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-<div class="refentry" lang="en">
-<a name="man.dnssec-keygen"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
-<div class="refnamediv">
-<h2>Name</h2>
-<p><span class="application">dnssec-keygen</span> &#8212; DNSSEC key generation tool</p>
-</div>
-<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
-<h2>Synopsis</h2>
-<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-keygen</code> [<code class="option">-a <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-b <em class="replaceable"><code>keysize</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>nametype</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-3</code>] [<code class="option">-A <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-C</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-G</code>] [<code class="option">-g <em class="replaceable"><code>generator</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k</code>] [<code class="option">-P <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>protocol</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-q</code>] [<code class="option">-R <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>strength</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] {name}</p></div>
-</div>
-<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
-<a name="id2617453"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
-<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
- generates keys for DNSSEC (Secure DNS), as defined in RFC 2535
- and RFC 4034. It can also generate keys for use with
- TSIG (Transaction Signatures) as defined in RFC 2845, or TKEY
- (Transaction Key) as defined in RFC 2930.
- </p>
-<p>
- The <code class="option">name</code> of the key is specified on the command
- line. For DNSSEC keys, this must match the name of the zone for
- which the key is being generated.
- </p>
-</div>
-<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
-<a name="id2617474"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
-<div class="variablelist"><dl>
-<dt><span class="term">-a <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Selects the cryptographic algorithm. For DNSSEC keys, the value
- of <code class="option">algorithm</code> must be one of RSAMD5, RSASHA1,
- DSA, NSEC3RSASHA1, NSEC3DSA, RSASHA256, RSASHA512, ECCGOST,
- ECDSAP256SHA256 or ECDSAP384SHA384.
- For TSIG/TKEY, the value must
- be DH (Diffie Hellman), HMAC-MD5, HMAC-SHA1, HMAC-SHA224,
- HMAC-SHA256, HMAC-SHA384, or HMAC-SHA512. These values are
- case insensitive.
- </p>
-<p>
- If no algorithm is specified, then RSASHA1 will be used by
- default, unless the <code class="option">-3</code> option is specified,
- in which case NSEC3RSASHA1 will be used instead. (If
- <code class="option">-3</code> is used and an algorithm is specified,
- that algorithm will be checked for compatibility with NSEC3.)
- </p>
-<p>
- Note 1: that for DNSSEC, RSASHA1 is a mandatory to implement
- algorithm, and DSA is recommended. For TSIG, HMAC-MD5 is
- mandatory.
- </p>
-<p>
- Note 2: DH, HMAC-MD5, and HMAC-SHA1 through HMAC-SHA512
- automatically set the -T KEY option.
- </p>
-</dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-b <em class="replaceable"><code>keysize</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Specifies the number of bits in the key. The choice of key
- size depends on the algorithm used. RSA keys must be
- between 512 and 2048 bits. Diffie Hellman keys must be between
- 128 and 4096 bits. DSA keys must be between 512 and 1024
- bits and an exact multiple of 64. HMAC keys must be
- between 1 and 512 bits. Elliptic curve algorithms don't need
- this parameter.
- </p>
-<p>
- The key size does not need to be specified if using a default
- algorithm. The default key size is 1024 bits for zone signing
- keys (ZSK's) and 2048 bits for key signing keys (KSK's,
- generated with <code class="option">-f KSK</code>). However, if an
- algorithm is explicitly specified with the <code class="option">-a</code>,
- then there is no default key size, and the <code class="option">-b</code>
- must be used.
- </p>
-</dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>nametype</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Specifies the owner type of the key. The value of
- <code class="option">nametype</code> must either be ZONE (for a DNSSEC
- zone key (KEY/DNSKEY)), HOST or ENTITY (for a key associated with
- a host (KEY)),
- USER (for a key associated with a user(KEY)) or OTHER (DNSKEY).
- These values are case insensitive. Defaults to ZONE for DNSKEY
- generation.
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-3</span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Use an NSEC3-capable algorithm to generate a DNSSEC key.
- If this option is used and no algorithm is explicitly
- set on the command line, NSEC3RSASHA1 will be used by
- default. Note that RSASHA256, RSASHA512, ECCGOST,
- ECDSAP256SHA256 and ECDSAP384SHA384 algorithms
- are NSEC3-capable.
