY, bc(1) turns
on "TTY mode."
TTY mode is required for history to be enabled (see the **COMMAND LINE HISTORY**
section). It is also required to enable special handling for **SIGINT** signals.
TTY mode is different from interactive mode because interactive mode is required
in the [bc(1) specification][1], and interactive mode requires only **stdin**
and **stdout** to be connected to a terminal.
# SIGNAL HANDLING
Sending a **SIGINT** will cause bc(1) to stop execution of the current input. If
bc(1) is in TTY mode (see the **TTY MODE** section), it will reset (see the
**RESET** section). Otherwise, it will clean up and exit.
Note that "current input" can mean one of two things. If bc(1) is processing
input from **stdin** in TTY mode, it will ask for more input. If bc(1) is
processing input from a file in TTY mode, it will stop processing the file and
start processing the next file, if one exists, or ask for input from **stdin**
if no other file exists.
This means that if a **SIGINT** is sent to bc(1) as it is executing a file, it
can seem as though bc(1) did not respond to the signal since it will immediately
start executing the next file. This is by design; most files that users execute
when interacting with bc(1) have function definitions, which are quick to parse.
If a file takes a long time to execute, there may be a bug in that file. The
rest of the files could still be executed without problem, allowing the user to
continue.
**SIGTERM** and **SIGQUIT** cause bc(1) to clean up and exit, and it uses the
default handler for all other signals. The one exception is **SIGHUP**; in that
case, when bc(1) is in TTY mode, a **SIGHUP** will cause bc(1) to clean up and
exit.
# COMMAND LINE HISTORY
bc(1) supports interactive command-line editing. If bc(1) is in TTY mode (see
the **TTY MODE** section), history is enabled. Previous lines can be recalled
and edited with the arrow keys.
**Note**: tabs are converted to 8 spaces.
# LOCALES
This bc(1) ships with support for adding error messages for different locales
and thus, supports **LC_MESSAGES**.
# SEE ALSO
dc(1)
# STANDARDS
bc(1) is compliant with the [IEEE Std 1003.1-2017 (“POSIX.1-2017”)][1]
specification. The flags **-efghiqsvVw**, all long options, and the extensions
noted above are extensions to that specification.
Note that the specification explicitly says that bc(1) only accepts numbers that
use a period (**.**) as a radix point, regardless of the value of
**LC_NUMERIC**.
This bc(1) supports error messages for different locales, and thus, it supports
**LC_MESSAGES**.
# BUGS
None are known. Report bugs at https://git.yzena.com/gavin/bc.
# AUTHORS
Gavin D. Howard <gavin@yzena.com> and contributors.
[1]: https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/bc.html
[2]: https://www.gnu.org/software/bc/
[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding#Round_half_away_from_zero
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_in_the_last_place
[5]: https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~wkahan/LOG10HAF.TXT
[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding#Rounding_away_from_zero