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-C</span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Compatibility mode: generates an old-style key, without
- any metadata. By default, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
- will include the key's creation date in the metadata stored
- with the private key, and other dates may be set there as well
- (publication date, activation date, etc). Keys that include
- this data may be incompatible with older versions of BIND; the
- <code class="option">-C</code> option suppresses them.
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Indicates that the DNS record containing the key should have
- the specified class. If not specified, class IN is used.
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Uses a crypto hardware (OpenSSL engine) for random number
- and, when supported, key generation. When compiled with PKCS#11
- support it defaults to pkcs11; the empty name resets it to
- no engine.
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Set the specified flag in the flag field of the KEY/DNSKEY record.
- The only recognized flags are KSK (Key Signing Key) and REVOKE.
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-G</span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Generate a key, but do not publish it or sign with it. This
- option is incompatible with -P and -A.
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-g <em class="replaceable"><code>generator</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- If generating a Diffie Hellman key, use this generator.
- Allowed values are 2 and 5. If no generator
- is specified, a known prime from RFC 2539 will be used
- if possible; otherwise the default is 2.
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-h</span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
- <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>.
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Sets the directory in which the key files are to be written.
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-k</span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Deprecated in favor of -T KEY.
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Sets the default TTL to use for this key when it is converted
- into a DNSKEY RR. If the key is imported into a zone,
- this is the TTL that will be used for it, unless there was
- already a DNSKEY RRset in place, in which case the existing TTL
- would take precedence. Setting the default TTL to
- <code class="literal">0</code> or <code class="literal">none</code> removes it.
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>protocol</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Sets the protocol value for the generated key. The protocol
- is a number between 0 and 255. The default is 3 (DNSSEC).
- Other possible values for this argument are listed in
- RFC 2535 and its successors.
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-q</span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Quiet mode: Suppresses unnecessary output, including
- progress indication. Without this option, when
- <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span> is run interactively
- to generate an RSA or DSA key pair, it will print a string
- of symbols to <code class="filename">stderr</code> indicating the
- progress of the key generation. A '.' indicates that a
- random number has been found which passed an initial
- sieve test; '+' means a number has passed a single
- round of the Miller-Rabin primality test; a space
- means that the number has passed all the tests and is
- a satisfactory key.
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
- system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
- or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
- is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
- specifies
- the name of a character device or file containing random
- data to be used instead of the default. The special value
- <code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
- input should be used.
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Create a new key which is an explicit successor to an
- existing key. The name, algorithm, size, and type of the
- key will be set to match the existing key. The activation
- date of the new key will be set to the inactivation date of
- the existing one. The publication date will be set to the
- activation date minus the prepublication interval, which
- defaults to 30 days.
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>strength</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Specifies the strength value of the key. The strength is
- a number between 0 and 15, and currently has no defined
- purpose in DNSSEC.
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>rrtype</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Specifies the resource record type to use for the key.
- <code class="option">rrtype</code> must be either DNSKEY or KEY. The
- default is DNSKEY when using a DNSSEC algorithm, but it can be
- overridden to KEY for use with SIG(0).
- </p>
-<p>
- </p>
-<p>
- Using any TSIG algorithm (HMAC-* or DH) forces this option
- to KEY.
- </p>
-</dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Indicates the use of the key. <code class="option">type</code> must be
- one of AUTHCONF, NOAUTHCONF, NOAUTH, or NOCONF. The default
- is AUTHCONF. AUTH refers to the ability to authenticate
- data, and CONF the ability to encrypt data.
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Sets the debugging level.
- </p></dd>
-</dl></div>
-</div>
-<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
-<a name="id2669682"></a><h2>TIMING OPTIONS</h2>
-<p>
- Dates can be expressed in the format YYYYMMDD or YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
- If the argument begins with a '+' or '-', it is interpreted as
- an offset from the present time. For convenience, if such an offset
- is followed by one of the suffixes 'y', 'mo', 'w', 'd', 'h', or 'mi',
- then the offset is computed in years (defined as 365 24-hour days,
- ignoring leap years), months (defined as 30 24-hour days), weeks,
- days, hours, or minutes, respectively. Without a suffix, the offset
- is computed in seconds.
- </p>
-<div class="variablelist"><dl>
-<dt><span class="term">-P <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Sets the date on which a key is to be published to the zone.
- After that date, the key will be included in the zone but will
- not be used to sign it. If not set, and if the -G option has
- not been used, the default is "now".
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-A <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Sets the date on which the key is to be activated. After that
- date, the key will be included in the zone and used to sign
- it. If not set, and if the -G option has not been used, the
- default is "now".
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-R <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Sets the date on which the key is to be revoked. After that
- date, the key will be flagged as revoked. It will be included
- in the zone and will be used to sign it.
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Sets the date on which the key is to be retired. After that
- date, the key will still be included in the zone, but it
- will not be used to sign it.
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd><p>
- Sets the date on which the key is to be deleted. After that
- date, the key will no longer be included in the zone. (It
- may remain in the key repository, however.)
- </p></dd>
-<dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Sets the prepublication interval for a key. If set, then
- the publication and activation dates must be separated by at least
- this much time. If the activation date is specified but the
- publication date isn't, then the publication date will default
- to this much time before the activation date; conversely, if
- the publication date is specified but activation date isn't,
- then activation will be set to this much time after publication.
- </p>
-<p>
- If the key is being created as an explicit successor to another
- key, then the default prepublication interval is 30 days;
- otherwise it is zero.
- </p>
-<p>
- As with date offsets, if the argument is followed by one of
- the suffixes 'y', 'mo', 'w', 'd', 'h', or 'mi', then the
- interval is measured in years, months, weeks, days, hours,
- or minutes, respectively. Without a suffix, the interval is
- measured in seconds.
- </p>
-</dd>
-</dl></div>
-</div>
-<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
-<a name="id2669872"></a><h2>GENERATED KEYS</h2>
-<p>
- When <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span> completes
- successfully,
- it prints a string of the form <code class="filename">Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii</code>
- to the standard output. This is an identification string for
- the key it has generated.
- </p>
-<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
-<li><p><code class="filename">nnnn</code> is the key name.
- </p></li>
-<li><p><code class="filename">aaa</code> is the numeric representation
- of the
- algorithm.
- </p></li>
-<li><p><code class="filename">iiiii</code> is the key identifier (or
- footprint).
- </p></li>
-</ul></div>
-<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
- creates two files, with names based
- on the printed string. <code class="filename">Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.key</code>
- contains the public key, and
- <code class="filename">Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.private</code> contains the
- private
- key.
- </p>
-<p>
- The <code class="filename">.key</code> file contains a DNS KEY record
- that
- can be inserted into a zone file (directly or with a $INCLUDE
- statement).
- </p>
-<p>
- The <code class="filename">.private</code> file contains
- algorithm-specific
- fields. For obvious security reasons, this file does not have
- general read permission.
- </p>
-<p>
- Both <code class="filename">.key</code> and <code class="filename">.private</code>
- files are generated for symmetric encryption algorithms such as
- HMAC-MD5, even though the public and private key are equivalent.
- </p>
-</div>
-<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
-<a name="id2669979"></a><h2>EXAMPLE</h2>
-<p>
- To generate a 768-bit DSA key for the domain
- <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>, the following command would be
- issued:
- </p>
-<p><strong class="userinput"><code>dnssec-keygen -a DSA -b 768 -n ZONE example.com</code></strong>
- </p>
-<p>
- The command would print a string of the form:
- </p>
-<p><strong class="userinput"><code>Kexample.com.+003+26160</code></strong>
- </p>
-<p>
- In this example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span> creates
- the files <code class="filename">Kexample.com.+003+26160.key</code>
- and
- <code class="filename">Kexample.com.+003+26160.private</code>.
- </p>
-</div>
-<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
-<a name="id2670036"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
-<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-signzone</span>(8)</span>,
- <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
- <em class="citetitle">RFC 2539</em>,
- <em class="citetitle">RFC 2845</em>,
- <em class="citetitle">RFC 4034</em>.
- </p>
-</div>
-<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
-<a name="id2670067"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
-<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
- </p>
-</div>
-</div>
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